Academic literature on the topic 'Atlantic Waters'
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Journal articles on the topic "Atlantic Waters"
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SCARABINO, FABRIZIO, RUDÁ AMORIM LUCENA, TOMÁS MUNILLA, ANNA SOLER-MEMBRIVES, LEONARDO ORTEGA, EVANGELINA SCHWINDT, GUZMÁN LÓPEZ, JOSÉ MARÍA ORENSANZ, and MARTIN LIDSEY CHRISTOFFERSEN. "Pycnogonida (Arthropoda) from Uruguayan waters (Southwest Atlantic): annotated checklist and biogeographic considerations." Zootaxa 4550, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4550.2.2.
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Records of pycnogonids from Uruguayan waters (south-western Atlantic) include 26 species cited from precise locations, and at least five other species based on unconfirmed records. Nearly half of the species in that fauna belong to the genus Nymphon (12 spp.). Most species (22) come from deep-water and were recorded and described by C. A. Child. Of these, at least twelve species have an extended Antarctic and Subantarctic distribution, showing the influence of these cold waters in the area; three others have a wide deep-sea distribution pattern. Five species are known only from the lower slope and abyssal basin off La plata river: Mimipallene Atlantis and four species of Nymphon. Records from coastal and shelf areas (four species) are poorly documented and should be the focus of future research. Of these, Colossendeis geoffroyi is considered endemic in the Southwest Atlantic between 34ºS and 40ºS, but presents clear Antarctic affinities. A small-sized species living in shallow waters, Pycnogonum cessaci, is here considered as cryptogenic.
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ALVES-JÚNIOR, FLAVIO DE ALMEIDA, RACHEL DE JESUS FEIO DE LEMOS, IRENE AZEVEDO CARDOSO, MARINA DE SÁ LEITÃO CÂMARA DE ARAÚJO, ARNAUD BERTRAND, and JESSER F. SOUZA-FILHO. "New records of deep-sea prawn of the genus Gennadas Spence Bate, 1881 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Benthesicymidae) from Southwestern Atlantic." Zootaxa 4450, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4450.3.4.
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Here, we report the new occurrences of four deep-water prawn of the genus Gennadas in the southwestern Atlantic: G. gilchristi recorded from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge region; G. capensis recorded from Brazilian waters off Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Atol das Rocas and Ceará Chain; G. talismani and G. scutatus recorded both to Mid-Atlantic Ridge and to Brazilian waters.
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Kuijpers, Antoon, Jørn Bo Jensen, Simon R. Troelstra, and And shipboard scientific party of RV Professor Logachev and RV Dana. "Late Quaternary palaeo-oceanography of the Denmark Strait overflow pathway, South-East Greenland margin." Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 180 (December 31, 1998): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/ggu-bulletin.v180.6514.
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Direct interaction between the atmosphere and the deep ocean basins takes place today only in the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic continent and in the northern extremity of the North Atlantic Ocean, notably in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea and Labrador Sea. Cooling and evaporation cause surface waters in the latter region to become dense and sink. At depth, further mixing occurs with Arctic water masses from adjacent polar shelves. Export of these water masses from the Norwegian–Greenland Sea (Norwegian Sea Overflow Water) to the North Atlantic basin occurs via two major gateways, the Denmark Strait system and the Faeroe– Shetland Channel and Faeroe Bank Channel system (e.g. Dickson et al. 1990; Fig.1). Deep convection in the Labrador Sea produces intermediate waters (Labrador Sea Water), which spreads across the North Atlantic. Deep waters thus formed in the North Atlantic (North Atlantic Deep Water) constitute an essential component of a global ‘conveyor’ belt extending from the North Atlantic via the Southern and Indian Oceans to the Pacific. Water masses return as a (warm) surface water flow. In the North Atlantic this is the Gulf Stream and the relatively warm and saline North Atlantic Current. Numerous palaeo-oceanographic studies have indicated that climatic changes in the North Atlantic region are closely related to changes in surface circulation and in the production of North Atlantic Deep Water. Abrupt shut-down of the ocean-overturning and subsequently of the conveyor belt is believed to represent a potential explanation for rapid climate deterioration at high latitudes, such as those that caused the Quaternary ice ages. Here it should be noted, that significant changes in deep convection in Greenland waters have also recently occurred. While in the Greenland Sea deep water formation over the last decade has drastically decreased, a strong increase of deep convection has simultaneously been observed in the Labrador Sea (Sy et al. 1997).
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Kuijpers, Antoon, Jørn Bo Jensen, Simon R. Troelstra, and And shipboard scientific party of RV Professor Logachev and RV Dana. "Late Quaternary palaeo-oceanography of the Denmark Strait overflow pathway, South-East Greenland margin." Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin 180 (December 31, 1998): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v180.6514.
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Direct interaction between the atmosphere and the deep ocean basins takes place today only in the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic continent and in the northern extremity of the North Atlantic Ocean, notably in the Norwegian–Greenland Sea and Labrador Sea. Cooling and evaporation cause surface waters in the latter region to become dense and sink. At depth, further mixing occurs with Arctic water masses from adjacent polar shelves. Export of these water masses from the Norwegian–Greenland Sea (Norwegian Sea Overflow Water) to the North Atlantic basin occurs via two major gateways, the Denmark Strait system and the Faeroe– Shetland Channel and Faeroe Bank Channel system (e.g. Dickson et al. 1990; Fig.1). Deep convection in the Labrador Sea produces intermediate waters (Labrador Sea Water), which spreads across the North Atlantic. Deep waters thus formed in the North Atlantic (North Atlantic Deep Water) constitute an essential component of a global ‘conveyor’ belt extending from the North Atlantic via the Southern and Indian Oceans to the Pacific. Water masses return as a (warm) surface water flow. In the North Atlantic this is the Gulf Stream and the relatively warm and saline North Atlantic Current. Numerous palaeo-oceanographic studies have indicated that climatic changes in the North Atlantic region are closely related to changes in surface circulation and in the production of North Atlantic Deep Water. Abrupt shut-down of the ocean-overturning and subsequently of the conveyor belt is believed to represent a potential explanation for rapid climate deterioration at high latitudes, such as those that caused the Quaternary ice ages. Here it should be noted, that significant changes in deep convection in Greenland waters have also recently occurred. While in the Greenland Sea deep water formation over the last decade has drastically decreased, a strong increase of deep convection has simultaneously been observed in the Labrador Sea (Sy et al. 1997).
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Pautova, Larisa A., Vladimir A. Silkin, Marina D. Kravchishina, Valeriy G. Yakubenko, and Anna L. Chultsova. "Summer phytoplankton of the northern Barents Sea (75–80º N)." Hydrosphere Еcology (Экология гидросферы), no. 2(4) (2019): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2587-9367-2019-2(4)-8-19.
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The structure of the summer planktonic communities of the Northern part of the Barents sea in the first half of August 2017 were studied. In the sea-ice melting area, the average phytoplankton biomass producing upper 50-meter layer of water reached values levels of eutrophic waters (up to 2.1 g/m3). Phytoplankton was presented by diatoms of the genera Thalassiosira and Eucampia. Maximum biomass recorded at depths of 22–52 m, the absolute maximum biomass community (5,0 g/m3) marked on the horizon of 45 m (station 5558), located at the outlet of the deep trench Franz Victoria near the West coast of the archipelago Franz Josef Land. In ice-free waters, phytoplankton abundance was low, and the weighted average biomass (8.0 mg/m3 – 123.1 mg/m3) corresponded to oligotrophic waters and lower mesotrophic waters. In the upper layers of the water population abundance was dominated by small flagellates and picoplankton from, biomass – Arctic dinoflagellates (Gymnodinium spp.) and cold Atlantic complexes (Gyrodinium lachryma, Alexandrium tamarense, Dinophysis norvegica). The proportion of Atlantic species in phytoplankton reached 75%. The representatives of warm-water Atlantic complex (Emiliania huxleyi, Rhizosolenia hebetata f. semispina, Ceratium horridum) were recorded up to 80º N, as indicators of the penetration of warm Atlantic waters into the Arctic basin. The presence of oceanic Atlantic species as warm-water and cold systems in the high Arctic indicates the strengthening of processes of “atlantificacion” in the region.
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Lozier, M. Susan, and Laurie Sindlinger. "On the Source of Mediterranean Overflow Water Property Changes." Journal of Physical Oceanography 39, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1800–1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4109.1.
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Abstract A recent study of the eastern North Atlantic detailed significant increases in the temperature and salinity of the Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) from 1950 to 2000. To examine the degree to which the source waters, which spill over the sill at the Strait of Gibraltar, could be responsible for these observations in the open Atlantic, a box model of water mass transformation by marginal seas was employed. Time series for the salinity of the inflowing North Atlantic surface waters, freshwater fluxes in the Mediterranean (evaporation and precipitation and river runoff), and the volumetric flow rates for the inflow and outflow across the Strait of Gibraltar were used to predict the salinity of the source waters to the North Atlantic from 1950 to 2000. Results from this calculation reveal that source water changes have minimal impact on MOW property changes on interannual and decadal time scales. It is suggested instead that circulation changes within the open Atlantic alter the advective–diffusive pathways of MOW such that property changes within the MOW reservoir are created.
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Sizov, A. A., T. M. Bayankina, and V. L. Pososhkov. "FORMATION OF WINTER SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC IN DECADES OF NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE VALUES OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION INDEX." Доклады Российской академии наук. Науки о Земле 509, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2686739722602824.
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An analysis of the variability of the winter surface temperature anomaly in the North Atlantic in decades of negative and positive values of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index is presented. It was found that in the decade with negative values of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, the slope waters of the Gulf Stream system and Labrador Current waters decrease the temperature of the Gulf Stream at the mixing zone on the Scotia Peninsula shelf and in the area of the quasistationary anticyclonic vortex to a maximum. In the decade with positive values of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, the temperature of the slope waters is close to the climate. Taking into account the increased speed of the Gulf Stream in the years with positive values of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index, the spreading of the surface ocean temperature anomaly over the North Atlantic water area occurs for a shorter time than in the years with its negative values.
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Coolidge, M. "Great Waters: An Atlantic Passage." Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isle/11.1.242.
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Vermassen, Flor, Nanna Andreasen, David J. Wangner, Nicolas Thibault, Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz, Rebecca Jackson, Sabine Schmidt, Kurt H. Kjær, and Camilla S. Andresen. "A reconstruction of warm-water inflow to Upernavik Isstrøm since 1925 CE and its relation to glacier retreat." Climate of the Past 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 1171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-1171-2019.
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Abstract. The mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet has increased over the past 2 decades. Marine-terminating glaciers contribute significantly to this mass loss due to increased melting and ice discharge. Periods of rapid retreat of these tidewater glaciers have been linked to the concurrent inflow of warm Atlantic-sourced waters. However, little is known about the variability of these Atlantic-derived waters within the fjords, due to a lack of multi-annual in situ measurements. Thus, to better understand the potential role of ocean warming on glacier retreat, reconstructions that characterize the variability of Atlantic water inflow to the fjords are required. Here, we investigate foraminiferal assemblages in a sediment core from Upernavik Fjord, West Greenland, in which the major ice stream Upernavik Isstrøm terminates. We conclude that the foraminiferal assemblage is predominantly controlled by changes in bottom water composition and provide a reconstruction of Atlantic water inflow to Upernavik Fjord, spanning the period 1925–2012. This reconstruction reveals peak Atlantic water influx during the 1930s and again after 2000, a pattern that is comparable to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The comparison of these results to historical observations of front positions of Upernavik Isstrøm reveals that inflow of warm Atlantic-derived waters likely contributed to high retreat rates in the 1930s and after 2000. However, moderate retreat rates of Upernavik Isstrøm also prevailed in the 1960s and 1970s, showing that glacier retreat continued despite a reduced Atlantic water inflow, albeit at a lower rate. Considering the link between bottom water variability and the AMO in Upernavik Fjord, and the fact that a persistent negative phase of the AMO is expected for the next decade, Atlantic water inflow into the fjord may decrease in the coming decade, potentially minimizing or stabilizing the retreat of Upernavik Isstrøm during this time interval.
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Deloughrey, Elizabeth. "Heavy Waters: Waste and Atlantic Modernity." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 3 (May 2010): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.3.703.
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We cannot think of a time that is oceanlessOr of an ocean not littered with wastage—T. S. Eliot, “The Dry Salvages”A Poem that Renders the Sea as Pedagogical History, Lorna Goodison's “Arctic, Antarctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean” depicts Caribbean schoolchildren learning “the world's waters rolled into a chant.” After shivering through the “cold” Arctic and Antarctic, the class “suffered [a] sea change” in the destabilizing Atlantic, abandoning the terrestrial stability of their benches to enter an ocean in which only their voices orient them in time and space as they “call out across / the currents of hot air.” In fathoming what Derek Walcott has called “the sea [as] history,” their “small bodies” are “borrowed / by the long drowned” (Goodison). While colonial narratives of maritime expansion have long depicted the ocean as blank space to be traversed, these students enter Atlantic stasis, a place occupied by the wasted lives of Middle Passage modernity. This Atlantic is not aqua nullius, circumscribed and mapped by the student oceanographer, but rather a place where the haunting of the past overtakes the present subject. Édouard Glissant has described the Atlantic as a “beginning” for modernity, a space “whose time is marked by … balls and chains gone green” (Poetics 6): a sign of submarine history and its material decay. Thus, Atlantic modernity becomes legible through the sign of heavy water, an oceanic stasis that signals the dissolution of wasted lives. After the poem's irruptive consonance of the “bodies borrowed,” the vowels lengthen to mimic a “long drowned” history of the Atlantic, and the narrative is transformed. Reminding us that the Middle Passage “abyss is a tautology” that haunts ocean modernity (Glissant, Poetics 6), the poem traps the students (and readers) in the violent corporeal history of the Atlantic. Instead of moving on to the next ocean of the lesson, the class repeats the word “Atlantic, as if wooden pegs / were forced between our lips; Atlantic, as teacher's / strap whipped the rows on.” Only in the last two lines of the poem do we catch a glimpse of other oceans, trapped as we are in “learn[ing] this lesson: / Arctic, Antarctic, Atlantic, Pacific and then Indian.”
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Atlantic Waters"
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McCarthy, Gerard. "Variability of thermocline and intermediate waters in the South Atlantic." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359873/.
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This thesis investigates the variability of the intermediate and thermocline water mass properties in the South Atlantic, with a particular focus on salinity. These water masses form the upper branch of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Atlantic and have an important position in global ocean climate. Variability on various timescales is investigated: decadal changes are investigated using repeat hydrographic surveys, interannual variability is investigated using Argo float data and the two timescales are united by investigating a 40 year modern ocean model run. Salinity of thermocline water masses is shown to vary slowly on decadal timescales. Basinwide changes in salinity are evident at 24◦S over periods of 25 years. That these changes are representative of decadal changes and not merely aliasing shorter term variability is supported by analysis of the model. Increases in salinity at 24◦S from 1958 to 1983 and at 30◦S from 1993 to 2003 are linked with influence from the Indian ocean while a freshening at 24◦S from 1983 to 2009 may be linked with an intensified hydrological cycle. Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) is seen to increase in salinity at 24◦S from 1958 to 1983 and in the eastern basin at 30◦S from 1993 to 2003. This is different from the Indian and Pacific Oceans where AAIW has been observed to be freshening – a change linked with the intensification of the hydrological cycle. Using the highly correlated relationship between salinity and oxygen in AAIW, these changes are linked to the influence of the Indian Ocean. Further investigation of the changes in AAIW in the South Atlantic using Argo data and model data show that the variability of this water mass is dominated by westward propagating salinity anomalies. These anomalies originate in the Agulhas influenced Cape Basin of the South Atlantic and propagate westwards with speeds similar to those predicted for second mode baroclinic Rossby waves. The techniques developed for analysis of AAIW salinity using oxygen data are expanded to the other oceans of the southern hemisphere. The conclusions drawn from this analysis put the AAIW in the South Atlantic in a global context.
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Gibson, David R. "Potential pathogens of wrasse (family: Labridae) from Scottish coastal waters." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3189.
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The use of wrasse (Pisces: Labridae) as cleaner fish to combat infections with the parasitic copepods Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kroyer) and Caligus elongatus (Nordmann) (sea-lice) in the culture of Salmo salar L. (Atlantic salmon) is now common. Infections with these parasites has caused considerable losses in the industry since its formative years. The use of the wrasse species Ctenolabrus rupestris (L. ) (goldsinny), Centrolabrus exoletus (L. ) (rockcook), Symphodus melops (= Crenilabrus melops) (L. ) (corkwing) and Labrus mixtus L. (cuckoo) as cleaner fish was first suggested in 1988. The use of these species in the industry is now widespread in Scotland, Ireland and Norway. The fish used are normally caught from the wild before being stocked with S. salar smolts during their first year at sea. The fish are routinely collected from waters close to the farm sites to be stocked. As most of the S. salar sea production sites in Scotland are located on the west coast of the country, the wrasse to be used in these sites are normally collected from these waters. The movement of wild fish into farm pens presents a risk of disease transfer from wrasse to S. salar and vice versa. Prior to their use as cleaner fish, these four species of wrasse had received little attention as subjects of scientific study. As a result, there was very little information available in the literature regarding their diseases. The present study was undertaken to investigate the potential pathogens present in wild populations in Scottish coastal waters, and, in particular, which of these pathogens, if any, could be transmitted to the S. salar. The study also investigated the susceptibility of wrasse to the two major viral diseases of S. salar to which they would be exposed in pens. In order to fully assess the pathogenicity of the potential disease agents under farm conditions, it was first necessary to establish the normal morphology of the wrasse species. Hence, a study of the morphological features of wrasse, with particular emphasis on those features important in the health of the fish was undertaken. Wrasse were shown to differ in many aspects from salmonids but shared many morphological features with other perciforme fish. Major differences from salmonids were evident in the skin, fins, pancreas, intestine, gonads and heart. There were also aspects of their morphology which differed from other perciforme fish, notably the structure of the heart. These features were regarded to be adaptations to the specific demands of their feeding strategies and habitats. This study was the first of its kind undertaken for wrasse and showed some early contraindications for the use of wrasse in culture; most notable was the marked lipid accumulation in, and resultant degeneration of, the liver resulting from the consumption of high energy S. salar feeds. Once the normal morphological features were established, it was possible to examine the disease status of wrasse. Wild fish were sampled from three different locations on the west coast of Scotland. These sites were all geographically distinct and were all used as sources of wrasse for the S. salar farming industry. Samples of wrasse were also obtained from farm sites supplied with wrasse from these wild sites, and an additional number of other geographically distinct farm locations. As a comparison wrasse were also obtained from a wrasse captive breeding facility and another captive location unrelated to the S. salar industry, a public aquarium. The fish from all of these sampling sites were examined fully for the presence of parasites, bacteria and, in some cases, viruses. Histological examination was also carried out on all of the fish studied. A total of 24 new parasite host records, and two tentative ones, were recorded from the four wrasse species studied. These new parasite records included protozoa, digeneans, nematodes and crustacea. Parasite infections were found to vary in prevalence, abundance and intensity in respect to the geographical characteristics of sampling sites and also the length of time spent in S. salar pens. It was concluded that the separation of wrasse from their natural diet and habitat influenced the degree of parasitism. None of the parasites found to infect wrasse were observed to cause any significant pathology in their hosts other than localised tissue responses. The possibility of transfer of wrasse parasites to S. salar was also investigated experimentally in a series of infections in which parasites dissected from wrasse were introduced to S. salar smolts by means of a novel gavage method. None of the parasites used established in the S. salar, indicating that there is little risk of transfaunation of parasites between wrasse and S. salar. However, this aspect requires further work due to the low number of parasites available and the subsequent low numbers of S. salar infected. Bacterial isolates were obtained from wrasse held in S. salar pens but were not found in any of the fish collected from the wild. Most of the bacterial strains isolated would normally be considered as opportunistic pathogens of fish. It was concluded that the relatively high levels of stress, both environmental and physical, that wrasse are subjected to under farm conditions were instrumental in the number of bacterial infections seen in wrasse. Only one pathogenic bacterial infection was seen in any of the fish sampled. This was an isolate of Aeromonas salmonicida, the agent known to cause the disease furunculosis, isolated from a wrasse obtained from one of the farm samples. Other authors have reported that this bacterium has already caused substantial losses of wrasse under farm conditions. It was concluded that Aeromonas salmonicida will prove to be a major pathogen of wrasse held in S. salar pens. No viruses wereI isolated from any of the wrasse studied. The susceptibility of wrasse to the most significant pathogens of S. salar under farm conditions was also subjected to investigation. In addition to sea-lice infection, the industry lists Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) and Pancreas Disease (PD) as of primary importance for further research. Both of these diseases cause substantial losses in the industry. The susceptibility of wrasse to both of these disease conditions was investigated by means of experimental infections. In the case of IPN wrasse were infected by bathing with two different infective doses, a low dose which would be expected to induce the disease in S. salar parr and a second dose substantially higher than the first. The C. rupestris used were found to be susceptible to IPN. The wrasse developed some of the pathological characteristics typical of the disease in S. salar, however, other pathological signs were peculiar to wrasse. The recovery rate from the disease seen in wrasse was far more rapid than that recorded from S. salar. Shedding of the virus in the faeces of infected C. rupestris was also demonstrated. This study has illustrated for the first time the susceptibility of wrasse to IPN and that they can shed the virus in their faeces. This suggests that infected wrasse could be a source of continual reinfection in an affected sea site. Experimental infections of C. rupestris with PD followed a standard protocol for the reproduction of the disease in S. salar. Infection was by means of intraperitoneal injection with putatively infective material obtained from S. salar affected with PD. Two infection doses were used, the lowest dose used had been proven to be effective in inducing the disease in S. salar parr while the second dose, ten times higher than the first, had been shown to be effective in reproducing PD in S. salar smolts. The C. rupestris infected did not develop any of the typical signs of the disease seen in S. salar. It was, therefore, concluded that wrasse were not susceptible to PD.
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Johnson, Christofer M. " Fishing in Uncertain Waters: Resilience and Cultural Change in a North Atlantic Community ." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1574612673663867.
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Griffiths, Joshua William. "The nature of remotely-sensed surface turbidity in U.K. and Atlantic French Waters." Thesis, Bangor University, 2016. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-nature-of-remotelysensed-surface-turbidity-in-uk-and-atlantic-french-waters(b0b01a3f-54f1-432e-acb2-8d52944bea05).html.
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Mineral suspended solids are a strong source of ackscattered light within coastal shelf seas. Backscattered light has a direct relationship to remotely-sensed reflectance, measured by satellites. For four decades, remote-sensing algorithms have been used to estimate the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Present algorithms for SPMassume that the mass-specific backscattering coefficient (b⇤bp(667nm) = bbp(667nm)/SPM) is constant. Chapter III aimed to explore how observations of the influence of particle compositon upon backscattering could be incorporated into remote-sensing algorithms to improve our representation of b⇤bp(667nm). Field observations showed that bbp ⇤ (667nm) varies with the size, cross-sectional surface area and mineral content of particles, in addition to the total concentration of suspended solids. Observations showed that the increase in concentration related to an increase in the mineral content of the particles, presumed to be causing the relationship between concentration and b⇤bp(667nm). b⇤bp was shown to vary by a factor of 4, therefore using the latter relationship, iterative estimation of b⇤bp(667nm) suggested that it could be possible to reduce the assumption made in future algorithms for the remotely-sensed SPM, by a similar factor. Using the ocean colour satellite archive of remotely-sensed SPM concentration from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on the Aqua satellite, it is possible to produce statistical models based upon dominant forcings of tides, wind-driven waves and chlorophyll-a. Chlorophyll-a is used as an estimation of phytoplankton biomass, with increases in concentration expected to relate to increased particle size and thus increases in the particle settling speed (ws) of suspended sediments. These have the potential to predict the concentration when atmospheric correction fails. Atmospheric correction failure is most commonly due to the presence of cloud (in addition to cloud shadowing, land, high concentrations of coccoliths or coastal adjacency), which lead to a lack of data in a given pixel (Ardanuy et al., 1991). Rivier et al. (2012) used average observed values of SPM concentration, a tidal coefficient, the significant wave height and chlorophyll-a concentration to predict the SPM concentration in the English Channel. Chapter IV aimed to improve upon Rivier et al. (2012), looking at a wider subject area and improving representation of tides and ws. Tidal inclusion was improved through the use of localised model predictions of tide for every pixel in comparison to a standardised single-location tidal coefficient based upon the tidal amplitude in Brest for the entire English Channel . This study expanded the region to the entire European shelf, included data from a global tidal model and used higher frequency wind speed observations to improve upon the results of Rivier et al. (2012). Furthermore, a crucial shortcoming of Rivier et al. (2012) is the use of single yearlong regression coefficients. The coefficients in this study were allowed to vary seasonally with a sinusoidal form, where the influence of forcings upon the subsequent concentrations varies seasonally. A sinusoidal coefficient was used upon the forcings to represent the e↵ect of flocculation and the influence upon ws. These improvements demonstrate a substantial improvement upon the framework of the present statistical model for suspended particulate matter concentration developed by Rivier et al. (2012). Chapter V aimed to test the influence of ws upon SPM concentration and how well a simple model could be used to represent remotely-sensed observations of SPM. To examine the influence of ws upon the SPM concentration, a simple numerical turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) based resuspension model was used to predict the surface concentration on the northwest European shelf (Elliot & Clarke, 1991; Bowers, 2003). Using a seasonally-imposed ws, the model was shown to perform well when compared to satellite observations. The model identified the importance of ws on the influence of the hydrodynamic forcings of the wind and tides. Bowers (2003) predicted that spring-neap variation in SPM would vary seasonally due to changes in ws. Chapter VI aimed to test this assumption using the remote-sensing archive and examine whether it was possible to quantify ws using the spring-neap variability. Spring-neap variation in the remotely-sensed SPM concentration was shown to be modulated seasonally. In the winter, the range of concentration observed was greater than in the summer. Following results from the numerical model, this variability was proposed to be due to seasonal changes in ws. Quantifying this variation, the bulk ws was estimated through remote-sensing using a novel method. Remotely-sensed observations of the range of concentrations observed over the spring-neap tidal cycle were related to the seasonal variability in ws. Estimates of bulk ws were comparable in magnitude to field observations. ws was shown to peak in the summer, with some locations experiencing additional peaks in the spring and autumn, corresponding with localised blooms. This was proposed to be due to increased phytoplankton productivity, which leads to increases in EPS (extracellular polymeric substances), promoting flocculation and therefore increasing the speed of particle settling.
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Bowie, Andrew Ross. "Flow injection with chemiluminescence detection for the determination of iron in surface Atlantic waters." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1683.
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This thesis describes the design, optimisation and shipboard deployment of a flow injection - chemiluminescence (FI-CL) technique for the determination of iron (Fe) in seawater. Chapter One presents an overview of the marine biogeochemistry of Fe, including its speciation, sources and sinks, abundance and limitation for phytoplankton growth in the Wodd*s oceans. Current analytical methods for the determination of Fe in natural waters are also reviewed. Chapter Two reports the instrumental development of the FI - CL method. Each component is described and its suitability to the flow manifold discussed. Different CL detection systems are evaluated and a charge coupled device used to investigate the spectral profile of the Fe-catalysed luminol reaction. Automation of the FI manifold is also detailed along with acquisition of CL signals. Chapter Three details the optimisation of a FI - CL procedure for the determination of Fe in seawater. Reagent clean-up techniques, blank procedures and a standard addition operating routine are detailed. Fe(III) reduction using sulphite is treated theoretically. Matrix effects are investigated and the synthesis of an 8-hydroxyquinoline resin used for in-line matrix elimination and preconcentration is reported. The optimised method is selective to Fe(II+IIl) in the linear range 0.04-10 nM, with a precision of 3.2% (n=5) for a LO nM standard and a limit of detection (3s) of 40 pM for a load time of 1 min. Chapter Four presents the results of an investigation into the kinetic effect of Fe on luminol CL using the continuous addition of reagent (CAR) technique. Instrumental and chemical parameters are optimised, interferences investigated and the CAR-CL technique compared with alternative flow configurations. In Chapter Five, the application of the F - CL method to the shipboard determination of Fe in the surface North and South Atlantic (SO'^N to 50°S) is presented. Data are reported for samples collected from the upper water column (<200 m) in eight different biogeochemical provinces, which represent coastal, upwelling and oligotrophic regions of the Adbntic Ocean. Total dissolvable iron (unfiltered, TD-Fe) levels range ftom <0.1 to 6.1 nM and indicate that high and spatially variable TD-Fe (>2 nM) concentrations exist in Equatorial and tropical North Atlantic regions influenced by atmospheric deposition from the West African continent. Away from strong input mechanisms, TD-Fe concentrations in the upper water column average 0.6 nM. Input sources are fingerprinted via correlation with other trace metals (Al, Co, Ni), nutrients and hydrography, whilst active biological uptake is shown to be the dominant sink. TD-Fe vertical distributions through the upper mixed layer display strong relationships with chlorophyll a concentrations, and measurements in the deep chlorophyll maximum of the South Atlantic oligotrophic gyre show that, despite elevated nitrate at such depths, Fe concentrations are at a minimum (ca. 0.1 nM) and may be low enough to (co-)limit phytoplankton growth.
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Regueira, Fernández Marcos. "The ecology of the horned octopus, Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck, 1798) in Atlantic Iberian waters." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/18813.
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Doutoramento em Biologia - Biologia MarinhaO presente trabalho aborda o estudo de diversos aspectos da ecologia do polvo-do-alto, Eledone cirrhosa (Lamark, 1798) na costa noroeste da Península Ibérica, entre o oeste do Golfo da Vizcaya ao norte de Portugal. O polvo- do-alto é um octópode bentónico que se distribuí ao longo da plataforma e do talude continental em toda a bacia mediterranica e do Atlántico nordeste, desde Marrocos até à Noruega, incluindo as Ilhas Britânicas e Islândia. No noroeste da Península Ibéria esta espécie é considerada acessória da pesca de arrasto, direccionada fundamentalmente à captura de pescada (Merluccius merluccius), tamboril (Lophius sp.) e o lagostim (Nephrops norvegicus). Os desembarques de polvo- do-alto mostram um padrão cíclico concordante com o ciclo de vida da espécie, embora o interesse comercial varie consideravelmente em toda a sua área de distribuição. De acordo com os relatórios do Conselho Internacional para a Exploração dos Mares (CIEM/ICES), os desembarques de E. cirrhosa nas subáreas VIIIc e IXa norte atingiram 1.145 t em 2013. No que diz respeito ao tamanho (comprimento do manto, ML) máximo e parâmetros reprodutivos (maturação, fecundidade e o tamanho dos ovos / espermatóforos), os indivíduos das águas do noroeste da Península Ibérica têm características intermédias aos apresentados pelos indivíduos do norte da Europa e do Mediterrâneo, o que sugere um gradiente nas condições ambientais ao longo da sua área de distribuição. Este gradiente reflecte-se também nos resultados encontrados em nossa área de estudo. Durante a amostragem realizada ao longo de dois anos, foi observada uma tendência significativa para uma proporção sexual, dominada pelas fêmeas. Na costa noroeste da Península Ibérica, o período de postura da espécie concentrou-se nos meses de maio e junho. De modo semelhante ao tamanho máximo, o tamanho da primeira maturação sexual aumentou com a latitude em ambos os sexos. No caso das fêmeas, o tamanho da primeira maturação variou entre 100 e 134 mm ML, e nos machos entre 91 e 108 mm ML, dependendo da zona de captura. A análise das capturas por unidade de esforço (CPUE), obtidas em campanhas científicas feitas em diferentes momentos do ciclo reprodutivo da espécie, mostra variações na sua distribuição e abundância na costa noroeste da Península Ibérico. A modelação geoestatística das capturas descreve a migração para menores profundidades durante época de desova. A dieta do polvo-do-alto no Atlântico Ibérico, foi estudada pela primeira vez através da combinação da análise visual e molecular do conteúdo do estômago. A dieta de E. cirrhosa nesta área é composta principalmente por crustáceos (74,64%), seguido de peixes (16,84%) e, em menor proporção, por equinodermes (5,51%), moluscos (4,92%) e poliquetas (2,09%). A dieta da espécie foi modelada por meio de regressão logística multinomial (MLR). De acordo com o modelo desenvolvido, os principais fatores que afetam aos padrões alimentares foram: o estado de maturação, os pesqueiros de origem e a época do ano. Os resultados, em combinação com a literatura existente sobre a distribuição das presas, sugerem que E. cirrhosa não é um caçador totalmente oportunista, mas sim um generalista selectivo. No presente estudo estimou-se pela primeira vez a idade de E. cirrhosa analisando os anéis de crescimento na concha vestigial (bastonete). Foi analisada uma sub-amostra de 122 indivíduos entre 67 e 950 g, seleccionados a partir de uma amostra total de 2220 indivíduos, através de análise de progressão modal (MPA) para representar todas as classes de tamanho. A idade estimada variou entre 106 e 516 dias e as fêmeas foram significativamente mais longevas (17 meses) do que os machos (14 meses). Com base nas idades estimadas a data de eclosão dos ovos foi calculada, concluindo que, embora existam nascimentos durante todo o ano, eles estão mais concentrados durante o inverno. A taxa de crescimento relativo instantânea, isto é, o aumento da percentagem de peso do corpo por dia, estimada para classes de idade de 90 dias, variou entre 0,03% e 2,17%, diminuindo ao longo do ciclo de vida dos indivíduos. Fornece-se informação nova sobre o comportamento desta espécie, baseada na observação directa de exemplares no aquário. Alguns indivíduos iniciaram espontaneamente a postura em abrigos dispostos no interior dos aquários. Mais tarde verificou-se que, tal como no Octopus vulgaris, a espécie oferece cuidados maternais durante o período de desenvolvimento embrionário. Durante este período, as fêmeas ficam dentro do abrigo onde depositaram os ovos e concentram-se no seu cuidado. A espécie tolera as condições de cativeiro, indicando a sua aptidão para o cultivo tanto para fins experimentais como comerciais. Apesar de sua importância para o sector das pescas, a escassez de estudos sobre E. cirrhosa faz com que a informação apresentada neste documento constitua um marco na compreensão do ciclo de vida da espécie na costa noroeste da Península Ibérica e, portanto, representa uma importante contribuição para o conhecimento global da teutofauna Ibérica.
This Ph.D. Dissertation deals on the study of several aspects of the ecology of the horned octopus Eledone cirrhosa (Lamark, 1798) in the NW Iberian Peninsula, from western gulf of Biscay to north Portugal. The horned octopus is a benthic octopod distributed along the continental shelf and slope throughout the Mediterranean and northeast Atlantic from Morocco to Norway, including the British Isles and Iceland. In the NW Iberian Peninsula this species is considered as a by-catch of trawling fishery, mainly targeting hake (Merluccius merluccius), monkfish (Lophius sp.) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). Horned octopus landings show a cyclical pattern consistent with its life cycle, and its commercial interest considerably varies throughout its geographic range. According to ICES reports, landings of E. cirrhosa in VIIIc and IXa north subareas reached 1145 t in 2013. In terms of both body size and main reproductive parameters (such as maturation, fecundity, and eggs/spermatophores size), specimens of E. cirrhosa from northwest Iberian Peninsula have intermediate characteristics to those exhibited by individuals from the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and those from the Mediterranean Sea, suggesting some gradation on environmental conditions. This gradient, in turn, was also found in our study area. During the sampling, carried out over two years, a significant bias was observed in the relative abundance between sexes, always favourable to females. The spawning season of the species also varies throughout its range. Specifically, in the northwest Iberian it concentrates in May and June. Similarly to the maximum size, the size-at-maturity increased with latitude. This population parameter ranged from 100 to 134 mm mantle length (ML) for females and between 91 and 108 mm ML for males, depending on the fishing ground. The analysis of catches per unit effort (CPUE) obtained from scientific surveys and carried out at different times of the reproductive cycle of the species shows the existence of spatio-temporal variations on its distribution and abundance in the northwest Iberian sector. The geostatistical modelling of catches depicts the seasonal migration performed by mature individuals to shallower waters during the spawning season. The diet of the horned octopus in the north-western Iberian Peninsula was studied for the first time by combining visual and molecular analysis of stomach contents. The diet of E. cirrhosa in the area was mainly composed by crustaceans (74.64%), followed by fish (16.84%) and, to a lesser extent echinoderms (5.51%), mollusks (4.92%) and polychaetes (2.09%). Multinomial logistic regression (MLR) was used for modelling feeding trends of the species. According to it, the main factors affecting feeding patterns were maturity stage, fishing ground and season. The obtained results, in combination with the previous literature on the distribution of prey, suggest that E. cirrhosa is not a totally opportunistic hunter, but rather a selective generalist. The age of E. cirrhosa was estimated for the first time by stylet increment analysis. A total of 122 individuals, ranging from 67 to 950 g, were selected from a total sample of 2220 specimens using a modal progression analysis (MPA), in order to represent all size classes. The estimated age ranged from 106-516 days and females were significantly more long-lived (17 months) than males (14 months). Based on the estimated ages, hatching date was back-calculated, concluding that hatchings, although occur throughout the year, are mostly concentrated during winter. The instantaneous relative growth rate, i.e. the increase in % body weight per day, estimated for age classes of 90 days, ranged between 0.03% and 2.17%, decreasing throughout the development of individuals. New behavioural information on this species is provided based on the observation of live specimens under confined conditions. E. cirrhosa spontaneously spawned within the shelters arranged inside the tanks. The species do nesting and care their eggs in a similar way to Octopus vulgaris. During this breeding period the female remains inside the shelter, taking care of the eggs. The species easily adapted to aquarium conditions, suggesting its suitability for rearing with either experimental or commercial purposes. Despite its importance for the fishing sector, the scarcity of studies focused on this species makes the information offered in the present work an important milestone in understanding the life cycle of E. cirrhosa in NW Iberian Peninsula, and, therefore, it represents a meaningful contribution to a comprehensive knowledge of the Iberian teuthofauna.
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Smith, Jennifer Marie. "Growth investment and distribution of the squid Loligo Formeshii (Caphalopoda: Longinidae) in Northeast Atlantic waters." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540545.
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Generalised additive models (GAMs) were used on data for L. forbesii in northeast Atlantic waters to analyse patterns of reproductive and somatic investment. Geographic variation in the relationships, seen between Scottish males and samples from other study areas, is hypothesised to be largely attributable to local differences in environmental conditions and demonstrates that L. forbesii growth and maturation is variable in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. GAMs were also applied to trawl survey data to relate squid with ecogeographic variables in order to identify the variability of the habitat preferences of L. forbesii in UK waters. Favourable values for depth, SST, salinity and sediment composition were identified and related to known biological characteristics. Results suggest that habitat preferences may vary from season to season, but are rather consistent across different life cycle stages of the population. Knowledge gained could be used by fishers for more effective species targeting, and by managers as a tool to identify spawning grounds for potential protection. Finally, the recent history of the directed squid fishery in the Moray Firth was reviewed using both fishers’ knowledge and fishery statistics. Peaks in landings and CPUE were experienced during 2003-2005, with a marked decrease in both values in 2006. Fishers reported egg presence during summer months, providing new evidence of summer breeding in this population. Ideas are presented from the fishers’ viewpoints and from a research-based fishery perspective on possible drivers behind the variability in catch, as well as preferred options for future regulatory measures.
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Hill, Polly Georgiana. "Bacterioplankton dynamics in surface waters of the north-eastern (sub-)tropical Atlantic Ocean affected by Aeolian dust." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/168937/.
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The microbial community dominates biogeochemical cycling of the ocean, affecting global climate. The impact of physical disturbance of near surface microbial populations was studied in the northeastern tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. This region lies beneath easterly trade winds, resulting in strong perturbations in terms of wind driven mixing and Aeolian dust deposition. Firstly, the region’s surface water bacterioplankton community was compared with adjacent regions in terms of metabolic activity, by measuring the uptake rates of radioactively labelled amino acids (3H-leucine and 35S-methionine) as a proxy for bacterial production. Remarkably, there was little variation in uptake rates between the two Atlantic (sub-)tropical gyres. Rates reflected regional photosynthetic biomass, except in the study region. The bacterioplankton community of this region was less metabolically active than that of the oligotrophic north Atlantic gyre, despite ocean colour data identifying the region as productive. The region’s uniqueness is probably related to the episodic Saharan dust inputs experienced. To test whether dust deposition controls microbial community structure, surface communities were compared, using flow cytometry and fluorescence in situ hybridisation, between two winter periods when either wind-driven mixing or dust deposition occurred. Wind-driven mixing was associated with domination by the ubiquitous SAR11 clade of Alphaproteobacteria, whereas key primary producers, Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, numerically dominated during calmer conditions. Phytoplankton-associated Bacteroidetes and Synechococcus cyanobacteria were most abundant during turbulent conditions. Gammaproteobacteria, encompassing opportunistic species, were the only group to benefit from dust inputs; thus dust deposition seems to have a minor influence on the region’s bacterioplankton community compared to wind mixing, suggesting community change following dust storm events may be linked to nutrients delivered by wind mixing, as much as from dust. To test further whether changes in the SAR11 and Prochlorococcus populations varied between years due to wind- or dust-related perturbation, a method based on 35S-methionine uptake was developed for measuring the metabolic response of these groups to Aeolian dust, whilst excluding wind impacts. Subsurface seawater samples were treated with freshly collected dust, added directly or indirectly as a “leachate” after its rapid dissolution in deionised water. Prochlorococcus and SAR11 cells were sorted by flow cytometry to determine their group-specific responses. Both Prochlorococcus and SAR11 were metabolically impaired by the addition of dust, which may explain the low metabolic activity observed in the region (mentioned above). Although SAR11 showed minor positive responses to dust leachate additions, leachate proved detrimental to Prochlorococcus. Thus dust dissolution in situ appears to be more deleterious to Prochlorococcus than SAR11 and hence could initiate a compositional shift in the indigenous bacterioplankton, suggesting the observed switch from SAR11- to Prochlorococcus-domination following dust deposition (mentioned above) was indeed a result of an alternative stimulus, most likely wind stress. In conclusion, whereas dust deposition may prove beneficial to bacterioplankton species with high nutrient demands, such as some Gammaproteobacteria, it does not appear to affect the ambient dominant bacterioplankton groups of the northeast (sub-)tropical Atlantic to the same degree as wind-driven perturbations. Furthermore, large dust deposition events may prove detrimental to ambient populations, resulting in low community metabolic activity.
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Goetz, Sabine. "Interactions of cetaceans with Spanish and Portuguese fisheries in Atlantic waters : costs, benefits and implications for management." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13332.
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Doutoramento em BiologiaWith the aim to provide new insights into operational cetacean-fishery interactions in Atlantic waters, this thesis assesses interactions of cetaceans with Spanish and Portuguese fishing vessels operating in Iberian and South West Atlantic waters. Different opportunistic research methodologies were applied, including an interview survey with fishers (mainly skippers) and onboard observations by fisheries observers and skippers, to describe different types of interactions and to identify potential hotspots for cetacean-fishery interactions and the cetacean species most involved, and to quantify the extent and the consequences of these interactions in terms of benefits and costs for cetaceans and fisheries. In addition, the suitability of different mitigation strategies was evaluated and discussed. The results of this work indicate that cetaceans interact frequently with Spanish and Portuguese fishing vessels, sometimes in a beneficial way (e.g. cetaceans indicate fish schools in purse seine fisheries), but mostly with negative consequences (depredation on catch, gear damage and cetacean bycatch). Significant economic loss and high bycatch rates are, however, only reported for certain fisheries and associated with particular cetacean species. In Galician fisheries, substantial economic loss was reported as a result of bottlenose dolphins damaging artisanal coastal gillnets, while high catch loss may arise from common dolphins scattering fish in purse seine fisheries. High cetacean bycatch mortality arises in trawl fisheries, mainly of common dolphin and particularly during trawling in water depths below 350 m, and in coastal set gillnet fisheries (mainly common and bottlenose dolphins). In large-scale bottom-set longline fisheries in South West Atlantic waters, sperm whales may significantly reduce catch rates through depredation on catch. The high diversity of cetacean-fishery interactions observed in the study area indicates that case-specific management strategies are needed to reduce negative impacts on fisheries and cetaceans. Acoustic deterrent devices (pingers) may be used to prevent small cetaceans from approaching and getting entangled in purse seines and set gillnets, although possible problems include cetacean habituation to the pinger sounds, as well as negative side effects on non-target cetaceans (habitat exclusion) and fisheries target species (reduced catch rates). For sardine and horse mackerel, target species of Iberian Atlantic fisheries, no aversive reaction to pinger sounds was detected during tank experiments conducted in the scope of this thesis. Bycatch in trawls may be reduced by the implementation of time/area restrictions of fishing activity. In addition, the avoidance of fishing areas with high cetacean abundance combined with the minimization of fishery-specific sound cues that possibly attract cetaceans, may also help to decrease interactions. In large-scale bottom-set longline fisheries, cetacean depredation on catch may be reduced by covering hooked fish with net sleeves ("umbrellas") provided that catch rates are not negatively affected by this gear modification. Trap fishing, as an alternative fishing method to bottom-set gillnetting and longlining, also has the potential to reduce cetacean bycatch and depredation, given that fish catch rates are similar to the rates obtained by bottom-set gillnets and longlines, whereas cetacean by-catch is unlikely. Economic incentives, such as the eco-certification of dolphin-safe fishing methods, should be promoted in order to create an additional source of income for fishers negatively affected by interactions with cetaceans, which, in turn, may also increase fishers’ willingness to accept and adopt mitigation measures. Although the opportunistic sampling methods applied in this work have certain restrictions concerning their reliability and precision, the results are consistent with previous studies in the same area. Moreover, they allow for the active participation of fishers that can provide important complementary ecological and technical knowledge required for cetacean management and conservation.
Com a finalidade de melhorar a compreensão das interações entre cetáceos e atividades pesqueiras em águas Atlânticas, esta tese analisa as interações entre cetáceos e artes de pesca Portuguesas e Espanholas a operar em águas Ibéricas e do sudoeste Atlântico. Diferentes metodologias oportunistas de investigação foram aplicadas, incluindo entrevistas com pescadores (principalmente capitães de embarcação) e observações a bordo, quer por observadores de pesca ou capitães, com o fim de 1) descrever os diferentes tipos de interações; 2) identificar potenciais hotspots de interações cetáceos-pesca e quais as espécies de cetáceos mais envolvidas; e quantificar a dimensão e consequências destas interações em termos de custos e benefícios, tanto para cetáceos como para as atividades pesqueiras. Mais ainda, a adequabilidade de diferentes estratégias de mitigação destas interações foi avaliada e discutida. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que diferentes espécies de cetáceos interagem frequentemente com embarcações de pesca Portuguesas e Espanholas, muitas vezes com consequências positivas (por ex. com os cetáceos frequentemente indicando cardumes durante a pesca de cerco), mas maioritariamente com consequências negativas (predação pelos cetáceos, levando à perda de pescado, danificação dos aparelhos de pesca e capturas acidentais de cetáceos). No entanto, perdas económicas significativas e altas taxas de captura acidental são raramente declaradas, acontecendo apenas com alguns tipos de pesca e com certas espécies de cetáceos. Na Galiza, perdas económicas substanciais podem resultar de danos nas redes fixas artesanais pelo roaz-corvineiro (Tursiops truncatus), bem como importantes reduções das capturas por golfinho-comum (Delphinus delphis) devido à dispersão de cardumes na pesca de cerco. Altas taxas de mortalidade de cetáceos por captura acidental são declaradas na pesca de arrasto, principalmente de golfinho-comum e quando o arrasto é realizado a profundidades menores que 350 m, assim como em pescas de rede de emalhar e tresmalho em zonas costeiras (principalmente de golfinho comum e roaz-corvineiro). Em águas do Sudoeste Atlântico, cachalotes podem reduzir significativamente taxas de captura por predação em pesca comercial de palangre de fundo. A grande diversidade de interações cetáceos-pesca observadas na área de estudo indicam que estratégias de gestão especificas são necessárias para reduzir impactos negativos tanto nas pescas como nos cetáceos. vi Dispositivos de alerta (pingers) poderiam ser usados para prevenir pequenos cetáceos de se aproximarem e ficarem presos nas redes fixas e redes de cerco, sempre que possam ser possam ser excluídas situações de habituação dos cetáceos ao som dos pingers, assim como efeitos negativos em espécies de cetáceos não alvo (como exclusão de habitat) e espécies-alvo de pesca (redução de capturas). Para sardinha e carapau, duas espécies-alvo muito importantes na pesca Ibérica Atlântica, nenhuma reação negativa ao som do pinger foi detectada durante experiências em tanques conduzidas no âmbito desta tese. Capturas acidentais durante pesca de arrasto poderiam ser reduzidas com a implementação de restrições de tempo/área na atividade de pesca. Adicionalmente, a redução de interações pode ser conseguida se as embarcações evitarem áreas de pesca com grande abundância de cetáceos, integrando medidas de minimização de pistas sonoras que possam atrair cetáceos às embarcações. A depredação de cetáceos sobre capturas de palangre de fundo poderia ser reduzida recorrendo ao encapsulamento dos anzóis ("sistema guarda-chuva"), uma vez que as taxas de captura de peixe não são afectadas por esta modificação. A pesca com armadilha, como alternativa à pesca de redes de fundo fixas e de palangre de fundo tem também o potencial de reduzir a depredação e capturas acidentais de cetáceos, se taxas de captura semelhantes forem conseguidas. Incentivos económicos, como a eco-certificação de métodos de pesca não prejudiciais às populações de cetáceos, devem ser promovidos de modo que possam constituir uma fonte adicional de rendimento para pescadores afectados negativamente por estas interações, o que por sua vez poderá também aumentar a disponibilidade dos pescadores em aceitar e adoptar medidas mitigadoras. Apesar dos métodos oportunistas aplicados neste trabalho poderem ter certas restrições no que respeita à precisão e fiabilidade dos dados, os resultados são consistentes com estudos anteriores realizados na mesma área. Mais ainda, eles permitem a participação ativa dos pescadores, que podem aportar conhecimento técnico e ecológico importante necessário para a gestão e conservação de cetáceos.
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Sabbaghzadeh, Bita. "Surfactants and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Atlantic Ocean surface microlayer and the corresponding underlying waters." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4127.
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The sea surface microlayer (SML; depth < 400 μm) is a physically and biogeochemically distinct interface covering the entire ocean surface. Biologically-derived surfactants are ubiquitous in the SML, where they limit air-sea gas exchange and the formation of marine boundary layer aerosols that impact atmospheric chemistry and climate. Total surfactant activity (SA) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were measured in the SML, in depth profiles (≤ 100 m) and semi-continuously in sub-surface water (SSW: 7 m non-toxic seawater supply) on Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) cruises 24 (2014) and 25 (2015), from 50°N to 50°S. On-board estimates of the gas transfer velocity (kw) of CH4 (custom gas exchange tank) were related to SA distributions in the SML to evaluate surfactant control of air-sea gas exchange. SML and SSW SA (mg L-1 eq. T-X-100) was always higher in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere (0.10 - 1.76 in the Northern Hemisphere; 0.08 - 0.63 in the Southern Hemisphere). A constant enrichment of SA in the SML was observed at all wind speeds encountered. SA enrichment factors (EF = SASML/SASSW) ranged between 0.95 - 4.25 in the Atlantic Ocean, higher in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. EF >1 up to the maximum mean wind speed recorded (~13 m s-1) challenges the idea that high latitude wind speeds > 12 m s-1 preclude high EFs and implies that the SML is self-sustaining concerning SA. CDOM absorption coefficient (a300) in general was higher in the Northern Hemisphere (range 0.10 - 1.52 m-1) than in the Southern Hemisphere (range 0.17 - 0.82 m-1). CDOM spectral slope (S275-295) showed an inverse correlation with CDOM (a300) and was significantly lower (t-test, p < 0.001) in the SML than in the SSW (SML; 0.033 ± 0.005 nm-1, SSW; 0.038 ± 0.007 nm-1) suggesting in-situ CDOM production in the SML and more refractory CDOM in the SSW. CH4 k660 (kw for CO2 in seawater at 20°C) derived from the gas exchange tank (6.9 - 9.8 cm h-1) gave film factors (R660´; sample kw / surfactant-free MilliQ kw) that strongly correlated with SML SA (r2 = 0.63, p = 0.001, n = 13). Corresponding R660´ suppressions ~ 25% imply a strong control of Atlantic Ocean gas exchange by surfactant.
Books on the topic "Atlantic Waters"
1
Parsons, Robert Charles. Through dangerous waters: Writing the Atlantic. Grand Bank, N.L: Books of the Sea, 2012.
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2
Volpe, John. Super un-natural: Atlantic salmon in BC waters. Vancouver: David Suzuki Foundation, 2001.
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3
Böhlke, James E. Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. 2nd ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.
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4
G, Symes D., ed. Northern waters: Management issues and practice. Oxford [England]: Fishing News Books, 1998.
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5
P, Fahay Michael, ed. Ecology of estuarine fishes: Temperate waters of the Western North Atlantic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
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Ator, Scott W. Nitrate and pesticide data for waters of the Mid-Atlantic Region. [Reston, Va.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.
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Emery, Claude. Overfishing outside the 200 mile limit: Atlantic Coast. [Ottawa]: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1996.
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Böhnecke, Günther. Temperature, salinity and density of the surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean. New Delhi: Published for the Division of Ocean Sciences, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by Amerind Pub. Co., 1991.
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Wayne, Hoggard, and Southeast Fisheries Science Center (U.S.), eds. Preliminary estimates of Bottlenosed dolphin abundance in southern U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico continential shelf waters. Miami, Fla: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 1994.
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Eichenberg, Tim. An assessment of the regulatory framework for finfish aquaculture in marine waters. Portland, Or: National Coastal Resources Research & Development Institute, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Atlantic Waters"
1
Jákupsstovu, Stein Hjalti i. "Exploitation and Migration of Salmon in Faroese Waters." In Atlantic Salmon, 458–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1235-9_25.
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Roether, W., and A. Putzka. "Transient-Tracer Information on Ventilation and Transport of South Atlantic Waters." In The South Atlantic, 45–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80353-6_3.
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van Tol, Robert. "A Naval Force Comparison in Northern and Atlantic Waters." In The Soviet Union and Northern Waters, 134–63. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315001807-7.
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Sastre, Alicia V., Norma H. Santinelli, Miriam E. Solís, Laura B. Pérez, Soledad Díaz Ovejero, Leilén Gracia Villalobos, Andreana Cadaillón, and Valeria C. D’Agostino. "Harmful Marine Microalgae in Coastal Waters of Chubut (Patagonia, Argentina)." In Plankton Ecology of the Southwestern Atlantic, 495–515. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77869-3_22.
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Capitanio, Fabiana L., Mariela L. Spinelli, María L. Presta, Gastón E. Aguirre, Guillermo Cervetto, Marcelo Pájaro, and Carla M. Derisio. "Ecological Role of Common Appendicularian Species from Shelf Waters Off Argentina." In Plankton Ecology of the Southwestern Atlantic, 201–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77869-3_10.
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Bauch, Henning A., Ulrich Struck, and Jörn Thiede. "Planktic and Benthic Foraminifera as Indicators of Past Ocean Changes in Surface and Deep Waters of the Nordic Seas." In The Northern North Atlantic, 411–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56876-3_22.
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Morozov, Eugene G., Alexander N. Demidov, Roman Y. Tarakanov, and Walter Zenk. "Source Regions, Abyssal Pathways, and Bottom Flow Channels (for Waters of the Antarctic Origin)." In Abyssal Channels in the Atlantic Ocean, 51–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9358-5_3.
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Brooks, Robert P., Craig Snyder, and Mark M. Brinson. "Aquatic Landscapes: The Importance of Integrating Waters." In Mid-Atlantic Freshwater Wetlands: Advances in Wetlands Science, Management, Policy, and Practice, 1–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5596-7_1.
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Wefer, G., G. Fischer, D. K. Fütterer, R. Gersonde, S. Honjo, and D. Ostermann. "Particle Sedimentation and Productivity in Antarctic Waters of the Atlantic Sector." In Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic versus Antarctic, 363–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2029-3_20.
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Kasten, S., M. Zabel, V. Heuer, and C. Hensen. "Processes and Signals of Nonsteady-State Diagenesis in Deep-Sea Sediments and their Pore Waters." In The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary, 431–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18917-3_20.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Atlantic Waters"
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A.E, Oudijk, Hasler O, Overaas H, S. Marty, D. R. Williamson, Svendsen T, S. Berg, et al. "Campaign For Hyperspectral Data Validation In North Atlantic Coastal Waters." In 2022 12th Workshop on Hyperspectral Imaging and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/whispers56178.2022.9955134.
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Bostater, Jr., Charles R. "Specific absorption and backscatter coefficient signatures in southeastern Atlantic coastal waters." In Remote Sensing, edited by Giovanna Cecchi and Eugenio Zilioli. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.332723.
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Pelevin, Vadim N., O. I. Abramov, G. G. Carlsen, V. V. Pelevin, A. M. Stogov, and D. V. Khlebnikov. "Laser probing of the upper waters of the Atlantic and seas around Europe." In 7th International Symposium on Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, edited by Gennadii G. Matvienko and Mikhail V. Panchenko. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.411981.
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Zhurbas, Nataliya Victorovna. "Assessment of changes in the flow of Atlantic waters entering the Eurasian Arctic Basin." In The International Symposium “Mesoscale and Submesoscale Processes in the Hydrosphere and Atmosphere”. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/978-5-9901449-4-1-2018-36.
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Sheng, Jinyu, and Bo Yang. "A Five-Level Nested-Grid Coastal Ocean Circulation Prediction System for Canadian Atlantic Coastal Waters." In 10th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40990(324)3.
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Taboada, Jose V., and Hirpa G. Lemu. "Analysis of Wave Energy Sources in the North Atlantic Waters in View of Design Challenges." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54042.
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This paper describes a wave energy analysis of North Atlantic waters and provides an overview of the available resources. The analysis was conducted using a scatter diagram data combined with wave statistics and empirical parameters given by wave height and periods. Such an overview is instrumental for modelling of wave energy sources, design of wave energy converter (WEC) devices and determination of locations of the devices. Previous survey of wave energy resources widely focused on determination of the reliability on installations of WECs. Though the renewable energy source that can be utilized from the waves is huge, the innovative work in design and development of WECs is insignificant and the available technologies still require further optimization. Furthermore, the wave potential of North Atlantic waters is not sufficiently studied and documented. Closer review of the literature also shows that wave energy conversion technology, compared with other conversion machines of renewable energy sources such as wind energy and solar energy, seems still immature and most of the research and development efforts in this direction are limited in scope. The design of energy converters is also highly dictated by the wave energy resource intensity distribution, which varies from North to South hemisphere. The immaturity of the technology can be attributed to several factors. Since there are a number of uncertainties on the accuracy of wave data, the design, location and installation of WECs face a number of challenges in terms of their service life, structural performance and topological configuration. As a result, collection and assessment of wave characteristics and the wave state conditions data serve as key inputs for development of robust, reliable, operable and affordable wave energy converters. The fact that a number of variables are involved in wave distribution characteristics and the extraction of wave power, treating these variables in the design process imposes immense challenges for the design optimization and hence the optimum energy conversion. The conversion machines are expected to extract as high wave energy as possible while their structural performance is ensured. The study reported in this paper is to analyse wave data over several years of return periods with a detailed validation for wave statistics and wave power. The analysis is intended to contribute in better understanding of the wave characteristics with influencing parameters that can serve as design optimization parameters. A method is proposed to conduct a survey and analysis of the available wave energy resources and the potential at cited locations. The paper concludes that wave energy data accuracy is the baseline for project scoping, coastal and offshore design, and environmental impact assessments.
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Regan, Fiona, Philippe Bersuder, Thi Bolam, Alexandre Bettoschi, Barbara Marras, Natalia Montero, Marco Schintu, et al. "Passive sampling techniques for monitoring metals in transitional and coastal waters in the Atlantic region." In OCEANS 2019 - Marseille. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceanse.2019.8867564.
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Mankovskaya, Ekaterina, and Viktor I. Mankovsky. "Composition of suspended matter in the tropical waters of Atlantic Ocean according to the light scattering." In XXIII International Symposium, Atmospheric and Ocean Optics, Atmospheric Physics, edited by Oleg A. Romanovskii. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2284664.
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Beauchamp, S., J. Kerekes, and R. Tordon. "Optical Properties and Autotrophic Production in Inland Waters in Atlantic Canada With Reference to Research Diving." In OCEANS '87. IEEE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1987.1160746.
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Cornett, Andrew M. "Inventory of Canada’s Offshore Wave Energy Resources." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92287.
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Global warming, the depletion of conventional energy reserves and the rising cost of electricity generation have sparked renewed interest in renewable wave energy within Canada and internationally. Significant advances in wave energy converters have been made in recent years, and there is a growing realization in many countries, particularly those in Europe, that these technologies will be ready for large scale deployments within the next five to ten years (ABP, 2004). Despite these recent developments, very little effort has been directed to quantifying and mapping wave energy resources in Canada in the past. This paper presents results from a recent study in which the wave energy resource in Canada’s Pacific and Atlantic waters is quantified by analysing a large quantity of data obtained from four sources: direct wave measurements; two wind-wave hindcasts of the North Atlantic; and a single hindcast of the Northeast Pacific. Each data source is described and the methods used to analyse the data sets are explained in detail. The derived wave power estimates, including their seasonal and spatial variability, are presented and discussed. Results obtained from the direct measurements and the wind-wave hindcasts are also compared. The paper also includes a review of the theoretical background required to estimate wave energy. The waters off Canada’s Pacific and Atlantic coasts are endowed with rich wave energy resources. The results presented here define the scale of these resources, as well as their significant spatial and seasonal variations.
Reports on the topic "Atlantic Waters"
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Ramsey, Andree L., Heather H. Furey, and Amy S. Bower. Overturning of the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP): RAFOS Float Data Report June 2014 - January 2019. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/29540.
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The Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) is an international effort started in 2014 dedicated to achieving a better understanding of the link between dense-water formation and the meridional overturning circulation in the high-latitude North Atlantic. Moorings, gliders, and subsurface acoustically-tracked RAFOS floats have been used to collect temperature, salinity, and current data across the Labrador Sea, Irminger Sea, Reykjanes Ridge, Iceland Basin, Rockall-Hatton Plateau, and Rockall Trough. The specific objective of the OSNAP float program is to gather information on the pathways of the dense overflow waters transported by the deep limb of the overturning circulation and assess the connection of those pathways with currents observed crossing the OSNAP mooring line. This data report details the observations collected by 148 floats that were deployed for OSNAP during the summers of 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. Deployment locations were in the Iceland Basin, Irminger Sea, and in the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. Mission lengths ranged from 540-730 days, and the floats were ballasted to passively drift at a fixed pressure of either 1800, 2000, 2200, 2500, or 2800 dbar to tag the deep overflow water masses of the subpolar North Atlantic (Iceland-Scotland and Denmark Strait Overflow Waters).
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Beck, Aaron. NAPTRAM - Plastiktransportmechanismen, Senken und Interaktionen mit Biota im Nordatlantik / NAPTRAM - North Atlantic plastic transport mechanisms, sinks, and interactions with biota, Cruise No. SO279, Emden (Germany) – Emden (Germany), 04.12.2020 – 05.01.2021. Gutachterpanel Forschungsschiffe Bonn, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_so279.
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The coastal and open oceans represent a major, but yet unconstrained, sink for plastics. It is likely that plastic-biota interactions are a key driver for the fragmentation, aggregation, and vertical transport of plastic litter from surface waters to sedimentary sinks. Cruise SO279 conducted sampling to address core questions of microplastic distribution in the open ocean water column, biota, and sediments. Seven stations were sampled between the outer Bay of Biscay and the primary working area south of the Azores. Additional samples were collected from surface waters along the cruise track to link European coastal and shelf waters with the open ocean gyre. Microplastic samples coupled with geochemical tracer analyses will build a mechanistic understanding of MP transport and its biological impact reaching from coastal seas to the central gyre water column and sinks at the seabed. Furthermore, floating plastics were sampled for microbial community and genetic analyses to investigate potential enzymatic degradation pathways. Cruise SO279 served as the third cruise of a number of connected research cruises to build an understanding of the transport pathways of plastic and microplastic debris in the North Atlantic from the input through rivers and air across coastal seas into the accumulation spots in the North Atlantic gyre and the vertical export to its sink at the seabed. The cruise was an international effort as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC (“HOrizontal and vertical oceanic distribution, Transport, and impact of MICroplastics”) and the BMBF funded project PLASTISEA (‘Harvesting the marine Plastisphere for novel cleaning concepts’), and formed a joint effort of HOTMIC and PLASTISEA researchers from a range of countries and institutes.
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Beck, Aaron. RiverOceanPlastic: Land-ocean transfer of plastic debris in the North Atlantic, Cruise No. AL534/2, 05 March – 26 March 2020, Malaga (Spain) – Kiel (Germany). GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al534-2.
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Cruise AL534/2 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC and sought to investigate the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus of the cruise was on the horizontal transfer of plastic debris from major European rivers into shelf regions and on the processes that mediate this transport. Stations were originally chosen to target the outflows of major European rivers along the western Europe coast between Malaga (Spain) and Kiel (Germany), although some modifications were made in response to inclement weather. In total, 16 stations were sampled along the cruise track. The sampling scheme was similar for most stations, and included: 1) a CTD cast to collect water column salinity and temperature profiles, and discrete samples between surface and seafloor, 2) sediment sampling with Van Veen grab and mini-multi corer (mini-MUC), 3) suspended particle and plankton sampling using a towed Bongo net and vertical WP3 net, and 4) surface neusten sampling using a catamaran trawl. At a subset of stations with deep water, suspended particles were collected using in situ pumps deployed on a cable. During transit between stations, surface water samples were collected from the ship’s underway seawater supply, and during calm weather, floating litter was counted by visual survey teams. The samples and data collected on cruise AL534/2 will be used to determine the: (1) abundance of plastic debris in surface waters, as well as the composition of polymer types, originating in major European estuaries and transported through coastal waters, (2) abundance and composition of microplastics (MP) in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (3) abundance and composition of plastic debris in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates), (4) abundance and identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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Takahashi, Taro, David W. Chipman, John Goddard, and S. C. Sutherland. Underway pCO{sub 2} measurements in surface waters during the Ocean Margins Program cruises in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/805762.
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Eamer, J. B. R., C. Greaves, and E. L. King. The science questions underpinning the potential for offshore wind turbines on Atlantic Canada's continental shelves. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331697.
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Offshore wind farms typically host tens to hundreds of turbines that are individually sited on foundations or anchored if floating. These are connected by inter-farm cables which feed into one or more marine-based substations, further feeding one or more shore-connected high-voltage cables - all infrastructure that requires knowledge of water depth, metocean conditions, and seabed/subsurface geology. With this industry set to establish itself on the continental shelf of Atlantic Canada, knowledge of the geological conditions from the seabed to tens of metres below will be essential for farm layout and foundation design. Thus, geoscience questions addressing regional geomorphology, Pleistocene glacial retreat and sea-level change, the characteristics of key individual stratigraphic layers, and the magnitude and patterns of sediment mobility are important. In Atlantic Canada, ongoing efforts to address these questions are using legacy data, but new data is required to further our understanding of the shallower portions of the shelf. Examples include: what is the distribution of buried tunnel valleys under offshore banks, and might their complex facies infill affect foundation conditions? How and where would the organic sediments, left by a coastal suite of landforms drowned during transgression, affect foundation or landfalling cable stability? How active is salt diapirism, and could it be considered a geohazard? Are demonstrated sediment mass failures also a risk? What is the current understanding of sediment mobility in shallow waters, and how does that affect infrastructure armouring/depth of burial? What is the variability of the geotechnical properties of our offshore sediments? What is the foundation suitability of offshore Tertiary semi-consolidated bedrock? To conclude, the initial scope of a developing regional foundation suitability model will be presented for the Eastern Scotian Shelf.
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Oswald, Julie N., and Tina M. Yack. Development of Automated Whistle and Click Classifiers for Odontocete Species in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and the Waters Surrounding the Hawaiian Islands. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada616536.
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Belknap, D. F., and B. J. Todd. 90CAPE HATTERAS piston core analyses, Gulf of Maine, U.S.A. and Nova Scotia, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332074.
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From 1988 through 1995, geoscientists from the Department of Geology (now the School of Earth and Climate Sciences) of the University of Maine, and their scientific partners, undertook geoscientific studies in the Gulf of Maine in territorial waters of the United States of America and Canada. Within this eight-year period, the 1990 expedition onboard the RV Cape Hatteras was originally identified by the University of Maine as CH-10-90. This expedition was renamed by the Geological Survey of Canada Atlantic (GSCA) as 90CAPE HATTERAS to conform to that latter organization's naming standards. During 90CAPE HATTERAS, thirteen piston cores were collected in the Gulf of Maine. The analytical data for these cores is presented here.
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Lenz, Mark. RV POSEIDON Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report POS536/Leg 1. GEOMAR, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/geomar_rep_ns_56_2020.
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DIPLANOAGAP: Distribution of Plastics in the North Atlantic Garbage Patch Ponta Delgada (Portugal) – Malaga (Spain) 17.08. – 12.09.2019 The expedition POS 536 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative of GEOMAR investigating the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus will be on the vertical transfer of plastic debris from the surface and near-surface waters to the deep sea and on the processes that mediate this transport. The obtained data will help to develop quantitative models that provide information about the level of plastic pollution in the different compartments of the open ocean (surface, water column, seafloor). Furthermore, the effects of plastic debris on marine organisms in the open ocean will be assessed. The cruise will provide data about the: (1) abundance of plastic debris with a minimum size of 100 μm as well as the composition of polymer types in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (2) abundance and composition of plastic debris in organic aggregates (“marine snow”), (3) in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates and fish) and in fecal pellets, (4) abundance and the identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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Reimers, C. E. Variability of carbon system parameters in coastal waters of the Mid-Atlantic Bight off New Jersey: A link to the Ocean Margins Program. Final technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/764618.
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Bauer, J., and D. Druffel. Final Report: Sources and Turnover Times of Dissolved, Colloidal and Particulate Organic Compound in Waters in the Middle Atlantic Bight and Chesapeake Bay, July 1, 1995 - June 30, 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/765163.
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