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Styles, Alvy E., and Aaron L. Mulrooney. "Directors of Public and Private State-of-the-Art Multimillion Dollar Recreational Facilities Lead the Way in Risk Management Practices." Recreational Sports Journal 29, no. 2 (November 2005): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.29.2.92.
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The study's purpose was to identify and examine two main areas: the risk management practices and documents being used by recreation directors of state-of-the-art multimillion dollar recreational facilities and the number of lawsuits, settlements, and accidents. Due to the large amount of financial and legal risk exposure at these facilities, it is assumed that the facility directors would implement and rate as either important or very important the five elements of a bona fide risk management program: Surveys were distributed to recreational directors in senior colleges and universities throughout the US. The sample frame was listing in the National Intramural Recreational Sports Association Facilities of Distinction, Volumes, I, II, and III, and college and university facilities listed in “State of the Art Facilities” in Athletic Business ( N = 65). These institutions typically offer a wide range of recreational programs and have large recreational facilities that are either purpose-built or shared. A total of 35 recreational directors responded, a 54% return rate. The findings suggest that: (a) the importance of risk management practices has reached the university administration, (b) recreational directors are implementing risk management plans, (c) recreational directors are creating their own risk management manuals, and (d) the ACSM and the NIRSA documents are the two publications most commonly used by recreational directors to assist them in creating their risk management manuals.
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Bower, Glenna, and Mary A. Hums. "Women Working in the Administration of Campus Recreation: Career Paths and Challenges." Recreational Sports Journal 27, no. 2 (November 2003): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.27.2.21.
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Women have made in-roads into management positions in various traditionally male-dominated industries including the sport industry. The sport industry consists of a number of segments such as professional sport, intercollegiate athletics, health and fitness, facility management, sport for people with disabilities, sport marketing, and recreational sport. While scholars have focused attention on the careers of women working in management positions in several of these segments, almost no work has been done in the recreational sport segment. One specialized area within recreational sport is campus recreation. In this particular area, there is limited research on women working in administrative positions. Thus, the purpose of this study was to establish and examine career information of women working in the administration of campus recreation programs. The survey subjects were 376 women listed in the 2000–2001 NIRSA National Sport Recreational Directory as holding administrative level jobs in campus recreation. The study addressed the following concerning women working in campus recreation administration: (a) demographics; (b) career paths; (c) most/least enjoyable aspects of their jobs; (d) greatest challenges; (e) career advice for women wanting to enter this profession; (f) short-term and long-term career aspirations; (g) the role of mentors on their careers, and (h) how they obtained their first/current job in campus recreation administration. Analysis of the data for this descriptive study focused on two areas. First, means and standard deviations were calculated where appropriate. Second, the answers to the open-ended questions were investigated for recurring themes. After examining the data, suggestions for future research were generated.
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Serrao, Holly F., Matthew P. Martens, Jessica L. Martin, and Tracey L. Rocha. "Competitiveness and Alcohol Use Among Recreational and Elite Collegiate Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 2, no. 3 (September 2008): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2.3.205.
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Large-scale, national research studies have consistently indicated that college students participating in athletics consume more alcohol than nonathletes. Theorists have speculated that a number of risk factors could be associated with heavy drinking among this group, although research in the area has been sparse. The purpose of the current study was to assess the relationship between one possible risk factor, competitiveness, in a sample of recreational and elite college athletes to determine whether competitiveness was related to alcohol use among these athletes. Data were collected from a sample of 298 undergraduates from a large university in the northeastern United States. Results showed that competitiveness was associated with higher amounts of alcohol consumption. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
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Mullan, Elaine, John Albinson, and David Markland. "Children’s Perceived Physical Competence at Different Categories of Physical Activity." Pediatric Exercise Science 9, no. 3 (August 1997): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.9.3.237.
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This study explored whether children differentiate between their physical capabilities at play activities, informal recreational activities, and formal competitive activities. Harter’s (11) six-item Athletic Competence subscale from the SelfPerception Profile for Children was administered to 578 children and adolescents (ages 7-15 years). The items were modified to refer to three different categories of physical activity instead of sport or outdoor games as used in the original subscale. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that children differentiated between the three categories of physical activity, and that the competitive sport category was their area of lowest perceived competence. Males had higher levels of perceived competence than females in each category.
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DeBiasio, Justin C., Mary E. Russell, Robert J. Butler, James A. Nunley, and Robin M. Queen. "Changes in Plantar Loading Based on Shoe Type and Sex During a Jump-Landing Task." Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 5 (October 1, 2013): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.3.08.
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Context: Metatarsal stress fractures are common in cleated-sport athletes. Previous authors have shown that plantar loading varies with footwear, sex, and the athletic task. Objective: To examine the effects of shoe type and sex on plantar loading in the medial midfoot (MMF), lateral midfoot (LMF), medial forefoot (MFF), middle forefoot (MidFF), and lateral forefoot (LFF) during a jump-landing task. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-seven recreational athletes (14 men, 13 women) with no history of lower extremity injury in the last 6 months and no history of foot or ankle surgery. Main Outcome Measure(s): The athletes completed 7 jumping trials while wearing bladed-cleat, turf-cleat, and running shoes. Maximum force, contact area, contact time, and the force-time integral were analyzed in each foot region. We calculated 2 × 3 analyses of variance (α = .05) to identify shoe-condition and sex differences. Results: We found no shoe × sex interactions, but the MMF, LMF, MFF, and LFF force-time integrals were greater in men (P < .03). The MMF maximum force was less with the bladed-cleat shoes (P = .02). Total foot and MidFF maximum force was less with the running shoes (P < .01). The MFF and LFF maximum forces were different among all shoe conditions (P < .01). Total foot contact area was less in the bladed-cleat shoes (P = .01). The MMF contact area was greatest in the running shoes (P < .01). The LFF contact area was less in the running shoes (P = .03). The MFF and LFF force-time integrals were greater with the bladed-cleat shoes (P < .01). The MidFF force-time integral was less in the running shoes (P < .01). Conclusions: Independent of shoe, men and women loaded the foot differently during a jump landing. The bladed cleat increased forefoot loading, which may increase the risk for forefoot injury. The type of shoe should be considered when choosing footwear for athletes returning to activity after metatarsal stress fractures.
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Pedlar, Charles R., Marcel G. Brown, Robert E. Shave, James M. Otto, Aimee Drane, Jennifer Michaud-Finch, Miranda Contursi, et al. "Cardiovascular response to prescribed detraining among recreational athletes." Journal of Applied Physiology 124, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00911.2017.
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Exercise-induced cardiac remodeling (EICR) and the attendant myocardial adaptations characteristic of the athlete’s heart may regress during periods of exercise reduction or abstinence. The time course and mechanisms underlying this reverse remodeling, specifically the impact of concomitant plasma volume (PV) contraction on cardiac chamber size, remain incompletely understood. We therefore studied recreational runners ( n = 21, age 34 ± 7 yr; 48% male) who completed an 18-wk training program (~7 h/wk) culminating in the 2016 Boston Marathon after which total exercise exposure was confined to <2 h/wk (no single session >1 h) for 8 wk. Cardiac structure and function, exercise capacity, and PV were assessed at peak fitness (10–14 days before) and at 4 wk and 8 wk postmarathon. Mixed linear modeling adjusting for age, sex, V̇o2peak, and marathon finish time was used to compare data across time points. Physiological detraining was evidenced by serial reductions in treadmill performance. Two distinct phases of myocardial remodeling and hematological adaptation were observed. After 4 wk of detraining, there were significant reductions in PV (Δ −6.0%, P < 0.01), left ventricular (LV) wall thickness (Δ −8.1%, <0.05), LV mass (Δ −10.3%, P < 0.001), and right atrial area (Δ −8.2%, P < 0.001). After 8 wk of detraining, there was a significant reduction in right ventricle chamber size (end-diastolic area Δ = −8.0%, P < 0.05) without further concomitant reductions in PV or LV wall thickness. Abrupt reductions in exercise training stimulus result in a structure-specific time course of reverse cardiac remodeling that occurs largely independently of PV contraction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Significant reverse cardiac remodeling, previously documented among competitive athletes, extends to recreational runners and occurs with a distinct time course. Initial reductions in plasma volume and left ventricular (LV) mass, driven by reductions in wall thickness, are followed by contraction of the right ventricle. Consistent with data from competitive athletes, LV chamber volumes appear less responsive to detraining and may be a more permanent adaptation to sport.
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Andrew, Angeline S., Faith L. Anderson, Stephen L. Lee, Katharine M. Von Herrmann, and Matthew C. Havrda. "Lifestyle Factors and Parkinson’s Disease Risk in a Rural New England Case-Control Study." Parkinson's Disease 2021 (July 2, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5541760.
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Introduction. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease likely caused by complex interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors. Exposure to pesticides, toxic metals, solvents, and history of traumatic brain injury have been implicated as environmental risk factors for PD, underscoring the importance of identifying risk factors associated with PD across different communities. Methods. We conducted a questionnaire-based case-control study in a rural area on the New Hampshire/Vermont border, enrolling PD patients and age- and sex-matched controls from the general population between 2017 and 2020. We assessed frequent participation in a variety of recreational and occupational activities and surveyed potential chemical exposures. Results. Suffering from “head trauma or a concussion” prior to diagnosis was associated with a fourfold increased risk of PD. Adjustment for head trauma negated any risk of participation in “strenuous athletic activities.” We observed a 2.7-fold increased risk of PD associated with activities involving lead (adjusted p = 0.038 ). Conclusion. Implicating these factors in PD risk favors public health efforts in exposure mitigation while also motivating future work mechanisms and intervention opportunities.
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Vela, Luzita I., and Craig R. Denegar. "The Disablement in the Physically Active Scale, Part II: The Psychometric Properties of an Outcomes Scale for Musculoskeletal Injuries." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 630–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.6.630.
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Abstract Context: Outcomes assessment is an integral part of ensuring quality in athletic training, but few generic instruments have been specifically designed to measure disablement in the physically active. Objective: To assess the psychometric properties of the Disablement in the Physically Active Scale (DPA), a patient-report, generic outcomes instrument. Design: Observational study. Setting: We collected data in 5 settings with competitive and recreational athletes. Participants entered into the study at 3 distinct points: (1) when healthy and (2) after an acute injury, or (3) after a persistent injury. Patients or Other Participants: Measures were obtained from 368 baseline participants (202 females, 166 males; age = 20.1 ± 3.8 years), 54 persistent participants (32 females, 22 males; age = 22.0 ± 8.3 years), and 28 acutely injured participants (8 females, 20 males; age = 19.8 ± 1.90 years). Main Outcome Measure(s): We assessed internal consistency with a Cronbach α and test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation (2,1) values. The scale's factor structure was assessed with a hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent validity was assessed with a Pearson correlation. Responsiveness was calculated using a receiver operating characteristic curve and a minimal clinically important difference value. Results: The Cronbach α scores for the DPA were 0.908 and 0.890 in acute and persistent groups, respectively. The intraclass correlation (2,1) value of the DPA was 0.943 (95% confidence interval = 0.885, 0.972). The fit indices values were 1.89, 0.852, 0.924, 0.937, and 0.085 (90% confidence interval = 0.066, 0.103) for the minimum sample discrepancy divided by degrees of freedom, goodness-of-fit index, Tucker-Lewis Index, comparative fit index, and root mean square error of approximation, respectively. The DPA scores accounted for 51% to 56.4% of the variation in global functioning scores. The area under the curve was statistically significant, and the minimally clinically important difference values were established. Conclusions: The DPA is a reliable, valid, and responsive instrument.
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Korsan-Kumińska, Karolina. "Assessing the impact of global warming on the sport, tourism, and recreation industries in western Norway." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 143–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2016.14.3.08.
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Sport, tourism, and recreation, like many other areas of life, are influenced by environmental factors, including climate. Climate is one of the major factors determining the living conditions on our planet, which determine the functioning and behavior of all organisms. Therefore, this poses the question: Are global climate changes seen by ordinary people? If so, how are they seen and how do they affect the various domains of life, in particular, sport, tourism, and recreation? The aim of the pilot research was to determine the impact of global climate changes (observed in the public media as well as being in the public consciousness) in the area of western Norway (WN) on sport, tourism, and recreation. Pilot research was conducted in the summer and autumn of 2015 using a diagnostic survey on the internet. The research tool was a questionnaire survey. Respondents came from two groups: 61 employees and entrepreneurs in the industries of sport, tourism, and recreation in WN and 32 people either actively partaking in sport and recreational activities or visiting the region as tourists. Interviewees noted that climate changes have already occurred in the nature of western Norway. However most of them are not prepared for these changes even though they believe that the majority of the changes will only grow and intensify. For example, some of the researched companies have already been forced to take certain steps in relation to the companies functioning e.g., company reorganizations. The expected transformation in nature caused by global climate changes are changing the behavior of athletes, tourists, residents, representatives of the authorities, and economic entrepreneurs who make their living from tourism, recreation, and sport. In the future, Norway may turn out to be no longer as attractive as it is now for these people.
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Nicula, V., S. Spanu, and G. Kharlamova. "Gastronomic Tourism, an Opportunity for Diversifying the Tourist Offer in the Sibiu Area." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Economics, no. 202 (2019): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2019/202-1/7.
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In the tourists’ motivation to choose a holiday destination, gastronomy is gaining important insights, which has led to an increasing supply of quality-based local products and a stronger market growth. Gastronomy has become one of the most dynamic segments on the international tourism scene. Gastronomic tourism begins to be viewed as a phenomenon as a new tourist product itself, due to the fact that more than one third of the expenses in the tourist offer of the destination are made food. This shows the importance of gastronomy in the quality of leisure experience. Gastronomic tourism gains more and more importance as motivating the future in choosing the holiday destination. Proof of this is that, according to recent research (Euromonitor, 2018), eating in restaurants is the second favourite activity for international athletes visiting the US and occupying the first place for tourists from North America in their recreational trips to other countries. for these reasons, we developed a questionnaire that was applied to a total of 234 respondents, but randomly among the visitors at the Tourism Fair, which was dashed in November 2017 in Bucharest. The survey aimed at identifying the position of the fish and the gastronomy occupied in the motivation of the tourists to visit Sibiu and the surrounding areas. The results revealed that the traditional gastronomy, through its multicultural aspect, represents the second or third op visiting Sibiu. Certainly, this will become even more visible, given the designation for 2019 of Sibiu as a European gastronomic region.
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Legerlotz, K. "Rehabilitation of tendopathies in human athletes." Comparative Exercise Physiology 9, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2013): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13030.
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Tendinopathies, chronic tendon disorders characterized by pain and functional impairment, are a common problem particularly in elite and recreational athletes. There is a high prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy in runners, while patellar tendinopathies, also referred to as jumpers knee, are very common amongst volleyball and basketball players. However, tendinopathies also occur in the sedentary population. The syndrome is associated with a variety of morphological, histopathological, biochemical and molecular changes, such as an increase in tendon cross sectional area, loss of fibre organization and infiltration of blood vessels. It has been shown that exercise or mechanical loading plays a role, which is why overuse is suspected to initiate tendinopathies. The exact mechanisms are still poorly understood, which makes the treatment problematic. A variety of treatment options are available, ranging from non-invasive procedures such as exercise treatment, topical nitroglycerin patches or shock wave therapy, over injections of various substances, such as corticosteroids, platelet-rich plasma or sclerosing agents, to surgical debridement. However, most of the treatment options focus solely on symptom relief, and the evidence for their effectiveness is often poor. The effectiveness of a treatment is furthermore likely to depend on the stage of the tendinapathy. In contrast to many therapies, exercise treatment has been relatively well investigated, has been shown to work in the majority of cases and is considered the gold standard.
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Leonardo Tibiriçá, Corrêa, Peña Muñoz Juliana Weckx, Pacca Faria Beatriz do Prado, Santana Jeferson, Rocha Leandro Yanase, Ricci EstherLopes, de Paula Pantaleon Lorena, et al. "Cannabinoids as a yield modifier in physical activit: A systematic review characters." Journal of Sports Medicine and Therapy 6, no. 3 (July 28, 2021): 018–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.jsmt.1001053.
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Marijuana is considered illicit in much of the world, and is classified as a drug for recreational use, in recent decades the medicinal use of Cannabis sativa L. has grown and diversified, being considered the only therapeutic alternative in the control of serious and incurable diseases such as syndrome of Dravet. The world panorama has shown a more liberal position, since in several countries such as the United States of America, Holland, Australia, Italy, and more recently in Canada, the use of medications, or even the recreational use of this plant, have been regulated. In this context, the investigation of the modifying effects on physical activity of empirically used cannabinoids is fundamental nowadays, mainly due to the regulatory recognition of Cannabis sativa L. as a medicinal plant in a large part of the world. Therefore, the objective of this review was to verify the evidence related to the effect of cannabis on physical performance and to identify and highlight the challenges in the interpretation of information regarding the performance of practitioners of physical activity, as well as athletes, presenting new trends in this area of research to be addressed. To carry out the systematic review, a bibliographic survey of case reports was obtained through Pubmed, Science Direct and Google Academic databases. The following keywords were used to perform the research: cannabis, performance, pain, competition. The following filters were used as inclusion criteria a languages used english; species: humans; types of articles: original articles and reviews and period of publication of articles: 1981 to 2021.
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Marcus, Greta, Kerry O'Donoghue, and Christine Stopka. "Athletic Trainers for Recreational Sports." Recreational Sports Journal 17, no. 2 (February 1993): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.17.2.46.
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Kenioua, Mouloud, and Abd Elkader Boumasjed. "SPORT AND MENTAL HEALTH LEVEL AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS." Physical education of students 20, no. 3 (June 28, 2016): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2016.0305.
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Purpose: study of mental health level of university student, athletes and non-athletes. Material: The tested group consisted of 160 male and female undergraduates from Ouargla University, Algeria; 80 students-athletes from Institute of Physical Education and Sports and 80 students-non-athletes from Department of Psychology, English and Mathematics. In the study we used health mental scale, adapted by Diab (2006) to Arab version scale, formed from five dimensions (Competence and self-confidence, Capacity for social interaction, Emotional maturity, Freedom from neurotic symptoms, self rating and aspects of natural deficiencies). Results: the findings indicated that university students have high level of mental health. And the mean of the responses of students-athletes group by mental health scale reached (M = 32.40), with standard deviation (STD =5.83), while the mean of the responses of students-non athletes group by mental health scale has reached (M=27.47), with standard deviation (STD=7.88). T-value, required to know significance of differences between means of students-athletes and students-non athletes has reached (T=4.51), (DF=185, p -0.01). So there are significant statistical differences between student athletes and non-athletes in their responses by mental health scale in favor of the student athletes. Conclusion:sports are beneficial in respect to mental health among university students and emphasizing the importance of the mental health of university students through its integration in the various recreational and competitive activities. Future qualitative research, covering multi-variables’ tests on mental health and others psychological characteristics could be performed in sports area.
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Ismail, Shariman Ismadi, Hiroyuki Nunome, Yuji Tamura, Takahito Iga, and Shusei Sugi. "Sprint and Change of Direction Performances on Three Different Futsal Playing Surfaces." Proceedings 49, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020049017.
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This study was conducted to clarify the differences in sprint and change of direction performances on different futsal flooring systems (area-elastic (AE) vs. combined-elastic (CE)). Eight recreational athletes were recruited to perform the 505-agility test on three different EN 14904-certified futsal playing surfaces (AE, CE1 and CE2). All participants wore an identical footwear during the test. Timing-gate systems were utilized to record the time of 5-m sprint run-up and the change of direction components from the agility test. Participants were also requested to evaluate the perceived shoe-surface overall traction performance after each trial. The differences of performance across all surfaces were analyzed by one-way ANOVA repeated measures (p < 0.05). Results revealed that there was significant difference in change of direction performance between CE1 and CE2 surfaces (p = 0.04). It was also found that the mean score of the perceived traction performance evaluated by the participants were significantly different across all surfaces (p < 0.05).
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Gibala, Martin J. "Nutritional Supplementation and Resistance Exercise: What Is the Evidence for Enhanced Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy?" Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 25, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 524–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h00-034.
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Many athletes and recreational weightlifters believe that dietary manipulations-either following a single bout of resistance exercise or during habitual training-may augment the normal gains in muscle fibre hypertrophy. Very few studies, however, have directly examined the effect of nutritional supplementation on muscle protein metabolism after resistance exercise. Ingestion of an amino acid and/or carbohydrate solution during the initial hours following a single bout of resistance exercise promotes an acute increase in protein net balance compared to the fasted state. The precise mechanism involved has not been elucidated but seems related to an increased availability of intracellular amino acids and/or an increase in plasma insulin concentration. As a practical recommendation, therefore, postexercise feeding appears to be very important. Recent evidence suggests that creatine supplementation in conjunction with resistance training may elicit larger increases in muscle fibre cross-sectional area compared to training alone. This intervention may be most beneficial in persons with "compromised" skeletal muscle. Key words: protein metabolism, amino acids, creatine, insulin, human
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Gilgen-Ammann, Rahel, Theresa Schweizer, and Thomas Wyss. "Accuracy of Distance Recordings in Eight Positioning-Enabled Sport Watches: Instrument Validation Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): e17118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17118.
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Background Elite athletes and recreational runners rely on the accuracy of global navigation satellite system (GNSS)–enabled sport watches to monitor and regulate training activities. However, there is a lack of scientific evidence regarding the accuracy of such sport watches. Objective The aim was to investigate the accuracy of the recorded distances obtained by eight commercially available sport watches by Apple, Coros, Garmin, Polar, and Suunto when assessed in different areas and at different speeds. Furthermore, potential parameters that affect the measurement quality were evaluated. Methods Altogether, 3 × 12 measurements in urban, forest, and track and field areas were obtained while walking, running, and cycling under various outdoor conditions. Results The selected reference distances ranged from 404.0 m to 4296.9 m. For all the measurement areas combined, the recorded systematic errors (±limits of agreements) ranged between 3.7 (±195.6) m and –101.0 (±231.3) m, and the mean absolute percentage errors ranged from 3.2% to 6.1%. Only the GNSS receivers from Polar showed overall errors <5%. Generally, the recorded distances were significantly underestimated (all P values <.04) and less accurate in the urban and forest areas, whereas they were overestimated but with good accuracy in 75% (6/8) of the sport watches in the track and field area. Furthermore, the data assessed during running showed significantly higher error rates in most devices compared with the walking and cycling activities. Conclusions The recorded distances might be underestimated by up to 9%. However, the use of all investigated sport watches can be recommended, especially for distance recordings in open areas.
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Baman, Timir S., Sanjaya Gupta, and Sharlene M. Day. "Cardiovascular Health, Part 2: Sports Participation in Athletes With Cardiovascular Conditions." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 2, no. 1 (December 30, 2009): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738109356941.
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Context: An athlete’s health may be endangered if he or she continues to compete after diagnosis of certain cardiovascular conditions. The most worrisome risk is sudden cardiac death; the annual rate in US athletes is 1 in 50 000 to 200 000. Evidence Acquisition: Part 2 of this review highlights the current guidelines and controversies surrounding compatibility of participation with a variety of cardiac conditions in competitive and recreational athletics. Data sources were limited to peer-reviewed publications from 1984 to the April 2009. Results: The guidelines published by the American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology provide a framework for safe competitive and recreational sports participation in athletes with a broad spectrum of inherited and acquired cardiovascular disorders. These guidelines are necessarily conservative because it is not currently possible to individualize risk prediction. Few data are available in many areas, particularly in the noncompetitive arena or in older athletes. Conclusions: Published national guidelines are currently the foundation governing return-to-play decisions in athletes with cardiovascular conditions. Further studies are needed to refine risk stratification algorithms to allow athletes with cardiovascular conditions to reap the health benefits of regular exercise and sports participation without undue risk.
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Meggs, Jennifer, and Mark Chen. "The Effect of a Brief-Mindfulness Intervention on Psychophysiological Exertion and Flow-State Among Sedentary Adults." Perceptual and Motor Skills 128, no. 3 (February 3, 2021): 1078–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512520984422.
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Mindfulness-acceptance commitment interventions in sport and exercise contexts have been helpful to increasing a positive psycho-physiological state among competitive athletes and recreational exercise participants. In the current study, we sought to extend research in this area by identifying the effect of a brief-mindfulness intervention on psychophysiological functioning among healthy but sedentary young adults. Our mixed gender sample (n = 42) of inactive individuals performed a brief cycling task without training (control condition) followed by task completion with brief mindfulness training (15-minute audio engagement with mindfulness techniques and specific present moment 'anchors'). We found that participants self-reported more accurate ratings of perceived exertion (i.e., self-ratings better matched actual physiological indices of exertion) following the mindfulness intervention, suggesting that mindfulness techniques can increase bodily awareness. Better body awareness may be useful to helping sedentary participants appreciate physiological changes experienced through exercise. The mindfulness manipulation also increased participants’ absorption into the activity, suggesting greater attentiveness to the exercise task with less distraction from irrelevant external and internal cues. In sum, mindfulness may be a complementary psychological training tool for inactive, sedentary young adults attempting to re-engage with exercise. We provide recommendations for future research.
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Robbins, Steven, Gerard J. Gouw, Jacqueline McClaran, and Edward Waked. "Protective Sensation of the Plantar Aspect of the Foot." Foot & Ankle 14, no. 6 (July 1993): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079301400608.
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The scientific literature suggests that barefoot activity may be beneficial. There is a current trend in recreational barefoot activity in children and adults, and barefoot running among athletes. Although the type of skin over most of the body (hairy skin) seems to be easily injured by painful abrading loads, little is known about protection provided by plantar sensory feedback against damage from excessive wear during barefoot locomotion. To evaluate this, we administered a volley of 35 painful abrading loads to glabrous and hairy skin sites over a 5-min period, and examined its effects for signs of cutaneous injury in a sample of 12 normally shod healthy male subjects. Compared with hairy skin of the thigh, plantar skin required approximately 600% greater abrading loads to reach pain threshold. Furthermore, painful stimulation produced visible redness and hypersensitivity in all subjects at the hairy skin site 24 hr after stimulation, whereas only 8.3% reported hypersensitivity and none showed erythema at the plantar area 1 day later. We found that plantar skin possesses a higher pain threshold to abrading stimuli than hairy skin. In fact, loading of the plantar area was limited to innocuous levels due to intolerable pain. We conclude that plantar skin is well protected through sensory feedback from abrasive injuries when barefoot. This information combined with previous reports suggests that risk of injury when normally shod individuals perform barefoot locomotion should be low.
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Schmidt, Kristoffer. "Christian 5.s parforcejagt i 1600-Tallets aviser." Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger 59 (January 4, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/fof.v59i0.123729.
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Kristoffer Schmidt: Christian V’s par force hunt in 17th century’s newspapersThe year 2020 marks the 350th anniversary of the foundation by Christian V of the par force hunt (also known as chasse à courre) in Denmark. This type of hunting was a spec-tacular sight, where riders and a pack of hunting dogs, imported from England, would hunt a selected animal (often a stag) through large, artificially adapted hunting areas such as the open landscapes at Jægersborg Dyrehave or the geometrically shaped hunt-ing routes at Gribskov or Store Dyrehave. After a pursuit lasting usually several hours the animal would collapse from fatigue. The king would then finish off the exhausted beast with a hirschfænger – a large dagger – or a spear. Studies of the royal hunt tend to depict the Danish stag hunt as primarily a means for absolute rulers to showcase a symbolic power. It enabled the absolute ruler to exhibit athletic strength, exemplary riding skills and extreme courage, and thus to paint the picture of a heroic ruler.Although participation in these hunts was limited to a small group of royal hunts-men, court members and foreign guests (for example, ambassadors and royalty), news of the king’s hunting adventures were conveyed through contemporaneous, partly state-controlled newspapers such as Anders Bording’s Den Danske Mercurius and Ahasver-us Bartholin’s Mercurius.This article examines how the royal hunt – primarily the stag hunt – was covered in Den Danske Mercurius and later Mercurius. It reveals that reports on the stag hunt seem to have two main purposes. On the one hand, the newspaper reports underscore the assess-ment of the royal hunts as a symbolic manifestation of power, combining a description of the hunting skills of Christian V with a more general depiction of him as the hero-king. On the other hand, the reports also reveal a need of the Danish-Norwegian absolutist regime to justify the King’s numerous hunting adventures. In several instances Bording, in particular, pointed to the fact that the hunt was considered a pastime for the King and the court. Therefore, Bording and Bartholin stressed that this type of pastime did not interfere with the King’s other, more important duties, such as affairs of state. In other words, the picture of the athletic hero-king did not carry more weight than the image of the King as a capable and efficient ruler. Thus, it appears that the stag hunt, despite its public grandeur, also had a recreational and more private purpose, and that Christian V withdrew from his more formal duties to go hunting.
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Frye, Rob. "Athletic Success and Intramural-Recreational Sport Popularity." Recreational Sports Journal 9, no. 2 (February 1985): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.9.2.16.
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Evans, Gethin H., Lewis J. James, Susan M. Shirreffs, and Ronald J. Maughan. "Optimizing the restoration and maintenance of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration." Journal of Applied Physiology 122, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00745.2016.
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Hypohydration, or a body water deficit, is a common occurrence in athletes and recreational exercisers following the completion of an exercise session. For those who will undertake a further exercise session that day, it is important to replace water losses to avoid beginning the next exercise session hypohydrated and the potential detrimental effects on performance that this may lead to. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the research related to factors that may affect postexercise rehydration. Research in this area has focused on the volume of fluid to be ingested, the rate of fluid ingestion, and fluid composition. Volume replacement during recovery should exceed that lost during exercise to allow for ongoing water loss; however, ingestion of large volumes of plain water results in a prompt diuresis, effectively preventing longer-term maintenance of water balance. Addition of sodium to a rehydration solution is beneficial for maintenance of fluid balance due to its effect on extracellular fluid osmolality and volume. The addition of macronutrients such as carbohydrate and protein can promote maintenance of hydration by influencing absorption and distribution of ingested water, which in turn effects extracellular fluid osmolality and volume. Alcohol is commonly consumed in the postexercise period and may influence postexercise rehydration, as will the coingestion of food. Future research in this area should focus on providing information related to optimal rates of fluid ingestion, advisable solutions to ingest during different duration recovery periods, and confirmation of mechanistic explanations for the observations outlined.
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Aune, Kyle T., and Joseph M. Powers. "Injuries in an Extreme Conditioning Program." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 1 (October 21, 2016): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738116674895.
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Background: Extreme conditioning programs (ECPs) are fitness training regimens relying on aerobic, plyometric, and resistance training exercises, often with high levels of intensity for a short duration of time. These programs have grown rapidly in popularity in recent years, but science describing the safety profile of these programs is lacking. Hypothesis: The rate of injury in the extreme conditioning program is greater than the injury rate of weightlifting and the majority of injuries occur to the shoulder and back. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: This is a retrospective survey of injuries reported by athletes participating in an ECP. An injury survey was sent to 1100 members of Iron Tribe Fitness, a gym franchise with 5 locations across Birmingham, Alabama, that employs exercises consistent with an ECP in this study. An injury was defined as a physical condition resulting from ECP participation that caused the athlete to either seek medical treatment, take time off from exercising, or make modifications to his or her technique to continue. Results: A total of 247 athletes (22%) completed the survey. The majority (57%) of athletes were male (n = 139), and 94% of athletes were white (n = 227). The mean age of athletes was 38.9 years (±8.9 years). Athletes reported participation in the ECP for, on average, 3.6 hours per week (± 1.2 hours). Eighty-five athletes (34%) reported that they had sustained an injury while participating in the ECP. A total of 132 injuries were recorded, yielding an estimated incidence of 2.71 per 1000 hours. The shoulder or upper arm was the most commonly injured body site, accounting for 38 injuries (15% of athletes). Athletes with a previous shoulder injury were 8.1 times as likely to injure their shoulder in the ECP compared with athletes with healthy shoulders. The trunk, back, head, or neck (n = 29, 12%) and the leg or knee (n = 29, 12%) were the second most commonly injured sites. The injury incidence rate among athletes with <6 months of experience in the ECP was 2.5 times greater than that of more experienced athletes (≥6 months of experience). Of the 132 injuries, 23 (17%) required surgical intervention. Squat cleans, ring dips, overhead squats, and push presses were more likely to cause injury. Athletes reported that 35% of injuries were due to overexertion and 20% were due to improper technique. Conclusion: The estimated injury rate among athletes participating in this ECP was similar to the rate of injury in weightlifting and most other recreational activities. The shoulder or upper arm was the most commonly injured area, and previous shoulder injury predisposed to new shoulder injury. New athletes are at considerable risk of injury compared with more experienced athletes. Clinical Relevance: Extreme conditioning programs are growing in popularity, and there is disagreement between science and anecdotal reports from athletes, coaches, and physicians about their relative safety. This study estimates the incidence of injury in extreme conditioning programs, which appears to be similar to other weight-training programs.
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Schneider, Robert C., William F. Stier, Steve Kampf, Gregory Wilding, and Scott Haines. "Perceived Problems in Campus Recreation Programs in North America." Recreational Sports Journal 31, no. 1 (April 2007): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.31.1.51.
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Major problems in campus recreation programs were investigated. The participants were 269 campus recreation directors in colleges and universities throughout North America. Participants were asked to indicate whether they agreed, disagreed, or had no opinion regarding statements presented to them on a survey that consisted of the following three general problem areas in campus recreation: (a) conflict, (b) equipment, and (c) miscellaneous. The campus recreation directors identified six specific major problems, at the highest rates, from the three general problem categories as follows: “equipment”—lack of storage areas (59%); “miscellaneous”—availability of parking (59%); availability of athletic training staff (56%); marketing and promotional efforts (50%); “conflict”—turf wars (49%); and conflict with athletic department personnel (46%). Campus recreation directors should, first and foremost, address the above major problem areas, in order to effectively manage their programs.
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Mountjoy, Margo, A. Costa, R. Budgett, J. Dvorak, L. Engebretsen, S. Miller, J. Moran, J. Foster, and J. Carr. "Health promotion through sport: international sport federations’ priorities, actions and opportunities." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 1 (July 12, 2017): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097900.
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ObjectiveTo identify areas of priority and activity for international sportsfederations (IFs) with respect to athlete health and safety, and global health. Results serve to direct the work of the Association of Summer Olympic IF Medical and Scientific Consultative Group, the International Olympic Committee and to influence IFs’ planning and priorities.MethodsThe 28 IFs participating in the Summer Olympic Games (2016) were asked to rank the relative importance of 11 health-related topics and to report their activities or research initiatives on 27 identified topics using an electronic survey. A comparison with a similar survey (2012) was made.ResultsThe response rate was 100%. In general, the ‘fight against doping’ had the highest priority followed by ‘image as a safe sport’. The topics with the lowest importance ratings were ‘increasing the number of elite athletes’, and ‘health of the general population’. Despite ranking ‘health of your athletes,’ as a top priority, IFs are not addressing all aspects of athlete health. In comparison with 2012, there was a significant decrease in priority for IFs is ‘health of the general population’.ConclusionDespite the widespread knowledge of the importance of the promotion of physical activity (sport) on global health, the decreasing priority and programming of the IFs on physical activity promotion is concerning. Although IFs have prioritised the protection of the health of elite athletes, there are gaps in programming demonstrating that IFs are missing important areas of athlete health. Improving recreational athlete health programming could also benefit population health as well as improve IF fan base and sport participation.
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Vaught, David. "San Francisco Bay Area Sports: Golden Gate Athletics, Recreation, and Community." Journal of American History 105, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jay024.
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Queen, Robin M., Alicia N. Abbey, Ravi Verma, Robert J. Butler, and James A. Nunley. "Plantar Loading During Cutting While Wearing a Rigid Carbon Fiber Insert." Journal of Athletic Training 49, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.2.24.
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ContextStress fractures are one of the most common injuries in sports, accounting for approximately 10% of all overuse injuries. Treatment of fifth metatarsal stress fractures involves both surgical and nonsurgical interventions. Fifth metatarsal stress fractures are difficult to treat because of the risks of delayed union, nonunion, and recurrent injuries. Most of these injuries occur during agility tasks, such as those performed in soccer, basketball, and lacrosse.Objective:To examine the effect of a rigid carbon graphite footplate on plantar loading during 2 agility tasks.Design: Crossover study.Setting:Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:A total of 19 recreational male athletes with no history of lower extremity injury in the past 6 months and no previous metatarsal stress fractures were tested.Main Outcome Measure(s): Seven 45° side-cut and crossover-cut tasks were completed in a shoe with or without a full-length rigid carbon plate. Testing order between the shoe conditions and the 2 cutting tasks was randomized. Plantar-loading data were recorded using instrumented insoles. Peak pressure, maximum force, force-time integral, and contact area beneath the total foot, the medial and lateral midfoot, and the medial, middle, and lateral forefoot were analyzed. A series of paired t tests was used to examine differences between the footwear conditions (carbon graphite footplate, shod) for both cutting tasks independently (α = .05).Results:During the side-cut task, the footplate increased total foot and lateral midfoot peak pressures while decreasing contact area and lateral midfoot force-time integral. During the crossover-cut task, the footplate increased total foot and lateral midfoot peak pressure and lateral forefoot force-time integral while decreasing total and lateral forefoot contact area.Conclusions:Although a rigid carbon graphite footplate altered some aspects of the plantar-pressure profile during cutting in uninjured participants, it was ineffective in reducing plantar loading beneath the fifth metatarsal.
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Hashizume, K., K. Nishida, Y. Nasu, R. Nakahara, T. Saito, T. Kanazawa, M. Ozawa, R. Harada, T. Machida, and T. Ozaki. "FRI0153 Recreational and athletic activity after total elbow arthroplasty." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 72, Suppl 3 (June 2013): A422.1—A422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.1280.
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Van der Colff, F. J. "Primary spontaneous pneumothorax in a recreational athlete." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 1 (January 29, 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2015/v27i1a486.
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Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is relatively uncommon in the athletic population. Because of the subtle nature of the symptoms, the diagnosis is easily missed, which can lead to unnecessary prolonged discomfort and recovery time for the athlete. ere is currently a lack of evidence in the literature concerning treatment and return-to-play protocols referring specically to PSP within the athletic community. is case report highlights the predisposing and important factors in the history of a 34-year-old recreational male athlete who developed PSP. According to the knowledge of the authors, this report of PSP in a recreational athlete is the rst of its kind described in South Africa. Owing to the possibility of life-threatening complications, it is important for sports physicians to be familiar with the important points in the history and to be made aware of the predisposing factors that may lead to PSP.
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Lorenzo Calvo, Jorge, Francesca Alorda-Capo, Helios Pareja-Galeano, and Sergio L. Jiménez. "Influence of Nitrate Supplementation on Endurance Cyclic Sports Performance: A Systematic Review." Nutrients 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2020): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12061796.
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Endurance can be defined as the capacity to maintain one’s velocity or power output for the longest possible time. Maintaining such activity can lead to the onset of fatigue. Dietary nitrate supplementation produces an ergogenic effect due to the improvement of mitochondrial oxygen efficiency through a reduction in the oxygen cost of exercise that increases vasodilation and blood flow to the skeletal muscle in recreationally active subjects. However, the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on well-trained endurance athletes remain unclear; such supplementation could affect more performance areas. In the present study, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to clarify the use and effects of nitrate as a dietary supplement in endurance athletes trained in cyclic sports (repetitive movement sports). A systematic search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in the databases of SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), Medline (PubMed), and Sport Discus from 1 January 2010 to 30 November 2019. Twenty-seven studies were included in the study. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the McMaster Critical Review Form. Statistically significant ergogenic results were obtained in 8 (29.63%) of the 27 studies investigated, with significant results obtained for cardiorespiratory parameters and performance measures. Improvement in exercise tolerance was obtained, which could help with exhaustion over time, while the improvement in exercise economics was not as clear. Additionally, the dose necessary for this ergogenic effect seems to have a direct relationship with the physical condition of the athlete. The acute dose is around 6–12.4 mmol/day of nitrate administered 2–3 h before the activity, with the same amount given as a chronic dose over 6–15 days. Further studies are required to understand the factors that affect the potential ergogenic impacts of nitrate on athletic performance among endurance athletes.
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Woolf, Jules, Jess C. Dixon, B. Christine Green, and Patrick J. Hill. "Just How Competitive Are We? Managing Organizational Culture in a Canadian University Athletics Department." Case Studies in Sport Management 8, S1 (January 1, 2019): S21—S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssm.2018-0034.
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Christiaan Jacobs is the new Dean of Student Affairs at the University of South Central Ontario, which puts him in charge of the Department of Athletics and Recreation. Jacobs has learned that the hypercompetitive environment established by the athletic director, Nathan Scott, has been causing friction in many areas of the department, potentially resulting in the resignation of several long-term employees. As part of an organizational audit, he interviewed many employees and had them complete the Competing Values Framework questionnaire, the results of which were troubling. How should Jacobs lead this department forward and can he count on Scott to be supportive of the direction that he wants it to go? The purpose of this case is to introduce students to the importance of organizational culture and challenges to organizational change. Students will learn about the Competing Values Framework, change management, and have the opportunity to analyze qualitative and quantitative data in formulating responses to the case-guiding questions. This decision-focused case is suitable for use with upper division undergraduate and graduate sport management students in courses such as Organizational Behavior, Strategic Management, Collegiate Athletics Administration, and Critical Issues in Sport.
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DiSanti, JS, Valier AR Snyder, and McLeod TC Valovich. "EXPLORING PARENT-ATHLETE DYADS’ PERCEPTIONS OF SPORTS SPECIALIZATION AND SPORT EXPERIENCES IN AN EARLY YOUTH COMMUNITY-BASED SPORT PROGRAM." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00127.
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Background: Early, intensive sports specialization has been positioned as a potentially harmful pattern of participation for developing youth athletes; however, it remains largely unknown how youth sport families decide if and when an athlete will specialize. Areas lacking in the literature include exploration of the prevalence of specialization for elementary-school-aged athletes and in the community-based recreational context, current and prospective experiences of sport families, and comparisons between stakeholder groups regarding their perceptions of sport specialization. Purpose: To explore and compare early youth sport parent-athlete dyads’ perceived sport participation characteristics, attitudes, and experiences related to youth sport specialization. Methods: Youth sport parents and athletes completed a sport participation survey designed to examine 1) Demographic characteristics of the youth sport family and their context; 2) Characteristics of the youth athlete’s current (ie, degree of specialization) and planned sport participation pathway (ie, if and when they plan to specialize); 3) Perceptions of the athletes’ sport experience, with an emphasis on sport specialization. Descriptive analyses were conducted for demographic and sport participation characteristics, and paired-samples t-tests were conducted to compare sport-related attitudes and perceptions of sport specialization in matched parent-athlete dyads (p≤.05). Results: Ninety-six total participants (48 parent-athlete dyads; 66.7% of athletes (n=32) were male) from a single community-based early youth sport program completed the sport participation survey. 85.4% (n=72) of total participants rated the athlete’s current degree of specialization as low or not at all, though participants more commonly anticipated specializing in middle school (48.9%; n=44) and high school (52.2%; n=47). In comparing the parent-athlete dyads, these groups did not significantly differ in their perceptions of sport specialization, perceived pathway enjoyment, or their plans to specialize in the future. However, athletes were significantly more likely to identify as currently specialized (p<.01), perceive a higher degree of current specialization (p=.047), and rate themselves as more burned out (p<.01) than their parents. Conclusion: These findings indicate that parents and athletes generally possess similar attitudes toward sport specialization and perceptions of athletes’ sport experiences during their early youth participation. While youth sport families are not commonly engaging in specialization during these elementary school years, many plan an eventual sport pathway for their athlete that involves specializing in a main sport. Lastly, it appears that even at an early age, athletes may perceive their sport experience as more specialized and more taxing than their parents, highlighting the need for open communication and understanding within these dyads. Tables: [Table: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text]
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Sretenovic, Jasmina, Vladimir Zivkovic, Ivan Srejovic, and Zoran Milosavljevic. "The Effects of High Doses of Nandrolone Decanoate on Cardiac Muscle Tissue." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2016-0021.
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Abstract In recent decades, steroid abuse has become very popular and widespread among professional and recreational athletes. The aim of this study was to examine the chronic effects of training combined with high doses of nandrolone decanoate on cardiac muscle tissue. The study included 32 Wistar albino rats divided into 4 groups: control (T-N-), steroid (T-N+), exercisetraining (T+N-) and exercise plus steroid (T+N+) groups. The T+N- and T+N+ group swam for 4 weeks, 1 hour per day, 5 days per week. The N+ (nandrolone positive groups) received nandrolone decanoate (20 mg/kg) once per week, subcutaneously. After 4 weeks of training, the rats were sacrificed. Heart biopsy specimens were routinely fixed and embedded in paraffin. Fivemicrometre thick sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H/E) and Masson-Trichrome dyes. Captured microscopic images were processed by special software for image analysis to quantify results. Our results showed that the combination of nandrolone and training causes left ventricular wall thickening of 30%. Average cardiac muscle cell longitudinal diameter was increased by 6% in the T-N+ group, by 16% in the T+N- group and by 25% in the T+N+ group. The cross sectional muscle cell area was increased in the T+N+ group by 33%. Heart collagen content was increased in the nandrolone group compared to the control group by 261%. Collagen content was decreased in the T+N+ group by 34%. High doses of AAS induced left ventricle hypertrophy and excessive heart collagen deposition.
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Beam, Joel W., Bernadette Buckley, William R. Holcomb, and Mario Ciocca. "National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Management of Acute Skin Trauma." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 1053–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.7.01.
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Objective: To present recommendations for the cleansing, debridement, dressing, and monitoring of acute skin trauma in patients. Background: Acute skin trauma is common during participation in athletic and recreational activities. Clinical decisions and intervention protocols after injury vary among athletic trainers and are often based on ritualistic practices. An understanding of cleansing, debridement, and dressing techniques; clinical features of infection and adverse reactions; and monitoring of acute skin trauma is critical for certified athletic trainers and other allied health and medical professionals to create a local wound environment that promotes healing and lessens the risk of complications. Recommendations: These guidelines are intended to provide the certified athletic trainer and others participating in athletic health care with specific knowledge about and recommendations for the management of acute skin trauma.
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Tanikawa, Hidenori, Hideo Matsumoto, Ikki Komiyama, Yoshimori Kiriyama, Yoshiaki Toyama, and Takeo Nagura. "Comparison of Knee Mechanics Among Risky Athletic Motions for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 29, no. 6 (December 2013): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.6.749.
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It has been suggested that noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury commonly occurs during sports requiring acute deceleration or landing motion and that female athletes are more likely to sustain the injury than male athletes. The purpose of this study was to make task-to-task and male-female comparisons of knee kinematics and kinetics in several athletic activities. Three-dimensional knee kinematics and kinetics were investigated in 20 recreational athletes (10 males, 10 females) while performing hopping, cutting, turning, and sidestep and running (sharp deceleration associated with a change of direction). Knee kinematics and kinetics were compared among the four athletic tasks and between sexes. Subjects exhibited significantly lower peak flexion angle and higher peak extension moment in hopping compared with other activities (P< .05). In the frontal plane, peak abduction angle and peak adduction moment in cutting, turning, and sidestep and running were significantly greater compared with hopping (P< .05). No differences in knee kinematics and kinetics were apparent between male and female subjects. Recreational athletes exhibited different knee kinematics and kinetics in the four athletic motions, particularly in the sagittal and frontal planes. Male and female subjects demonstrated similar knee motions during the four athletic activities.
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Setuain, Igor, Mikel Izquierdo, Fernando Idoate, Eder Bikandi, Esteban M. Gorostiaga, Per Aagaard, Eduardo L. Cadore, and Jesús Alfaro-Adrián. "Differential Effects of 2 Rehabilitation Programs Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 26, no. 6 (November 2017): 544–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0065.
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Context:The muscular function restoration related to the type of physical rehabilitation followed after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using autologous hamstring tendon graft in terms of strength and cross-sectional area (CSA) remain controversial.Objective:To analyze the CSA and force output of quadriceps and hamstring muscles in subjects following either an Objective Criteria-Based Rehabilitation (OCBR) algorithm or the usual care (UCR) for ACL rehabilitation in Spain, before and 1 year after undergoing an ACLR.Design:Longitudinal clinical double-blinded randomized controlled trial.Setting:Sports-medicine research center.Patients:40 recreational athletes (30 male, 10 female [24 ± 6.9 y, 176.55 ± 6.6 cm, 73.58 ± 12.3 kg]).Intervention:Both groups conducted differentiated rehabilitation procedures after ACLR. Those belonging to OCBR group were guided in their recovery according to the current evidence-based principles. UCR group followed the national conventional approach for ACL rehabilitation.Main Outcome Measures:Concentric isokinetic knee joint flexor-extension torque assessments at 180°/s and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) evaluations were performed before and 12 months after ACLR. Anatomical muscle CSA (mm2) was assessed, in Quadriceps, Biceps femoris, Semitendinous, Semimembranosus, and Gracilis muscles at 50% and 70% femur length.Results:Reduced muscle CSA was observed in both treatment groups for Semitendinosus and Gracilis 1 year after ACLR. At 1-year follow-up, subjects allocated to the OCBR demonstrated greater knee flexor and extensor peak torque values in their reconstructed limbs in comparison with patients treated by UCR.Conclusions:Objective atrophy of Semitendinosus and Gracilis muscles related to surgical ACLR was found to persist in both rehabilitation groups. However, OCBR after ACLR lead to substantial gains on maximal knee flexor strength and ensured more symmetrical anterior-posterior laxity levels at the knee joint.
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Povolotskiy, Roman, Pavly Youssef, Rachel Kaye, and Boris Paskhover. "Facial Fractures in Young Adults: A National Retrospective Study." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 128, no. 6 (February 8, 2019): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003489419830114.
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Objectives: “Young adulthood” is a term used to define individuals falling within the 18- to 22-year-old age range. Injuries account for more than a third of emergency department visits in this population. A particular area of concern is accidents that lead to injuries of the facial bones because they can have long-term functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial impacts. As many as 30 million young adults participate in some sort of sport in the United States per year, and facial injuries from these activities are not uncommon and thus require further exploration. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was used to conduct a retrospective review to explore patterns of maxillofacial fractures in young adult patients between the ages of 18 and 22 years from 2004 through 2017. The data analyzed yielded information about patient demographics, diagnoses, and associated products. Results: A total of 3486 emergency department visits were included in the study. The most common facial fractures were nasal fractures (64.4%), mandible fractures (12.3%), and orbital fractures (6.1%). The most common causes of fractures were sports (55.48%), fixed structures (6.39%), and stairs or steps (5.60%). The top 3 sports associated with facial fractures were basketball (25.4%), baseball (11.6%), and football (10.4%). Conclusions: For young adult individuals, some sort of sporting activity is common outside of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The overwhelming majority of facial fractures in this population were caused by sports, and the authors believe this issue warrants further exploration and discussion. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an estimated 8.6 million sports- and recreation-related injuries occurred per year between 2011 and 2014. Despite ever growing research and guidelines into sports injury incidence and prevention, it is clear that sports are the cause of a large portion of maxillofacial fractures in the United States.
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Galagan, T. I. "Mine technical stage recultivation of the broken lands and its ecological and economical evaluation." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 15, no. 1-2 (March 20, 2014): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041408.
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An ecological and economical aspect of restoration and organization of use of recultivated lands in agriculture are considered. It is proved that the price of the land which is withdrawn from agricultural production, consists of the price of the importance of the land as nature component, from the land price as basic method of production etc. The methodological workings out for the evaluation of the mine technical stage of land recultivation are offered. It is emphasized, that in any case recultivation of the disturbed lands should be directed on the localization and neutralization of harmful influences on the environment, and on creation of conditions for restoration of fertility of the disturbed lands, especially with use of chernozem mass which preliminary was removed from a disposal area. These are considerable expenses because losses from the agricultural lands consist of the losses from soil losses as the basic means of an agricultural production, from short-received profit in connection with deficiency of soil for restoration of the former productive area and from compensation of the lost agricultural potential. It is noticed, that in the course of carrying out of separate excavation of the fertile layer of chernozem, its transportation and placement in collars, and also application on the leveled surface of the disposal area and planning of this entire surface, the soil undergoes so-called impoverishment, that is mixing of fertile horizons with potentially fertile soils. This process is accompanied by decrease, first of all, content of humus which quantity on the average in 1.5–2 times is less, than in humus horizon of zone chernozems. Thus, the more powerfully layer of the piled mass of chernozem on the rock, so match the bigger was the content of humus which, however, never exceeds a natural indicator. For the first time in the conditions of Steppe Prydniprovia it was carried out the valuation of the basic types of artificial soils at some leading mining enterprises. For the standard is taken the average index of content of humus in not broken old arable lands in a place of creation artificial. Economic calculations have shown, that recultivated lands which have a point 40 and above (content of humus about 2 % and more), are suitable for cultivation almost all agricultural crops. The lands, that have the point from 40 to 20 – are suitable for introduction of hay harvests and hay-fields, and also wood and fruit – and – berry plantings. The lands with an ecological and economical point less than 20 should be used for creation of recreational zones, athletic fields, plots for holiday visitors in the country, forbidden lands, etc. It is affirmed, that those types of soils which have not chernozem soil cover, but are potentially fertile (on occasion), it is possible to involve in agricultural production. These are loess, loess – like loams, their mix with other soils, and also grey-green clay and red-brown clay on which the farmers receive high and stable yield of multicomponent grass mixtures. But in any case, the indicator of the mark estimation decreases owing to mass losses of humus horizon, its impoverishment, reduction of capacity of the layer of fertile chernozem, unsatisfactory carrying out of amelioration operations and chemical kinds of land improvement. These lacks harm to use of recultivated lands in an agricultural production at that level on which they were used earlier. It is established, that recultivated lands as the material substance, are capable to perceive additional investments of work and means. Their fertility is an objective ecological and economical category, which is formed as result of interaction of properties of the created lands, productive forces and industrial relations.
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Weinberg, Robert, Daniel Vernau, and Thelma Horn. "Playing Through Pain and Injury: Psychosocial Considerations." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 7, no. 1 (March 2013): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.7.1.41.
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The purpose of the present investigation was to assess the influence of gender and athletic identity on recreational basketball players’ attitudes and behaviors with regard to playing through pain and injury. Participants included 130 male and female intramural basketball players who completed the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), the Risk Pain and Injury Questionnaire (RPIQ), and a scale to measure behavioral tendencies toward playing with injury. Results from MANOVA and hierarchical regression analyses revealed that gender was not a factor in regard to either injury-related attitudes or behavioral tendencies. In contrast, athletic identity was a significant factor. Specifically, athletes who were higher in athletic identity exhibited more positive attitudes toward playing with injury as well as higher behavioral tendencies to do so. Study results are discussed in terms of the sport culture and sport ethic surrounding injury.
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Nasco, Suzanne A., and William M. Webb. "Toward an Expanded Measure of Athletic Identity: The Inclusion of Public and Private Dimensions." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 28, no. 4 (December 2006): 434–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.28.4.434.
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The link between a strong identification with the athletic self-concept and well-being, commitment, and effort in athletes has been established in numerous research projects. However, current measures of athletic identity do not specifically acknowledge the public and private aspects of the athlete role and their differential influence on behavior. The goal of the present project was to create a short, psychometrically sound scale that measured these dimensions. Our scale (Public-Private Athletic Identity Scale; PPAIS) was validated using over 1,000 nonathletes, recreational athletes, current collegiate athletes, and retired athletes. We used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to establish the structure of the scale and examined validity by comparing and contrasting the PPAIS with other existing athletic identity measures. Regressions also were used to show that the PPAIS enhances prediction of behavioral measures over other identity scales.
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Jajtner, Adam R., Jay R. Hoffman, Adam M. Gonzalez, Phillip R. Worts, Maren S. Fragala, and Jeffrey R. Stout. "Comparison of the Effects of Electrical Stimulation and Cold-Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness After Resistance Exercise." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 24, no. 2 (May 2015): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2013-0113.
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Context:Resistance training is a common form of exercise for competitive and recreational athletes. Enhancing recovery from resistance training may improve the muscle-remodeling processes, stimulating a faster return to peak performance.Objective:To examine the effects of 2 different recovery modalities, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and cold-water immersion (CWI), on performance and biochemical and ultrasonographic measures.Participants:Thirty resistance-trained men (23.1 ± 2.9 y, 175.2 ± 7.1 cm, 82.1 ± 8.4 kg) were randomly assigned to NMES, CWI, or control (CON).Design and Setting:All participants completed a high-volume lower-body resistance-training workout on d 1 and returned to the human performance laboratory 24 (24H) and 48 h (48H) postexercise for follow-up testing.Measures:Blood samples were obtained preexercise (PRE) and immediately (IP), 30 min (30P), 24 h (24H), and 48 h (48H) post. Subjects were examined for performance changes in the squat exercise (total repetitions and average power per repetition), biomarkers of inflammation, and changes in cross-sectional area and echo intensity (EI) of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis muscles.Results:No differences between groups were observed in the number of repetitions (P = .250; power: P = .663). Inferential-based analysis indicated that increases in C-reactive protein concentrations were likely increased by a greater magnitude after CWI compared with CON, while NMES possibly decreased more than CON from IP to 24H. Increases in interleukin-10 concentrations between IP and 30P were likely greater in CWI than NMES but not different from CON. Inferential-based analysis of RF EI indicated a likely decrease for CWI between IP and 48H. No other differences between groups were noted in any other muscle-architecture measures.Conclusions:Results indicated that CWI induced greater increases in pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, while decreasing RF EI, suggesting that CWI may be effective in enhancing short-term muscle recovery after high-volume bouts of resistance exercise.
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Godek, Joseph J. "Sports Rehabilitation in the '90s: Who's Who?" Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 1, no. 2 (May 1992): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.1.2.87.
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The key players in sports health care in the '90s will be physicians, athletic trainers, and physical therapists. The social and economic forces affecting our health care delivery system today must be considered by these professions as they assume their roles in sports health care. Athletic trainers are qualified to treat athletes in any setting but are best used in the traditional environment. Physical therapists should reemphasize the rehabilitation of the sick, infirm, and disabled and should take the lead in providing care for disabled athletes. Physicians must be the leaders in sports health care. They are best prepared to arbitrate the ongoing conflict between athletic trainers and physical therapists and to decide which of these professionals can treat recreational athletes.
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Marcus, Greta, Kerry O'Donoghue, and Christine Stopka. "Athletic Trainers for Recreational Sports: A Look at Injury Data Base Systems." Recreational Sports Journal 17, no. 2 (February 1993): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.17.2.42.
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Gaskins, David A. "Safety Services/Athletic Training Procedures in Nirsa Region II Recreational Sports Programs." Recreational Sports Journal 19, no. 1 (October 1994): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/nirsa.19.1.43.
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Richie, DH, and WR Olson. "Orthoses for athletic overuse injuries. Comparison of two component materials." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 83, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-83-9-492.
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Forty recreational and professional athletes were followed in this prospective study comparing the acceptability and effectiveness of two orthotic component materials commonly used in sports medicine. TL-2100 SF (semiflexible) was compared to 4.0-mm thick polypropylene in six different subjective categories. The subjects were able to perceive a significant difference in favor of TL-2100 SF in the categories of weight, resilience and springiness, and overall comfort of the orthosis. The subjects were also able to perceive physical differences between these two component materials, which had previously been confirmed in laboratory studies.
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Laury, Daniel, and Armin Tehrany. "VO2 Max Improvement of 96% in a Non-Elite Recreational Athlete over 24 Months." Surgery Journal 05, no. 01 (January 2019): e25-e27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688438.
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AbstractVO2 max is a measure of athletic performance and is generally considered an excellent health parameter for athletic performance testing. Various methods are used to generate such a result generally using a treadmill or cycle ergometer. Improvements have been shown through training. The upper limit of such improvement has been difficult to find in the literature in part because testing often starts with individuals already at a superior level of performance. As genetics may play a significant role in an individual's VO2 max, training can only contribute a portion of the result. Humans have a range of maximal oxygen utilization with upper limits approaching 100 mL/kg. This case report demonstrates a 96% improvement over time secondary to selective intense training. The intent was to document objectively amelioration of the VO2 max using a defined protocol on standardized testing equipment. This may lead to more efficient training of individuals desiring performance improvement.
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Choy, Y. S., C. K. Chau, W. K. Tsui, and S. K. Tang. "Urban Soundscape of Recreational Area in High Population Area." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 100, no. 6 (November 1, 2014): 1044–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.918784.
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Proios, Ioannis. "The role of dispositional factors achievement goals and volition in the formation of athletic identity people with physical disability." Physical Activity Review 8, no. 1 (2020): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/par.2020.08.10.
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Introduction: According to cognitive identity theory internal components can be likely to influence athletic identity formation. The purpose of the present study was to examine relationship between athletic identity of people with physical disabilities and goal perspectives (task and ego) and volitional competences (persistence, purposefulness and expedience). Material and methods: The participants were 134 people with physical disability (n=103 men, and n=31 women). Their age ranging from 14 to 67 years (M=34.98, SD=10.59). All participants participated in physical activities (competitive and recreational). The subjects filled in three questionnaires: Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), Task and Ego Orientation in Sports Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and Measure Athletes’ Volition – Short (MAV-S). Results: The results revealed that goal orientations and volitional competencies can be predictors of athletic identity dimensions for people with disabilities participating in physical activities. In addition, they suggested that task orientation predicts the three identities (social β=0.43, exclusivity β=0.31 and negative affectivity β=0.38), purposefulness competence predicts two identities (social β=0.34 and exclusivity β=0.30), while persistence competence predicts the negative affectivity identity (β=0.49). Conclusions: In conclusion, dispositional factors achievement goals and volitional competencies can be predicting the athletic identity dimensions.
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Hoffman, J. R., and J. Kang. "EFFECT OF RECREATIONAL SPORT PARTICIPATION ON COMPONENTS OF ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE IN PREPUBESCENT CHILDREN." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00209.
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