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Journal articles on the topic 'Atherosclerosis – Risk factors'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

FUJITA, Toshiro, and Katsuyuki ANDO. "Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis." Journal of Japan Atherosclerosis Society 23, no. 7-8 (1996): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5551/jat1973.23.7-8_423.

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2

Siscovick, David, Frits Rosendaal, and Alexander Reiner. "Hemostatic Risk Factors and Arterial Thrombotic Disease." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 85, no. 04 (2001): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615638.

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SummaryThe pathogenesis of arterial thrombotic disease involves multiple genetic and environmental factors related to atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Acute thrombosis at the site of a ruptured, lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaque is the usual precipitating event in the transition from stable or subclinical atherosclerotic disease to acute myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or peripheral arterial occlusion (1). Pathologic studies of coronary arteries in acute MI suggest that the acute thrombosis likely involves activation of both platelets and the coagulation system.
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3

D’Adamo, Ebe, Ornella Guardamagna, Francesco Chiarelli, Andrea Bartuli, Daniela Liccardo, Federica Ferrari, and Valerio Nobili. "Atherogenic Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Obese Children." International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/912047.

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Childhood obesity when associated with serum lipoprotein changes triggers atherosclerosis. Evidences suggest that the atherosclerotic process begins in childhood and that the extent of early atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries can be associated with lipoprotein levels and obesity. Furthermore, many studies in childhood demonstrate an important relationship between parameters of insulin sensitivity, body fat distribution, and the development of lipid abnormalities. This review focuses on the most recent findings on the relationship between obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular risk in children.
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4

YASUDA, Hideaki, Hideyuki TSUBOI, and Takahito SONE. "Risk factors influencing carotid atherosclerosis." Choonpa Igaku 34, no. 1 (2007): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3179/jjmu.34.57.

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5

Kullo, Iftikhar J., Gerald T. Gau, and A. Jamil Tajik. "Novel Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 75, no. 4 (April 2000): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/75.4.369.

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6

Kullo, Iftikhar J., and Christie M. Ballantyne. "Conditional Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 80, no. 2 (February 2005): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/80.2.219.

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7

Dobroski, David R., and Joseph Loscalzo. "Thrombotic risk factors for atherosclerosis." Coronary Artery Disease 7, no. 12 (December 1996): 919–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019501-199612000-00007.

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8

Leijdekkers, V. J., A. C. Vahl, J. J. M. Leenders, P. C. Huijgens, R. O. B. Gans, and J. A. Rauwerda. "Risk Factors for Premature Atherosclerosis." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 17, no. 5 (May 1999): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ejvs.1998.0775.

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9

Rosanov, V., E. Shugaeva, A. Alexandrov, and Ch Pugoeva. "Alimentary risk factors of atherosclerosis." Atherosclerosis Supplements 2, no. 2 (May 2001): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(01)80311-1.

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10

Papazafiropoulou, Athanasia, Nicholas Katsilambros, and Nicholas Tentolouris. "Novel Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis." Open Biomarkers Journal 1, no. 1 (December 5, 2008): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1875318300801010036.

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Epidemiologic studies demonstrated that the classical cardiovascular risk factors explain only a part of the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Large scale studies have shown that novel cardiovascular risk factors, including increased plasma homocysteine, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, uric acid levels, and increased white blood cells count as well as low adiponectin levels, might have a key role in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. This review examines recent literature data on the effect of novel risk factors on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in healthy subjects as well as in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. In addition, the pathogenetic mechanisms linking the effects of the novel risk factors with atherosclerosis are discussed.
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11

NAKAZAWA, Kohji, and Katsumi MURATA. "Epidemiological Study of the Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis." Journal of Japan Atherosclerosis Society 13, no. 6 (1986): 1433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5551/jat1973.13.6_1433.

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12

Dreval, A. K. "Prevention and treatment of diabetic microangiopathy: A lecture." Problems of Endocrinology 41, no. 6 (December 15, 1995): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11491.

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One of the main complications leading to high disability and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus is atherosclerotic vascular disease (diabetic macroangiopathy). At the same time, the frequency of atherosclerosis among patients with diabetes mellitus is significantly affected by the so-called risk factors for atherosclerosis. In particular, the incidence of atherosclerosis among the general population and among diabetics increases with increased levels of cholesterol (cholesterol) in the blood, blood pressure, smoking and obesity. However, in patients with diabetes mellitus, mortality, for example, from coronary heart disease increases by 3 times against any of the known risk factors. But even without risk factors, the frequency of atherosclerotic vascular damage in patients with diabetes is much higher than in non-diabetic patients, i.e. diabetes in itself is a risk factor for atherosclerosis.
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13

Zurnic, Irena, Tamara Djuric, Igor Koncar, Aleksandra Stankovic, Dragan Dincic, and Maja Zivkovic. "Apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms as risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis." Vojnosanitetski pregled 71, no. 4 (2014): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1404362z.

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Background/Aim. Atherosclerosis is still the leading cause of death in Western world. Development of atherosclerotic plaque involves accumulation of inflammatory cells, lipids, smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix proteins in the intima of the vascular wall. Apolipoprotein E participates in the transport of exogenous cholesterol, endogenouly synthesized lipids and triglycerides in the organism. Apolipoprotein E gene has been identified as one of the candidate genes for atherosclerosis. Previous studies in different populations have clearly implicated apolipoprotein E genetic variation (? polymorphisms) as a major modulator of low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Data considering apolipoprotein E polymorphisms in relation to carotid atherosclerosis gave results that are not in full compliance. The aim of present study was to investigate the apolipoprotein E polymorphisms in association with carotid plaque presence, apolipoprotein E and lipid serum levels in patients with carotid atherosclerosis from Serbia. Methods. The study group enrolled 495 participants: 285 controls and 210 consecutive patients with carotid atherosclerosis who underwent carotid endarterectomy. Genotyping of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms were done using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Results. Patients had significantly decreased frequency of the ?2 allele compared to controls. Patients who carry at least one ?2 allele had a significantly higher level of serum apolipoprotein E and significantly lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to those who do not carry this allele. Conclusion. Our results suggest protective effect of apolipoprotein E ?2 allele on susceptibility for carotid plaque presence as well as low density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering effect in Serbian patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Further research of multiple gene and environmental factors that contribute to the appearance and the progression of atherosclerosis should be continued with respect to different populations.
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14

Fahed, Akl C., Joanna M. Gholmieh, and Sami T. Azar. "Connecting the Lines between Hypogonadism and Atherosclerosis." International Journal of Endocrinology 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/793953.

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Epidemiological studies show that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and point to gender differences with ageing males being at highest risk. Atherosclerosis is a complex process that has several risk factors and mediators. Hypogonadism is a commonly undiagnosed disease that has been associated with many of the events, and risk factors leading to atherosclerosis. The mechanistic relations between testosterone levels, atherosclerotic events, and risk factors are poorly understood in many instances, but the links are clear. In this paper, we summarize the research journey that explains the link between hypogonadism, each of the atherosclerotic events, and risk factors. We look into the different areas from which lessons could be learned, including epidemiological studies, animal and laboratory experiments, studies on androgen deprivation therapy patients, and studies on testosterone-treated patients. We finish by providing recommendations for the clinician and needs for future research.
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15

Saito, Yasushi. "Atherosclerosis and risk factors in eldery." Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. Japanese Journal of Geriatrics 45, no. 5 (2008): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.45.470.

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16

Dolidze, N., and N. Latsabidze. "Nontraditional risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis." European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 13, Supplement 1 (May 2006): S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00149831-200605001-00270.

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17

TOMONO, SHOICHI, MASAKO FURUYA, TAKASHI IIZUKA, NAHOKO SATOH, RIKURO HAYASHI, and SEIICHIRO KOGURE. "THE RISK FACTORS OF CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS." KITAKANTO Medical Journal 35, no. 3Supplement (1985): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2974/kmj1951.35.3supplement_315.

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18

Skilton, M. R. "Intrauterine Risk Factors for Precocious Atherosclerosis." PEDIATRICS 121, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1801.

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19

Ridker, Paul M., Meir J. Stampfer, and Nader Rifai. "Novel Risk Factors for Systemic Atherosclerosis." JAMA 285, no. 19 (May 16, 2001): 2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2481.

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20

Duffy, David L., Dianne L. O'Connell, Richard F. Heller, and Nicholas G. Martin. "Risk factors for atherosclerosis in twins." Genetic Epidemiology 10, no. 6 (1993): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gepi.1370100638.

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21

&NA;. "Atherosclerosis risk factors increase VTE risk with tamoxifen." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1477 (March 2005): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200514770-00047.

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22

&NA;. "Atherosclerosis risk factors increase VTE risk with tamoxifen." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1041 (March 2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200510410-00006.

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23

Scherbak, S. G., D. G. Lisovets, A. M. Sarana, T. A. Kamilova, O. S. Glotov, A. Yu Anisenkova, S. V. Apalko, and S. P. Urazov. "BIOMARKERS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE." Physical and rehabilitation medicine, medical rehabilitation 1, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36425/2658-6843-19190.

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Inflammation, cardiac remodeling, and fibrosis are potentially important pathways in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Complications of atherosclerosis are one of the leading causes of death in the world. Effective prevention of cardiovascular disease by adequate control of major cardiovascular risk factors can provide substantial public health gains. However, detection and control of major cardiovascular risk factors continues to be a major challenge because of poor awareness of an individual's status. A solution to this problem is important for an early identification and appropriate correction of cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerotic plaque development is regarded as a chronic inflammatory process which involves interactions between lipids, immune cells and the artery wall. Numerous evidence suggests that inflammation plays an important role in all stages of the atherosclerotic process. The study of associations of inflammatory biomarkers has led to the idea that the panel of inflammatory biomarkers can identify people at high risk of developing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases when anti-inflammatory treatment can prevent further unfavorable events. The most common forms of cardiovascular diseases are caused by atherosclerosis, the progressive thinning of blood vessels due to accumulation of lipids within the arterial wall. While many factors are known to influence the development and progression of atherosclerosis, circulating levels of cholesterol and lipoprotein complexes are the most important risk factors and mediators of atherosclerotic disease. Key regulators of lipid metabolism and/or the development of atherosclerosis have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic potential for cardiovascular diseases.
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24

ZHOU, TIAN, YIMING ZHENG, JUHUI QIU, JIANJUN HU, DAMING SUN, CHAOJUN TANG, and GUIXUE WANG. "ENDOTHELIAL MECHANOTRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS FOR VASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 14, no. 05 (August 2014): 1430006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519414300063.

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Vascular physiology and disease progression, such as atherosclerosis, are mediated by hemodynamic force generated from blood flow. The hemodynamic force exerts on vascular endothelial cells (ECs), which could perceive the mechanical signals and transmit them into cell interior by multiple potential shear sensors, collectively known as mechanotransduction. However, we do not understand completely how these shear-sensitive components orchestrate physiological and atherosclerotic responses to shear stress. In this review, we provide an overview of biomechanical mechanisms underlying vascular physiology and atherosclerotic progression. Additionally, we summarize current evidences to illustrate that atherosclerotic lesions preferentially develop in arterial regions experiencing disturbance in blood flow, during which endothelial dysfunction is the initial event of atherosclerosis, inflammation plays dominant roles in atherosclerotic progression, and angiogenesis emerges as compensatory explanation for atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Especially in the presence of systemic risk factors (e.g., hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia), the synergy between these systemic risk factors with hemodynamic factors aggravates atherosclerosis by co-stimulating some of these biomechanical events. Given the hemodynamic environment of vasculature, understanding how the rapid shear-mediated signaling, particularly in combination with systemic risk factors, contribute to atherosclerotic progression through endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and angiogenesis helps to elucidate the role for atherogenic shear stress in specifically localizing atherosclerotic lesions in arterial regions with disturbed flow.
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25

Negru, Robert D., Andrei Georgescu, Bogdan Mihnea Ciuntu, Sorin Andrian, Simona Stoleriu, Oana Viola Badulescu, Roxana Ciuntu, and Doina Clementina Cojocaru. "Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Risk." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 12 (January 15, 2018): 2896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.12.6002.

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Atherosclerosis is a major component of the cardiovascular diseases and is centered by inflammation but its well-known predictors do not explain some of the atherosclerotic vascular disease events, generating the need to look for independent additional risk factors. Periodontitis, a chronic infection produced by oral bacteria and affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, seems to be linked with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease through several mechanisms, like genetic susceptibility, systemic inflammation, infection, and the molecular mimicry, the association being worsened in the presence of diabetes. The epidemiological studies revealed a modest but significant association between periodontal infections and cardiovascular disease, independent of the effect of confounding factors, but the definite effect of periodontitis and its treatment on the incidence of cardiovascular events requires further clarifications.
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26

Kim, Jong S., Yeon-Jung Kim, Sung-Ho Ahn, and Bum J. Kim. "Location of cerebral atherosclerosis: Why is there a difference between East and West?" International Journal of Stroke 13, no. 1 (May 4, 2016): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493016647736.

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Intracranial atherosclerosis is more prevalent in Asian patients, whereas extracranial atherosclerosis is more common in individuals from western countries. The reasons for this discrepancy remain unknown. We reviewed the relevant literature and discussed the currently available information. Although the study population, diagnostic modality, and risk factor definitions differ between studies, hypercholesterolemia is more correlated with extracranial atherosclerosis than intracranial atherosclerosis. The difference in hypercholesterolemia prevalence is one of the main reasons for racial differences. Intracranial arteries contain higher antioxidant level than extracranial arteries and may be more vulnerable to risk factors for antioxidant depletion (e.g., metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus). Intracranial arteries may be vulnerable to factors associated with hemodynamic stress (e.g., advanced, salt-retaining hypertension and arterial tortuosity) because of a smaller diameter, thinner media and adventitia, and fewer elastic medial fibers than extracranial arteries. Additionally, non-atherosclerotic arterial diseases (e.g., moyamoya disease) that commonly occur in the intracranial arteries of East Asians may contaminate the reports of intracranial atherosclerosis cases. Genes, including RNF 213 or those associated with high salt sensitivity, may also explain racial differences in atherosclerotic location. To understand racial differences, further well-designed studies on various risk and genetic factors should be performed in patients with cerebral atherosclerosis. Additionally, improvements in diagnostic accuracy via advancements in imaging technologies and increased genetic data will aid in the differentiation of atherosclerosis from non-atherosclerotic intracranial diseases.
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27

Damjanovic, Tatjana, and Nada Dimkovic. "Dialysis modalities as risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis." Medical review 56, no. 1-2 (2003): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0302017d.

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Introduction Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. First clinical symptoms are usually associated with initial atherosclerotic changes of blood vessels. The aim of this study was ultrasound evaluation of intimae media thickness (IMT) of carotid arteries in dialysis patients and its correlation with certain risk factors. Patients and methods IMT was measured in 45 dialysis patients with no signs of cardiovascular diseases:15 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, 30 haemodialysis (HD) patients and in 20 healthy controls. IMT was correlated with certain risk factors for atherosclerosis (general parameters - age, gender, duration of dialysis cause of renal diseases, parameters of nutrition, parameters of calcium and phosphorus metabolism, lipid parameters, blood pressure and smoking). Results The mean carotid artery IMT was significantly higher in dialysis patients than in the control group (p<0.05). In addition, the mean IMT was statistically significantly higher in PD than in HD patients (p<0.05). In CAPD patients there was a significant correlation between IMT and total and LDL cholesterol. In the second group (HD patients) IMT was significantly correlated with diastolic blood pressure, BMI and smoking. Conclusion Although atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease may not manifest in dialysis patients, IMT of carotid arteries significantly increases. Major risk factors affecting IMT are lipid disturbances in patients on peritoneal dialysis and hypertension, obesity and smoking in HD patients.
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28

Thorbjornsdottir, P., S. T. Sigurdarson, S. Bodvarsson, G. Thorgeirsson, and G. J. Arason. "The correlation of C3 to atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis risk factors." Molecular Immunology 46, no. 14 (September 2009): 2843–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.255.

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29

Bugger, Heiko, and Andreas Zirlik. "Anti-inflammatory Strategies in Atherosclerosis." Hämostaseologie 41, no. 06 (December 2021): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1661-0020.

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AbstractAtherosclerotic vascular disease and its related complications are the major cause of mortality in Western societies. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall triggered by traditional and nontraditional risk factors and mediated by inflammatory and immune responses. Recent clinical trials provided compelling evidence corroborating that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease and demonstrated efficacy of anti-inflammatory interventions in reducing cardiovascular events and mortality. Traditional risk factors drive vascular inflammation, further justifying the instrumental role of intensified risk factor management in attenuating and preventing atherosclerotic disease and complications. Promising therapeutic approaches specifically related to inhibition of inflammation span traditional anti-inflammatory drugs, specific immunomodulation, and development of vaccination against atherosclerotic disease. Here, we review the inflammatory component in atherogenesis, the available evidence from clinical trials evaluating efficacy of therapeutic anti-inflammatory interventions in patients with high cardiovascular risk, and discuss potential future targets for anti-inflammatory or immune modulatory treatment in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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30

Lechner, Katharina, Clemens von Schacky, Amy L. McKenzie, Nicolai Worm, Uwe Nixdorff, Benjamin Lechner, Nicolle Kränkel, Martin Halle, Ronald M. Krauss, and Johannes Scherr. "Lifestyle factors and high-risk atherosclerosis: Pathways and mechanisms beyond traditional risk factors." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 27, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487319869400.

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Despite major efforts to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) burden with conventional risk factor control, significant residual risk remains. Recent evidence on non-traditional determinants of cardiometabolic health has advanced our understanding of lifestyle–disease interactions. Chronic exposure to environmental stressors like poor diet quality, sedentarism, ambient air pollution and noise, sleep deprivation and psychosocial stress affect numerous traditional and non-traditional intermediary pathways related to ASCVD. These include body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength and functionality and the intestinal microbiome, which are increasingly recognized as major determinants of cardiovascular health. Evidence points to partially overlapping mechanisms, including effects on inflammatory and nutrient sensing pathways, endocrine signalling, autonomic function and autophagy. Of particular relevance is the potential of low-risk lifestyle factors to impact on plaque vulnerability through altered adipose tissue and skeletal muscle phenotype and secretome. Collectively, low-risk lifestyle factors cause a set of phenotypic adaptations shifting tissue cross-talk from a proinflammatory milieu conducive for high-risk atherosclerosis to an anti-atherogenic milieu. The ketone body ß-hydroxybutyrate, through inhibition of the NLRP-3 inflammasome, is likely to be an intermediary for many of these observed benefits. Adhering to low-risk lifestyle factors adds to the prognostic value of optimal risk factor management, and benefit occurs even when the impact on conventional risk markers is discouragingly minimal or not present. The aims of this review are (a) to discuss novel lifestyle risk factors and their underlying biochemical principles and (b) to provide new perspectives on potentially more feasible recommendations to improve long-term adherence to low-risk lifestyle factors.
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31

Raman Parajuli, Sudhir, Bishwonath Yadav, Prahlad Karki, Paricha Upadhyaya, and Shivendra Jha. "An Autopsy Study of Atherosclerotic Changes in Coronary Arteries at B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences." Annapurna Journal of Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (February 10, 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52910/ajhs.5.

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Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a giant killer and the incidence of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries is rapidly increasing. The study was designed to assess the atherosclerotic lesions in coronary artery and to correlate the risk factors related to prevalence of atherosclerosis. Methods: Heart from 100 medico legal autopsy cases ranging between ages 15 to 35 years which came to BPKIHS Dharan were taken for this study and processed for coronary arteries using conventional technique. They were then studied,and grading was done based on Modified American Heart Association (AHA) classification of atherosclerosis. Results: Intimal thickening was noted in more than 90% in all three coronary arteries followed by intimal xanthoma whereas intermediate lesion for atherosclerosis was not found. Age, gender, smoking and alcohol in relation to atherosclerosis were found to be of no significance. Conclusion: The study highlights the impact of atherosclerotic lesions in the Eastern region of Nepal. Meticulous postmortem examination along with histopathological study is the best possible way to study atherosclerotic disease in humans and risk factors associated with it.
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32

Ferns, Gordon A. A. "New and emerging risk factors for CVD." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 67, no. 2 (April 15, 2008): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665108007064.

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Morphological and immunocytochemical studies have elucidated the complex processes involved in atherogenesis. The notion of plaque instability has emerged from this work and underscored the importance of inflammation in determining clinical complications associated with atherosclerosis, such as acute coronary syndrome. Cells of the immune system have been detected within atherosclerotic lesions and auto-antibodies directed against modified LDL and heat-shock proteins have been identified in the blood of individuals with atherosclerosis. The use of risk ‘engines’, e.g. the Framingham coronary risk score, has facilitated the identification of individuals at high risk, but the constituent classical risk factors used in these algorithms do not adequately differentiate individuals at moderate risk. As age is a major component of the equations used in these algorithms they are not particularly useful in young adults, and their applicability to non-Caucasian populations has been questioned. Biomarkers of early disease and plaque instability have therefore both been sought. Although some of these markers have been shown individually to be associated with a significant hazard ratio, no substantial improvement in discrimination has been demonstrated when they are incorporated into a risk ‘engine’. The latter has generally been assessed by receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, although this approach has been criticised. Other modalities, including imaging and functional assessments of vascular function, are now being developed for clinical use.
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An, Jihyun, Hyung-Don Kim, Seon-Ok Kim, Ha Il Kim, Gi-Won Song, Han Chu Lee, and Ju Hyun Shim. "Cervicocerebral atherosclerosis and its hepatic and coronary risk factors in patients with liver cirrhosis." Clinical and Molecular Hepatology 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2021.0202.

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Background/Aims: We aimed to investigate the silent atherosclerotic burden of cervicocephalic vessels in cirrhotic patients compared with the general population, as well as the relevant risk factors including coronary parameters.Methods: This study included 993 stroke-free patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) who underwent magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the head and neck as a pre-liver transplant assessment and 6,099 health checkup participants who underwent MRA examination. The two cohorts were matched for cerebrovascular risk factors, and the prevalence of atherosclerosis in major intracranial and extracranial arteries was compared in 755 matched pairs. Moreover, traditional, hepatic, and coronary variables related to cerebral atherosclerosis were assessed in cirrhotic patients.Results: Overall, intracranial atherosclerosis was significantly less prevalent in the LC group than in the matched control group (2.3% vs. 5.4%, P=0.002), whereas the prevalence of extracranial atherosclerosis was similar (4.4% vs. 5.8%, P=0.242). These results were maintained in multivariate analyses of the pooled samples, with corresponding adjusted odds ratios [ORs] of LC of 0.56 and 0.77 (95% confidence intervals [CIs], 0.36–0.88 and 0.55–1.09). In the LC group, lower platelet count was inversely correlated with intracranial atherosclerosis (adjusted OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.13–0.76). Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score ≥100 was the only predictive factor for both intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis (adjusted ORs, 4.06 and 5.43, respectively).Conclusions: LC confers protection against intracranial atherosclerosis, and thrombocytopenia may be involved in this protective effect. High CAC score could serve as a potential surrogate for cervicocerebral vascular screening in asymptomatic cirrhotic patients.
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34

Lloyd, Guy W., and Graham Jackson. "Premenopausal risk factors for coronary artery disease." British Menopause Society Journal 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/136218002100321802.

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The premenopausal period is a time when the risk of coronary events for women is low. It is, however, a key period during which the atherosclerotic process, the leading cause of death in women, becomes established. The role of female sex hormones in protecting premenopausal women from overt atherosclerosis is widely accepted. Proof of a direct oestrogen, atheroprotective effect, however, continues to prove elusive. The specific risk factors are diabetes, hypertension, lipid abnormalities, smoking, body habitus, inflammatory disease and prothrombotic tendencies. Reproductive factors do not appear to play a major role in defining cardiac risk and the absolute risk posed by the oral contraceptive is low; concerns about cardiac risk should not be exaggerated.
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35

Svyrydova, N. K., N. O. Kravchuk, and K. F. Trinus. "Atherosclerotic vascular lesions in patients with chronic brain ischemia." East European Journal of Neurology, no. 6(6) (December 20, 2015): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33444/2411-5797.2015.6(6).13-22.

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Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Evidence suggests that the risk of atherosclerosis complications associated not only with local changes within atherosclerotic plaque (such as the state necrotic core or fibrous cap), but also with the state of blood or systemic factors. Circulating levels of cytokines, prothrombotic factors or acute phase reactants may play a role in the occurrence of acute stroke in the presence of affected vessels, even in the absence of stenosis. For example, increased serum biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, cytokines - predict the progression of atherosclerosis and risk of stroke. Stroke, may be caused by atherosclerosis of large arteries supplying the brain, or it may affect smaller branches inside the skull.
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Ershova, A. I., S. A. Boytsov, О. M. Drapkina, and Т. V. Balakhonova. "ULTRASOUND MARKERS OF PREMANIFEST ATHEROSCLEROSIS OF CAROTID AND FEMORAL ARTERIES IN ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK." Russian Journal of Cardiology, no. 8 (September 9, 2018): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2018-8-92-98.

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More than a half of cardiovascular events occur in low to moderate cardiovascular risk patients if assessed based on the traditional risk factors. At the same time, ultrasound examination of arteries makes it possible to reveal atherosclerosis even at early stages of its development. High prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in low to moderate risk patients, which is a realization of traditional and “unknown” risk factors, makes ultrasound examination a useful method for risk stratification. The review is focused on ultrasound markers of atherosclerosis with association to traditional risk factors, on the possibility to improve predictive role of current scores and influence on outcomes. Predictive significance of the markers is regarded for primary prevention in general population, in high risk persons and from the perspective of quantitative indicator of atherosclerotic lesion grade or plausibility as a surrogate cardiovascular diseases marker.
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Pizov, A. V., N. A. Pizov, O. A. Skachkova, and N. V. Pizova. "Endothelial dysfunction as early predictor of atherosclerosis." Medical alphabet 4, no. 35 (January 21, 2020): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2019-4-35(410)-28-33.

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Cardiovascular diseases in Russia are leading in the structure of total mortality. Atherosclerosis is considered a progressive inflammatory systemic disease. The role of endothelium in the development of the atherosclerotic process is described in detail. The main functions of endotheliocytes are normal and in various pathological conditions. The main markers of endothelial dysfunction are presented. Data on the development of the atherosclerotic process in time, risk factors are presented. Local and systemic risk factors for atherosclerosis are highlighted. Own data on the frequency of occurrence of atherosclerotic changes in the main vessels of the head in young people (up to 45 years) based on the results of ultrasonic duplex scanning during professional examinations are presented. The main directions of correction of endothelial dysfunction are described.
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38

Fruchart, J. C. "New Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis and Patient Risk Assessment." Circulation 109, no. 23_suppl_1 (June 15, 2004): III—15—III—19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000131513.33892.5b.

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39

Poredoš, Pavel, and Mateja Kaja Ježovnik. "Markers of preclinical atherosclerosis and their clinical relevance." Vasa 44, no. 4 (July 2015): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000439.

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Abstract. The estimation of risk for atherosclerotic and cardiovascular events based only on the presence of classical risk factors is often insufficient. Therefore, efforts have been made to find markers that indicate the presence of preclinical disease in individual subjects: blood markers of atherosclerosis and preclinical deterioration of the arterial wall. Elevated levels of several inflammatory mediators have been found in subjects with atherosclerosis. Increased basal levels of cytokines, the cell adhesion molecules, selectins and acute-phase reactants such as high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A are related to an increased risk of cardiovascular events. For clinical purposes, the most promising inflammatory biomarker appears to be hsCRP. In the last decade, markers of plaque stability and unstable coronary artery disease have been sought. Further, markers of endothelial dysfunction, like circulating molecules as well as indicators of functional deterioration of the arterial wall were identified. It was shown that endothelial dysfunction is closely related to different risk factors of atherosclerosis, and to their intensity and duration. Intima-media thickness measurement has emerged as one of the methods of choice for determining the anatomic extent of preclinical atherosclerosis and for assessing cardiovascular risk.Determination of markers of preclinical atherosclerosis improve individual risk determination and could influence the decision of a clinician to intervene with medication and to use more aggressive treatment of risk factors in high risk subjects and in patients with atherosclerotic disease.
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40

Shenkova, N. N., G. A. Chumakova, N. G. Veselovskaya, E. S. Osipova, and A. V. Ott. "Risk factors of subclinical atherosclerosis of obesity women." CardioSomatics 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/cs45328.

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Research objective: study the metabolic risk factors (RF) of subclinical atherosclerosis of obese women. Material and methods. 89 women have been included in research, 50.6±6.6 years old with abdominal obesity and waist circumference >80 cm without coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis of other localisation. According to the results of the ultrasound study of brachiocephalic arteries (BCA), two groups were formed for comparison: Group 1 (n=60) without atherosclerosis BCA, Group 2 (n=29) with atherosclerosis BCA. Definitions of classical and additional metabolic RF, of adipokines of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and ghrelin were spent to the surveyed patients. The thickness of epicardial fat (tEF) was defined at transthoracic echocardiography. Results. In the group 2 there were the highest indexes of: LDL 3.7 (2.9; 4.6) mmol/L, Apo B 1.32±0.29 g/L, CRP 2.8±0.96 mg/l, leftin 20.0 (16.4; 23.1) ng/ml, tEF 7 (6; 8) mm; lower indexes of Apo A1 1.16±0.31 g/l and ghrelin 40.7 (39.1; 42.8) pg/dl. Conclusion. The signs of subclinical atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries of obese women were associated with higher amount of VAT (tEF), inflammatory activity of plasma (CRP) and neurohumoral disorders (leftin, ghrelin).
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NAKAMURA, Tadashi. "Visceral Fat and Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis." Internal Medicine 43, no. 12 (2004): 1095–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.43.1095.

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Hasegawa, Takashi, Toyoko Negishi, and Miyako Deguchi. "WBC Count, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Risk Factors." Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 9, no. 5 (2002): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5551/jat.9.219.

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Suciu, Claudia Floriana, Robert Adrian Dumbrava, Maria Andrada Jiga, Liviu Cristescu, and Andreea Varga. "Shared risk factors for atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis." Romanian Journal of Medical Practice 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjmp.2020.2.9.

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44

Hutchinson, Richard G., Robert L. Watson, C. Edward Davis, Ralph Barnes, Spencer Brown, Fredric Romm, Jessie M. Spencer, et al. "Racial Differences in Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis." Angiology 48, no. 4 (April 1997): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000331979704800401.

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Leinonen, Maija. "Chlamydia pneumoniaeand Other Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis." Journal of Infectious Diseases 181, s3 (June 2000): S414—S416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315624.

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Oghagbon, E. K., A. B. Okesina, and S. A. Adebisi. "Awareness of atherosclerosis risk factors in Nigeria." Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 124, no. 4 (July 2004): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642400412400411.

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47

Burgess, Jefferey L., Margaret Kurzius-Spencer, Richard D. Gerkin, James L. Fleming, Wayne F. Peate, and Matthew Allison. "Risk Factors for Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Firefighters." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 54, no. 3 (March 2012): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e318243298c.

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48

Misra, Anoop. "Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis in Young Individuals." European Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 7, no. 3 (June 2000): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/204748730000700309.

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Crouse, J. R., J. F. Toole, W. M. McKinney, M. B. Dignan, G. Howard, F. R. Kahl, M. R. McMahan, and G. H. Harpold. "Risk factors for extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis." Stroke 18, no. 6 (November 1987): 990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.str.18.6.990.

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ZOLER, MITCHEL L. "Registry Shakes Up Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis." Internal Medicine News 43, no. 15 (September 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(10)70761-7.

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