Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'ATC'
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1
Smoker, A. "Enhancing the manual ATC control process." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1996. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11034.
Full textAbstract:
The limitations in en-route Air Traffic Control today are generally accepted as being the
workload and performance of the controller. This method of operation is known as the
'manual control process'.
The manual control process is an open loop form of control, that relies heavily on
controller judgement and decision making. Future developments in ATC, that use twoway
datalink, and integrate air and ground systems, are expected to be delayed. This
leaves the manual control process to manage the projected growth in air transport
demand.
An analysis was carried out of the manual control process on two sectors at the London
Area & Terminal Control Centre at West Drayton. Particular attention was given to
understanding complexity, the functions that controllers perform, decision making and
information sources. A systems approach was taken to the analysis and used
multidisciplinary research techniques. The study used naturalistic data collection.
Both the ground and airborne systems were reviewed, and developments found within
them, that can benefit the control process. An analysis of incidents in en-route ATC was
also conducted.
Proposals are made that can support an enhanced control process. These were modelled,
and the results indicated that reductions in controller workload are attainable. The
changes to the control process involve more close control of the vertical plane, and
improved and more precise information being made available to the controller. It is
suggested that aircraft flight management systems are used as a control tool, and system
requirements are proposed.
2
Smoker, Anthony. "Enhancing the manual ATC control process." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1996. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/11034.
Full textAbstract:
The limitations in en-route Air Traffic Control today are generally accepted as being the workload and performance of the controller. This method of operation is known as the 'manual control process'. The manual control process is an open loop form of control, that relies heavily on controller judgement and decision making. Future developments in ATC, that use twoway datalink, and integrate air and ground systems, are expected to be delayed. This leaves the manual control process to manage the projected growth in air transport demand. An analysis was carried out of the manual control process on two sectors at the London Area & Terminal Control Centre at West Drayton. Particular attention was given to understanding complexity, the functions that controllers perform, decision making and information sources. A systems approach was taken to the analysis and used multidisciplinary research techniques. The study used naturalistic data collection. Both the ground and airborne systems were reviewed, and developments found within them, that can benefit the control process. An analysis of incidents in en-route ATC was also conducted. Proposals are made that can support an enhanced control process. These were modelled, and the results indicated that reductions in controller workload are attainable. The changes to the control process involve more close control of the vertical plane, and improved and more precise information being made available to the controller. It is suggested that aircraft flight management systems are used as a control tool, and system requirements are proposed.
3
Rydin, Axel. "Stockholm TMA capacity - A study of the landing rate and its effects on arrival outcome." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104018.
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Stockholm TMA handles traffic to Sweden’s two biggest airports movement wise: Stockholm Arlanda and Stockholm Bromma. The airports are located in close proximity to each other, meaning traffic in and out of the airports is likely to conflict, depending on the runway configurations. Stockholm TMA capacity will depend on how complex the traffic is, especially in the arrival sector (sector East), as well as weather, wind and other capacity factors. The thesis focuses on arriving traffic to Stockholm Arlanda. The number of arrivals for any given hour is restricted by a landing rate. The landing rate is set depending on a number of factors. For a high landing rate to be set, Stockholm Arlanda will need to be in traffic peak, utilizing one of the runway configurations used for hours of high traffic intensity. Why was a certain landing rate set? What were the main contributors? What was the outcome of the rate in terms of arrivals?
4
Dong, Wenfang. "ATC constraints and modelling in global ATM environment." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/5637.
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The United Kingdom’s Civil Aviation Authority published the national aviation
forecast in 2008. The forecast predicts that domestic traffic will increase by
3.5% per year, and that international traffic will grow, on average, by 4.5%
during 2010-2020. Based on this prediction, the traffic density will increase
dramatically in the future, and airspace will be more and more congested.
Usually, there are two potential solutions to deal with this situation: improving
the ability of air traffic flow management is one solution; reducing the separation
minimum of aircraft is another solution. However, this thesis focuses on the
second solution, based on constraints of communication, navigation and
surveillance systems (CNS). Cont?d.
5
Badekas, Paris. "Mathematical modeling of en route ATC intervention rates." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14746.
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6
Weber, Jakub. "Trendy ve spotřebě léčiv v ATC skupině L01." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-359965.
Full textAbstract:
The work analyzes trends in medicines used in specialized medical centers from ATC (Anatomical-Therapeutic-Chemical Classification System) L01 in Czech Republic from perspective of the State Institute of Drug Control (SUKL) and of Czech Health Insurance Companies (Vseobecna zdravotni pojistovna Ceske republiky as the biggest one, and rest joined in Svaz zdravotnich pojišťoven Ceske republiky). SUKL perspective considers medicines delivered to healthcare facilities and the other side providing information regarding payments for L01 medicines between years 2012-2015. Conclusions presented show slightly decreasing trend in terms of number of packages delivered (935 ths. in 2012 and 931 ths. in 2015). On the other hand, value of medicines has increased from 5 067 mil. CZK in 2012 to 6 568 mil. CZK in 2015. The increase in value and decrease in volume in the same time (while prices remain stable or decreasing) indicates trend in increasing size of packaging or entry of new strength (with more active ingredient and therefore more expensive) e.g. entry of Herceptin 600 mg in 2014. This paper further identifies the most expensive medicines in ATC L01 group and starts a discussion about possible reasons of discrepancies between different sources of data which are for the most expensive medicines in hundreds of mil. CZK in value and ths. of packages in terms of volume (e.g. Avastin in 2014: difference 104 mil. CZK and 5 598 packages).
7
Nosedal-Sánchez, Jenaro. "Aircraft departure synchronization to reduce ATC en route interventions." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384849.
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La investigación que se presenta en esta tesis, se enfoca en el análisis a nivel micro y macro de la posiciones atemporales de trayectorias aéreas en la fase de ruta, obtenidas a partir del uso de una transformación bidimensional (posiciones de latitud y longitud) transformación D y de la aplicación de modelos causales y técnicas de programación por restricciones para simular y validar un proceso de ajuste acotado de tiempos de despegue que conserva las ventanas de salida programadas y al mismo tiempo relaja las interdependencias tensas entre trayectorias 4D (reduciendo o resolviendo desequilibrios entre demanda y capacidad en el espacio aéreo). La investigación desarrollada, con la finalidad de producir sinergias entre los Usuarios del espacio aéreo (AUs) y simultáneamente para reducir las intervenciones de Control de Tráfico Aéreo (ATC) en ruta, en vez de revisar el sistema de Gestión de Tráfico Aéreo de manera fragmentada, propone un marco innovador que soporta una análisis exhaustivo de las interdependencias entre Gestión de Flujo de Tráfico Aéreo y Gestión de la Capacidad (ATFCM), Gestión de Despegues (DMAN) y las Trayectorias Comerciales de Referencia (RBTs) acordadas. El objetivo general de este trabajo es aportar a la literatura con el uso de combinaciones robustas de marcas temporales de las RBTs que preservan los perfiles 3D acordados dentro de un conjunto de trayectorias competitivas y colaborativas bajo un enfoque global que reducen al mínimo las intervención de ATC. Adicionalmente, el enfoque propuesto permite la vinculación de parte de tierra con las operaciones del lado aire, y habilita la conexión entre los requerimientos de los AUs dentro de la red de tráfico, por lo que proporciona un marco para implementar nuevas herramientas de apoyo en las decisiones (DST) para el desarrollo de servicios ATFCM más competitivos y colaborativos.The research work presented in this thesis focuses on the micro and macro analysis of the untimed en route waypoints of aircraft trajectories obtained after applying a bi-dimensional (i.e. latitude and longitude positions) D - transform and on the application of causal modelling and constraint programming (CP) techniques to simulate and validate a departure-time-bounded adjustment process that preserves the scheduled slots while relaxing tight 4DT interdependences (for instance, reducing or solving airspace demand - capacity imbalances). The research developed instead of a fragmented look at the Air Traffic Management (ATM) system, in order to generate synergies between airspace users (AUs) while reducing Air Traffic Control (ATC) interventions, proposes an innovative framework supporting a comprehensive analysis of interdependencies between Air Traffic Flow and Capacity Management (ATFCM), Departure Management (DMAN) and the agreed Reference Business Trajectories (RBTs). The overarching goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the literature about the use of robust combination of RBT's time stamps preserving the 3D agreements into a set of collaborative-competitive trajectories under a global scope with minimum ATC interventions. Furthermore, the proposed approach allows the linkage of land side with air side operations, and enables the connection between AUs requirements within the traffic network, thus provides a framework to deploy new Decision Support Tools (DSTs) towards more collaborative and competitive ATFCM services.
8
Matějů, Monika. "Optimalizace skladování léků v lékárně." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197061.
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This thesis deals with the optimization of stocks of medicines in the pharmacy. The goal is to find a connection when dealing with inventory optimization drugs. First is the optimization of inventories as such. It is also discussed the situation in the pharmaceutical market in different ATC groups in the Czech Republic. Selected methods is processed inventory optimization of specific drugs in the existing pharmacy equipment.
9
Nilsson, Helena. "Inköpsstrukturen på svenska klädföretag : Före och efter ATC- avtalets upphörande." Thesis, Stockholm University, School of Business, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6528.
Full textAbstract:
De senaste åren har textil- och klädindustrin genomgått stora förändringar. Efter årsskiftet 2005/2006 avskaffades det så kallade ATC-avtalet, som innebar reglering av handel med textilier och kläder. Detta förväntades få stora konsekvenser på textil- och klädmarknaden då dessa varor kunde flöda fritt från bland annat en så stor textil- och klädexportör som Kina. Hotet från Kina gjorde att EU och USA återinförde kvoter på vissa textilier och kläder därifrån sommaren 2005. Detta har i sin tur fört med sig konsekvenser för klädföretagen. Syftet med denna uppsats är således att göra en kritisk analys av globaliseringens utveckling genom att studera huruvida ATC-avtalets upphörande påverkat svenska klädföretag i valet av inköpsland. Underökningen har genomförts som en fallstudie av olika svenska klädföretag. Resultaten visar att de svenska klädföretagen som deltagit i denna studie inte påverkats av ATC-avtalets upphörande i valet av inköpsland. Detta beror på att variabler som kvalitet, pris, den politiska risken i värdlandet, landets ekonomiska utveckling, leveranstiden samt valet av leverantör, är andra faktorer som är viktiga i valet av inköpsland utöver handelshinder. Slutligen kan man konstatera att återinförandet av kvoterna mot Kina inte lett till att klädföretagen ökat Europaproduktionen. Vinnarna är snarare andra lågavlönade länder som Kambodja, Indien och Bangladesh.
10
Kadlecová, Lenka. "Optimální portfolio generické farmaceutické firmy maximalizující obrat." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193607.
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The diploma thesis deals with definition of the main part of optimal portfolio of pharmaceutical company. The goal of the thesis is to identify top ten anatomical-therapeutic groups by sales, which can set up the main part of maximized sales portfolio. Approach of the diploma thesis is authentic strategic decision of man-agement of generic pharmaceutical company that penetrates Czech market. Dispensable materials for manager decisions consist of common access resources. Materials go with information about competition's sales, figures about the medication's movement in distribution chain and data of payer's costs. The decision will be made in simple one-criterion choice. The significance of the anatomical-therapeutic groups will be confirmed by epidemiological data.
11
Dervic, Amina, and Alexander Rank. "ATC complexity measures: Formulas measuring workload and complexity at Stockholm TMA." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-114534.
Full textAbstract:
Workload and complexity measures are, as of today, often imprecise and subjective. Currently, two commonly used workload and complexity measuring formulas are Monitor Alert Parameter and the “Bars”, both using the same measurement variables; amount of aircraft and time. This study creates formulas for quantifying ATC complexity. The study is done in an approach environment and is developed and tested on Stockholm TMA by the creation of 20 traffic scenarios. Ten air traffic controllers working in Stockholm TMA studied the complexity of the scenarios individually and ranked the scenarios in reference to each other. Five controllers evaluated scenario A1-A10. These scenarios were used as references when creating the formulas. The other half of the scenarios, B1-B10, ranked by another five controllers, was used as validation scenarios. Factors relevant to an approach environment were identified, and the data from the scenarios were extracted according to the identified factors. Moreover, a regression analysis was made with the ambition to reveal appropriate weights for each variable. At the first regression, called formula #1, some parameter values were identical. Also, some parameter weights became negative in the regression analysis. The basic requirements were not met and consequently, additional regressions were done; eventually forming formula #2. Formula #2 showed stable values and plausible parameter weights. When compared to a workload measuring model of today, formula #2 showed better performance. Despite the small amount of data samples, we were able to prove a genuine relation between three, of each other independent, variables and the traffic complexity.
12
Silva, Diogo Manuel Azevedo dos Santos. "Contraponto em ATC II: uma abordagem diferente ao curriculum da disciplina." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/18378.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Ensino de MúsicaO presente trabalho visa a optimização do ensino do contraponto, propondo uma reestruturação curricular na disciplina de Análise e Técnicas de Composição (ATC) através da troca de conteúdos habitualmente leccionados em ATC I pelos de ATC II e vice-versa. Pretende-se aferir se esta estratégia resulta numa maior motivação e integração dos conteúdos abordados com as vivências musicais prévias dos alunos, fruto da sua aculturação intensiva à música tonal.
This document aims at optimizing the teaching of counterpoint, proposing a curricular restructuring in Analysis and Compositional Techniques (ATC) through the exchange of contents usually taught in ATC I by those of ATC II and vice versa. It is intended to assess whether this strategy results in greater motivation and integration of the contents covered with the previous musical experiences of the students, the result of their intensive acculturation to tonal music.
13
Lima, Gabriela dos Santos Pimenta. "Avaliando a implementação do Programa de Intervenção Pedagógica / Alfabetização no Tempo Certo (PIP/ATC): estudo de caso da SRE “Zona da Mata”." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2014. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1326.
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O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a implementação do Programa de Intervenção Pedagógica/Alfabetização no Tempo Certo (PIP/ATC), em uma Superintendência Regional de Ensino, aqui denominada SRE “Zona da Mata”. O PIP/ATC, política estratégica do Governo de Minas, tem a aspiração de que toda criança leia e escreva até os oito anos de idade. Suas ações se estruturam a partir dos resultados do Proalfa, avaliação sistêmica, aplicada anualmente aos alunos concluintes do Ciclo da Alfabetização. A regional analisada vem paulatinamente apresentando resultados inferiores à média estadual, a despeito de caraterísticas peculiares que lhe favorecem quanto à implementação do PIP. Nesse sentido, este trabalho se propôs a investigar possíveis relações entre o desempenho da SRE e o modo como o programa é implementado nas escolas, o que remete ao papel da Equipe Regional (ER). A pesquisa, de base qualitativa, se desenvolveu como um estudo de caso, combinando instrumentos metodológicos tais como a análise documental, a aplicação de questionário e a realização de entrevistas com atores na cadeia de implementação do PIP, na SRE e nas escolas. Ao avaliar a implementação, comparando o desenho do programa com as ações efetivamente executadas, as contingências mostraram-se especialmente ligadas a uma baixa sistematização da rotina de trabalho da ER. A análise dos dados mostra a implicância da gestão neste contexto, uma vez que o baixo controle institucional abre espaço para o exercício discricionário dos implementadores, o que, sem o devido controle, tende a afastar-se das estratégias inicialmente desenhadas. Neste sentido, o Plano de Ação Educacional (PAE) aqui proposto volta-se para a atuação da Equipe Gestora da SRE, com vistas a fortalecer a atuação da equipe de campo em atendimento às escolas. Propondo a reorganização de algumas rotinas de trabalho e a criação de novas estratégias, o PAE sistematiza ideias, sugestões e modelos, visando maior eficácia na implementação do PIP.
This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Pedagogic Intervention Programme / Literacy in Right Time (PIP / ATC) in an Education Regional Superintendent, here called SRE "Zona da Mata". The PIP / ATC, strategic policy of the State Government, has the aspiration that all children read and write until eight years old. Its activities are structured from the Proalfa results, systemic evaluation, applied annually to the graduating students of the Literacy Cycle. The analyzed regional is gradually presenting low results compared the state average, in spite of peculiar characteristics that favor him in PIP implementation. In this sense, this work proposed to investigate possible relationships between the SRE performance and how the program is implemented in schools, which report the function of Regional Team (ER). The research, qualitative basis, developed as a case study, combining methodological tools such as document analysis, the use of questionnaire and interviews with actors in the PIP implementation in the SRE and schools. In order to evaluate the implementation, comparing the program design with the actions actually executed, contingencies proved particularly related to low systematization of the ER work routine. Data analysis shows the management implication in this context, since the low institutional control makes room for the discretionary exercise of implementers, which without proper control, tends to move away from strategies originally designed. In this sense, the Education Action Plan (PAE) proposed here turns to the SRE Management Team performance, in order to strengthen the field staff operation in schools attendance. Proposing reorganizing some work routines and creating new strategies, PAE systematizes ideas, suggestions and models, seeking greater efficiency in PIP implementation.
14
Freimann, Antonín. "Trendy ve spotřebě léčiv z ATC skupiny A10AA (inhibitory HMG-CoA reduktázy) za období 2005-2015 v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264475.
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The thesis deals with trends of drug consumption for the ATC group C10A (HMG-CoA reductase) in the Czech Republic in the years 2005 - 2015. The goal of this work is to analyse the consumption of statins (cholesterol lowering drugs), as well as to analyse the consumption trends (expressed in terms of prescribed daily doses) and subsequently explain the causes of the detected trends. The main method used in this work is the analysis and interpretation of data provided by the State Institute for Drug Control (SUKL). Individual consumption data sets are compared to each other and global trends are inferred based on the obtained results. In the practical part I analyse the consumption for the individual ATC groups according to their increasing lipid-lowering efficacy, according to the pharmaceutical companies involved and according to the experts' recommendations (within the framework of cardiovascular disease treatment). The conclusion of my work shows that the overall drug consumption for the the studied ATC group (given by the DDD/package total) was steadily increasing during the studied period while the consumption expressed in financial units was decreasing (ie. the financial burden on the health system was reduced). The total number of sold packages shows a slight decrease due to the sale of bigger packages with more powerful statins during the studied period.
15
Jedlinská, Veronika. "Trendy ve spotřebě léčiv ATC skupiny R01AA (topická dekongestiva) za období 2006-2011." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-135930.
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Bonnel, Clément. "Oligopeptides construits autour du γ-aminoacide ATC : synthèses, analyses structurales et évaluation biologique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT201.
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Les travaux décrits dans ce manuscrit concernent la synthèse, l’étude structurale et l’évaluation biologique d’oligopeptides abiotiques incorporant le gamma-aminoacide hétérocyclique nommé ATC (acide-4-Aminométhyl-1,3-Thiazole-5-Carboxylique). Les ATCs sont construits autour d’un noyau thiazole et présentent deux points de diversité structurale. De précédents travaux ont déterminé que la présence du noyau thiazole entre les positions alpha et béta bloquait l'angle zéta autour de 0°, structurant les homo-oligomères de poly-(S)-ATCs en une hélice 9 droite et les faisant ainsi entrer dans le domaine des foldamères. Dans une première partie, nous avons entrepris de développer une voie de synthèse simple, flexible et énantiosélective permettant d’obtenir les ATCs stéréochimiquement purs sur une échelle de plusieurs grammes à partir d'alpha-aminoacides commerciaux. L’introduction de la diversité chimique est réalisée via deux étapes-clés que sont la condensation croisée de Claisen et la réaction de cyclisation de Hantzsch. Puis l’identification des marqueurs de structuration RMN et IR-TF des oligomères d'ATCs a été mise à profit pour caractériser le repliement d’hétéro-oligomères combinant ATCs et alpha-aminoacides. Ainsi, une étude structurale par RMN, IR-TF, cristallographie RX et dichroïsme circulaire a démontré que l’enchaînement 1:1 (L)-alpha:(S)-ATC se structurait en un ruban, stabilisé par un réseau intramoléculaire de liaisons hydrogène bifides formant des pseudocycles à 9 et 12 chaînons. La distribution des chaînes latérales le long du squelette principal présente une forte analogie avec l’hélice alpha, ce qui pourrait constituer un atout majeur pour le développement de composés à finalité thérapeutique. La dernière partie de ce travail a porté sur la conception de pseudo-peptides amphipatiques pour des applications en temps qu'antimicrobiensThis manuscript describes the synthesis, the structural study and the biological evaluation of abiotic oligopeptides incorporating the heterocyclic gamma-amino acid ATC (4-Aminomethyl-1,3-Thiazole-5 Carboxylic acid). This original block is built around a thiazole ring and displays two lateral chains. Previous work in our laboratory highlighted that the presence of the thiazole ring between the positions alpha and beta implied that zeta angle was blocked around 0°, thus structuring poly-(S)-ATCs homo-oligomers in a right-handed 9-helix foldamer. First, development of a simple, flexible and enantioselective synthesis on a few grams scale has allowed to get access of a highly diverse ATC library from commercial alpha-amino acids. Introduction of the chemical diversity occurs via two key steps implying a cross-Claisen condensation and a Hantzsch cyclization. Then identification of NMR and FT-IR structural markers of ATC-containing oligomers was used to characterize the folding propensity of hybrid α:ATC oligomers. We demonstrated that 1:1 (L)-alpha:(S)-ATC heterochiral oligomers are structured in solution in a new ribbon-like shape stabilized by a bidentate intramolecular hydrogen bond network forming 9- and 12-membered pseudorings. The distribution of lateral chains along the main skeleton shows a high analogy with alpha-helix thus constituting a major advantage for potential medicinal applications. The last part of this work has focused on the design of amphipathic ATC-containing pseudo-peptides as antimicrobial agents
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Coelho, Ana Maria de Jesus Bispo Varela. "Determinação e Análise da Estrutura da Desulfoferrodoxina Isolada de Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATC 27774." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/11016.
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"Sem resumo feito pelo autor"; - Da grande variedade de metaloproteínas que tem sido isolada de bactérias redutoras de sulfato várias têm já as suas estruturas tridimensionais conhecidas, nalguns casos tendo sido encontrados centros metálicos com novas características, noutros combinações invulgares de centros metálicos numa mesma molécula de proteína. O esclarecimento da relação estrutura-função para uma determinada proteína e, em particular, o estabelecimento do envolvimento do seu centro metálico na actividade biológica contribuem para a elucidação do metabolismo particular das bactérias redutoras de sulfato. Adicionalmente é possível prever da actividade funcional e do mecanismo de actuação de proteínas com características estruturais semellhantes.
A cristalografia de raios-X por monocristal é utilizada na determinação de estruturas moleculares, em particular de proteínas, com resolução e rigor suficientes para permitir uma análise detalhada da estrutura molecular encontrada. Por isso, é amplamente utilizada em estudos deste tipo.
Esta dissertação é iniciada com uma introdução onde se expõem os conhecimentos já adquiridos e o interesse subjacente aos estudos do metabolismo de bactérias redutoras de sulfato, nomeadamente, no que se refere ao envolvimento de certas metaloproteínas, proteínas não-hémicas com centros mononucleares de ferro, e em
particular a desulfoferrodoxina. Esta proteína, cuja actividade biológica não foi ainda determinada, foi isolada de Desulfovibrio vulgaris e de Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Estudos espectroscópicos efectuados antes desta determinação estrutural sugeriram a existência de dois centros mononucleares de ferro diferentes por monómero, sendo um deles do tipo desulforedoxina e o segundo coordenado na sua maioria por átomos de oxigénio e/ou azoto. A comparação estrutural do centro de ferro H desta proteína com outros centros do mesmo tipo motivou a apresentação de um breve resumo sobre as características estruturais de proteínas com centros mononucleares de ferro e multinucleares coordenados por átomos de azoto e enxofre.
Na Parte H (Parte experimental) são descritos os procedimentos experimentais utilizados e os resultados obtidos durante a execução deste trabalho. A descrição de cada etapa do trabalho efectuado é, sempre que se julgou necessário, antecedida pela apresentação de um breve resumo dos aspectos teóricos aí envolvidos. Numa primeira fase é descrita a determinação da estrutura da desulfoferrodoxina utilizando dados de difracção de raios-X obtidos a partir de cristais romboédricos crescidos na presença de um agente oxidante e fases determinadas a 2.8 À pelo método de dispersão anómala a múltiplos comprimentos de onda, utilizando os átomos de ferro presentes na proteína nativa como dispersores anómalos. O modelo construído a partir do mapa de densidade electrónica calculado foi refinado a 1.9 Â. As coordenadas do modelo refinado são utilizadas para a determinação da estrutura da desulfoferrodoxina em cristais monoclínicos crescidos na presença do mesmo agente oxidante, recorrendo-se ao método de substituição molecular. É ainda efectuada a comparação de mapas de densidade electrónica calculados utilizando dados de difracção recolhidos para cristais obtidos na presença de um agente oxidante e de um agente redutor, com o objectivo de
conhecer diferenças estruturais para dois estado de oxidação da desulfoferrodoxina, o oxidado e o semi-reduzido. Algumas implicações resultantes da análise da estrutura refinada da desulfoferrodoxina foram verificadas recorrendo às técnicas de espectrometria de massa e de emissão de protões induzida por raios-X.
A terceira parte do trabalho (Discussão) é iniciada com a descrição e análise da estrutura refinada para cristais romboédricos de desulfoferrodoxina. Esta pode ser descrita como um homodímero constituído por dois domínios, cada um contendo dois centros não-hémicos mononucleares de ferro equivalentes por simetria cristalográfica. O domínio I, com dois centros de ferro do tipo-rubredoxina com geometria tetraédrica distorcida, é semelhante à estrutura da desulforedoxina. Os centros de ferro do domínio II têm uma coordenação em pirâmide quandrangular por quatro átomos de azoto de resíduos histidina que ocupam as posições equatoriais e um átomo de enxofre pertencente a um resíduo cisteína na posição axial. A sexta posição de coordenação é parcialmente ocupada por um ião hexacianoferrato. A elevada semelhança estrutural entre o domínio I da desulfoferrodoxina e a molécula de desulforedoxina e a forte interacção estabelecida entre monómeros devida à presença de três folhas 0 que se extendem ao longo do dímero, duas no domínio I e uma no domínio H, sugerem que a desulfoferrodoxina tem actividade funcional como dímero. A interpretação dos mapas de densidade electrónica e a natureza da vizinhança atómica são consistentes com a atribuição de um ião cálcio a um máximo de densidade electrónica existente na zona de interacção entre monómeros. O subsequente refinamento confirma esta interpretação.
Abstract
Several metalloproteins have been isolated from the sulphate-reducing bacteria. Among those of known tridimensional structure, some revealed new types of metal centres while others unusual combinations of centres. The understanding of the structure-function relationship of a protein, and in particular, the knowledge of the role of its metal centres in its biological activity allows the clarification of the unusual metabolism of the sulphate reducing-bacteria and the prediction of the functional activity and the reactional mechanism of proteins with structural similarities. To do this type of analysis molecular structures must be known with sufficient precision and detail. X-ray crystallography is still the most powerful technique used to solve tridimensional structures. If the crystals diffract to high resolution, than atomic detail can even be achieved.
In the introduction, a brief review of studies on the sulphate-reducing bacteria metabolism is presented, in regard to some metalloproteins, in this case on non-heme proteins with mononuclear iron centres and, in particular, on desulfoferrodoxin. This protein, with unknown biological activity, was isolated from Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Spectroscopic studies suggested that each monomer contains two different mononuclear iron centres, a desulforedoxin-type centre and an
iron centre coordinated mainly by oxygen and/or nitrogen atoms. In this chapter a summary it is also presented of the structural characteristics of mononuclear non-herne iron centre proteins and of some proteins containing iron clusters coordinated by nitrogen and sulphur used for structural comparison with the desulfoferrodoxin iron centre II.
In part H (Experimental) the experimental procedures used and the results obtained during this work are described. Before the description of each part of the work performed some theoretical aspects directly related with it are presented. The structure determination of desulfoferrodoxin by MAD phasing to 2.8 À resolution using diffraction data collected from rhombohedral crystals grown in the presence of an oxidizing agent is described. The iron atoms in the native protein were used as the anomalous scatterers. The model was built from an electron density map obtained after density modification and refined against data collected to 1.9 Â. The refined structure was used as a model in the determination of the monoclinic structure of desulfoferrodoxin by the molecular replacement method, using diffraction data collected for crystals grown in the presence of the same oxidizing agent. In order to determine structural differences between the oxidized and half-reduced states of desulfoferrodoxin, diffraction data was also collected from crystals grown in the presence of a reducing agent. Difference Fourier maps were calculated using these and the initial data measured from crystals grown in the presence of an oxidizing agent, and with phases obtained both by the MAD method and from the refined desulfoferrodoxin model. Some implications arisen from the structural analysis of the desulfoferrodoxin molecular model were confirmed using mass spectroscopy and proton induced X ray emission techniques.
The third part of this work (Discussion) begins with the description and analysis of the refined rhombohedral desulfoferrodoxin structure, which can be described in terms of two domains, each with two crystallographically equivalent non-heme mononuclear iron centres. Domain I is similar to desulforedoxin, with distorted rubredoxin-type centres, and domain H has iron centres with square pyramidal coordination to four nitrogens from histidines as the equatorial ligands and one sulphur from a cysteine as the axial ligand. Domain I in desulfoferrodoxin shows a remarkable structural fit with the desulforedoxin homodimer. Furthermore, three, -sheets extending from one monomer to another in desulfoferrodoxin, two in domain I and one in domain H, strongly support the assumption of desulfoferrodoxin as a functional dimer. A calcium ion, shown to be indispensable in the crystallisation process, was assumed at the dimer interface and appears to contributo to dimer stabilisation. A 30% occupancy by a ferricyanide ion in the sixth coordination position of centre H is suggested.
Desulfoferrodoxin coordinates were deposited on the PDB Data Bank with the accession code 1DFX.
The refined models for desulfoferrodoxin in both crystalline forros, monoclinic and rhombohedral, are very similar. For the monoclinic structure the presence of a calcium ion in the dimer interface and the partial occupancy of the sixth coordination position of centre H in monomer B by a ferricyanide ion is also observed. Both the comparison between the diffraction data collected for crystals with the centre H in the two oxidation states and the amount of iron present in desulfoferrodoxin crystals, as determined by the proton induced X ray emission technique, support the previous proposal.
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Isendahl, Jonna. "Hur ofta skrivs anvädningsområde t på läkemedel inom ATC-rupp N04 (medel vid parkinsonism)?" Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-375.
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Adherence to medical ordination is low and for long-time medication it is estimated to be as low as 50 percent. Depending on the prescribed drug this could lead to adverse effects and/or loss of effect of the drug. Information about why a drug is prescribed is important patient information and is thought to help increase compliance with the physician’s prescription. According to results from a recent study of visits to the emergency room at Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset in Solna, Stockholm, medically related problems were the cause in about 30 percent of the cases. According to the same study 11 percent of these visits were due to problems with patient adherence. Specifying indications on prescriptions could be a way to enhance drug compliance. Furthermore clinical indications on prescriptions ensure that the correct drug is administered for the correct condition. The purpose of this study was to examine how often indications were found on prescription labels on anti-parkinson drugs, ATC-code N04.
Prescription data were collected from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. A total of 22 994 prescriptions of anti-parkinson drugs dispensed in October 2007 were transferred from the register in Excel-files. Information about the patient’s year of birth and gender was included as well as the name of the drug, ATC-code, amount of drug dispensed, strength and information about the prescribed drug. Prescriptions lacking information about the patient’s year of birth or gender was excluded as well as prescriptions for animals.
On prescriptions for anti-parkinson drugs, with a total of 22 939 prescriptions after exclusion, half of them were provided with indication labelling. Indication labelling was more common on prescriptions for women. As regards patients older than 85 years, 63 % of the prescriptions were labelled with indication.
Abstract
Patienters bristande följsamhet till förskriven ordination är ett av de stora läkemedelsproblemen av idag. Att förse varje recept med användningsområde i doseringstexten är ett sätt att försöka förbättra patientföljsamheten. Sådan information är även av vikt för expedierande farmaceut för att kunna göra en professionell bedömning om huruvida valt läkemedel, dos och styrka passar ihop med sjukdomsbilden. Tidigare studier har visat att det är långt ifrån på alla recept som användningsområde finns angivet. Syftet med arbetet har varit att undersöka på hur stor andel av recept inom ATC-grupp N04 (medel mot parkinsonism), det finns angivet användningsområde i doseringstexten. En jämförelse mellan dopaminerga och antikolinerga medel inom gruppen gjordes även. Data från Apotekets transaktionsdatabas tillhandahölls i form av excel-filer. Dessa innehöll information från recept utskrivna på ATC-grupp N04, som expedierats på apotek i Sverige oktober 2007. Information om patientens födelseår, kön, läkemedlets ATC-kod, benämning, förpackningsstorlek, styrka och doseringstext erhölls. De recept som saknade uppgift om kön eller födelseår exkluderades, likaså recept till djur. Exkluderade från undersökningen var även dosdispenserade läkemedel. Av de 22 939 expedierade recepten inom ATC-grupp N04 som uppfyllde inklusionskriterierna innehöll hälften av dessa användningsområde i doseringstexten. Användningsområde på recept var något vanligare hos kvinnor än hos män. Högst frekvens av informationen sågs på recept till personer 85 år och äldre. Resultatet för recept på dopaminerga medel var i stort jämförbart med huvudgruppens resultat, dvs. hälften av recepten innehöll användningsområde, det var vanligast på recept till personer över 85 år och informationen var mer frekvent förekommande på recept till kvinnor. De antikolinerga medlen hade användningsområde angivet på 38 % av recepten, det var ungefär lika vanligt förekommande på recept till kvinnor som män, och en minskning av förekomsten av användningsområde sågs på recept till personer över 74 år. Sammanfattningsvis kan konstateras att förskrivare alltför ofta underlåter att skriva ut användningsområde i doseringstexten trots nyttan det skulle innebära för både patient och farmaceut.
2008:F16
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Lagarrigue, Ingrid. ""ATC liability and the perspectives of the global GNSS" : (is an International Convention viable?)." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22695.
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Since the 1930's several International Organizations and the State of Argentina have attempted to draft an International Convention on Air Traffic Control Liability. All such attempts, however, failed.Although justified reasons favoured an International Agreement on the subject-matter, it seems that the reasons for the failures of these different Drafts are very understandable. Among them is that if States do ratify an Air Traffic Control Liability Convention, it will automatically infringe a part of their sovereignty.
Despite the fact that a subject as important as this one requires careful study, it cannot be said that it has not been properly addressed, and it is evident that final conclusions can now be reached. An international solution should be abandoned. Two possibilities remain, as a compromise for the unification of laws in that matter, that is either a regional agreement among the different regions of the World or a Model Agreement which States would implement in their national laws. Conflict of laws and reliance upon a specified regulation of the subject-matter may be an even better solution.
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Sgarbi, Mattia. "Analisi dei trasbordi mediante interviste presso le fermate di ATC localizzate nel "nodo Rizzoli"." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/1338/.
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Velecká, Aneta. "Analýza produktového portfolia farmaceutické firmy MEDA Pharma, s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264258.
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The aim of this study is to analyse the portfolio of the pharmaceutical company Meda Pharma s.r.o. and then, according to the results, suggest a marketing stratégy to be effective up to 2020. The work has two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part explains the basic concepts related to the market, marketing, marketing mix, marketing strategy and its instruments. This part is also dedicated to concepts relating to the pharmaceutical industry. The practical part is focused on analysis of portfolio of the company. I will use the marketing mix, the Boston matrix, evaluate the largest competitors in each product and focus also on the profitability of products of the company. In conclusion, I will propose a marketing strategy to be put in place by 2020.
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Buttmann, Mathias. "Molekularbiologische Untersuchung intrazellulärer Signalwege, die in T-Lymphozyten zur Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-ATc führen." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96425171X.
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Morin, Thomas. "Statistical Study and Clustering of the Critical Branches Defining the Market Coupling in the Central West Europe Zone." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187647.
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Integration of European electricity market is one of the major challenges since the begin-ning of the 2000s. In 2010, market coupling, which optimizes power trading by allocating cross-border transmission capacity, was launched in Central West Europe (CWE). It was first implemented by using the Available Transmission Capacity (ATC) based capacity transmission. The ATC method was based on computation of Net Transfer Capacity on each border of the CWE zone by Transmission System Operators. On May 21st 2015, ATC method was replaced by the flow-based method. The flow-based method better takes into account the network specificities. It allocates transmission capacity based on branches rather than borders, as it was the case with ATC method. Traders need to forecast the spot price in order to best choose their trading strategy. They have to forecast weather conditions, consumption, production and network main-tenance. With the implementation of the flow-based method, now they also need to forecast the flow-based domain. Then, clustering on past data will help to fulfill this goal. This thesis has been carried out in three main steps. First, ATC and flow-based methods have been compared each other in order to better understand what are the advantages with the flow-based method. Then, main achievements and features of the flow-based method have been highlighted based on data collected during the phase test. Finally, a procedure has been developed in order to cluster data which define the flow-based domain. The clustering procedure has been tested on data collected of January 2015. Different clustering methods and observation pre-processing have been compared and recommendations on the best choice have been made.
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Figueiredo, Inês Filipa Terraço de. "Identificação de alterações moleculares envolvidas na progressão e desdiferenciação dos carcinomas da tiróide." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8519.
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Genética Molecular e BiomedicinaOs carcinomas pouco diferenciados (PDTC) e anaplásicos (ATC) da tiróide são tumores muito agressivos, para os quais não existe actualmente uma forma de tratamento eficaz. Neste sentido, é importante identificar os mecanismos moleculares responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento destes tumores. Em estudos dos perfis de expressão génica globais, realizados pelo nosso grupo, foram identificadas assinaturas moleculares comuns em PDTC e ATC, relacionadas com a proliferação celular, ciclo celular, adesão celular e metastização. Com o objectivo de identificar alvos terapêuticos para PDTC e ATC, pesquisaram-se mutações em genes relacionados com as assinaturas moleculares identificadas (TP53, CTNNB1, AXIN1, PIK3CA, N- H- e K-RAS, BRAF, CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CDKN1A, CDKN1B) numa série de 49 tumores primários da tiróide (26 ATC e 23 PDTC) e em 6 linhas celulares (2 PDTC e 4 ATC). Analisaram-se também os níveis de expressão de um gene envolvido na invasão/metastização (SNAI2). Nos tumores primários, identificaram-se mutações nos genes BRAF (PDTC=4%; ATC=4%), RAS (PDTC=14%; ATC=31%),TP53 (PDTC=22%; ATC=42%), PIK3CA (PDTC=13%; ATC=4%), CTNNB1 (PDTC=5%; ATC=0%), CDKN2A (PDTC=15%; ATC=5%), CDKN2B (PDTC=10%; ATC=0%) e CDKN2C (PDTC=0%; ATC=6%). Este estudo mostrou que os genes TP53 e RAS apresentavam as mutações mais frequentes em PDTC e ATC. As mutações no gene TP53 e as mutações nos genes RAS ou BRAF, apresentaram evidências de mútua exclusividade (P=0,0193). A presença de mutações nestes genes estava associada a um menor tempo de sobrevivência global dos doentes com PDTC e ATC (P=0,0222). Observou-se ainda que a sobre-expressão do gene SNAI2 estava associada ao desenvolvimento de um subgrupo de ATC. Os resultados do estudo das alterações moleculares na série de PDTC e ATC, confirmaram o envolvimento dos genes BRAF, RAS, TP53 e PIK3CA e revelaram a contribuição de genes envolvidos na regulação do ciclo celular (CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDKN2C) e invasão/metastização (SNAI2). Estes genes poderão representar alvos para intervenção terapêutica com impacto no seguimento clínico e sobrevivência destes doentes.
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Baum, John Victor. "Transglycosylation catalysed by the #beta#-glucosidase activity present in cellulase derived from Trichoderma reesei ATC 26921." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323807.
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Sofroniou, Chrysostomos. "Roslagsbanan: A capacity comparison between the current ATC system and the implementation of a CBTC system." Thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302518.
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Communications-based train control (CBTC) aims to improve headways in the railway systems while maintaining or even improving safety. By means of the CBTC systems, the exact position of a train is known more accurately than the traditional signalling systems. It is a continuous, automatic train control system utilizing high-resolution train location determination, independent from track circuits. The system makes use of the telecommunications between the train and track equipment for the traffic management and infrastructure control. Roslagsbanan is a narrow gauge urban railway system that connects Stockholm with the northern suburbs of the city and despite its age and limited capacity, it is one of the most used railways in Sweden. From the beginning, the entire track consisted of single-tracks where the trains had to wait for each other on special meeting tracks. Αn expansion plan is now underway and the authorities are building approximately 22 km of double-track where the trains will be able to meet. All work along the Roslagsbanan aims to increase capacity, safety and accessibility. With more double-tracks and an updated signal system, the risk of traffic disruptions will be reduced and it is possible to have more frequent traffic in the future. This master’s thesis investigates a CBTC implementation in Roslagsbanan according to the current expansion plan and comparisons are conducted between the current capacity of the ATC system. A simulation model is developed that calculates the train’s safe braking curve and safe braking distance and two case studies are examined. The first one: Calculation of the capacity of the train routes and examination a capacity increase by a minimum 20% during rush hour, taking into consideration the current expansion plan in double-tracks. The second one: Calculation of the capacity of the train routes considering double-tracks the entire route. In this way, differences could be seen between the traffic density with single and double-tracks. Several insights were gained during the realization of this project and as well as timetables have been created to visualize the findings of this thesis. The timetable’s regularity time is decreased to a significant degree and more frequent traffic can be accommodated. Furthermore, the capacity is definitely affected by the track/infrastructure design however, it is questionable whether this increase in capacity outweighs the economic factor of expanding the entire route to double-tracks.Kommunikationsbaserad tågkontroll (CBTC) syftar till att förbättra framsteg i järnvägssystemen samtidigt som säkerheten bibehålls eller till och med förbättras. Med hjälp av CBTC-systemen är ett tågs exakta position känd mer exakt än de traditionella signalsystemen. Det är ett kontinuerligt, automatiskt tågkontrollsystem som använder högupplöst tåglägesbestämning, oberoende av spårledning. Systemet använder telekommunikation mellan tåg och spårutrustning för trafikledning och infrastrukturkontroll. Roslagsbanan är ett smalspårigt stadsjärnvägssystem som förbinder Stockholm med stadens norra förorter och trots sin ålder och begränsade kapacitet är det en av de mest använda järnvägarna i Sverige. Från början bestod hela spåret av enkelspår där tågen fick vänta på varandra på speciella mötesstationer. Ett utvecklingsprogram pågår nu och myndigheterna bygger cirka 22 km dubbelspår där tågen kommer att kunna mötas. Allt arbete längs Roslagsbanan syftar till att öka kapacitet, säkerhet och tillgänglighet. Med fler dubbelspår och ett uppdaterat signalsystem minskar risken för trafikstörningar och det är möjligt att ha mer frekvent trafik i framtiden. Detta examensarbete undersöker ett CBTC-genomförande i Roslagsbanan enligt den nuvarande expansionsplanen och jämförelser görs med ATC-systemets nuvarande kapacitet. En simuleringsmodell har utvecklats som beräknar tågets säkra bromskurva och säkra bromssträcka och två fallstudier undersöks. Den första: Beräkning av tåglinjernas kapacitet och undersökning av en kapacitetsökning med minst 20% under rusningstid med hänsyn till den nuvarande expansionsplanen i dubbelspår. Den andra: Beräkning av tåglinjernas kapacitet med tanke på dubbelspår hela rutten. På detta sätt kunde skillnader ses mellan trafiktätheten med enkel- och dubbelspår. Flera insikter gjordes under genomförandet av detta projekt och tidtabeller har skapats för att visualisera resultaten av denna avhandling. Tiden mellan tågen minskas i betydande grad och mer frekvent trafik kan tillgodoses. Dessutom påverkas kapaciteten definitivt av ban-/infrastrukturutformningen, men det är tveksamt om denna kapacitetsökning uppväger den ekonomiska faktorn att utöka hela rutten till dubbelspår.
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Noal, Lúcio Cantarelli. "Sequenciamento de tarefas em sistemas de pintura balizado por heurísticas do tipo ATC (Apparent Tardiness Cost)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/116650.
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A sobrevivência das organizações em cenários altamente competitivos tem exigido a melhoria da eficiência, flexibilidade e qualidade dos sistemas de produção (DE RON, 1998). Neste âmbito, a programação de tarefas assume grande responsabilidade ao suportar o planejamento e controle da manufatura, garantindo que estes processos estejam alinhados com os objetivos estratégicos das organizações. Esta dissertação aborda a programação de tarefas em sistemas de pintura com tempos de setup dependentes da sequência do processamento. No primeiro artigo é proposta uma sistemática para liberação do tamanho de lote que minimiza a soma dos custos de setup e pintura. Na sequência, os lotes liberados são sequenciados utilizando as regras Apparent Tardiness Cost (ATC) e Apparent Tardiness Cost with Setups (ATCS). Quando aplicado em processo de pintura, o ganho de eficiência da instalação medido através do Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) foi de 32,84%. O segundo artigo propõe uma modificação na regra ATCS através da inclusão de um parâmetro relativo à qualidade de execução do procedimento de pintura. Tal parâmetro é justificado pelo impacto decorrente de falhas no processo de pintura, gerando atrasos de entrega. Esta nova heurística, quando aplicada no mesmo processo de pintura, elevou o OEE em 2,74%, a precisão de entrega em 2,11% e o percentual de embalagens completas ao final do processo de pintura em 8%.The competitive industrial scenarios required companies to improve efficiency, flexibility and quality of production systems (RON, 1998). In this context, job scheduling is deemed important to support planning and control of manufacturing systems. This dissertation addresses the scheduling problem in painting systems where setups depend on the job sequence. The first paper proposes an approach to release batches aimed at minimizing the sum of setup and painting costs. The released lots are scheduled using the Apparent Tardiness Cost (ATC) and Apparent Tardiness Cost with Setups (ATCS) rules. When applied to a painting process, the proposed approach increased efficiency measured by the Overall Equipment Effectiveness 32.84%. The second article proposes a modification to the ATCS rule by including a quality related parameter. This parameter is tailored to reduce delivery delays due to quality problems. This new heuristic, when applied to the same painting process, increased the OEE 2.74%, the delivery accuracy 2.11% and the percentage of completed packages at the end of the painting process 8%.
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Hanna, Rita. "Granskning av läkemedel inom ATC gruppen C10AA(HMG-CoA-reduktashämmare) med avseende på risk under graviditet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaceutisk biovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325052.
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Introduktion: Klassifikationssystemet i FASS har sedan 1970-talet genomförts för att klassificera läkemedel vad gäller risk under graviditet och amning. Efter talidomidkatastrofen på 1960-talet, började många företag varna för sina läkemedelsprodukter. Framförallt varnade man för de produkter som saknade utförda kliniska studier eller studier på djur som visade sig vara riskfria att användas under graviditet. Sedan klassifikationssystemet inträdde har man varit kritisk mot det. Kritiken har varit emot de förklaringar som finns till de olika kategorierna eftersom man ansett att de är svårförståeliga för både förskrivare, exempelvis läkare, och patienter. Syfte: Granska ATC-gruppen C10AA(HMG-CoA-reduktashämmare) gällande risk under graviditet för att undersöka hur trovärdig och professionell FASS-texten är. Material och Metod: En granskning av graviditetsavsnittet i FASS.se för 81 produkter. Resultat: 28 produkter behövde en omjustering, 32 produkter både en omjustering och omklassificering av graviditets-kategorin och 11 produkter utan anmärkning. Slutsats: av detta arbete kan man säga att klassifikationssystemet som finns idag i FASS är viktigt och bra att det finns som hjälp för alla förskrivare och andra sjukvårdspersonal för att kunna välja rätt och säker behandling. Texterna som läggs upp i FASS behöver kontrolleras mer. Därmed behöver man en grupp som kontrollerar alla texter innan dessa finns tillgängliga i FASS. Gruppen ska exempelvis lägga till information som är aktuell och ta bort sådan information som vid det tillfället är inaktuell.
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Branco, Márcia Brilhante. "O programa de intervenção pedagógica e a formação continuada dos docentes dos anos iniciais em uma escola da superintendência regional de ensino de Juiz de Fora." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2014. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/440.
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A presente dissertação investigou a formação continuada dos professores através do Programa de Intervenção Pedagógica/Alfabetização no Tempo Certo (PIP/ATC), tendo recorte os docentes do 3º e 5º anos do ensino fundamental, entre os anos de 2008 a 2013, de uma escola estadual da Superintendência Regional de Ensino de Juiz de Fora/MG (SRE/JF). A escolha da unidade escolar dentre as demais da Superintendência se deu com base em seus resultados significativos nas avaliações externas e internas, bem como de sua premiação como Destaque Regional em 2011 e 2012 no Prêmio Gestão Escolar, promovido pelo Conselho Nacional de Secretários da Educação (Consed), como um reconhecimento de projetos e de gestões bem sucedidas na educação básica da rede pública de ensino brasileira. A análise buscou compreender quais foram as ações dessa escola na implementação e desenvolvimento de seu Plano de Intervenção Pedagógica, aqui denominado PIP/Escola, que contribuíram para os significativos resultados alcançados. A importância da formação continuada é apontada na legislação educacional, através da Lei n.º 9394/96. Além disso, também está presente nas reflexões de estudiosos do tema e de educadores de renome, os quais apontam para a necessidade de reflexão crítica sobre a prática cotidiana, propiciada pelos momentos de formação que favorecem o aprimoramento profissional continuado, visando à melhoria da qualidade da educação. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa de campo foi a análise documental a respeito do programa PIP/ATC, questionários e entrevistas aplicados aos profissionais da escola. A pesquisa evidenciou que as formações oferecidas aos professores a partir do PIP/ATC não foram consideradas significativas pelos mesmos, principalmente por seu caráter de repasse, enfatizando a necessidade de esse modelo ser repensado. A partir deste estudo, foi proposto um Plano de Ação Educacional (PAE), com base na sistematização das capacitações baseada da demanda dos docentes, a serem realizadas na própria escola, tendo a parceria da SRE/JF através das analistas educacionais da equipe pedagógica. Acreditamos que a formação continuada do docente é essencial para promover a associação entre teoria e prática, a troca de experiências entre os pares, bem como a ampliação dos saberes coletivos.
This thesis aims to analyze the continuing education of teachers through the Educational Intervention Program / Literacy at the Right Time (PIP / ATC - acronyms in portuguese) directed mainly for teachers of 3º and 5º grades of elementary school, between the years 2008 to 2013, from the perspective of a school of the Regional Superintendent of Education based on Juiz de Fora - State of Minas Gerais (SRE / JF - acronyms in portuguese). The choice of this school unit was due to its excellent results in external and internal evaluations and his award as Outstanding Regional in 2011 and 2012, in the School Management Award sponsored by the National Council of Education Secretaries (CONSED - acronyms in portuguese) as a recognition of projects and successful efforts in basic education schools in the public system in our country. We also describe and analyse the actions of the school in the development and implementation of its Educational Intervention Plan - PIP / School who contributed to the achievement of significant results acquired. The importance of continuing education is aimed at educational legislation as in Law number. 9394/96 and also by theme researchers’ analysis of the continuing education of teachers and renowned educators who point to the need for critical reflection on the daily practice afforded by moments of formation that favors the continued professional development aimed at improving the quality of education. The methodology used in this study was the analysis of documents about the PIP / ATC program, questionnaires and interviews applied in the school chosen as research place on the institution professionals. From the study outlined above, we will propose an Educational Action Plan – PAE (acronyms in Portuguese), based on the systematization of training from the demand of teachers and performed at its school with the partnership of SRE / JF, by educational analysts of teaching staff. We believe that the continuing education of teachers is essential to promote the association between theory and practice; the exchange of experiences among related professionals and the expansion of collective knowledge with the intention to ensure the student his greatest right, the right to learn.
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Dirickson, Yuri Maximilian Rottner. "Metodologia de análise de impacto em segurança crítica da automação das tarefas do controlador de tráfego aéreo da torre de controle de aeródromo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-29082016-135810/.
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Com o crescimento contínuo na utilização da aviação como meio de transporte de pessoas e carga, o sistema de gerenciamento de tráfego aéreo (ATM) está no limite de sua capacidade. Para lidar com esse problema, a Organização de Aviação Civil Internacional (OACI), junto com diversos países membros, desenvolveu um novo conceito de ATM chamado CNS/ATM, composto de uma série de melhorias tecnológicas para melhorar a capacidade e desempenho do sistema, onde muitas dessas melhorias são automatizações de tarefas de operadores humanos, pilotos e controladores de tráfego aéreo (ATCo). Com o tempo percebeu-se que apenas avanços tecnológicos não seriam o suficiente, que era necessário uma integração maior entre todos os sistemas ATM, que garantisse uma interoperabilidade entre os sistemas. Portanto, o conceito CNS/ATM evoluiu para o conceito ATM Global, onde o planejamento de modernização se dará de forma integrada e global, incluindo muitas das melhorias previstas no conceito CNS/ATM. Essa mudança de paradigma faz surgir diversas questões de como essas mudanças impactarão no atual sistema, do ponto de vista econômico, ambiental, desempenho e segurança. Para entender os perigos envolvidos na execução dessas novas tarefas, utilizam-se diversas técnicas e modelos clássicas como a Análise de Árvores de Falhas (FTA) ou a Análise de Árvore de Erros (ETA). Essas técnicas tradicionais consideram que acidentes são causados por uma sequência de eventos de falha, todos com uma relação de causa e efeito. Essa suposição não é considerada mais suficiente para entender como acidentes acontecem nos sistemas mais atuais, onde cada vez mais eles se tornam mais complexos e mais dependentes da interação com softwares. Para lidar com essa dificuldade foram criados alguns modelos para entender acidentes utilizando a teoria de sistemas, como exemplo o Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Proccesses (STAMP). Diversos estudo mostram que esses modelos ou métodos são capazes de representar problemas na estrutura de controle que as técnicas mais tradicionais não conseguem, inclusive incluindo fatores organizacionais na sua representação. Considerando todos esses fatos, este trabalho de investigação científica propõe uma metodologia de análise de impacto em segurança crítica da automação das tarefas dos ATCo de uma torre de comando de aeródromo (TWR). A metodologia consiste na modelagem dos perigos e acidentes envolvidas nas tarefas do ATCo da TWR utilizando o modelo sistêmico STAMP) depois na análise subsequente dos cenários antes da automação e depois da automação utilizando a técnica Systems-Theoretic Proccess Analysis (STPA), criada a partir do STAMP, para levantar os fatores causais de perigos e seus requisitos de segurança em cada cenário, de forma a ser possível obter uma comparação do que foi modificado com a automação proposta das tarefas. Para validar a metodologia, foi analisada uma tarefa do ATCo da TWR como exemplo. Espera-se obter com a metodologia proposta uma forma mais objetiva e sistêmica de obter o possível impacto em termos de segurança crítica da automação de uma tarefa específica, sendo possível então determinar qual a melhor forma de se pensar essa automação no contexto do ATCo, podendo assim contribuir para a modernização segura do sistema ATM.With the increasing growth of aviation as mode of transportation for people and cargo, the Air Traffic Management (ATM) system is on its limits. In order to cope with that, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), together with country members, developed a new ATM concept called CNS/ATM, bearing several technological improvements with the objective of enhancing capacity and performance of the system, where many of these improvements are automated tasks of human operators, pilots and air traffic controllers (ATCo). In time, it was seen that technological improvements were not enough it was necessary a greater integration between all ATM systems, which would guarantee an interoperability between them. Therefore, the CNS/ATM concept evolved to a Global ATM concept, in which the modernization plan would occur globally and integrated, including many of the improvements of the CNS/ATM concept. This paradigm shift raised several questions on how these changes would affect in the actual system from an economic, environmental, performance and safety points of view. To understand the hazards of the new tasks, several traditional techniques and models are used, like Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Error Tree Analysis (ETA). These traditional techniques see accidents because of a chain of failure events, all with an effect-cause relation. This assumption is no longer considered enough in order to understand how accidents occur in actual systems, which became more complexes and more software dependents. To cope with this difficulty, other models were created to understand accidents using systems theory, for example the Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP). Several studies show that these models or methods are capable of finding more problems in control structure that the traditional techniques, including organizational factors. Considering all the facts, this scientific investigation propose a methodology for analysis of the impact on safety for the automation of ATCo from Control Tower (TWR) tasks. This methodology consists in modeling the accidents and hazards of the TWR ATCo tasks using STAMP. Then the Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) technique, created for STAMP, is used to gather all causal factors for hazards and its safety requirements in each scenario, in order to compare what changed with the automation of tasks. The objective of proposed methodology is to obtain a systemic and objective way of finding the possible impact on safety from the automation of a specific task, enabling the possibility of determining the best way of designing the automation in the context of ATCo, contributing to the safe modernization of ATM system.
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Sonnerfjord, Daniel. "En systemanalys av flygtrafikledningstjänst med hjälp av FRAM." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70827.
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Metoder och modeller är viktiga redskap för att utreda såväl potentiella risker som uppkomna olyckor i sociotekniska system. Vilken modell som används avgör vad en analys tittar på och också vilka åtgärder som vidtas. Därför är arbetet med att utveckla både användbara och riktiga modeller viktigt. Denna uppsats har med ett systemperspektiv tillämpat FRAM på en avgränsad del av ett flygtrafikledningssystem med avsikten att skapa förståelse för ett systems funktionalitet och kontextberoende variabilitet. För att illustrera variabiliteten beskrivs ett par scenarion med koppling till insamlad data. Modelleringen har skapats utifrån en triangulering av insamlad data och i resultat och diskussion lyfts framförallt tillämpningen av själva modellen upp för diskussion. Slutsatsen av studien är att modellen kan adressera risker genom att illustrera den dynamiska interaktionen i ett sociotekniskt system samt att modellen utgör ett stöd för att identifiera åtgärder i flygledningssystemet. Slutsatsen är också att modellen som är relativt ung behöver utvecklas på vissa områden för att tydliggöra hur funktioner för dynamiska och informationsbearbetande system generellt kan konstrueras på bästa sätt för att återge tillstånd och processer. Kritik riktas mot att modellen i nuläget är svåranvänd och kräver stor förkunskap vilket kan verka negativt på modellens användning. Slutligen har studien bidragit med förslag på åtgärder för att stödja FRAM som metod.
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Tomialoic, Ryšard. "Antibiotikų suvartojimas Lietuvoje 2005 – 2007 metais." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20101125_185302-55410.
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Tai pirmas bendro antibiotikų suvartojimo tyrimas Lietuvoje. Tyrimui panaudoti Valstybinės vaistų kontrolės tarnybos registro duomenys, kurie apima sisteminio poveikio antibiotikų pakuočių bendrus (hospitalinis ir ambulatorinis sektoriai) pardavimus 2005 – 2007 m. Panaudojant PSO 2007 m. ATC klasifikaciją, suskaičiuoti antibiotikų suvartojimo rodikliai VPD 1000-čiui gyventojų per dieną. Didžiausias antibiotikų suvartojimas nustatytas 2005 m., kai jis siekia 65,2 VPD 1000-čiui gyventojų per dieną. Mažiausias suvartojimas nustatytas 2006 m., siekia 22,3 VPD 1000-čiui gyventojų per dieną, kuris yra panašus į daugelio Europos valstybių suvartojimo rodiklį. Penicilinų grupės vaistai bendroje suvartojimo struktūroje užimdavo didžiausią dalį, nuo 81% iki 68%, 2005 2007 m. Po penicilinų nemažas bendro suvartojimo dalis užima tetraciklinai, JOX klasės preparatai (kiti antibakteriniai vaistai) ir cefalosporinai. Nustatytas nemažas bendro antibiotikų suvartojimo svyravimas. Suvartojimo padidėjimas rudens – žiemos mėnesiais nežymus. Daugumos grupių antibiotikų suvartojimas turėjo mažėjimo tendenciją, bet tik amfenikolių suvartojimas mažėjo statistiškai reikšmingai. Šie duomenys gali padėti įgyvendinti visuomenės sveikatos intervencijas, siekiant pagerinti antibiotikų skyrimo Lietuvoje dėsningumus.This is the first research of total antibiotic consumption in Lithuania. Using the National Medical Control Committee records, the data was obtained on total (ambulatory and hospital use) sales of systemic antibiotics in packages for the period 2005-2007, and equivalents was calculated in defined daily doses (WHO, version 2007) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). The highest antibiotic use was determined in 2005, when reached 65,2 DID, ant the lowest in 2006, when decreased to 22,3 DID and reached the index, which was comparable in most of the Europian countries. The penicillins was the group which has been registered as the highest consumption (81 – 68% of total systemic antibiotic use) in Lithuania in the period 2005 – 2007. After the penicillins followed tetracyclins, J01X (Other antibacterials) and cefalosporins. Combinations of antibacterials (J01R) were not in use at all. Generally the antibiotic consumption fluctuates, slightly increases in winter seasons ( first ant fourth quarters).The consumption of most antibiotic groups has a tendency to decrease, but only the usage of amfenicols decrease regularly in 2005-2007 and has statistical meaning. These data provide a tool for assessing public health strategies aiming to optimize antibiotic prescribing.
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Hahn, Edward C. (Edward Chun). "An experimental study of the effects of automation on pilot situational awareness in the datalink ATC environment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43259.
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Linder, Martin, and Tobias Nylin. "Pricing of radar data." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104020.
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In this thesis we examine the issue regarding pricing of radar data and surveillance to the operators of air navigation service (ANS) at the aerodromes in Sweden. The question of who should be responsible for providing radar data to the operators is being managed that results in if it should be LFV, as it is today, the government or another authority. This is being examined since LFV in 2010 lost its monopoly position in the terminal area in Sweden. LFV still has monopoly on the en route part, and thru the en route income finances the radar data to all operators in Sweden. Air traffic service units (ATS) receive the radar data without any compensation to LFV, this needs to be regulated and conditions and prerequisites are necessary to be implemented. Our supervisor at LFV, Anders Andersson, has been the primary source of information regarding the current situation, background for the problem and also provided relevant documents with proper information. Laws and regulations have been accessed via the Swedish Transport Agency’s website and scientific articles on monopolies and pricing in aviation and other markets have been used in order to compare earlier issues similar to ours. The literature studies combined with interviews with Anders Andersson are the foundations of the development of the pricing schemes. The result of the thesis is presented as three different pricing schemes where each one of them are presented in tables and analysed how it will affect the ATS. In the first pricing scheme the cost for maintenance is equally divided between all ATS, this means every ATS has to pay the same cost regardless size of the airport, number of movement and net sales. The second pricing scheme is based on number of landings per year and divides the ATS in three categories. This scheme increases the cost with concern to the number of landings, which results in the larger ATS are charged more than the smaller ATS. The final pricing scheme is divided in four categories and based on terminal control area (TMA) and requirements on surveillance service. This means the different categories are based on a combination of the median distance flown in TMA and the different requirements the ATS must provide surveillance service. This pricing scheme is a disadvantage for the military airports and the ATS with associated TMA. The conclusions that can be made are the Swedish Transport Agency needs to implement some distinct guidelines and regulations regarding how the pricing should be made, where the pricing schemes and analysis in this thesis could form the basis for future investigations.
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Guevara, Alarcón Aldo Fernando. "Evaluación del Desempeño Sísmico de una Nave Industrial de Acero para el sector minero utilizando el ATC-40." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653612.
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El trabajo de investigación se ha denominado “Evaluación del desempeño sísmico de una nave industrial de acero para el sector minero utilizando el ATC-40”, tiene como propósito determinar el comportamiento sísmico de la nave industrial de acero para el sector minero mediante el código ATC-40. La aplicación de análisis estático no lineal como Pushover y Pushover Modal al modelo de cálculo de estructuras existentes ayuda a determinar el grado de daño y el desempeño sísmico. De esta manera, se aplicó satisfactoriamente el análisis estático no lineal al modelo de una estructura existente mediante el uso del software SAP2000, y a través de datos y gráficos proporcionados por el programa, se conoció el nivel de daño para la nave industrial de acero sometida a grandes solicitaciones sísmicas. El desarrollo de esta tesis se divide en siete capítulos: El primer capítulo es de introducción e importancia. La segunda comprende de las generalidades, objetivos generales y específicos del proyecto de tesis; en el tercero se desarrolla el marco teórico para el análisis Pushover; en el cuarto se muestra el análisis estático lineal y no lineal; el quinto comprende el diseño por el método LRFD y su validación; el sexto presenta el criterio de desempeño sísmico usando el código ATC-40; en el séptimo se muestra el análisis de resultados; el octavo muestra las conclusiones y recomendaciones. Del análisis presentado, se concluye que mediante el análisis Pushover se pudo determinar el nivel de desempeño deseado asegurando continuidad para la producción del mineral, de lo cual se puede garantizar que la estructura va tener un comportamiento aceptable ante los 3 niveles de peligro sísmico y no se verá afectada su producción de mineral.The present research project is entitled "Evaluation of the seismic performance of a mining steel building according to ATC-40" and has the purpose of determining the seismic performance of a mining building defined in the technical report ATC-40. The application of a static nonlinear analysis to the computational model of an existing structure can determine the level of damage and the expected seismic performance. Accordingly, the nonlinear static analysis was successfully applied to the model of an existing structure using SAP2000 software, and through data and graphics provided by the program, the level of damage in the industrial building subjected to great seismic actions was determined. This thesis is divided into seven chapters: the first chapter cover the introduction and the importance of the thesis. The second chapter include the generalities, general objectives and specific objectives of the thesis project; the third reviews the Pushover analysis theoretical framework; the fourth shows the linear and nonlinear static analyses; the fifth includes the design by the LRFD method and its validation; the sixth presents the criteria of seismic performance using the ATC-40 method; the seventh shows the analysis of results; the eighth shows the conclusions and recommendations. From the presented analysis, it is concluded that it was possible to achieve the level of performance desired ensuring continuous ore production, and with this, it can be guaranteed that the structure will have an acceptable behavior for the 3 levels of seismic hazard and that the ore production will not be affected.
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Písaříková, Zuzana. "Trendy ve spotřebě léčiv z ATC skupiny A10 za období 2005-2009: porovnání situace v České a Slovenské republice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72307.
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This thesis describes a methodology for expressing the consumption of drugs, a system of ATC/DDD, ATC classification and DDD recommended daily dose assigment. It acquaints readers with the most appropriate data source for consumption determining and also inform about diabetes mellitus. This involves also recommended standards of medical care in diabetes by the Czech Diabetes Association, with which is comparethe actual consumption of drugs in the Czech Republic and Slovakia at the conclusion. Czech and Slovak Republic are described using basic statistics. The practical part is devoted to the evaluation of the consumption of drugs in ATC group A10 2005 - 2009. To evaluation indicators DDD/1000inhab/day, Number of pack/1000inhab and Financial statements (EUR)/1000inhab. Consumption is process for the 4th level of ATC classification, as well as for the 5th level of ATC classification. In conclusion, the results of consumption are evaluated, which are compared with each other between the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
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Hanáček, Jan. "Analýza broušení rovinných ploch na konvenčních strojích." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241682.
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In the first part of this thesis is discussed of the possibilities of surface grinding. There are described various methods for grinding and describe their characteristics. Furthermore, there is shown the marking of grinding wheels and is discussed of their composition and of calculating the cutting forces. In the second part of this thesis the experiment is performed. On the samples of various materials are monitored parameters of roughness after grinding, which is used by conventional grinding BPH 300 and horizontal lathe from company TDZ Turn.
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Johansson, Regina. "Får tågförare tillräcklig trafikinformation via ATC-systemet? : En explorativ intervjustudie och utvärdering av dagens tågförarsystem på Kustpilen, Linköping-Kalmar." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-56782.
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ATC (Automatic Train Control; automatisk tågkontroll) är ett säkerhetssystem som automatiskt bromsar ner ett tåg om föraren skulle missa en hastighetsnedsättning eller en stoppsignal. Systemet ger även föraren information om när det är dags att exempelvis sänka hastigheten. Detta genom tonstötar och blinkande siffror på ATC-panelen. Många förare anser dock att det saknas väsentlig information i gränssnittet till ATC-panelen, visar rapporter från Banverket (Kecklund, 2001). Eftersom information som skulle hjälpa föraren att planera körningen framåt i tiden saknas, och föraren därmed ofta väntar på indikationer från systemet, ”kör på pipet”, kan olyckor ske där ATC-övervakningen saknas eller gått ur funktion. Det kan bero på att förare som är vana att ”köra på pipet”, vid situationer där ATC saknas, ingriper för sent eller inte alls eftersom de väntar på indikationer från ATC-systemet. Studier visar även att uppgifter som inte kräver särskilt mycket av människans kognitiva resurser kan ge en ”mental underbelastning” vilket i sin tur kan leda till för låg uppmärksamhetskapacitet och sämre prestation.
Denna studie undersöker hur förarna anser att ATC-systemet fungerar idag, samt hur det bör utvecklas och förbättras. Syftet med studien har varit att belysa tågförarnas åsikter om ATC-systemet. Att ta reda på vilken information de får genom systemet idag och vilken information de skulle önska. Hur informationen ska presenteras har också varit en viktig fråga. Ett syfte har också varit att undersöka hur förares olika körstilar och attityder gällande ansvarsfördelning mellan förare och system samvarierar med deras åsikter om systemet.
Resultaten av studien ger möjlighet till att eventuellt kunna utveckla ATC-systemet för att bättre passa förarens sätt att arbeta. En sådan utveckling skulle även kunna ge föraren ett mindre automatiserat arbete vilket kan minska risken för försämrad prestation till följd av låg uppmärksamhetskapacitet.
I studien genomfördes två inledande observationer för att få en inblick i förarens arbete och informationsmiljö. Efter detta delades frågeformulär ut till alla förare, inom det företag som kontaktats, för att fånga upp olika körstilar och attityder gällande ansvarsfördelning. Ostrukturerade intervjuer hölls med sex förare. Formulären och intervjudokumentationerna analyserades sedan för att göra det möjligt att besvara frågeställningarna.
Studien har visat att förarna tycker att informationen de får från ATC-systemet är knapphändig och att de skulle önska tillgång till information som gör det möjligt att planera körningen framåt i tiden, så som exempelvis information om flera hastighetsbesked och signalbilder på rad och avståndet fram till dessa, samt information om var andra tåg befinner sig och avstånd till dessa. Studien har även visat att alla förare har ett externt LOC (Locus of control) och att alla har en körstil där man kör på pipet och inväntar indikeringar från ATC-systemet innan man agerar, vilket skulle kunna innebära att de reagerar sämre vid avsaknad av ATC-övervakning.
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NABESHIMA, TOSHITAKA, AKIHIRO MOURI, TAKENAO KOSEKI, SHIHO NARUSAWA, HIDEKI NISHIYAMA, TAKAYOSHI MAMIYA, and YOSHIAKI IKEDA. "A PERMISSION SYSTEM FOR CARBAPENEM USE REDUCED INCIDENCE OF DRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA AND COST OF ANTIMICROBIALS AT A GENERAL HOSPITAL IN JAPAN." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/16026.
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Switzer, Earl R., and Amy D. Fleishans. "Progress in Global Air Traffic Management (GATM) Avionics System Test at the Air Force Flight Test Center." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606465.
Full textAbstract:
International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, NevadaThis paper presents a progress report on Global Air Traffic Management (GATM) avionic system test activities at the Air Force Flight Test Center. In many parts of the world today the continuing growth of commercial air traffic is running up against limits brought on by overuse of aviation resources. Air corridors in Europe and on transoceanic air routes are operating at maximum capacity. Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs) are working these challenges on two levels—near-term incremental improvements and long-term visionary changes. Each country has a CAA; ours being the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Near-term solutions focus on better utilization of resources such as air space and frequency spectrum and improved performance of air traffic control facilities. Long-term visionary changes, such as free flight, could fundamentally change the current civil aviation business process model. CAA policies and standards are driving near-term improvements and migration toward long-term objectives. This initiative is referred as Communication Navigation Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM). Implementation of the U.S. military’s vision, Global Reach/Global Power, requires the ability to rapidly deploy armed forces to major regional conflicts anywhere in the world, and to sustain these forces for as long as it takes to resolve these conflicts. To achieve this goal and accomplish rapid deployments while at the same time minimizing costs, the Air Force has adopted a solution that makes extensive use of CNS/ATM. The Air Force calls its initiative Global Air Traffic Management (GATM). Air Force aircraft equipped with GATM avionics will be able to use CNS/ATM capabilities such as reduced vertical separation minimum (RVSM), 8.33 kHz data links, automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast (ADS-B), and global communication networks. These capabilities make possible improved flight safety, lower fuel costs, and quicker turn times. The Air Force Flight Test Center supports the GATM initiative by providing Air Traffic Control (ATC) Communications Test Facilities and Avionic System Test (ACTFAST) capabilities to support aircraft modification programs.
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Vančurová, Markéta. "Trendy ve spotřebě kombinované hormonální kontracepce za období 2007-2011." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-135927.
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This thesis describes a methodology for expressing the consumption of drugs, a system of ATC/DDD, ATC classification and DDD recommended daily dose assigment. It also describes the data source which are relevant for this expression. In this thesis I will focuse on combined oral contraception and its consumption which I will express in DDD/1000inhab/day, number of packages and in financial expression in czech krones. At the end of this thesis I will evaluate the results of the consumption according State institute for drug control and my own survey.
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Junior, Germano Forti. ""Compensação automática do tubo "ATC(R)": uma comparação com a ventilação com pressão de suporte em simulador do sistema respiratório"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5160/tde-03082005-211716/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: altos valores de pressão de suporte em pacientes obstrutivos crônicos (DPOC) podem levar a dissincronia paciente ventilador e conseqüente aumento de trabalho e desconforto respiratório que podem ser agravados devido a tubos endotraqueais (TET) estreitos. Estudos revelam que a Compensação Automática do Tubo (ATC) pode compensar o trabalho imposto pelo tubo e melhorar o conforto respiratório, o que sugere melhora da sincronia paciente ventilador, assunto pouco estudado na ATC principalmente em situações de obstrução ao fluxo da via aérea. OBJETIVO: comparar o desempenho entre a ATC e PSV do ventilador Evita 4. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: um simulador de 2 compartimentos (TTL Michigan) foi conectado a um ventilador drive (Bear1000), determinando quatro situações de respiração espontânea: E1 e E2R7 (esforço normal e alto com resistência normal), E1 e E2R20 (esforço normal e alto com resistência alta). O segundo compartimento foi conectado a outro simulador (Bear Lung) simulando as pressões pleural e de via aérea, o qual foi conectado ao ventilador teste Evita 4 através de dois tubos endotraqueais (TET) 7,5 e 8,5 mm. Estudamos os efeitos de 4 valores de PS (5, 10, 15 e 20 cmH2O), ATC e ATC+PSV de 5 e 10 cmH2O. Para avaliar a compensação expiratória comparamos ATC+CPAP de 5 cmH2O com CPAP de 5 cmH2O. O grupo CONTROLE foram as 4 situações de respiração espontânea com o modelo sem o TET e sem o Evita 4. Foram analisados o trabalho inspiratório total e imposto (WOB), produto pressão-tempo inspiratório total e imposto pelo tubo (PTP), produto pressão-tempo expiratório (PTPexp), pressão proximal, e tempos de disparo (Δt inicial) e ciclagem (Δt final) do ventilador teste. RESULTADOS: a ATC e ATC+PSV geralmente determinaram valores de WOB e PTP menores ou similares que a PSV na situação de maior esforço (E2). Ao contrário, nas demais situações, o WOB e PTP foram menores na PSV do que na ATC e ATC+PSV. O Δt inicial foi menor que 100 milissegundos em todas as situações nos dois modos ventilatórios. O Δt final foi menor na ATC e ATC+PSV do que na PSV em todas as situações. Na maioria das situações, a compensação expiratória da ATC+CPAP contra CPAP, determinou uma redução do PTPexp. CONCLUSÕES: na compensação do trabalho respiratório, no maior esforço, geralmente a ATC é equivalente a PSV de 5 cmH2O. No menor esforço, ATC e ATC+PSV determinam menor alivio do trabalho respiratório do que a PSV nas comparações que realizamos. A ATC e ATC+PSV sempre determinam melhor sincronia na ciclagem do que a PSV em modelo mecânico. Em CPAP, quando a ATC está ativa determina menor resistência da válvula exalatória sem alterar o controle da PEEP traqueal.We evaluated the performance of the automatic tube compensation (ATC) and pressure support ventilation (PSV) of Evita 4 ventilator in respiratory system simulator at 4 different situations (2 effort and 2 resistance). The PSV was compared with ATC and with ATC+PSV and the CPAP with ATC+CPAP. The ATC resulted in the same work as PSV of 5 cmH2O in only 1 out of 4 simulations, in which ATC+PSV was also superior to PSV. The delay time in cycling was lower in ATC and ATC+PSV in 4 simulations. The ATC+CPAP reduced the expiratory pressure-time product in relation to CPAP. Hence, the compensation by ATC is equivalent to the PSV of 5 cmH2O. The combination ATC+PSV is more effective. The ATC and ATC+PSV provide better synchronism than PSV. The ATC expiratory compensation results in less expiratory work.
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Lunnerdal, Rickard Marechal. "Nya förutsättningar för handeln med kläder och textilier : Kvotliberaliseringens konsekvenser för tolv utvecklingsländers TEKO-export till EU." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-120284.
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År 2005 slopade EU sina importkvoter på TEKO-varor efter att i många år ha skyddat sina inhemska producenter från omvärldens konkurrens och begränsat utvecklingsländers tillträde till unionens marknad. Den här uppsatsen undersöker konsekvenserna av handelsliberaliseringen för tolv utvecklingsländers export av kläder och textilier till EU genom att handelstatistik från Eurostat används för att jämföra EU:s import av TEKO före och efter slopandet. Som väntat ökade Kina och Indiens export till EU efter avregleringen. Däremot har sju av tolv studerade länder minskat sin exporttillväxt av kläder till följd av förlorade preferenser från handelsavtal och ökad konkurrens när kvoterna eliminerades. Förändringarna blev betydligt större i handeln med kläder än med textilier och effekterna omedelbart efter avregleringen var mer dramatiska än under åren som följde. De tillfälliga restriktioner som infördes mot Kina efter 2005 förefaller ha fått effekt på handeln med kläder under 2006, medan ingen påverkan går att identifiera på textilmarknaden.
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Elliott, Matthew Price. "A methodology for determining aircraft fuel burn using air traffic control radar data." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39614.
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The air traffic system in the United States is currently undergoing a complete overhaul known as "NextGen". NextGen is the FAA's initiative to update the antiquated National Airspace System (NAS) both procedurally and technologically to reduce costs to the users and negative impacts on the general public. There are currently numerous studies being conducted that are focused on finding optimal solutions to the problems of congestion, delay, and the high fuel and noise footprints associated aircraft operations. These studies require accurate simulation techniques to assess the potential benefits and drawbacks for new procedures and technology.
One common method uses air traffic control radar data. As an aircraft travels through the air traffic control system, its latitude, longitude, and altitude are recorded at set intervals. From these values, estimates of groundspeed and heading can be derived. Researchers then use this data to estimate aircraft performance parameters such as engine thrust and aircraft configuration, variables essential to estimate fuel burn, noise, and emissions.
This thesis creates a more accurate method of simulating aircraft performance based solely on air traffic control radar data during the arrival process. This tool will allow the benefits of different arrival procedures to be compared at a variety of airports and wind conditions before costly flight testing is required. The accuracy of the performance estimates will be increased using the Tool for Assessing Separation and Throughput (TASAT), a fast-time Monte Carlo aircraft simulator that can simulate multiple arrivals with a mixture of different aircraft types. The tool has succeeded in matching various recorded radar profiles and has produced fuel burn estimates with an RMS error of less than 200 pounds from top of descent to landing when compared to high fidelity operational data. The output from TASAT can also be ported to FAA software tools to make higher quality predictions of aircraft noise and emissions.
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Brown, Glenn, and n/a. "Remote Intelligent Air Traffic Control Systems for Non-Controlled Airports." Griffith University. School of Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040225.084516.
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Non-controlled airports are literally that - uncontrolled. Safe separation is achieved by pilot vigilance. The consensus of reports on incidences at noncontrolled airports generally conclude that pilots cannot rely entirely on vision to avoid collision and attempts should be made to obtain all available traffic information to enable a directed traffic search. Ideally, a system is required which has the ability to provide advice to all parties to ensure separation minima is maintained. Provision of a such a system would remove a measure of pressure from the pilot to allow that person to devote their attention to their prime responsibility of flying the aircraft. To this end, research on use of intelligent remote advisory systems for non-controlled airports was undertaken with emphasis on those systems which could minimize human resources and associated recurring costs, to provide a measure of repeatability and to provide an acceptable level of safety. A rule based system was developed and evaluated. The evaluation showed that use of a rule based system as the basis of an intelligent remote air traffic control system for non-controlled airports is a viable proposition. In test scenarios, collision hazards were identified and evasion tactics generated. For a full operational system, the application of the rules and definition of the aircraft circuit area may need refining; however, the results are certainly encouraging.
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Florin, Charles Henri. "Automated Traffic Control for Smart Landing Facilities." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36095.
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The Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) is a partnership between the FAA, the NASA, US aviation companies, universities and state and local aviation officials. The purpose of SATS is to develop a system to handle future increase in Air Traffic, reduce time-travel, develop automation in
Air Traffic Control (ATC) and make better use of small aircraft and underused airports. The Smart Landing Facility (SLF) is an important part of
the program. The SLF is a small airport upgraded with equipment to support SATS aircraft. Among the SLF equipment, SATS needs new detection equipment, and eventually automation.
This thesis investigates different techniques to avoid data collision in aircraft radar responses, and to reduce delays between landings and take offs. First, the paper shows how and when the radar receiver can separate two overlapped radar responses. Second, to avoid transponders responses overlapping, requirements in terms of aircraft safety distance are computed, different conflicts in air traffic around the SLF are examined and a
solution is proposed for each case. And finally, the thesis investigates how far SATS can go in developing an automatic ATC system and what the role of future human operator will be in ATC.Master of Science
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Bosc, Jean-François. "Techniques d'évitement réactif et simulation du trafic aérien." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT103H.
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Les services de gestion du trafic aerien en europe rencontrent actuellement de serieux problemes de saturation, notamment au niveau du trafic en-route. De plus, diverses etudes prevoient une poursuite de la croissance du trafic a un rythme soutenu, au moins jusque vers 2010. Des evolutions majeures du systeme de controle vont donc etre necessaires afin de pouvoir absorber le trafic tout en maintenant la securite. Diverses ameliorations sont envisageables a tous les niveaux de la chaine de controle, mais on manque toutefois d'une vision globale de l'ensemble du processus. Dans cette these, on presente tout d'abord un simulateur de trafic capable de couvrir les differentes etapes sucessives de la gestion du trafic aerien, et susceptible d'etre utilise pour le recueil de donnees, la mise au point d'algorithmes, ou la validation de scenarios. Dans un deuxieme temps, on presente plusieurs methodes automatiques de resolution de conflit qui ont ete developpees et implantees sur le simulateur, et ont permis notamment d'obtenir des resultats concernant la capacite de l'espace aerien. Enfin, on propose une utilisation couplee de deux methodes de resolution travaillant avec des horizons temporels differents. Malgre une methode de couplage rudimentaire, cette approche permet de maintenir une separation degradee mais significative entre les avions, dans des situation ou la methode de controle principale ne parvient pas a remplir correctement son role.
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Kurylovych, Oleksandr Yuriyovich. "Flight information service in Ukraine." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/41877.
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Робота публікується згідно наказу ректора від 21.01.2020 р. №008/од "Про перевірку кваліфікаційних робіт на академічний плагіат 2019-2020р.р. навчальному році" . Керівник проекту: доцент, Луппо Олександр ЄвгенійовичFlight information region (FIR) is a specified region of airspace in which a flight information service and an alerting service are provided. It is the largest regular division of airspace in use in the world today. Flight information regions established throughout all territory of the country. That why it is very important to provide flight information service in the best way. Flight information service is a form of air traffic service that is available to any aircraft within a flight information region (FIR), as agreed internationally by ICAO. It is defined as information pertinent to the safe and efficient conduct of flight, and includes information on other potentially conflicting traffic, possibly derived from radar, but stopping short of providing positive separation from that traffic. Flight information service does not relieve the pilot from any responsibility. Pilot is definitively responsible for the safe execution of flight. This service has a lot of potential FIR risks and issue topics are how air traffic controllers and systems maintain standard aircraft separation during transitions/handovers between adjacent FIRs or FIR sectors. Another is unanticipated flight path changes for weather-related rerouting/flight level changes, emergencies, diversions, etc. Other potential issues are the risks in ATC management of dynamic airspace boundaries, airspace reconfigurations, and integrating legacy technologies The number of flights in FIRs is growing up and it means that quantity of work also increases. FIC needs to have controllers with the best professional qualities. Training process must be improved for such purposes. That is why I decided to show this problem and propose development paths.
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Brown, Glenn. "Remote Intelligent Air Traffic Control Systems for Non-Controlled Airports." Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367276.
Full textAbstract:
Non-controlled airports are literally that - uncontrolled. Safe separation is achieved by pilot vigilance. The consensus of reports on incidences at noncontrolled airports generally conclude that pilots cannot rely entirely on vision to avoid collision and attempts should be made to obtain all available traffic information to enable a directed traffic search. Ideally, a system is required which has the ability to provide advice to all parties to ensure separation minima is maintained. Provision of a such a system would remove a measure of pressure from the pilot to allow that person to devote their attention to their prime responsibility of flying the aircraft To this end, research on use of intelligent remote advisory systems for non-controlled airports was undertaken with emphasis on those systems which could minimize human resources and associated recurring costs, to provide a measure of repeatability and to provide an acceptable level of safety. A rule based system was developed and evaluated. The evaluation showed that use of a rule based system as the basis of an intelligent remote air traffic control system for non-controlled airports is a viable proposition. In test scenarios, collision hazards were identified and evasion tactics generated. For a full operational system, the application of the rules and definition of the aircraft circuit area may need refining; however, the results are certainly encouraging.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
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Furtado, Elaine de Fátima. "Análise das propriedades antifouling de fios de sutura revestidos com eugenol sobre a formação de biofilmes de streptococcus mutans atc 25175." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2017. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/23956.
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FURTADO, E.F. Análise das propriedades antifouling de fios de sutura revestidos com eugenol sobre a formação de biofilmes de streptococcus mutans atc 25175. 2017. 84 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Biotecnologia) - Campus de Sobral, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Sobral, 2017.Submitted by Mestrado Biotecnologia (biotecnologiasobral@gmail.com) on 2017-07-13T18:02:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dis_2017_effurtado.pdf: 2411957 bytes, checksum: 486815b549f057f37ebf9161be89287e (MD5)
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Biofilms are microbial communities that are attached to biotic or abiotic surfaces. The presence of these communities in biomedical and dental devices has been one of the growing causes of nosocomial infections, being called infections associated with biomaterials. Streptococcus mutans is a Gram-positive bacterium, member of the oral microbiota, with acidogenic and acidic characteristics. It stands out as the main responsible for the progression of caries and other oral diseases, and may also cause infections in the endocardium and intraabdominal. Sutures are part of an essential procedure in dental practice. They are materials that tend to attract bacteria, forming biofilms, consequently worsening surgical site infections. The development of antiadhesive surfaces, by coating with bioactive substances, has stood out among the strategies that prevent the microbial colonization and subsequent establishment of the biofilm. In this context, natural products have been increasingly studied and applied as promising biotechnological tools. Eugenol, popularly called clove oil, is a member of the phenylpropanoids, has effective pharmacological properties and antibacterial action against a wide variety of gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the compound on the antimicrobial activity, as well as the capacity of interaction with cotton suture to prevent adhesion and biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), as well as eugenol antibiofilm assays were performed for several Gram-positive microorganisms of Streptococcus genus separately. Before the obtained, all the microorganisms tested demonstrated to be susceptible to the compound, being S. mutans ATCC 25175 the most relevant, and therefore selected for the antiadhesion tests. On these assays, eugenol showed antiadhesive properties by halving the viability of cells initially adhered to the yarn. The biomass and metabolism of the biofilm formed in the suture also experienced significant reductions of approximately one third and fifty percent, respectively. These data corroborate the eugenol efficacy found in the literature in different strategies. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the compound has great potential of antimicrobial action, being able to be applied as a coating of surfaces, bringing perspectives for the prevention of diseases associated with biomaterials.
Biofilmes são comunidades microbianas que se encontram aderidas a superfícies bióticas ou abióticas. A presença dessas comunidades em dispositivos biomédicos e odontológicos tem sido uma das causas crescentes de infecções hospitalares, sendo denominadas infecções associadas a biomateriais. Streptococcus mutans é uma bactéria Gram-positiva, membro da microbiota oral, com características acidogênica e acidúrica. Destaca-se como a principal responsável pela progressão da cárie e outras doenças bucais, podendo também ocasionar infecções no endocárdio e intra-abdominais. As suturas fazem parte de um procedimento essencial na prática odontológica. São materiais que tendem a atrair bactérias, formando biofilmes, agravando consequentemente infecções de sítio cirúrgico. O desenvolvimento de superfícies antiadesivas, por revestimento com substâncias bioativas, tem se destacado entre as estratégias que impedem a colonização microbiana e posterior estabelecimento do biofilme. Nesse contexto, os produtos naturais têm sido crescentemente estudados e aplicados como ferramentas biotecnológicas promissoras. O eugenol, popularmente chamado de óleo de cravo, é um membro dos fenilpropanóides, possui propriedades farmacológicas eficazes e ação antibacteriana contra uma ampla variedade de microrganismos Gram-positivos e Gramnegativos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do composto na atividade antimicrobiana, bem como a capacidade de interação com sutura de algodão em impedir a adesão e formação de biofilme por Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Foi verificada a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM), assim como ensaios antibiofilme do eugenol, realizado para vários microrganismos Gram-positivos do gênero Streptococcus, separadamente. Diante do obtido, todos os microrganismos testados demonstraram ser suscetíveis ao composto, sendo S. mutans ATCC 25175 o mais relevante, e por isso selecionado para os testes antiadesão. Sobre esses ensaios, o eugenol apresentou propriedades antiadesivas por reduzir pela metade a viabilidade de células inicialmente aderidas ao fio. A biomassa e o metabolismo do biofilme formado na sutura também sofreram reduções expressivas de aproximadamente um terço e cinquenta por cento, respectivamente. Esses dados corroboram a eficácia do eugenol encontrados na literatura em diferentes estratégias. Em conclusão, estes resultados demonstram que o composto possui grande potencial de ação antimicrobiana, podendo ser aplicado como revestimento de superfícies, trazendo perspectivas para a prevenção de doenças associadas à biomateriais.