Journal articles: 'Asymmetrical Factorial Design'

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KUMAR, PRAKASH, KRISHAN LAL, ANIRBAN MUKHERJEE, UPENDRA KUMAR PRADHAN, MRINMOY RAY, and OM PRAKASH. "Advanced row-column designs for animal feed experiments." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 88, no. 4 (January 5, 2023): 499–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i4.78895.

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Inappropriate statistical designs may misinterpret results of animal feed experiments. Thus complete statistical designs can make animal feed research more appropriate and cost effective. Usually factorial row-column designs are used when the heterogeneity in the experimental material is in two directions and the experimenter is interested in studying the effect of two or more factors simultaneously. Attempts have been to develop the method of construction of balanced nested row column design under factorial setup. Factorial experiments are used in designs when two or more factors have same levels or different levels. The designs that are balanced symmetric factorials nested in blocks are called block designs with nested row-column balanced symmetric factorial experiments. These designs were constructed by using confounding through equation methods.Construction of confounded asymmetrical factorial experiments in row-column settings and efficiency factor of confounded effects was worked out. The design can be used in animal feed experiment with fewer resources by not compromising the test accuracy.

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Boguslavsky, Ilya, Slava Z. Brodsky, and Gena R. Ioffe. "Regular uniform main-effect designs derivable from geometric factorial designs in 2n runs." Model Assisted Statistics and Applications 15, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/mas-200504.

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The article introduces a general method of construction of asymmetrical regular factorial main-effect designs in 2n runs. It presents a collection of optimal designs constructed by this method in 32, 64, 128, and 256 runs. The method provides exploration of design structure and construction of designs with required properties. Construction of composite designs is given as an example of design structure exploration.

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Voinovich, D., B. Campisi, M. Moneghini, C. Vincenzi, and R. Phan-Tan-Luu. "Screening of high shear mixer melt granulation process variables using an asymmetrical factorial design." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 190, no. 1 (November 1999): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00278-1.

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Das, Dipa Rani, and Sanjib Ghosh. "An Alternative Method of Construction and Analysis of Asymmetrical Factorial Experiment of the type 6x2² in Blocks of Size 12." Chittagong University Journal of Science 40, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujs.v40i1.47920.

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This paper focuses on the construction and analysis of an extra ordinary type of asymmetrical factorial experiment which corresponds to fraction of a symmetrical factorial experiment as indicated by Das (1960). For constructing this design, we have used 3 choices and for each choice we have used 5 different cases. Finding the block contents for each case we have seen that there are mainly two different cases for each choice. In case of analysis of variance, we have seen that, for the case where the highest order interaction effect is confounded in 4 replications, the loss of information is same for all the choices. Again for the case where the highest order interaction effect is confounded in 3 replications, the loss of information is also same for all the choices and one effect which is confounded due to fractionation has the same loss of information for all the choices. The Chittagong Univ. J. Sci. 40 : 137-150, 2018

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Hund, E., Y. Vander Heyden, M. Haustein, D. L. Massart, and J. Smeyers-Verbeke. "Comparison of several criteria to decide on the significance of effects in a robustness test with an asymmetrical factorial design." Analytica Chimica Acta 404, no. 2 (January 2000): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00716-3.

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Luis Pérez, Carmelo J. "On the Application of a Design of Experiments along with an ANFIS and a Desirability Function to Model Response Variables." Symmetry 13, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13050897.

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In manufacturing engineering, it is common to use both symmetrical and asymmetrical factorial designs along with regression techniques to model technological response variables, since the in-advance prediction of their behavior is of great importance to determine the levels of variation that lead to optimal response values to be obtained. For this purpose, regression techniques based on the response surface method combined with a desirability function for multi-objective optimization are commonly employed, since it is usual to find manufacturing processes that require simultaneous optimization of several variables, which exhibit in many cases an opposite behavior. However, these regression models are sometimes not accurate enough to predict the behavior of these response variables, especially when they have significant non-linearities. To deal with this drawback, soft computing techniques are very effective in overcoming the limitations of conventional regression models. This present study is focused on the employment of a symmetrical design of experiments along with a new desirability function, which is proposed in this study, and with soft computing techniques based on fuzzy logic. It will be shown that more accurate results than those obtained from regression techniques are obtained. Moreover, this new desirability function is analyzed in this study.

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Tiwari, Ankit, A. K. Tripathi, Jagannath Pathak, Gaurav Shukla, Aditya Shukla, and Shivam Singh. "Response of Spring Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) Cultivars to Integrated Nutrient Management in Bundelkhand Region of Uttar Pradesh." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science 35, no. 16 (June 23, 2023): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2023/v35i163145.

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A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of spring mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) cultivars in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh during season of 2019 at Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda (Uttar Pradesh). The experiment was laid out in asymmetrical factorial randomized block design with 6 treatment combinations of integrated nutrient management practices with 2 varieties. Results revealed that cultivar “Shikha” suits to be the better over “Samrat” in respect of growth, yield attributes, seed yield and economics. Additionally, INM practices had better effect on growth, yield attributes compared to sole application of inorganic fertilizers and vermicompost treatments. 100% RDF + 100% vermicompost had highest seed yield (771kg/ha), closely followed by 75% RDF + 50% vermicompost (741 kg/ha) compared to rest of treatments. Among the INM treatments, application of 50% RDF blended with 50% vermicompost recorded at par values of growth, yield attributes and seed yield over the application of 100% RDF + 100% vermicompost and 75% RDF + 50% vermicompost. On an average, INM treatments noted 69.89, 14.07 and 43.39% higher net returns as well as 68.92, 21.2 and 51.57% more benefit: cost ratio over the control, 100% RDF and 100% vermicompost, respectively. Therefore, application of 50% RDF + 50% vermicompost (1.25 t/ha) was optimum under the existing condition of Bundelkhand.

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Agarwal, S. B., and M. N. Das. "Asymmetrical Factorial Type Switch over Designs." Calcutta Statistical Association Bulletin 35, no. 3-4 (September 1986): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008068319860304.

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In the present paper an attempt has been made to construct asymmetrical factorial type switch over designs having strip type arrangement of combination of the levels. To start with two factors at different levels have been considered. One factor has number of levels larger by one compared to the number of levels of other factor. The sequences of levels of second factor are associated with each level symbol of first factor. The situation is similar to strip plot designs in agricultural experiments. Method of construction along with analysis of these designs has been described in this paper.

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Gupta, V. K., Rajender Parsad, Lal Mohan Bhar, and Basudev Kole. "Supersaturated Designs for Asymmetrical Factorial Experiments." Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice 2, no. 1 (March 2008): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15598608.2008.10411863.

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Zi, Xue-Min, Min-Qian Liu, and Run-Chu Zhang. "Asymmetrical Factorial Designs Containing Clear Effects." Metrika 65, no. 1 (April 14, 2006): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00184-006-0064-9.

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Bai, W. M., J. Y. Xia, S. Q. Wan, W. H. Zhang, and L. H. Li. "Day and night warming have different effect on root lifespan." Biogeosciences 9, no. 1 (January 18, 2012): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-375-2012.

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Abstract. Roots are key components of C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems and play an important role in the regulation of response of terrestrial ecosystems to global climate warming, which is predicted to occur with greater warming magnitudes at night than during daytime across different regions on the Earth. However, there has been no detailed study to investigate the effect of asymmetrical warming on root dynamics at the level of terrestrial ecosystems. To understand the effects of day and night warming on root lifespan in the semiarid temperate steppe in northern China, a field study with a full factorial design including control, day warming, night warming and continuous warming was conducted using modified rhizotron technique during three growing seasons in 2007–2009. Our results show that day, night and continuous warming had different effects on longevity of roots born in spring, summer and autumn, and that day warming significantly prolonged overall lifespan for the roots born in the three growing seasons, while night warning had no effect on overall lifespan. Day and night warming had different effects on root non-structural carbohydrate content, suggesting that allocation of photoassimilate may account for the differential responses of root lifespan to day and night warming. These results differ from other processes associated with ecosystems C cycle such as total ecosystem productivity, net ecosystem productivity and soil respiration. Our findings highlight that it is essential to incorporate the differential effects of day and night warming on root dynamics into simulating and predicting the responses and feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystems C cycling to global warming.

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Bai, W., J. Xia, S. Wan, W. Zhang, and L. Li. "As different as day and night: evidence from root lifespan." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 5 (October 26, 2011): 10459–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-10459-2011.

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Abstract. Roots are key components of terrestrial ecosystem C cycling and play an important role in regulation of the response of terrestrial ecosystem to global climate warming, which occurs with greater warming magnitudes at night than during daytime across different regions on the Earth. However, there has been no detailed study to examine the effect of asymmetrical warming on root dynamics at the level of terrestrial ecosystem. To understand the effects of day and night warming on root lifespan in the semiarid temperate steppe in Northern China, a field study with a full factorial design including control, day warming, night warming and diurnal warming was conducted. The responses of root survivorship to day and night warming with modified rhizotron technique were monitored during the growing seasons of 2007–2009. We demonstrate, for the first time, that longevity of roots born in spring, summer and autumn showed different response to day, night and diurnal warming, and that day warming significantly prolonged the overall lifespan for the roots born in the growing seasons of 2007–2009 pooled as a whole, while night warning had no effect on the overall lifespan in the semi-arid grassland in Northern China. The differential response of root lifespan to day and night warming may be accounted for by the photoassimilate allocation as evidenced by that day and night warming had different effect on root non-structural carbohydrate content. This finding differed from other processes associated with ecosystem C cycle such as total ecosystem productivity, net ecosystem productivity and soil respiration. Thus our findings highlight that it is essential to incorporate the differential effects of day and night warming into the simulating and predicting the responses and feedbacks of terrestrial ecosystem C cycling to global warming.

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Malik, Rondy J., and James D. Bever. "Enriched CO2 and Root-Associated Fungi (Mycorrhizae) Yield Inverse Effects on Plant Mass and Root Morphology in Six Asclepias Species." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112474.

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While milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) are important for sustaining biodiversity in marginal ecosystems, CO2 flux may afflict Asclepias species and cause detriment to native communities. Negative CO2-induced effects may be mitigated through mycorrhizal associations. In this study, we sought to determine how mycorrhizae interacts with CO2 to influence Asclepias biomass and root morphology. A broad range of Asclepias species (n = 6) were chosen for this study, including four tap-root species (A. sullivantii, A. syriaca, A. tuberosa, and A. viridis) and two fibrous root species (A. incarnata and A. verticillata). Collectively, the six Asclepias species were manipulated under a 2 × 2 full-factorial design that featured two mycorrhizal levels (−/+ mycorrhizae) and two CO2 levels (ambient and enriched (i.e., 3.5× ambient)). After a duration of 10 months, Asclepias responses were assessed as whole dry weight (i.e., biomass) and relative transportive root. Relative transportive root is the percent difference in the diameter of highest order root (transportive root) versus that of first-order absorptive roots. Results revealed an asymmetrical response, as mycorrhizae increased Asclepias biomass by ~12-fold, while enriched CO2 decreased biomass by about 25%. CO2 did not impact relative transportive roots, but mycorrhizae increased root organ’s response by more than 20%. Interactions with CO2 and mycorrhizae were observed for both biomass and root morphology (i.e., relative transportive root). A gene associated with CO2 fixation (rbcL) revealed that the two fibrous root species formed a phylogenetic clade that was distant from the four tap-root species. The effect of mycorrhizae was most profound in tap-root systems, as mycorrhizae modified the highest order root into tuber-like structures. A strong positive correlation was observed with biomass and relative transportive root. This study elucidates the interplay with roots, mycorrhizae, and CO2, while providing a potential pathway for mycorrhizae to ameliorate CO2 induced effects.

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Jha, Sheetal, Rishabha Malviya, Shivkanya Fuloria, Sonali Sundram, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Mahendran Sekar, Pradeep Kumar Sharma, et al. "Characterization of Microwave-Controlled Polyacrylamide Graft Copolymer of Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide." Polymers 14, no. 5 (March 4, 2022): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051037.

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The main objective of the study was to prepare tamarind seed polysaccharide grafted copolymers of polyacrylamide (TSP-g-Am) using a 32 factorial design. Tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) was extracted, and grafted copolymer of TSP was prepared using polyacrylamide as copolymer and ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator. Various batches (F1-F9) of TSP-g-Am were prepared, among which F1 showed highest grafting efficiency; hence, the prepared TSP-g-Am (F1) was evaluated for grafting efficiency, conversion, effect of initiator and further characterized using SEM analysis, contact angle determination, DSC analysis, swelling index, swelling and deswelling, and chemical resistance. The contact angle of TSP was found to be 81 ± 2, and that of TSP-g-Am (F1) was found to be 74 ± 2, which indicates that the wetting ability of the grafted copolymer was less than that of the native polymer. The results of thermal analysis indicated that TSP-g-Am had a more stable molecular structure than TSP. The morphology of the grafted polymer was observed from SEM images, and it was observed that the particles was asymmetrical. Antimicrobial activity was also found in the grafted copolymer. The present study concludes that the TSP-g-Am showed an excellent performance in thermal stability and swelling capacity compared with TSP. The detailed structural characteristics, as well as the excellent thermal stability and swelling capacities, will make it beneficial to use the synthesised copolymer as a precursor for the production of large-scale eco-friendly advanced materials with a wide range of applications, acting as a stabiliser, thickener, binder, release retardant, modifier, suspending agent, viscosity enhancer, emulsifying agent, or carrier for novel drug delivery systems in oral, buccal, colon, and ocular systems, and in nanofabrication and wound dressing, and it is also becoming an important part of food, cosmetics, confectionery, and bakery.

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El-Helbawy, Abdalla T., Essam A. Ahmed, and Abdullah H. Alharbey. "Optimal designs for asymmetrical factorial paired comparison experiments." Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation 23, no. 3 (January 1994): 663–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610919408813192.

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Chatterjee, Kashinath. "Search designs for general asymmetric factorials." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 18, no. 6 (January 1989): 2189–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610928908830030.

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Park, Dong-Kwon, and Eun-Hye Park. "On the Geometric Equivalence of Asymmetric Factorial Designs." Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods 13, no. 3 (December 31, 2006): 777–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2006.13.3.777.

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Kashinath, Chatterjee, Gou Tingxun, and Qin Hong. "Optimal additions to asymmetrical fractional factorial designs under Lee discrepancy." SCIENTIA SINICA Mathematica 50, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n012019-00095.

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Wanyoike, J. N., M. M. Manene, and F. Njui. "EFFICIENCY FACTORS FOR LINEAR CONTRASTS IN CONFOUNDED ASYMMETRICAL FACTORIAL DESIGNS." Far East Journal of Theoretical Statistics 55, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17654/ts055010023.

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Ai, Ming-Yao, and Run-Chu Zhang. "Projection justification of generalized minimum aberration for asymmetrical fractional factorial designs." Metrika 60, no. 3 (November 2004): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001840300310.

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Chatterjee, Kashinath, and Rahul Mukerjee. "Some search designs for symmetric and asymmetric factorials." Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 13 (January 1986): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3758(86)90145-x.

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Wang, Kang, Zujun Ou, Hong Qin, and Na Zou. "Projection Uniformity of Asymmetric Fractional Factorials." Axioms 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms11120716.

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The objective of this paper is to study the issue of the projection uniformity of asymmetric fractional factorials. On the basis of level permutation and mixture discrepancy, the average projection mixture discrepancy to measure the uniformity for low-dimensional projection designs is defined, the uniformity pattern and minimum projection uniformity criterion are presented for evaluating and comparing any asymmetric factorials. Moreover, lower bounds to uniformity pattern have been obtained, and some illustrative examples are also provided.

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Kopp, Thomas, Bernhard Brümmer, Zulkifli Alamsyah, and Raja Sharah Fatricia. "Welfare implications of intertemporal marketing margin manipulation." British Food Journal 119, no. 8 (August 7, 2017): 1656–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-11-2016-0572.

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Purpose In Indonesia, rubber is the most valuable export crop produced by small scale agriculture and plays a key role for inclusive economic development. This potential is likely to be not fully exploited. The observed concentration in the crumb rubber processing industry raises concerns about the distribution of export earnings along the value chain. Asymmetric price transmission (APT) is observed. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This study investigates the price transmission between international prices and the factories’ purchasing prices on a daily basis. An auto-regressive asymmetric error correction model is estimated to find evidence for APT. In a subsequent step the rents that are redistributed from factories to farmers are calculated. The study then provides estimations of the size of this redistribution under different scenarios. Findings The results suggest that factories do indeed transmit prices asymmetrically, which has substantial welfare implications: around USD3 million are annually redistributed from farmers to factories. If the price transmission was only half as asymmetric as it is observed, the majority of this redistribution was re-diverted. Originality/value This study combines the approaches of non-parametric and parametric estimation techniques of estimating APT processes with a welfare perspective to quantify the distributional consequences of this intertemporal marketing margin manipulation. Especially the calculation of different scenarios of alternative price transmissions is a novelty. The data set of prices on such a disaggregated level and high frequency as required by this approach is also unique.

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Aggarwal, M. L., and V. Sarin. "Use of asymmetrical factorials for generating designs for quadratic mixture model." Statistics & Probability Letters 27, no. 3 (April 1996): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7152(95)00084-4.

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Vallejo, Guiillermo, M. Paula Fernández, Manuel Ato, and Pablo E. Livacic-Rojas. "A Practical Method for Analyzing Factorial Designs with Heteroscedastic Data." Psychological Reports 102, no. 3 (June 2008): 643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.102.3.643-656.

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The Type I error rates and powers of three recent tests for analyzing nonorthogonal factorial designs under departures from the assumptions of homogeneity and normality were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. Specifically, this work compared the performance of the modified Brown-Forsythe procedure, the generalization of Box's method proposed by Brunner, Dette, and Munk, and the mixed-model procedure adjusted by the Kenward-Roger solution available in the SAS statistical package. With regard to robustness, the three approaches adequately controlled Type I error when the data were generated from symmetric distributions; however, this study's results indicate that, when the data were extracted from asymmetric distributions, the modified Brown-Forsythe approach controlled the Type I error slightly better than the other procedures. With regard to sensitivity, the higher power rates were obtained when the analyses were done with the MIXED procedure of the SAS program. Furthermore, results also identified that, when the data were generated from symmetric distributions, little power was sacrificed by using the generalization of Box's method in place of the modified Brown-Forsythe procedure.

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Rubarth, Kerstin, Paavo Sattler, Hanna Gwendolyn Zimmermann, and Frank Konietschke. "Estimation and Testing of Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney Effects in Factorial Clustered Data Designs." Symmetry 14, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14020244.

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Clustered data arise frequently in many practical applications whenever units are repeatedly observed under a certain condition. One typical example for clustered data are animal experiments, where several animals share the same cage and should not be assumed to be completely independent. Standard methods for the analysis of such data are Linear Mixed Models and Generalized Estimating Equations—however, checking their assumptions is not easy, especially in scenarios with small sample sizes, highly skewed, count, and ordinal or binary data. In such situations, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney type effects are suitable alternatives to mean-based or other distributional approaches. Hence, no specific data distribution, symmetric or asymmetric, is required. Within this work, we will present different estimation techniques of such effects in clustered factorial designs and discuss quadratic- and multiple contrast type-testing procedures for hypotheses formulated in terms of Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney effects. Additionally, the framework allows for the occurrence of missing data: estimation and testing hypotheses are based on all-available data instead of complete-cases. An extensive simulation study investigates the precision of the estimators and the behavior of the test procedures in terms of their type-I error control. One real world dataset exemplifies the applicability of the newly proposed procedures.

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Hund, E., Y. Vander Heyden, M. Haustein, D. L. Massart, and J. Smeyers-Verbeke. "Robustness testing of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay: comparison of fractional and asymmetrical factorial designs." Journal of Chromatography A 874, no. 2 (April 2000): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00081-9.

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Qin, Hong, Kashinath Chatterjee, and Zujun Ou. "A lower bound for the centredL2-discrepancy on combined designs under the asymmetric factorials." Statistics 47, no. 5 (October 2013): 992–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02331888.2011.652966.

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Andersson, R., and P. Ask. "Force to Restore the Shape of an Asymmetric Extracorporeal tube as the Basis for Non-invasive Pressure Measurements." International Journal of Artificial Organs 25, no. 4 (April 2002): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880202500406.

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A zero-balance principle is described where intraluminal pressure is estimated from the counter force needed to restore the tube shape of an elastic extra corporeal tube. The aim was to optimise cross-sectional tube geometry for tube expansion due to pressure and to reduce the sensitivity to variation in mechanical tube characteristics using an experimental statistical and factorial design. The main application is pressure monitoring in blood and dialysate tubes during hemodialysis. Improving the monitoring of the dialysis process will reduce complications, such as sudden decreases in systemic blood pressure or occlusion at the artero-venous fistula. The factorial design indicated strong influence from the geometrical characteristics of the tube as well from the geometrical design parameters of the pressure transducer. We found a consistent relationship between the intraluminal pressure and the applied force needed to restore the tube shape. The modified cross-sectional tube geometry enhances measurement sensitivity and facilitates the desired behavior of tubes during pressure applications.

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Divecha, Jyoti, and Bharat Tarapara. "Small, balanced, efficient, optimal, and near rotatable response surface designs for factorial experiments asymmetrical in some quantitative, qualitative factors." Quality Engineering 29, no. 2 (August 9, 2016): 196–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982112.2016.1217338.

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Khan, Babar, Syed Muhammad Jamil, Jung Joo Kim, Turab H. Jafri, and Jonguk Kim. "Rock Mass Behavior under Tunnel Widening in Asymmetric and Symmetric Modes Considering Different Shapes and Parametric Conditions." Geosciences 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9120518.

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To accommodate traffic volume on roads due to ever-increasing population growth, the widening of highways and motorways is in high demand. Nevertheless, the widening of tunnels on these road networks is quite complex due to the presence of numerous rock types, in situ stress, and different widening modes. To overcome these complexities, eight different tunnel shapes were simulated under varying support conditions for asymmetric and symmetric widening. It was found that the tunnels with a round shape, such as horseshoe and semicircular with flatbed, are more effective for asymmetric widening, whereas the provision of a rounded invert in these shapes can reverse the widening option to symmetric. Furthermore, an insignificant effect of the difference in asymmetric and symmetric widening of regular tunnel shapes, such as box, rectangular, and semi-elliptical, was found. A full factorial design statistical analysis confirmed the decrease in tunnel deformation by using various tunnel support systems and showed a significant deformation difference according to monitoring locations at the tunnel periphery. The deformation difference in the case of both tunnel widening modes was also analyzed according to different design parameters. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of rock mass behavior when the widening of any underground opening is carried out.

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Sonkar, Alka, Anil Kumar, and Kamla Pathak. "Cellulose Acetate 398-10 Asymmetric Membrane Capsules for Osmotically Regulated Delivery of Acyclovir." Journal of Pharmaceutics 2016 (February 11, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8471520.

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The study was aimed at developing cellulose acetate asymmetric membrane capsules (AMCs) of acyclovir for its controlled delivery at the absorption site. The AMCs were prepared by phase inversion technique using wet process. A 23 full factorial design assessed the effect of independent variables (level(s) of polymer, pore former, and osmogen) on the cumulative drug release from AMCs. The buoyant optimized formulation F7 (low level of cellulose acetate; high levels of both glycerol and sodium lauryl sulphate) displayed maximum drug release of 97.88±0.77% in 8 h that was independent of variation in agitational intensity and intentional defect on the cellulose acetate AMC. The in vitro data best fitted zero-order kinetics (r2=0.9898). SEM micrograph of the transverse section confirmed the asymmetric nature of the cellulose acetate capsular membrane. Statistical analysis by Design Expert software indicated no interaction between the independent variables confirming the efficiency of the design in estimating the effects of variables on drug release. The optimized formulation F7 (desirability = 0.871) displayed sustenance of drug release over the drug packed in AMC in pure state proving the superiority of osmotically active formulation. Conclusively the AMCs have potential for controlled release of acyclovir at its absorption site.

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Bureika, G., and R. Subačius. "MATEMATICAL MODEL OF DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN WHEEL-SET AND RAIL TRACK." Science and Transport Progress, no. 8 (September 25, 2005): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2005/20105.

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The main goal of this paper is to show how the effects of maximum bending tensions at different locations in the track caused by simultaneous changes of various parameters can be estimated in a rational manner. The dynamics of the vertical interaction between a moving rigid wheel and a flexible railway track is investigated. An asymmetric linear three-dimensional beam structure model of a finite length of the track is suggested. The influence of eight selected track parameters on the dynamic behaviour of the track is investigated. A two-level fractional factorial design method is used in the search for the combination of numerical values of these parameters minimizing themaximum bending tensions.

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Gagn�, S., G. Chowdhury, T. Matsuura, and B. Laverty. "Optimization of CO2-CH4 separation performance of integrally skinned asymmetric membranes prepared from poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) by factorial design." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 72, no. 12 (June 20, 1999): 1601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990620)72:12<1601::aid-app13>3.0.co;2-j.

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Omer, M. E., A. M. Qandil, A. S. Ali, and H. J. Habib. "Preparation and solubility profile study of sodium and potassium salts of mefenamic acid: the effect of pH and polarity." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 16, no. 2 (2021): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2021.162.443.

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Enhancing the solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients became a fundamental concept in the manufacturing of different pharmaceutical dosage forms. This research aims to enhance the solubility of mefenamic acid by salt formation method and study the effect of polarity, pH, and temperature on the solubility of mefenamic acid and its salts. Two deferent salts of mefenamic acid (sodium and potassium salts) were prepared. Using the asymmetric factorial as an experimental design, the solubility of mefenamic acid (MA), sodium mefenamate (Na-MA), and potassium mefenamate (K-MA) were studied in different solvents, pH, and temperatures. It has been found that potassium mefenamate has the highest solubility among other derivatives in different media. Also, the mefenamic acid and its salts have a higher solubility in the polar aprotic solvent and the higher pH aqueous media.

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Chatterjee, Kashinath. "Search designs for searching for one among the two-and three-factor interaction effects in the general symmetric and asymmetric factorials." Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 42, no. 4 (December 1990): 783–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02481150.

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Fanani, Zaenal, and Georgina Elizabeth K. Saudale. "Influence of Information Asymmetry and Self-Efficacy on Budgetary Slack: An Experimental Study." Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan 20, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/jak.20.2.62-72.

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Participation in the budgetary process does not only comes with a positive effect(s) but could also lead to negative behavior(s) of employees, one of which is the creation of budgetary slack. Previous studies said that information asymmetry is rated as one of the causes of the creation of budgetary slack. The purposes of this 3x2 factorial experimental study and between subject designs are to see the effect of information asymmetry on the budgetary slack and see whether information asymmetry and self-efficacy leads to the creation of budgetary slack. This study involved 65 undergraduate and postgraduate students from the accounting department of Economics and Business Faculty in Universitas Airlangga Surabaya as participants. One way ANOVA and two- way ANOVA is used to test and analyze the proposed hypothesis. Results show that information asymmetry influences the creation of budgetary slack. However, production managers with high or low self-efficacy are still taking advantage of asymmetric information that happened to do budgetary slack.

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O’Doherty, Mark G., Sarah E. C. M. Gilchrist, Ian S. Young, Michelle C. McKinley, John W. G. Yarnell, K. Fred Gey, Alun Evans, Paula M. L. Skidmore, and Jayne V. Woodside. "Effect of supplementation with B vitamins and antioxidants on levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and C-reactive protein (CRP): a double-blind, randomised, factorial design, placebo-controlled trial." European Journal of Nutrition 49, no. 8 (April 18, 2010): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-010-0107-x.

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Lampón, Jesús F., Guillermo Pérez-Elizundia, and José Alfredo Delgado‐Guzmán. "Relevance of the cooperation in financing the automobile industry's supply chain: the case of reverse factoring." Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 32, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1094–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-11-2020-0452.

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PurposeThis study examines the motives and enabling factors regarding reverse factoring (RF) adoption in the automobile industry's supply chain.Design/methodology/approachThis is a qualitative case study based on in-depth interviews with financial institutions in two countries having different statuses within the automobile industry global value chain: Mexico as a peripheral and Spain as a semi-peripheral country.FindingsThe RF is more widely deployed in Spain than in Mexico. The differences in the adoption of RF between the two countries stem from the availability of programs for suppliers at different supply levels, their efficient implementation and a robust regulatory framework, but especially from the cooperative approach adopted. The motives and enablers of RF adoption in the automobile industry can be explained under a framework of different supply chain management models. The RF programs driven by self-interest financial motives are characterized by an asymmetric distribution of benefits among supply chain participants. The RF programs that combine self-interest with cooperative motives are partially characterized by balanced benefits. In addition, they favor involvement practices and strengthen long-term relationships among supply chain participants. In this cooperative approach, trust, transparency and especially sharing information are considered relevant enablers. Finally, the specific automobile industry's features that determine RF adoption are linked to the structure and governance mode of the supply chain. The structure in terms of length – multiple supply levels – conditions the design of RF programs based on the buyer's position in the supply chain. The governance mode, particularly how the relationships are established, conditions the factors and requisites for efficient adoption of the RF programs.Originality/valueThis research analyzes the RF framed in the dynamics of buyer–supplier relationships and different models of supply chain management, allowing us to identify cooperation motives and their impact on RF adoption, beyond the traditional economic and financial motives highlighted by previous literature.

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Ródenas-García, José F., Ramón A. Otón-Martínez, Joaquín Sancho-Val, Oscar de Francisco Ortiz, Roberto Jiménez Pacheco, and Iván Gil Garnacho. "Experimental Evaluation of the Factors That Influence Cylindrical Water Projection Devices against IEDs." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13021167.

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Terrorists usually employ Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) to cause maximum damage with a single action, in asymmetric war scenarios. In the counter-terrorism fight, bomb disposal specialists have to combat these instruments by safeguarding their lives, avoiding fortuitous IED explosion, and preserving evidence of the device that could lead to the capture of the perpetrators. Some very effective deactivation tools that combine these features are high-speed water-explosive projection devices. To understand and quantify the impacts of the many factors that intervene in their operation and effectiveness, extensive experimental tests should be conducted. However, Operations Research techniques allow robust results to be obtained by minimizing experiments. This study focuses on the use of Design of Experiments (DoE), with a factorial experiment plan divided into two levels, to analyze the influence of the amount of explosive, the diameter of the device (that is, the mass of water to be projected), the density of the water, the distance at which the IED is located, and the resistance of the inner tube material. Results show that the mass of explosive, the diameter of the device, the interaction of the mass of explosive and the density of the water, and the interaction between the resistance of the inner tube and the diameter of the container have a strong influence on the speed of projected water.

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Pangan, Angela Marie S., Izrah L. Lacuesta, Romie C. Mabborang, and Flordeliza P. Ferrer. "Authenticating Data Transfer Using RSA-Generated QR Codes." European Journal of Information Technologies and Computer Science 2, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/compute.2022.2.4.73.

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Lack of security measures for cybersecurity threat is somewhat vulnerable and can even put one’s digital life at high risk of phishing attack which is so alarming nowadays. Perpetrators may even use fictitious personal information to infiltrate various institutions for their malicious acts. It is the aim of this paper to present a security measure for a safe data transfer by means of vaccination card. Vaccination information is one of the most commonly acquired pieces of data today. However, because most internet data collection processes lack encryption, personal data becomes very vulnerable to threats. As a result, the researchers presented a Centralized Covid-19 Record System, which illustrates secure data transfer via RSA-generated QR codes. A descriptive research design was employed in which a survey questionnaire together with secondary data sources and online tools i.e., RSA Express Encryption/Decryption Calculator and QR code generator were utilized as data instruments. Through a culmination of knowledge on asymmetric cryptography, RSA algorithm, QR codes, and web system development, answers to the founded research questions were unveiled. The web system’s architecture comprises several components and sub-components building its digital makeup. For the system development process, the most essential structural components are the web browser, web server, and database server. Through a message encryption/decryption feature that makes use of the RSA algorithm in generating a key pair, cryptography was implemented in the system. The essential mathematical parameters comprising such features are RSA encryption algorithm, RSA decryption algorithm, and Euler phi function. As for the system development environment, several hardware and software requirements that build and support the system’s end-to-end process were also specified. Upon the employment of those specifications, the system was able to offer several security features including the 15-digit account user IDs and QR code scanning for log-in, secured acquisition of public and private keys, and an admin verification process. Lastly, it was found that asymmetric cryptosystem provides a secured channel for data transfer due to the computational difficulty of factoring the large integers that constitute modulo . Upon the strategic culmination of the study’s framework, well-established system architecture, required system specifications, and security measures, the researchers were able to successfully develop VacciFied.net, a Centralized Covid-19 Record System involving authenticated data transfer process.

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Suntara, Chanon, Anusorn Cherdthong, Metha Wanapat, Suthipong Uriyapongson, Vichai Leelavatcharamas, Jutaporn Sawaengkaew, Pin Chanjula, and Suban Foiklang. "Isolation and Characterization of Yeasts from Rumen Fluids for Potential Use as Additives in Ruminant Feeding." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8030052.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a yeast strain often used to improve the feed quality of ruminants. However, S. cerevisiae has limited capacity to provide biomass when inoculated with carbon sources and a low ability to produce cellulase enzymes. Here, we hypothesized that yeast in the rumen produces a large amount of biomass and could release cellulase enzymes to break down fiber content. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen, isolate and identify yeast from the rumen fluids of Holstein Friesian steers and measure the efficiency of biomass production and cellulase activity. A fermentation medium containing sugarcane molasses as a carbon source and urea as a nitrogen source was optimized. Two fistulated–crossbred Holstein Friesian steers averaging 350 ± 20 kg body weight were used to screen and isolate the ruminal yeast. Two experiments were designed: First, a 12 × 3 × 3 factorial was used in a completely randomized design to determine biomass and carboxymethyl cellulase activity. Factor A was the isolated yeast and S. cerevisiae. Factor B was sugarcane molasses (M) concentration. Factor C was urea (U) concentration. In the second experiment, potential yeasts were selected, identified, and analyzed for 7 × 4 factorial use in a completely randomized design. Factor A was the incubation times. Factor B was the isolated yeast strains, including codes H-Khon Kaen University (KKU) 20 (as P. kudriavzevii-KKU20), I-KKU20 (C. tropicalis-KKU20), and C-KKU20 (as Galactomyces sp.-KKU20). Isolation was imposed under aerobic conditions, resulting in a total of 11 different colonies. Two appearances of colonies including asymmetric colonies of isolated yeast (indicated as A, B, C, E, and J) and ovoid colonies (coded as D, F, G, H, I, and K) were noted. Isolated yeast from the rumen capable of providing a high amount of biomass when inoculant consisted of the molasses 15% + urea 3% (M15 + U3), molasses 25% + urea 1% (M25 + U1), molasses 25% + urea 3% (M25 + U3), and molasses 25% + urea 5% (M25 + U5) when compared to the other media solution (p < 0.01). In addition, 11 isolated biomass-producing yeasts were found in the media solution of M25 + U1. There were 4 isolates cellulase producing yeasts discovered in the media solution of M25 + U1 and M25 + U5 whereas molasses 5% + urea 1% (M5 + U1), molasses 5% + urea 3% (M5 + U3), molasses 5% + urea 5% (M5 + U5), molasses 15% + urea 1% (M15 + U1), molasses 15% + urea 3% (M5 + U3), and M25 + U3 were found with 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, and 2 isolates, respectively. Ruminal yeast strains H-KKU20, I-KKU20, and C-KKU20 were selected for their ability to produce biomass. Identification of isolates H-KKU20 and I-KKU20 revealed that those isolates belonged to Pichia kudriavzevii-KKU20 and Candida tropicalis-KKU20 while C-KKU20 was identified as Galactomyces sp.-KKU20. Two strains provided maximum cell growth: P. kudriavzevii-KKU20 (9.78 and 10.02 Log cell/mL) and C. tropicalis-KKU20 (9.53 and 9.6 Log cells/mL) at 60 and 72 h of incubation time, respectively. The highest ethanol production was observed in S. cerevisiae at 76.4, 77.8, 78.5, and 78.6 g/L at 36, 48, 60, and 72 h of incubation time, respectively (p < 0.01). The P. kudriavzevii-KKU20 yielded the least reducing sugar at about 30.6 and 29.8 g/L at 60 and 72 h of incubation time, respectively. The screening and isolation of yeasts from rumen fluids resulted in 11 different yeasts being obtained. The potential yeasts discovered in the rumen fluid of cattle were Pichia kudriavzevii-KKU20, Candida tropicalis-KKU20, and Galactomyces sp.-KKU20. P. kudriavzevii-KKU20 had higher results than the other yeasts in terms of biomass production, cellulase enzyme activity, and cell number.

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Paul, Sarah Catherine, and Caroline Müller. "Fighting over defense chemicals disrupts mating behavior." Behavioral Ecology, December 31, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arab117.

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Abstract Studies on intraspecific contest behavior predominantly focus on contests between individuals of the same sex, however contest behavior is also expected to occur between individuals of the opposite sex including possible mates. Here we investigate potential trade-offs between mating and fighting behavior in the turnip sawfly (Athalia rosae). Adults of this species collect chemical defense compounds (clerodanoids) directly from plants but also indirectly by nibbling on conspecifics that have already obtained clerodanoids, a highly aggressive behavioral interaction. An A. rosae individual without clerodanoids may therefore be the potential mate or attacker of an individual of the opposite sex that has gained clerodanoids. To test the effect of clerodanoids on agonistic and mating behavior we paired females and males with or without clerodanoid access in a two-way factorial design. We show that asymmetrical clerodanoid acquisition between female-male pairs causes an increase in agonistic nibbling behavior, irrespective of sex, and moreover that conflict between individuals delays mating behavior. Our study highlights the importance of investigating agonistic intersex interactions, which can occur when adults are able to acquire valuable non-reproductive resources from a potential partner.

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MAINARDI, Pedro Henrique, and Ederio Dino BIDOIA. "FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS AND RECENT APPLICATIONS OF FACTORIAL STATISTICAL DESIGNS." Brazilian Journal of Biometrics 40, no. 1 (March 4, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.28951/bjb.v40i1.552.

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Factorial designs have been increasingly used in scientific investigations and technological development. The designs, through the use of matrices with all the treatment combinations, have been capable to effectively characterize the relationships between the variables of multi-factor experiments, assess the experimental variabilities, and derive mathematical functions that represent the behavior of the responses. Factorial designs were fractionalized, which substantially reduced the number of treatments without the loss of relevant information. The addition of central and star points to the factorial arrays has given them the orthogonality and rotatability characteristics, frequently used to fit models with curvature and identify critical regions of interest. Literature reports indicated that factorial designs, also called factorial experiments, were successfully applied in different types of investigations, including in cost evaluations and time-series studies. They were capable to estimate important features of the experiments, like the individual and combined effects of factors, the magnitude of residuals, additionally to express the relationships of the variables in polynomial equations, draw response surface and contour plots, and determine optimal combinations of parameters. In this review, the fundamental aspects of the Complete, Fractional, Central Composite Rotational and Asymmetrical factorial designs were conceptualized, and recent applications of these powerful tools were described.

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Singh, Harmeet, Anil Philip, and Kamla Pathak. "Multiple Unit Asymmetric Membrane Capsule: A Means for Delivery of Highly Water Soluble Drug." International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology 1, no. 1 (August 21, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.v1i1.8833.

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A multiple unit, non-disintegrating asymmetric polymeric capsular system was used to deliver highly water-soluble drug in a controlled manner. A highly water-soluble drug, metformin hydrochloride (MHCl), was selected as a model drug to demonstrate how the controlled release could be generated in vitro by changes in the core as well as the coating formulation. Formation of asymmetric capsule wall membrane involved wet phase inversion process, in which the asymmetric membrane (AM) was precipitated on glass mold pins by dipping the mold pins into a coating solution containing the good and bad solvents for the polymer followed by quenching in an aqueous quench bath. The study optimized by 23 factorial design evaluates the influence of coating formulation namely concentration of ethylcellulose and pore former (glycerol) and core component namely controlled release potassium chloride crystals. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the presence of outer dense non porous region and inner, thick, porous region for the prepared AM. Statistical test were applied at P > 0.05 on all the formulations undergoing in vitro release studies. Results showed the solubility of MHCl to have been modulated (reduced) over an extended period of time with pH independent, and osmotic pressure dependant drug release. The release kinetics was found to be zero order.

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Henderson, Kelsey S., Kelly T. Sutherland, and Miko M. Wilford. "“Reject the Offer”: The Asymmetric Impact of Defense Attorneys’ Plea Recommendations." Criminal Justice and Behavior, May 12, 2023, 009385482311725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00938548231172515.

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In two studies, we examined the impact of defense attorney recommendation on defendant plea decision-making. Community members and college students participated in a 2 (guilt status: innocent or guilty) × 2 (defense attorney recommendation: accept or reject offer) between-subjects factorial design study. The plea scenario was conveyed via an interactive computer simulation. In both studies (Study 1, n = 106; Study 2, n = 282), guilty participants were more likely to plead guilty than innocent participants. In Study 2, participants advised to accept the plea were more likely to plead guilty than those advised to reject the plea. Furthermore, being advised to reject the plea resulted in larger changes in willingness to accept a plea (WTAP) than being advised to accept the plea. This asymmetric effect was driven by those participants who were initially inclined to plead guilty but then received advice inconsistent with that inclination.

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Aghili, Salimeh Sadat, Mohsen Torabian, Mohammad Hassan Behzadi, and Asghar Seif. "Double-objective economic statistical design of (X ‾) control chart using Linex loss function." International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, January 17, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqrm-06-2022-0171.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a double-objective economic statistical design (ESD) of (X ‾) control chart under Weibull failure properties with the Linex asymmetric loss function. The authors have expressed the probability of type II error (β) as the statistical objective and the expected cost as the economic objective.Design/methodology/approachThe design used in this study is based on a double-objective economic statistical design of (X ‾) control chart with Weibull shock model via applying Banerjee and Rahim's model for non-uniform and uniform schemes with Linex asymmetric loss function. The results in the least average cost and β in uniform and non-uniform schemes by Linex loss function, compared with the same schemes without loss function.FindingsNumerical results indicate that it is not possible to reduce the second type of error and costs at the same time, which means that by reducing the second type of error, the cost increases, and by reducing the cost, the second type of error increases, both of which are very important. Obtained based on the needs of the industry and which one has more priority has the right to choose. These designs define a Pareto optimal front of solutions that increase the flexibility and adaptability of the X ‾ control chart in practice. When the authors use non-uniform schemes instead of uniform schemes, the average cost per unit time decreases by an average and when the authors apply loss function, the average cost per unit time increases by an average. Also, this quantity for double-objective schemes with loss function compared to without loss function schemes in cases uniform and non-uniform increases. The reason for this result is that the model underestimated the costs before using the loss function.Practical implicationsThis research adds to the body of knowledge related to flexibility in process quality control. This article may be of interest to quality systems experts in factories where the choice between cost reduction and statistical factor reduction can affect the production process.Originality/valueThe cost functions for double-objective uniform and non-uniform sampling schemes with the Weibull shock model based on the Linex loss function are presented for the first time.

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Zhang, Chunyu, Fang Xu, Chengdong Wu, and Chenglong Xu. "A lightweight multi-dimension dynamic convolutional network for real-time semantic segmentation." Frontiers in Neurorobotics 16 (December 15, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2022.1075520.

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Semantic segmentation can address the perceived needs of autonomous driving and micro-robots and is one of the challenging tasks in computer vision. From the application point of view, the difficulty faced by semantic segmentation is how to satisfy inference speed, network parameters, and segmentation accuracy at the same time. This paper proposes a lightweight multi-dimensional dynamic convolutional network (LMDCNet) for real-time semantic segmentation to address this problem. At the core of our architecture is Multidimensional Dynamic Convolution (MDy-Conv), which uses an attention mechanism and factorial convolution to remain efficient while maintaining remarkable accuracy. Specifically, LMDCNet belongs to an asymmetric network architecture. Therefore, we design an encoder module containing MDy-Conv convolution: MS-DAB. The success of this module is attributed to the use of MDy-Conv convolution, which increases the utilization of local and contextual information of features. Furthermore, we design a decoder module containing a feature pyramid and attention: SC-FP, which performs a multi-scale fusion of features accompanied by feature selection. On the Cityscapes and CamVid datasets, LMDCNet achieves accuracies of 73.8 mIoU and 69.6 mIoU at 71.2 FPS and 92.4 FPS, respectively, without pre-training or post-processing. Our designed LMDCNet is trained and inferred only on one 1080Ti GPU. Our experiments show that LMDCNet achieves a good balance between segmentation accuracy and network parameters with only 1.05 M.

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Xin, Zhiqiang, Chien-Min Kao, Yuqing Liu, Xun Chen, Labao Zhang, Peiheng Wu, and Qingguo Xie. "The value of using heterogeneous detector groups for development of time-of-flight (TOF) positron emission tomography (PET) systems." Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express, August 11, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/acef24.

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Abstract Objective. Much recent attention on positron emission tomography (PET) is the development of time-of-flight (TOF) systems with ever improving coincidence time resolution (CTR). This is because, when all other factors remain the same, a better CTR leads to images of better statistics and effectively increases the sensitivity of the system. However, detector designs that aggressively improve the CTR often compromise the detection efficiency (DE) and offset the benefit gained. Under this circumstance, in developing a TOF PET system it may be beneficial to employ heterogeneous detector groups to balance the overall CTR and DE of the system. In this study, we examine the value of this strategy considering two-dimensional systems that assume several representative ways of mixing two detector groups. Approach. The study is performed using computer simulation. We specifically consider medium time-resolution (MTR) detectors that have a 528 ps CTR and high time-resolution (HTR) detectors that have a 100 ps CTR and a DE that is 0.7 times that of the MTR detector. We examine contrast recovery, noise and subjective quality of the resulting images under various ways of mixing the MTR and HTR detectors. Main results. With respect to the traditional configuration that adopts only the HTR detectors, strategies that lead to symmetric heterogeneous configurations may offer comparable or better images while using considerably fewer HTRs. On the other hand, strategies that lead to asymmetric heterogeneous configurations allow the use of only a few HTRs for improving the image quality locally. Significance. This study demonstrates the value of the proposed system-level design strategy of using heterogeneous detector groups for achieving high effective system sensitivity by factoring into the tradeoff between the CTR and DE of the detector.

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Londoño-Carmona, Juan David, Liliana Mahecha-Ledezma, and Joaquín Angulo-Arizala. "Evaluation of the quality of the silage obtained from the uniformization pruning in intensive silvopastoral systems." Respuestas 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.2822.

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The objective of the present work was to evaluate the nutritional composition of the silage made from the material collected from the uniformization pruning in an intensive SSP with buttercup. (Tithonia diversifolia) y tilo (Sambucus nigra), and mixed in different proportions with sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) and King grass (Pennisetum hybridum), using a commercial additive of lactic acid bacteria and ruiminal content (rumination). Six treatments were evaluated with five repetitions and a weight of 10 kg per treatment, distributed as follows: T1: 25% T. diversifolia + 25% S. nigra + 50% S. officinarum with commercial additive (BTCac), T2: T1 with ruiminal content (BTCru), T3: 25% T. diversifolia + 25% S. nigra + 50% + P. hybridum with commercial additive (BTPac), T4: T3 with ruiminal content (BTPru) T5: 25% T. diversifolia + 25% S. nigra + 25% S. officinarum + 25% P. hybridum with commercial additive (BTCPac), T6: T5 with ruiminal content (BTCPru). With the obtained data an asymmetric factorial design of two levels was carried out, the analyzed variables were: dry matter (MS), ash (CEN), crude protein (PC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin (LIG) processed by NIRS , through agreement U of A - DaryCaby and pH. The CEN presented significant difference (p <0.05) between treatments BTCac (11.92%), BTCru (11.62%) and BTCPac (14.76%), BTCPru (14.80%), BTPac (14 , 66%), BTPru (13.86%), but not between additives or interaction between treatment and additives, the NDF presented significant difference (p = 0.0375) among additives (58.08% and 60.39% commercial and ruiminal content respectively), but not between treatments or interaction between additive and treatments, lignin (LIG) presented a significant difference (p <0.05) between treatments BTCac (5.1%) and BTCPru (7.5%) ), BTPac (7.6%), BTPru (6.8%), and interaction between additive and treatments and there was no significant difference between treatments, the pH presented a significant difference (p <0.05) between treatments BTCac (4.1), BTCru (4.2) and BTCPac (4.7), BTCPru (4.6), BTPac (4.6), BTPru (4.8), and there was no difference between additives or interaction between additive and treatments, the MS and Pc did not present a significant difference among treatments, or interaction between additive and treatments, with averages of 16.5% and 10.7% respectively.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Asymmetrical Factorial Design'

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