Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Astrophysique – Expériences'
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Volpe, Angela. "Développement d'un réfrigérateur à dilution en boucle fermée pour expériences d'astrophysique dans l'espace." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993970.
Full textVan, Box Som Lucile. "Des naines blanches magnétiques accrétantes aux plasmas laser : simulations, similitudes et expériences." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS555.
Full textMagnetic white dwarfs are part of some binary systems which accrete matter from their companion star as an accretion column. The accretion flow confined by the magnetic field lines falls at a supersonic velocity onto the magnetic poles of the white dwarf. At the impact, an accretion shock is generated and the post-shock region is structured as a result of the effects of complex radiative processes. In this work, we present observational data, astrophysical numerical data, theoretical studies and finally experimental data obtained on different laser facilities as well as their associated numerical simulations. First, theoretical and numerical studies at the astrophysical scale describe the structure and the dynamics of the accretion column. In particular, we have studied the origin of rapid oscillations observed in the optical light curves of some objects. Then, we have completed these studies with an experimental approach to build laboratory millimetre-scaled models of the radiation hydrodynamic processes occurred in the accretion column through powerful lasers. Experimental results obtained on the GEKKO XII laser facility and their interpretations are presented. Finally, we have optimized a new experimental design to achieve a similar regime on megajoule facilities in indirect drive. The data obtained from such experiments will provide new insights to improve astrophysical modelling
Boireau, Laurent. "Astrophysique de laboratoire : modélisation analytique et numérique du choc radiatif : expériences au moyen de lasers de puissance." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066480.
Full textRamachandran, Ragav. "Excitation collisionnelle des molécules NH et ND par He et H2 : théorie, comparaison avec les expériences et application astrophysique." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMLH02.
Full textNH molecule plays a crucial role in the interstellar nitrogen chemistry as it acts as an intermediate during the formation of the ubiquitous ammonia. Abundance of this species is a crucial probe of the nitrogen chemistry. With the advancements in the observational techniques, highly resolved transitions of these molecules in the ISM have been observed. However, the observed abundance ratios of nitrogen hydrides do not match with astrochemical models. The isotopologues are used to probe chemical pathways. For accurate analysis of these spectral observations, non-LTE modeling methods are employed which requires accurate NH and ND collisional rate coefficients. In this work, we present fine and hyperfine resolved rate coefficients for the (de-)excitation of NH/ND due to collisions with He and that of NH with H2 that should allow accurate determination of the NH abundance from the observational spectra. In this thesis we present highly correlated ab initio PESs of the NH-He and NH-H2 Van der Waals complexes. Calculations of fine and hyperfine resolved state-to-state rate coefficients for NH-He collisions were performed using the new PES for temperatures up to 350 K and ND-He collisions for temperatures upto 200 K. From the comparison, we observe that there is a significant difference between the present and previous rate coefficients, which is attributed essentially to the inclusion of vibrational effect in the new calculations and comparison between NH-He & ND-He results shows the importance of calculating ND-He rate coefficients explicitly. We also present the first calculations for NH-H2. As the He and H2 rate coefficients differ significantly, both the NH-He and NH-H2 sets of collisional data should be used to revise the NH abundance in space
Gonzalez, Matthias. "Contribution à l'étude numérique de l'hydrodynamique radiative : des expériences de chocs radiatifs aux jets astrophysiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00110290.
Full textLors de cette thèse, un code numérique parallèle tridimensionnel d'hydrodynamique radiative baptisé HERACLES a été développé. Il s'appuie sur le modèle M1 qui permet de traiter un rayonnement à forte anisotropie. De nombreux tests ont validé HERACLES sur une grande variété de conditions physiques, dont le régime semi-transparent et la diffusion des photons, ses résultats étant comparables aux codes Monte-Carlo. Il a ensuite été utilisé dans deux thématiques.
La première concerne les chocs radiatifs, phénomènes astrophysiques reproduits sur Terre grâce aux lasers de puissance. HERACLES a mis en évidence l'influence de différents paramètres sur l'évolution d'un tel choc : le rapport de la largeur du canal de propagation sur le libre parcours moyen de photons, l'albédo des parois... Il a ensuite contribué à l'analyse d'une expérience réalisée avec le laser PALS. Il a permis de reproduire la courbe de décélération du précurseur observée dans l'expérience ainsi que la transmission du diagnostic transverse.
La seconde thématique concerne les jets générés par les étoiles en formation et interagissant avec le nuage moléculaire environnant. Les opacités du milieu interstellaire montrant qu'une partie significative du rayonnement est absorbée, nous avons mené les premières simulations d'un jet tenant compte du transfert radiatif. Elles ont montré que le jet pouvait être fortement comprimé et que le transfert radiatif semble donc pouvoir jouer un rôle important dans sa propagation.
Vacher, Lionel. "Hydratation et évolution isotopique précoce des astéroïdes carbonés : approches expérimentale et isotopique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0229.
Full textCarbonaceous asteroids were affected by aqueous alteration processes that have strongly modified their primary mineralogy in favour of a wide diversity of newly formed phases. Despite the numerous studies carried out on hydrated chondrites (CM chondrites), the physicochemical conditions of aqueous alteration and the identification of the water sources accreted by asteroids are still poorly constrain. From the mineralogical and isotopic survey of secondary phases, this thesis aims (i) to decipher the origin and evolution of water accreted by primitive asteroids and (ii) to retrace the physicochemical conditions of aqueous alteration using hydrothermal laboratory experiments. First of all, our results show that the pristine CM chondrite Paris contains Ca-carbonates whose O-isotopic compositions ([delta]17,18O) requires an 8-35% contribution of water ice from the outer part of the Solar System. In addition, our C-isotopic analyses conducted on these same Ca-carbonates indicate similar [delta]13C values to those of the soluble organic matter (SOM) that constitute carbonaceous chondrites. Thus, we suggest that SOM is the most probable source of carbon to form Ca-carbonates. Then, the study of different clasts in the CM chondrite Boriskino revealed that this meteorite has experienced high intensity impact events, causing the formation of fractures and the circulation of later 16O-rich fluid flow. Finally, our low temperature laboratory experiments successfully synthetized the most characteristic phases of CM chondrites: tochilinite and cronstedtite. Moreover, by comparing our results to other experimental studies, we observed a positive correlation between the nMg content in the hydroxide layer of synthetic tochilinite and temperature. This correlation suggests that the chemical composition of tochilinite represents as powerful proxy to retrace the alteration temperature experienced by CM chondrites
Verdier, Marc-Antoine. "Scintillateurs cryogéniques pour la détection d'événements rares, dans les expériences EDELWEISS et EURECA." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00556620.
Full textLoisel, Guillaume. "Des plasmas stellaires aux plasmas de laboratoire : Application aux mesures d'opacité dans les domaines X et XUV." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00579800.
Full textHiahemzizou, Rafik. "Théorie générale de la manipulation / intervention : son implémentation aux expériences de la physique et d'astrophysique." Thesis, Lille 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL30036.
Full textIn this work, we analyze the concept of manipulation through a comprehensive theory which includes the entity realism and the causal theory of manipulation. At the second stage, we implement this theory to several scientific experiments. It is divided into four parts:In Part I, we will have a long journey until we will reach the true concept of manipulation. We analyze the structural realism and we explore its difficulties regarding ontological problems of physics. Our survey of structural realism enables to open a new way to developing entity realism instead of structural realism.Part II will be dedicated to the core aspect of entity realism such as its foundations, its arguments and our aim to reach a global definition of manipulation concept.In Part III I will achieve my aim which is elaborating a global theory of manipulation/intervention based on entity realism and the Woodward theory of intervention, invariance and depth explanation of causal events. We will develop three items : 1- a system of intervention conditions 2-a typology of intervention, 3-probabilistic intervention. Such type of intervention is applicable to EPR experiment. In Part IV, we implement our theory to five scientific experiments: EPR experiment, electrodynamics cavity experiment, Zeeman effect experiment, Tevatron experiment (collision of protons) and last but not least an astrophysical experiment (gravitational waves).In each case, our theory is successful. All intervention conditions are applicable to our five experiments and a well defined typology of intervention is developed based on intervention results through different stages of those experiments. Therefore, the theory of manipulation shows a real and genuine application in different domains of physics and astrophysics. Such result is important regarding the role of manipulation in modern science
Vacher, Lionel. "Hydratation et évolution isotopique précoce des astéroïdes carbonés : approches expérimentale et isotopique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0229/document.
Full textCarbonaceous asteroids were affected by aqueous alteration processes that have strongly modified their primary mineralogy in favour of a wide diversity of newly formed phases. Despite the numerous studies carried out on hydrated chondrites (CM chondrites), the physicochemical conditions of aqueous alteration and the identification of the water sources accreted by asteroids are still poorly constrain. From the mineralogical and isotopic survey of secondary phases, this thesis aims (i) to decipher the origin and evolution of water accreted by primitive asteroids and (ii) to retrace the physicochemical conditions of aqueous alteration using hydrothermal laboratory experiments. First of all, our results show that the pristine CM chondrite Paris contains Ca-carbonates whose O-isotopic compositions ([delta]17,18O) requires an 8-35% contribution of water ice from the outer part of the Solar System. In addition, our C-isotopic analyses conducted on these same Ca-carbonates indicate similar [delta]13C values to those of the soluble organic matter (SOM) that constitute carbonaceous chondrites. Thus, we suggest that SOM is the most probable source of carbon to form Ca-carbonates. Then, the study of different clasts in the CM chondrite Boriskino revealed that this meteorite has experienced high intensity impact events, causing the formation of fractures and the circulation of later 16O-rich fluid flow. Finally, our low temperature laboratory experiments successfully synthetized the most characteristic phases of CM chondrites: tochilinite and cronstedtite. Moreover, by comparing our results to other experimental studies, we observed a positive correlation between the nMg content in the hydroxide layer of synthetic tochilinite and temperature. This correlation suggests that the chemical composition of tochilinite represents as powerful proxy to retrace the alteration temperature experienced by CM chondrites
Davoisne, Carine. "Évolution des silicates dans les milieux interstellaires, circumstellaires et cométaires : Le rôle de l'irradiation et de la température." Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2006/50376_2006_98.pdf.
Full textGonzales, Matthias. "Contribution à l'étude numérique de l'hydrodynamique radiative : Des expériences de chocs radiatifs aux jets astrophysiques." Paris 11, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00110290.
Full textRadiation-hydrodynamics deals with the dynamical interaction between gas and radiation. Its applications lie from astrophysics to inertial confinement fusion. During this thesis, a 3D parallel radiation-hydrodynamics code called HERACLES has been developed. It relies upon the M1 model which can deal with anisotropic radiation field. Various tests have validated HERACLES upon a large variety of physical conditions, including semi-transparent regime and photon diffusion, its results being similar to those of Monte-Carlo codes. It has then been applied to two domains. The first one dealt with radiative shocks, astrophysical phenomena reproduced on Earth thanks to high-power lasers. HERACLES has shown the influence of different parameters upon the radiative shock evolution: ratio propagation canal width over photon mean free path, walls albedo… Then, it has contributed to analyze an experiment conducted at the PALS laser facility. It has reproduced the observed precursor slowdown and the transmission of the transverse diagnostic. The second domain dealt with the jets generated by forming stars and interacting with their ambient molecular cloud. Since the interstellar medium opacities imply that a significant part of radiation is absorbed, we conducted the first jets simulations including radiation-hydrodynamics. They showed that the jets can be highly compressed and that radiative transfer could then play an important role in the jets propagation
Hénault, Elsa. "A spectroscopic and chemical study of trans-Neptunian surfaces." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025UPASP009.
Full textTrans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are remnants of planetary formation in the outskirts of the Solar System. Their icy surfaces are thought to carry information regarding both their origin some 4.5 billion years ago and likely different evolutionary processes affecting them since. For the past 30 years, the characterisation of TNO surface composition has been limited, specifically for the objects with diameters below 800 km, more primitive than dwarf planets. This is due to their faintness and lack of strong absorption features in the near-infrared range accessible from ground-based telescopes. TNOs were mostly characterised by their colour (spectral slopes in the visible to near-infrared range). Some ice features were detected, with the most widespread ones being attributed to water ice. Since 2022, the capacities of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) allowed to unlock a new window for chemical characterisation of TNOs. The large Cycle 1 program “DiSCo-TNOs” provided spectra over the full 0.7 to 5.1 μm range for more than 50 TNOs and Centaurs. I was actively involved in the analysis of the dataset which lead to the detection of ubiquitous CO₂ and widespread CO ices, although thermodynamical considerations predict the depletion of the latter. CO₂ presents compelling variations in abundance and chemical environment across objects. These differences are unrelated to the object’s size, thought to rule its ability to retain volatiles. CO₂ variability is likely a testament to variations in early composition. With further analysis of JWST spectra by clustering techniques, we showed that TNO surfaces fall into three broad spectral and compositional groups: one is dominated by water ice features, one is dominated by CO₂ features and one shows methanol and complex organics. The distribution of compositional groups within the dynamical classes of TNOs indicates that these compositional differences are primordial, linked to different heliocentric distances before planetary migration and potentially shaped by retention processes. This provides a crucial picture of the distribution of planetesimals before early dynamical evolution set them in their current orbits. To provide support for the analysis of JWST observations, I ran laboratory experiments with the INGMAR setup (IAS/IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay). I conducted ion irradiation experiments to reproduce ion bombardment of atmosphere-less surfaces, a process altering and “ageing” surfaces over billions of years. I used 30 keV H+ ions to bombard methanol ices, pure and mixed with water, and CO₂ ices. I showed that the CO observed on TNOs is compatible with being formed by irradiation of the dominating ice, either CO₂ or methanol. CO forms trapped within the parent ice which explains its stability against sublimation. Colour can be another indicator of energetic processing. The red colours of methanol ices, irradiated to high doses, match those of methanolrich TNOs. But the detection of methanol on TNOs, argues against its complete destruction within the entire optically active depth. This is consistent with the existence of compositional variations, within the surface’s depth, induced by an irradiation gradient. By combining JWST observations with laboratory experiments, my work allows to disentangle between primordial heritage and irradiation-induced chemical evolution, ultimately providing a clearer description of the outer Solar System’s history
Huguet, Ludovic. "Cristallisation et convection sous hyper-gravité." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0950/document.
Full textThe inner core boundary (ICB) is unstable, and a mushy layer forms under very particular conditions in which the crystallization is very slow compared to the very vigorous convection of the liquid core. To mimic these conditions, we have investigated a mushy layer under hyper-gravity in a centrifuge. The thickness of a mushy layer decreases with gravity and the solid fraction increases. This is coherent with seismological studies suggesting that the solid fraction at the ICB is close to unity. Moreover, seismology shows that the inner core is very heterogeneous in terms of elastic anisotropy, attenuation or wave velocity and that there exists a strong East-West dichotomy on the ICB. One hypothesis is that the latter is due to a translation of the inner core that would cause crystallization on one hemisphere and melting on the other one. We have tested that hypothesis with experiments of solidification and melting of a mush. We have used ultrasounds as an analogue to the seismic waves to quantify structural changes in the mush from measurements of attenuation and scattering. From our observations, it is plausible that the ICB on the Western hemisphere s melting while it is solidifying on the Eastern hemisphere. In other experiments, using xenon gas under hyper-gravity, we have observed an adiabatic gradient for the first time. This thesis shows the feasibility of these experiments and the possibility to check experimentally the approximations used for compressible convection
Tricottet, Matthieu. "Instabilité de Rayleigh-Taylor : effets de la Compressibilité, des Non-Linéarités et Application à une Expérience d'Astrophysique de Laboratoire." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077176.
Full textGiebels, Berrie. "A contribution to gamma-ray astronomy of GeV-TeV Active Galaxies with Fermi and H.E.S.S." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672596.
Full textChalons, Guillaume. "Corrections radiatives en Supersymétrie et applications au calcul de la densité relique au-delà de l'ordre dominant." Phd thesis, Chambéry, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00527244.
Full textAcero, O. Mario. "Oscillations de neutrinos dans les expériences de gallium et des réacteurs et des effets cosmologiques d'un neutrino stérile lumière." Phd thesis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01045108.
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