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Journal articles on the topic 'Astronomical instruments'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 March 2023

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1

Rifai, Elkhayati. "Observational Instruments in the Arab Scientific Heritage Perspective Ismail ibn Heba Allah al-Hamawi | Al Alät Al Rosydiyyah fi At Thurost Al ‘Ilm Al ‘Aroby ‘Indä Ismäil ibn Hebä Allah al-Hämäwi." Mantiqu Tayr: Journal of Arabic Language 1, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25217/mantiqutayr.v1i2.1580.

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The article is an edited and critical study of an unpublished astronomical text entitled "The Astronomical Instrument Known as The Two-Pronged Machine" of a Damascene astronomer from the thirteenth century AD, Ismail ibn Heba Allah al-Hamawi. ancient scientific texts on this instrument are written by al-Kindi then Ibn Abbad and al-Nayrizi. Al-Kindi's text is the only text published from ancient texts, and today we present to researchers in the development of astronomical instruments a new text to contribute to enriching our knowledge of the scientific tradition of astronomical instruments in Islamic civilization.

2

Gingerich, Owen. "Book Review: Indian Astronomical Instruments: Astronomical Instruments in the Rampur Raza Library." Journal for the History of Astronomy 36, no. 1 (February 2005): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860503600115.

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3

KING, D. A. "Cataloguing Medieval Islamic Astronomical Instruments." Bibliotheca Orientalis 57, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/bior.57.3.2015769.

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4

Barden, Samuel C. "FIBER OPTICS IN ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS." Optics and Photonics News 7, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.7.2.000034.

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5

Heacox, William D., and Pierre Connes. "Optical fibers in astronomical instruments." Astronomy and Astrophysics Review 3, no. 3-4 (1992): 169–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00872526.

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6

Naylor, David A., Brad G. Gom, Matthijs H. D. van der Wiel, and Gibion Makiwa. "Astronomical imaging Fourier spectroscopy at far-infrared wavelengths." Canadian Journal of Physics 91, no. 11 (November 2013): 870–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2012-0571.

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The principles and practice of astronomical imaging Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) at far-infrared wavelengths are described. The Mach–Zehnder (MZ) interferometer design has been widely adopted for current and future imaging FTS instruments; we compare this design with two other common interferometer formats. Examples of three instruments based on the MZ design are presented. The techniques for retrieving astrophysical parameters from the measured spectra are discussed using calibration data obtained with the Herschel–SPIRE instrument. The paper concludes with an example of imaging spectroscopy obtained with the SPIRE FTS instrument.

7

Schmidl, Petra G. "Astronomical Instruments in the Ottoman Empire." Journal for the History of Astronomy 51, no. 4 (November 2020): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828620943749.

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8

GOLDSTEIN, BERNARD R. "Descriptions of Astronomical Instruments in Hebrew." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500, no. 1 From Deferent (June 1987): 105–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37198.x.

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9

Stewart, J. M., S. M. Beard, B. D. Kelly, and M. J. Paterson. "Applications of transputers to astronomical instruments." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 37, no. 2 (April 1990): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.106672.

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10

Thibodeau, Sharon Gibbs. "Islamic Astronomical Instruments. David A. King." Isis 81, no. 1 (March 1990): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/355272.

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11

Helden, A. V. "HISTORY OF SCIENCE:Cathedrals as Astronomical Instruments." Science 286, no. 5448 (December 17, 1999): 2279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5448.2279.

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12

Planesas, Pere. "Reconstructing the astronomical heritage." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S260 (January 2009): 510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311002766.

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AbstractStudies of the astronomical heritage can deal with the ancient astronomical knowledge, traditions and myths, as well as with old instruments and observatories. It is urgent to work for their recovery, before they are definitely forgoten, lost or destroyed. On the cultural side, the Joint ALMA Observatory is sponsoring the study of the local cosmology and sky of the indigenous people living in the region where ALMA is currently being build. In the case of ancient instruments, several success stories already exist, the most recent one being the reconstruction of the Madrid 25ft Herschel telescope. Examples of notable instruments pending reconstruction are listed.

13

Lomb, Nick. "The Instruments from Parramatta Observatory." Historical Records of Australian Science 15, no. 2 (2004): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr04004.

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Sydney Observatory, Australia's oldest existing observatory, was built in 1858 on what is now called Observatory Hill. With such a long continuous history the Observatory has a good collection of astronomical instruments relating to its own history. Moreover, the collection extends further back to Parramatta Observatory, set up in 1821 by Governor Sir Thomas Brisbane. After the closure of that observatory in 1847 its instruments were retained in the colony and given to the fledgling Sydney Observatory on its establishment.Instruments from Paramatta on display at Sydney Observatory include a brass repeating circle by the eminent Munich instrument makers Reichenbach, Utzschneider and Liebherr, a Troughton transit telescope, an equatorial telescope by Banks and a 1791 celestial globe. There is also an astronomical regulator by Hardy. Brisbane acquired some of these instruments for his previous observatory in Scotland while some were obtained specifically for his Australian observatory. This paper discusses the use of these instruments at Parramatta and their subsequent fate at Sydney Observatory.

14

Ekers, R. D. "Review of Linked Array Instruments." Highlights of Astronomy 8 (1989): 551–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600008297.

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At cm wavelengths aperture synthesis radio-telescopes (arrays of linked antennas which synthesize an image of the sky with high angular resolution) are now becoming the dominant astronomical research tool. Major new facilities such as the VLA are in full operation, others such as the Australia Telescope are nearing completion and a number of telescopes designed to form images in real time have been converted to operate in the aperture synthesis mode (e.g. MOST, Bologna Cross). See Napier et al. (1983) for a review of modern synthesis telescopes. The high resolution, sensitivity and freedom from confusion have led the aperture synthesis telescopes into very diverse astronomical applications.

15

Razaullah Ansari, S. M., and S. A. Khan Ghori. "Two Treatises on Astronomical Instruments by cABD Al-Munc IM Al-cĀmilī & Qāsim cAlī Al-Qāyinī." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 91 (1987): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100106086.

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A characteristic feature of Arab-islamic astronomy during the Middle Ages is the promotion and tremendous growth of practical astronomy which was in turn manifested primarily by the establishment of scores of observatories in West-Central Asia, from Abbasid Caliph al-Māmūn (813-833) to the Turkish king Murād III (1574-1595), and by the production of copious literature on astronomical Tables (the zījes) as well as on astronomical instruments (ālāt al-rasad). The enormity of the literature on the latter could be gauged by the list of extant works as given by Matvievskaya and Rosenfeld (1983) in their recent Biobibliography: 349 treatises on astrolabes, 138 on sine-instruments, 81 on quadrants, 4 on sextants and octants, 41 on armillary spheres and celestial globes, 77 on sundials and again 77 on “other instruments”—in all 767 treatises. As a matter of fact the instruments developed by Arab-islamic astronomers could be broadly classified into four groups: a) Time measuring instruments (e.g. sundials, shadow quadrants), b) Angle measuring instruments for astronomical parameters (e.g. armilla of various kinds, dioptre and parallactic rulers), c) instruments for transformation of system of coordinates and/or solving nomographical problems (e.g. astrolabes, quadrants, dāstūr instrument), d) Mathematical instruments for evaluating trigonometric functions, (e.g. sinequadrants). Apart from the fourth and the most important of all, the astrolabe, which in turn embodies all the four groups of instruments to a certain extent, works on “other instruments” were compiled in almost every century (down from 9th to 18th A.D.), also by well-known Arab-Islamic astronomer-mathematicians.

16

Babovic, Lj. "The bronze-age astronomical finds in the territory of Serbia." Serbian Astronomical Journal, no. 164 (2001): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/saj0164027b.

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In the present paper it is shown that among the archeological finds at Vatin some 50 km north-east of Belgrade, there are primeval astronomical instruments: gnomon, metron along with the calendar records, belonging to the proto-astronomic age, which by their ornamental analogies are linked with the contemporaneous Mycenae culture (around 1500-1250. B.C).

17

Bohlin, Ralph C. "Standard Astronomical Sources for the Space Telescope." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 111 (1985): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900078955.

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The Space Telescope (ST) will require many types of standard sources for a diverse range of calibrations to be performed after launch. The scientific instruments are sensitive to a wide range of wavelengths from 1050 to 11,000Å and encompass a broad range of measurement capabilities including astrometry, photometry, imaging, polarimetry, and spectroscopy. To verify proper operations of each instrument and to provide quantitative calibrations, a diverse range of standard sources and fields are required. In order to select targets that satisfy the requirements of the Instrument Definition Teams and the long term responsibilities of the Science Institute, six groups containing a total of 25 astronomers are defining the calibration targets to be observed after launch. The six categories of ST standard sources are: 1)Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric2)Ground Based Spectrophotometric and Photometric3)Wavelength4)Astrometric5)Polarimetric6)Spatially Flat FieldThe data in these categories will be collected from the literature or through new observing programs as appropriate. These six reports of the working groups outline the calibrations and proposed targets for all of the scientific instruments on ST. The collected data on each set of standard sources should be published in the refereed literature.

18

Ren, Deqing. "Apochromatic lenses for near-infrared astronomical instruments." Optical Engineering 38, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.602131.

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19

Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, and Pierre Kern. "Astrophotonics: a new era for astronomical instruments." Optics Express 17, no. 3 (January 30, 2009): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.001880.

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20

Hastings, P. R., and D. M. Montgomery. "Support of cooled components in astronomical instruments." Cryogenics 33, no. 11 (November 1993): 1032–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(93)90205-3.

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21

Christianson, J. R. "Tycho’s Communities: Astronomical Letters, Books and Instruments." Metascience 17, no. 1 (January 22, 2008): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-007-9172-z.

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22

Christianson, J. R. "Tycho’s Communities: Astronomical Letters, Books and Instruments." Metascience 17, no. 2 (May 7, 2008): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-008-9197-y.

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23

Chinnici, Ileana, and Donatella Randazzo. "A Manuscript by Jesse Ramsden at Palermo Observatory." Nuncius 26, no. 1 (2011): 243–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539111x569847.

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AbstractAn interesting manuscript, unsigned and undated, containing two incomplete texts, has been found in the Palermo Astronomical Observatory Library. The handwriting has been recognized as belonging to Jesse Ramsden, the famous London instrument maker and the texts deals with some little-known improvements made by him around 1787-88 on the adjustments of astronomical quadrants and transit instruments. The provenance of the manuscript is unclear, owing to the absence of any related documentary evidence.

24

Botez, Elvira, and Tiberiu Oproiu. "About Some Astronomical Instruments from Batthyanian Observatory in Alba Iulia." Highlights of Astronomy 12 (2002): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600013757.

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AbstractBuilt toward the end of the 18th century on the last floor of a former Trinitarian church, the Astronomical Observatory in Alba Iulia (Romania) was equipped with instruments brought from Vienna and it was in activity until 1860. A description of the astronomical instruments of those existing at present is given.

25

Ramasubramanian, K. "Book Review: Early Indian Astronomical Instruments: The Archaic and the Exotic: Studies in the History of Indian Astronomical Instruments." Journal for the History of Astronomy 41, no. 1 (February 2010): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182861004100110.

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26

Ackermann, Silke, and Louise Devoy. "Humfrey Cole Revisited." Nuncius 36, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 67–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-bja10008.

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Abstract England’s first native scientific instrument maker, Humfrey Cole (c. 1530–1591), is well-known to historians thanks to a collection of twenty-six instruments and a map of Palestine that survive today in public and private ownership. Two recently studied instruments have enhanced our knowledge of Cole’s work: i) an horary quadrant, signed and dated 1573, now in the collections of the British Museum, and ii) an astronomical compendium, signed and dated 1590, held in a private collection. The unusual design of the horary quadrant demonstrates Cole’s versatile approach in adapting his products for specific customers, while certain features on the astronomical compendium, possibly the last piece ever made by Cole, suggest that he was aware of his final days and passed on his work to a younger maker, James Kynvyn (c. 1550–1615), hinting at a possible collaborative working relationship between these two generations of instrument makers in Elizabethan London.

27

Ohashi, Yukio. "A Note on Some Sanskrit Manuscripts on Astronomical Instruments." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 91 (1987): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100106037.

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The earliest astronomical instruments in India are the śaṙku (gnomon) and the ghaṭikā (clepsydra). The former is mentioned in the Śulbasūtras, and the latter in the Vedāṅqajyotiṣa. Aryabhaṭa described a rotating model of the celestial sphere. After Aryabhaṭa, several instruments were described by Varāhamihira, Brahmagupta,Lalla, Śrīpati , and Bhāskara II. After Bhāskara II , some Sanskrit texts specialized on astronomical instruments were composed. The earliest text of this kind is the Yantra-rāja (AD 1370) written by Mahendra Sūri. It is also the first text on the astrolabe in Sanskrit. After Mahendra Sūri, Padmanābha, Cakradhara, Ganeśa-Daivajña etc. composed Sanskrit texts on instruments, but most of them remain unpublished.

28

Ellis, S. C., J. Bland-Hawthorn, and S. G. Leon-Saval. "General coupling efficiency for fiber-fed astronomical instruments." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 38, no. 7 (June 17, 2021): A64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.423905.

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29

Ashley, Michael C. B., Paul W. Brooks, and James P. Lloyd. "Remote Control of Astronomical Instruments via the Internet." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 13, no. 1 (January 1996): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000020440.

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A software package called ERIC is described that provides a framework for allowing scientific instruments to be remotely controlled via the Internet. The package has been used to control four diverse astronomical instruments, and is now being made freely available to the community. For a description of ERIC’s capabilities, and how to obtain a copy, see the conclusion to this paper.

30

Slanger, T. G., P. C. Cosby, D. L. Huestis, and B. D. Sharpee. "Review of tropical nightglow studies with astronomical instruments." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 68, no. 13 (September 2006): 1426–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2005.04.012.

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31

Moon Kyu Yi. "The Transmission of Astronomical Instruments in East Asia." Journal of North-east Asian Cultures 1, no. 47 (June 2016): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17949/jneac.1.47.201606.005.

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32

CHINNICI, ILEANA. "19TH CENTURY SPECTROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS IN ITALIAN ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES." Nuncius 15, no. 2 (2000): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539100x00092.

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Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Questo paper esamina l'attivit di ricerca condotta in Italia nella seconda met del XIX secolo nel campo della nascente astrofisica, soffermandosi sugli strumenti allora utilizzati dai principali esponenti di questa disciplina e sui costruttori italiani di strumenti spettroscopici. Si tenta quindi di dare una spiegazione della debolezza dell'industria italiana in questo settore che si inquadra nella crisi generale del settore degli strumenti scientifici nel XIX secolo in Italia.

33

Chen, Yang, Xiao-Li Meng, Xufei Wang, David A. van Dyk, Herman L. Marshall, and Vinay L. Kashyap. "Calibration Concordance for Astronomical Instruments via Multiplicative Shrinkage." Journal of the American Statistical Association 114, no. 527 (March 18, 2019): 1018–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2018.1528978.

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34

CHINNICI, ILEANA. "19TH CENTURY SPECTROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS IN ITALIAN ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES." Nuncius 15, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058700x00096.

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35

Pettersen, Bjørn Ragnvald. "A leading nineteenth century instrument-maker in Norway and his astronomical and geodetic instruments." Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 07, no. 02 (December 1, 2004): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1440-2807.2004.02.05.

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36

HAHN, I., P. DAY, B. BUMBLE, and H. G. LEDUC. "ADVANCED HYBRID SQUID MULTIPLEXER CONCEPT FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, no. 12b (December 2007): 2407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807011413.

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The Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) has been used and proposed often to read out low-temperature detectors for astronomical instruments. A multiplexed SQUID readout for currently envisioned astronomical detector arrays, which will have tens of thousands of pixels, is still challenging with the present technology. We present a new, advanced multiplexing concept and its prototype development that will allow for the readout of 1,000–10,000 detectors with only three pairs of wires and a single microwave coaxial cable.

37

Yunfen, Zhou. "Library and Information Services in Chinese Astronomy." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 110 (1989): 219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110000347x.

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The development of the library science marks the progresses of science and culture in a country or a district. The study courses and results of a research institute are strongly reflected by its library and information work. The development of the astronomical research, the collection of astronomical observations, and the manufacture of astronomical instruments and equipments, etc., are all being made progress by library and information services to consult scientific foundation, to seek method, and to derive needed nourishment. The astronomical library and information service system is growing and expanding with continuously providing information to the astronomical study. In this paper I shall give some introductions about the Libraries and Information Divisions of astronomical observatories in our country.

38

Gaida, Margaret. "Reading Cosmographia: Peter Apian’s Book-Instrument Hybrid and the Rise of the Mathematical Amateur in the Sixteenth Century." Early Science and Medicine 21, no. 4 (November 15, 2016): 277–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15733823-00214p01.

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The incorporation of paper instruments, also known as volvelles, into astronomical and cosmographical texts is a well-known facet of sixteenth-century printing. However, the impact that these instruments had on the reading public has yet to be determined. This paper argues that the inclusion of paper instruments in Peter Apian’s Cosmographia transforms the text into a book-instrument hybrid. The instruments and accompanying text in Cosmographia enabled readers to make their own measurements and calculations of both the heavens and the earth. Through the experience of manipulating the instruments, the readers became participants in sixteenth century mathematical culture, and thus mathematical amateurs. I conclude that the presence of these mathematical amateurs contributed to a much broader social base for the cultural shift towards an empirical understanding of nature from 1500 to 1700.

39

Paltsev, N. G., and S. Ya Kolesnik. "Investigation of the coordinate system of irreversible astronomical instruments." Kinematics and Physics of Celestial Bodies 24, no. 4 (August 2008): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0884591308040065.

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40

Packham, C., M. Escuti, J. Ginn, C. Oh, I. Quijano, and G. Boreman. "Polarization Gratings: A Novel Polarimetric Component for Astronomical Instruments." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 122, no. 898 (December 2010): 1471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657904.

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41

Clampin, Mark. "Welcome to theJournal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems." Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems 1, no. 1 (October 28, 2014): 010101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jatis.1.1.010101.

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42

Pisano, Giampaolo, Peter Hargrave, Matthew Griffin, Patrick Collins, Jeffrey Beeman, and Raul Hermoso. "Thermal illuminators for far-infrared and submillimeter astronomical instruments." Applied Optics 44, no. 16 (June 1, 2005): 3208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.44.003208.

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43

Raposo, Pedro M. P. "The Elephant and the Sky: Ivory in Astronomical Instruments." Curator: The Museum Journal 61, no. 1 (January 2018): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cura.12240.

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44

Labadie, Lucas, and Oswald Wallner. "Mid-infrared guided optics: a perspective for astronomical instruments." Optics Express 17, no. 3 (January 30, 2009): 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.17.001947.

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45

Khanzadyan, M. A., and A. V. Mazurkevich. "Development of a method for measuring the astronomical azimuth using an electronic total station." E3S Web of Conferences 310 (2021): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131003007.

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In this article, the method of measuring the astronomical azimuth using an electronic total station, which is not intended for performing astronomical work, is considered. A method of measuring the astronomical azimuth using a high-precision electronic total station has been developed. Studies have been carried out to establish the influence of the components of errors in measurements of astronomical azimuth, forming the total budget of the error of the developed methodology, which has been tested on the reference stationary complex of metrological support of azimuth measuring instruments (СMS AMI).

46

Dinkelaker, Aline N., and Aashia Rahman. "Astrophotonics: Processing starlight." Europhysics News 52, no. 1 (2021): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2021104.

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The field of astrophotonics has been fostering photonic innovations critical and unique to astronomical applications for several years. As we are about to embark on the new era of extremely large telescopes, astrophotonics is poised to become an integral part of the next generation astronomical instruments.

47

Stevenson, T., and N. Lomb. "Australian sites of astronomical heritage." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 10, H16 (August 2012): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314012794.

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AbstractThe heritage of astronomy in Australia has proven an effective communication medium. By interpreting science as a social and cultural phenomenon new light is thrown on challenges, such as the dispersal of instruments and problems identifying contemporary astronomy heritage. Astronomers are asked to take note and to consider the communication of astronomy now and in the future through a tangible heritage legacy.

48

Calvo, Emilia. "Some Features of the Old Castilian Alfonsine Translation of ʿAlī Ibn Khalaf’s Treatise on the Lámina Universal." Medieval Encounters 23, no. 1-5 (September 22, 2017): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342244.

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Abstract The aim of the paper is to present some features of the treatise on the lámina universal, an astronomical instrument devised by ʿAlī ibn Khalaf, an eleventh-century Andalusi mathematician and astronomer who belonged to the scientific circle of Ṣāʿid al- Andalusī. ʿAlī ibn Khalaf was a contemporary of Ibn al-Zarqālluh (al-Zarqālī, Azarquiel), also a mathematician and astronomer working under Ṣāʿid’s patronage, and the inven- tor of the instrument known as azafea. Both instruments, the lámina universal and the azafea, are universal instruments devised to overcome the limitations of the standard astrolabe. The only text describing ʿAlī ibn Khalaf’s instrument is the thirteenth- century old-Castilian Alfonsine translation, which has not been studied in detail up to now, although some preliminary studies have been published. The present study deals with some linguistic and technical difficulties of the text. In many passages, it seems to follow literally the grammatical structure of the Arabic language while in others, the lack of technical terms forced the translators to resort either to a literal transcription of the original Arabic terminology or, in some cases, to approximate translations that make the text somewhat difficult to follow. The paper provides additional information related mainly to the astronomical parameters and the technical vocabulary used in the translation.

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Troche-Boggino, Alexis E. "Developing an Astronomical Observatory in Paraguay." Transactions of the International Astronomical Union 24, no. 3 (2001): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0251107x00001024.

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Background: Paraguay has some heritage from the astronomy of the Guarani Indians. Buenaventura Suarez S.J. was a pioneer astronomer in the country in the XVIII century. He built various astronomical instruments and imported others from England. He observed eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites and of the Sun and Moon. He published his data in a book and through letters. The Japanese O.D. A. has collaborated in obtaining equipment and advised their government to assist Paraguay in building an astronomical observatory, constructing a moving-roof observatory and training astronomers as observatory operators. Future: An astronomical center is on the horizon and some possible fields of research are being considered. Goal: To improve education at all possible levels by not only observing sky wonders, but also showing how instruments work and teaching about data and image processing, saving data and building a data base. Students must learn how a modern scientist works.

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Kamiński, Krzysztof, Roman Baranowski, Monika Fagas, Wojciech Borczyk, Wojciech Dimitrov, and Magdalena Polińska. "Global Astrophysical Telescope System — telescope No. 2." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S301 (August 2013): 437–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313014932.

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AbstractWe present the new, second spectroscopic telescope of Poznań Astronomical Observatory. The telescope allows automatic simultaneous spectroscopic and photometric observations and is scheduled to begin operation from Arizona in autumn 2013. Together with the telescope located in Borowiec, Poland, it will constitute a perfect instrument for nearly continuous spectroscopic observations of variable stars. With both instruments operational, the Global Astrophysical Telescope System will be established.