Journal articles on the topic 'ASTIDE model'

Abstract Distance Education (DE) theorists have argued about the requirement for a theory to be comprehensive in a way that can explicate many of the activities associated with DE. Currently, Transactional Distance Theory (TDT) (Moore, 1993) and the Theory of Instructional Dialogue (IDT) (Caspi & Gorsky, 2006) are the most prominent theories, yet they still do not represent a unified and comprehensive theory for DE. This paper provides a review of the existing literature on DE theories and identifies potential gaps in theorising distance education. Building on Giddens’ (1984) work, an innovative approach to theorising DE is proposed through the conceptualisation of the Adapting Structuration Theory In Distance Education (ASTIDE) model as a means to explicate DE operations and practices at the institutional and national/international level. It also presents evidence, from a larger study, of the necessity of a comprehensive model such as the ASTIDE constructed through an investigation into the DE systems of developing and developed countries.

Rendahnya hasil belajar matematika siswa di sekolah dasar dan belum diketahuinya apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan model pembelajaran kolaboratif terhadap hasil belajar matematika siswa. menjadi permasalahan utama pada penelitian ini. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh kurangnya pemahaman guru dalam menerapkan model pembelajaran yang inovatif pada proses belajar. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran Kolaboratif terhadap hasil belajar matematika siswa kelas V SD. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen semu (quasi eksperiment) dengan rancangan post-test only control group design. Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas V SD yang berjumlah 401 siswa. Sampel penelitian ini adalah kelas V(A) SDN 1 Astina, dan kelas V SDN 1 Penarukan dengan jumlah 55 orang sebagai kelompok eksperimen, untuk kelompok kontrol pada penelitian ini adalah kelas V(B) SDN 1 Astina, dan kelas V SDN 4 Penarukan dengan jumlah 49 orang sebagai kelompok kontrol, dengan teknik multistage random sampling. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode tes dengan instrument tes objektif berupa tes pilihan ganda yang berjumlah 20 butir soal objektif. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis menggunakan analisis statistik deskriptif dan inferensial (uji-t). Hasil uji-t diperoleh thitung lebih besar dari ttabel (7,09 > 1,983) sehingga H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima. Dari hasil analisis uji-t dan rata-rata hasil belajar tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran Kolaboratif berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar Matematika siswa kelas V SD di Gugus II dan Gugus IX Kecamatan Buleleng. Oleh sebab itu, model pembelajaran kolaboratif cocok diterapkan untuk mengatasi hasil belajar matematika siswa yang rendah.

Archaeological models of Clovis adaptations are divided between those that argue for a single hunting adaptation characterized by high residential mobility without fixed territories and those that argue for a diversity of environment-specific adaptations and settlement systems. The Dietz site (35LK1529), the largest Clovis site in the Pacific Northwest, is composed of many overlapping, spatially coherent artifact clusters from which 75 whole and fragmentary fluted points have been recovered. The artifact assemblage is inconsistent with use of the site as a kill, camp, or quarry site. Geoarchaeological data show that the site area during the Clovis occupation was a sparsely vegetated, seasonal playa that is unlikely to have supported large herds of game animals. However, the site sits astride what was probably a major transportation corridor linking highly productive ecosystems in the adjoining basins, and Clovis foragers appear to have camped at Dietz repeatedly while traveling between these nearby basins. The systematic and redundant use of a geographically small landscape by Clovis foragers is inconsistent with expectations based on a model of residentially mobile foragers occupying new territories.

A new electromagnetism is still expected to be developed. Thus, under such a principlewhere nature works as a group, an electromagnetism beyond Maxwell is studied. It considersthat light metric antecedes electric charge for founding the EM phenomena. Based on wholenessprinciple, Lorentz group and gauge invariance this electromagnetism sticked on light is proposed.Then, by electromagnetism it will be understood the physics derived from Lorentz group potentialfields family (for simplicity other fields are not included). New electromagnetic fields,sectors, layers and regimes are developed. It yields a branch with transversal and longitudinalEM fields, granular and collective sectors, I-fields layers and four regimes (photonic, massive,neutral, charged) connected through a global photon. Their relationships are determined by astate equation identified as Global Maxwell equation. It contains new Gauss and Ampere laws,exclusive Faraday law for polarization and magnetization vectors, divergenceless magnetizationvector having fields as sources, self-interacting photons mediated by a dimensionless couplingconstant and other features. It is complemented by a Global Lorentz equation which besidesthe usual Lorentz force add forces depending on mass and on potential fields.

Transculturality is defined as “the condition of being either between cultures or astride two (or more) cultures.” The condition has both a dynamic aspect, i.e., movement between or across boundaries, but, more importantly, a social and psychological aspect, i.e., movement between or across social systems whose cultural characteristics are fundamentally different. Transculturality may occur both between and within persons. Data on language mastery and use, educational attainment, school dropout rates, occupations, and incomes of transcultural persons in the United States are examined for generalizable inferences. Language appears to be both a powerful component of culture and of great power in transcultural situations. Language mastery and use are strongly related to a host of adaptation variables. Three models (syndrome, risk factor, and multivariate) are discussed briefly.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing terhadap keterampilan prosess sains dengan mengontrol minat belajar. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah non-equivalent post-test only control group design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 1 Astina tahun pelajaran 2015/2016. Sampel diambil dengan teknik simple random sampling. Data yang telah dikumpulkan dianalisis dengan uji Anakova 1 jalur 1 kovariabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan keterampilan proses sains antara kelompok siswa yang dibelajarkan dengan model pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing dan kelompok siswa yang dibelajarkan dengan pembelajaran konvensional (F = 4,346, dengan Sig. = 0,042 < 0,05); (2) terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan keterampilan proses sains antara kelompok siswa yang dibelajarkan dengan model pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing dan kelompok siswa yang dibelajarkan dengan pembelajaran konvensional setelah mengontrol minat belajar (F = 4,150, dengan Sig. = 0,047 < 0,05); (3) terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara minat belajar dengan keterampilan proses sains (Sig. = 0,000 < 0,05). Dengan demikian, terdapat pengaruh model pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing terhadap keterampilan proses sains dengan mengontrol minat belajar.

The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) obtained by helium-3 magnetic resonance imaging over several seconds is thought to reflect diffusion impairment due to both intra- and interacinar structure. In this study, numerical simulations of intra-acinar gas mixing and effective diffusion were performed in a multiple-branch-point model of the human acinus. Using a previously described method, we computed the instantaneous effective diffusion resulting from the diffusive impairment imposed by intra-acinar branching for varying times up to 5 s. We also tested the influence on effective diffusion of intra-acinar collateral channels in the fully alveolated intra-acinar airways to mimic the effect of emphysema. Randomly connecting two or four pairs of airways per generation (in generations 19–25) led to a 40 and 142% increase, respectively, in effective diffusion coefficient cumulated over the time interval of 0.2–5 s. Finally, we also used a system of two coupled multiple branch-point models to simulate diffusive attenuation over a 50-s interval in cases of purely acinar tagging (i.e., the initial gas concentration = 1 in one acinus and 0 in the other) and of partial tagging astride on two acini. It is shown that, in the latter case, the decay rate cannot be approximated by a mono-exponential with a several-fold faster decay for times below 10 s due to intra-acinar diffusion. We conclude that both the characteristic biphasic time dependence of simulated effective diffusion and its sensitivity to intra-acinar structural change mimic experimental ADC behavior. Additional simulations of combined inter- and intra-acinar diffusion strongly suggest that neglecting intra-acinar branching would in fact lead to considerable error of simulated ADC.

A new Synechocystis 6714 mutant, loxIIA, resistant to the phenol-type herbicide ioxynil was isolated and characterized. The mutation found in the psbA gene (encoding the D1 photosystem II protein) is at the same codon 266 as for the first ioxynil-resistant mutant IoxIA previously selected [G. Ajlani. I. Meyer, C. Vernotte. and C. Astier, FEBS Lett. 246, 207-210 (1989)]. In IoxIIA, the change of Asn 266 to Asp gives a 3 × resistance, whereas in IoxIA, the change of the same amino acid to Thr gives a 10 × resistance. The effect of these different amino acid substitutions on the ioxynil resistance phenotype has allowed us to construct molecular models and calculate the hydrogen-bonding energies between the hydroxyl group of ioxynil and the respective amino acids at position 266.

Synopsis Courtship behavior in salamanders is often complex and involves well-documented communication from males to females in multiple sensory modalities. Historically, behaviors exhibited during the major stages of courtship have been predominately framed as a male acting and signaling to “persuade” a passive female to participate in courtship and remain with him until sperm release is completed. In this review, we use courtship descriptions for lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae) as a case study to illustrate this historical bias of a male-centered perspective. We then re-examine the literature and summarize the many ways females are active participants during plethodontid courtships. We also relate female behaviors to the types of female-to-male communication that may occur. For example, females have been documented to approach a male and initiate courtship, participate in mutual head rubbing, and step astride the male’s tail to begin the tail-straddling walk (a key courtship behavior observed in all plethodontids). Additionally, females have glands that may produce chemical signals that males respond to during courtship. We conclude that communication during courtship is more accurately described as a two-way interaction where each partner’s behavior is coordinated with the other’s via multi-modal signaling. Shifting the lens through which we view courtship and behavior provides insight into which female behaviors and anatomical features are most likely to be used for communication with males.

Late Cenozoic deformation along the Australian/Pacific plate boundary is seen in onshore New Zealand as zones characterised by extension- or transcurrent- or contraction-related structures. High-resolution multichannel seismic reflection data were acquired in several of these tectonic zones and successfully reveal the shallow structures within them. Thirty kilometres of dynamite reflection data in the Rangitaiki Plains, eastern Bay of Plenty, define a series of NE-trending normal faults within this extensional back-arc volcanic region. The data cross surface ruptures activated during the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake. In the southern North Island, a 20 km Mini-Sosie? seismic profile details the Quaternary sedimentation history and reveals the structure of the active strike-slip and thrust fault systems that form the western and eastern edges of the Wairarapa basin, respectively. This basin is considered to sit astride the boundary between a zone of distributed strike-slip faults and an active accretionary prism. In the Nelson area, northwestern South Island, previously unrecognised low-angle thrust faults of Neogene or Quaternary age are seen from Mini-Sosie data to occur at very shallow depths. Crustal shortening here was previously thought to arise from movement on high-angle reverse faults, and the identification of these low-angle faults has prompted a reassessment of that model. A grid of 18 km of Mini-Sosie seismic data from the central eastern South Island delineates Neogene or Quaternary thrust faults in Cenozoic sediments. The thrusts are interpreted as reactivated Early Eocene normal faults, and the thrust fault geometry is dominated by these older structures.

Irving Berlin's popular musical of 1948, Easter Parade, starring Fred Astaire and Judy Garland, opens with a wonderful shopping scene. It is the day before Easter, 1911. Astaire's character, Don Hewes, sings and dances his way along the streets of New York past a dry-goods store and through millinery, florist, and toy shops. “Me, oh, my,” he sings, “there's a lot to buy. There is shopping I must do. Happy Easter to you.” In the millinery store saleswomen model elaborate Easter bonnets and mellifluously offer their wares: “Here's a hat that you must take home. Happy Easter…. This was made for the hat parade on the well-known avenue. This one's nice and it's worth the price. Happy Easter to you.” Everywhere Hewes goes he buys things—a bonnet, a large pot of lilies, a toy bunny. By the time he leaves the florist, he has purchased so many gifts that he is followed by three attendants who help carry all the packages. Don Hewes is a consumer on a spree, and Easter is the occasion for it.

Abstract Preplant incorporation of Talstar 0.2G (bifenthrin) can prevent root weevil and white grub infestations in container-grown nursery crops. Under some conditions, control failed in greenhouse experiments with black vine weevils. A low-density potting medium with 10 ppm of bifenthrin allowed 14–66% as many black vine weevil larvae to develop on Astilbe, Heuchera, Sedum, Taxus, and Thuja root systems as in an untreated medium. The greatest larval survival was in Sedum, which supported rapid development of larvae as internal feeders. A preplanting dip of roots into an 800 ppm bifenthrin suspension was itself very effective (91–99% control of larvae), and provided additive benefit with preplant potting mix incorporation of Talstar 0.2G. In a comparison of bulk-density based dosing and volume-based dosing of potting media, the best regression model used solely the volume-based dosage for estimating the resulting average larval population, while the weight-based dosage gave a simple relationship for estimating the maximum larval survival. Preventing black vine weevil development requires incorporation of 32 ppm of the granular bifenthrin product into potting media.

Sustainable land use systems planning and management requires a wider understanding of the spatial extent and detailed human-ecosystem interactions astride any landscape. This study assessed the extent of historical, current, and future land use systems in Uganda. The specific objectives were to (i) characterize and assess the extent of historical and current land use systems, and (ii) project future lan use systems. The land use systems were defined and classified using spatially explicit land use/cover layers for the years 1990 and 2015, while the future prediction (for the year 2040) was determined using land use systems datasets for both years through a Markov chain model. This study reveals a total of 29 classes of land use systems that can be broadly categorized as follows: three of the land use systems are agricultural, five are under bushland, four under forest, five under grasslands, two under impediments, three under wetlands, five under woodland, one under open water and urban settlement respectively. The highest gains in the land amongst the land use systems were experienced in subsistence agricultural land and grasslands protected, while the highest losses were seen in grasslands unprotected and woodland/forest with low livestock densities. By 2040, subsistence agricultural land is likely to increase by about 1% while tropical high forest with livestock activities is expected to decrease by 0.2%, and woodland/forest unprotected by 0.07%. High demand for agricultural and settlement land are mainly responsible for land use systems patchiness. This study envisages more land degradation and disasters such as landslides, floods, droughts, and so forth to occur in the country, causing more deaths and loss of property, if the rate at which land use systems are expanding is not closely monitored and regulated in the near future.

The prevalence of parasitic infections such as malaria, which leads to decrease in hematological indices, the major cause of anemia, constitutes a serious health challenge in many developing countries such as Nigeria. This study investigated the effect of methanol seed extract of Aframomum melegueta on selected hematological indices of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH)-induced anemic rats model. The toxicity study and qualitative phytochemical screening of the extract were carried out using standard procedure. Twenty Wistar rats were grouped into five of four rats each (n = 4). Group I: Normal control; Group II: Negative control; Group III: administered 20 ml/kg b.w. of Astifer (Standard drug); Group IV and V were administered 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. of the extract, respectively. The animals of Groups II to V were induced with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (20 mg/kg b.w.) once daily for seven consecutive days; their blood samples were collected by ocular puncture into heparinized capillary tubes for hematological analysis and animals with packed cell volume (PCV) ≥ 30% reduction were considered anemic for the study. The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that the methanol extract tested positive to alkaloids, carbohydrate, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. Acute toxicity and lethality studies on methanol extract showed an oral LD50 equal or less than 5000 mg/kg b.w. in mice. The rats administered 20 ml/kg b.w. of Astifer showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in PCV, hemoglobin, red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, and neutrophils count compared with the normal control animals. The rats administered 200 mg/kg b.w. of A. melegueta showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher PCV and WBC count; non significant (P > 0.05) decrease in hemoglobin count, RBC, platelet, neutrophils and lymphocyte count compared with the normal control animals. The rats administered 400 mg/kg b.w. of A. melegueta showed significant (P < 0.05) increase in hemoglobin, platelet, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and neutrophils count; non significant (P > 0.05) lower PCV, RBC, WBC count, and lymphocyte count compared with anemic rats administered with 0.3 ml of normal saline. It can be concluded that Aframomum melegueta seed has beneficial immunological and hematological properties in Wistar rats and possessed erythropoietic potentials at minimal dose that support its use for treating anemia.

Pemberdayaan ekonomi umat Hindu di Desa Duman belum mendapat perhatian optimal, terutama dari aspek permodalan dan penanganan manajemen. Selama ini, daerah setempat masih menggunakan modal sendiri dari warisan yang diperoleh secara turun temurun dengan manajemen yang tak direncanakan dengan baik. Seiring dengan kemajuan ipteks, warisan berupa modal tanah tersebut semakin menyempit dan permasalahan manajerial yang komplek, sehingga kerapkali menimbulkan krisis pada ekonomi umat Hindu. Dalam upaya mengurangi akibat negatif yang ditimbulkan oleh krisis ekonomi umat Hindu, diinisiasi kegiatan pada masyarakat di Banjar Tresna Astiti Karya, Dusun Duman Indah, Desa Duman Kecamatan Lingsar Kabupaten Lombok Barat. Identifikasi awal menemukan potensi unggulan yaitu beberapa wanita hindu memiliki kemampuan di bidang kerajinan tangan tas dan sokasi anyaman dari bahan tali plastik. Permasalahannya, belum terbentuknya inkubasi kelompok ekonomi produktif. Solusinya,tim pengabdian membentuk kelompok pengrajin wanita yang diwadahi dalam UKM Widya Karya Duman dan diresmikan langsung keberadaannya oleh Kepala Desa Duman. UKM Widya Karya Duman dalam perkembangannya telah mampu memproduksi pesanan tempat penyimpanan dari anyaman (sokasi). Kegiatan ini diharapkan menjadi embrio program-program lain selanjutnya dan menginspirasi untuk dilakukan penelitian terapan dan meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat

In this paper I mobilize Funny Face (dir. Stanley Donen, 1956) to examine the intertextual nexus between fashion, fashion photography, and film. Set in New York City and Paris, with costume design by Hubert de Givenchy and Edith Head, the film is a latter day telling of the Pygmalion myth, such that photographer Dick Avery (Fred Astaire) and Maggie Prescott (Kay Thompson), the dictatorial Fashion Editor of Quality, take up the challenge of converting Jo Stockton (Audrey Hepburn), whom they regard as an unprepossessing bookstore intellectual, into a top model. Thus I analyze how a film that is more generally regarded as a benchmark in the Hollywood musical for its exuberant use of colour and songs is, more particularly, a cinematic locus for both the mediation and mediatization of fashionable identities. To this end, I assess how the film elaborates the power of the fashion industry as a matter of social practice in regards to Foucauldian discourse and the related concept of the énoncé, or event/statement. Thus I evince I two events/statements — “Think Pink!” and “Bonjour Paris” — to discuss in particular the relationship of style to national identities and the need or desire for America to assert cultural leadership in fashion photography, art, and design over France in the context of 1950s Cold War politics. By comparison, I enlist the statements, “Take the Picture!” and “A Bird of Paradise,” to examine respectively the dynamic of looking/gazing between the fashion photographer and designer and their (in this case) female models, the nexus between star designing, clothing, and gender identity, and what Foucault calls assujetissement — subjection — which connotes the dual process of Jo’s subordination as well as the act of her becoming or “being made” a subject according to a system of power.

Efficient ecological restoration techniques are urgently required to minimize seed consumption and labor requirements. Here, we determined the optimal sowing period for two native species, Agastache rugosa (Korean mint) and Astilbe rubra (False goat’s beard), toward their use for ecological restoration of Mt. Gariwang, a site damaged by the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics’ activities. We investigated the effects of daily mean temperature (DMT) and daily temperature range (DTR) on seed germination percentage, which decreased for both species with decreasing DTR and was optimal at a DMT of 25 °C and 17.5 °C for A. rugosa and A. rubra, respectively. We developed a single multiple regression equation that evaluated the effects of DMT and DTR simultaneously and determined the temperature scores when the germination percentage reached 85%. We applied the developed multiple regression equation by analyzing the temperature data of the restoration site. In addition, precipitation data analysis was added to set the optimal sowing period. As a result, the optimal sowing period for the two species was determined from May 21 to the end of May. This makes it possible to minimize seed consumption and labor requirements when sowing seeds. The model developed herein will be useful not only to guide the ecological restoration of Mt. Gariwang, but also for other regions using site-specific temperature data.

Astilbe chinensisFranch. et Savat. (AC) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of chronic bronchitis, arthralgia, and gastralgia. In this study, we investigated the antiobesity effect of AC extract on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat-diet-fed C57BL/6N obese mice. We found that AC extracts dramatically decreased the lipid content of 3T3-L1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. The action mechanism of AC extract was demonstrated to be the inhibition of lipid accumulation and dose-dependent decrease in the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteinα(C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ(PPAR-γ), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Furthermore, AC extract increased the mitochondrial phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipolysis-related factors. In amice model of high-fat-diet-induced obesity, the mice administered AC extract experienced significant decrease of 64% in weight gain, 55% in insulin resistance index, 22% in plasma triglycerides (TG), 56% in total cholesterol (TC), and 21% in nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels compared with those in the high-fat diet-fed control mice. Collectively, these results indicated that AC extract exerted antiobesogenic activity through the modulation of the AMPK signaling pathway, inhibition of adipogenesis, decreased lipid content, and reduced adipocyte size.

SummaryIncreased thrombogenicity of drug-eluting stents (DESs) has recently been reported.The aim of the present study was to investigate the prothrombogenic effect of DESs and Bare stents, and determine factors predictive of acute stent thrombosis (AST) in preclinical experiments using new stent design or coating.Circulating preand post-stenting parameters of platelet activation (mean platelet volume, MPV; platelet distribution width, platelet large cell ratio), thrombin activation (thrombin-antithrombin complex, TAT and prothrombin fragments, F1+2), tissue factor antigen (TF-ag) and -activity (TF-act) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured in 141 consecutive pigs. Stent implantations were performed after pretreatment with aspirin and clopidogrel with unfractionated heparin anticoagulation. Nineteen pigs (groups AST-DES, n=12; and AST-Bare, n=7) died mean 6.3 ± 2.9 h after stent implantation from AST.The remaining 122 control (C) pigs (groups C-DES,n=76,and C-Bare,n=46) survived the 1-month follow-up. Non-significantly elevated levels of post-stent F1+2 and TAT were measured in AST groups. Post-stenting MPV was increased significantly in the groups ASTDES and AST-Bare as compared with the groups C-DES and C-Bare (11.73 ± 1.12 and 11.6 ± 0.68 vs. 8.85 ± 0.78 and 9.04 ± 0.81 fL; p<0.001), similarly toTF-ag (189.1± 87.5 and 127 ± 34.9 vs. 42.5 ± 24.6 and 35.3 ± 37.6 pg/ml; p<0.001, respectively),TF-act (3.23 ± 0.95 and 2.73 ± 1.68 vs. 1.43 ± 1.12 and 1.61 ± 1.31 pM; p<0.01, respectively) and PAI-1 (99.1 ± 15.8 and 99 ± 14.7 vs.53.4 ± 40.2 and 46.9 ± 42.4 ng/ml;p<0.01,respectively).Multivariate analysis revealed elevated post-stenting plasma levels of TF-ag (p=0.016) and MPV (p=0.001) as independent risk factors for developing AST within the first 24 h in a porcine coronary stent model.

Background: Anemia in pregnant women is one of the global health problems experienced by developed or developing countries affecting 1.62 billion world population, which corresponds to 24.8% of the population in the world. Anemia is a serious problem for maternal health because it is one of the five problems that becomes the target of solving the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2025. This study aimed to estimate the magnitude of the effect of Ferric Carboxymaltose on hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with anemia compared to Iron Sucrose. Subjects and Method: This study was a metaanalysis study. The study was conducted by looking for data from the study results in the period 2010-2019. The data of this study was from Pubmed, DOAJ, Science Direct, Springer Link, Web of Science, Cochrane, Google Scholar, BMJ, BMC, Research Gate, J Stor, Wiley, Clinical Key, J Gate, SAGE, IEEE Xplore, ERIC Institute of Education Science, BASE, SciELO, WorldCat, Microsoft Academic, Index Copernicus, CABI, Cambridge, Nature, Oxford, ProQuest, and BJOG using the keyword "ferric carboxymaltose" AND "iron sucrose" AND "anemia in pregnancy" AND "randomized control trial" OR RCT, "ferric carboxymaltose" AND "iron sucrose" AND "hemoglobin in pregnancy" AND "randomized control trial". The subjects of this study were pregnant women with anemia. The study used a Revman 5.3 application to analyze the article. Results: The eight articles were reviewed using the meta-analysis technique in this study. Pregnant women who were given ferric carboxymaltose therapy had a higher mean hemoglobin level than those who were not treated carboxymaltose therapy and it was statistically significant (SMD= 1.11; 95% CI= 0.37 to 1.85; p= 0.003). The heterogeneity of the data showed I2= 98% so that the distribution of the data was stated to be heterogeneous (random effect model). Conclusion: Ferric Carboxymaltose is effective in increasing hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with anemia. Keywords: Ferric Carboxymaltose, Iron Sucrose, Randomized Controlled Trial. Correspondence: Astika Candra Nirwana. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: astikacandranirwana2796@gmail.com. Mobile: 085640018896.

Clothing has become an important part of the lifestyle and has become a fashion trend in Balinese society. Clothing is very closely related to the human self, through clothing can reveal many things about the identity of the wearer from the appearance reflected how the social status and personality of the wearer. Currently, the t-shirt is a popular clothing used by people from all walks of life because it is easy to clean and the model remains eternal from time to time. T-shirts have several conveniences, apart from being cheap, comfortable to wear, easy to clean, mobile, functional, and can be used as souvenirs, and so on, this makes business people and politicians realize that t-shirts can be used as a gift. an effective and efficient promotional media, apart from being a means of advertising t-shirts, it is also used as a medium to spread political understanding. Of the several functions possessed by the t-shirt, it is related to the function of the t-shirt as a medium for delivering messages and aspirations. Currently, several types of t-shirts have emerged that carry the aspirations of several groups of people who empathize with the case that befell the drummer for the Superman Is Dead band, I Gede Ari Astina, or who is familiarly called Jerink, later shortened to JRX. Regarding this case, many JRX sympathizers thought that he did not deserve to be punished, without holding mediation to bridge the problem between JRX and IDI Bali which he criticized, but the JRX case went straight to the legal process so that it was considered by some groups of society as an act. silence the aspirations of the small people who try to voice injustice in this country, therefore several individual formation practices have emerged that determine their common social orientation, this community movement group has the same ideology and so that they can act structurally so that it is in line with their ideology. stretcher, then in the process of marking the ideology, several t-shirt designs emerged with the theme “free JRX” with various variants, designs, colors that emerged from several groups that had the same ideology

Guru merupakan salah satu ujung tombak keberhasilan tujuan dari pendidikan. Guru merupakan komponen paling menentukan dalam sistem pendidikan secara keseluruhan yang harus mendapat perhatian sentral, pertama dan utama. Figur yang satu ini akan senantiasa menjadi sorotan strategis ketika berbicara masalah pendidikan, karena guru selalu terkait dengan komponen manapun dalam sistem pendidikan. Guru memegang peran utama dalam pembangunan pendidikan, khususnya yang diselenggarakan secara formal di sekolah.Lesson Study diartikan sebagai suatu model pembinaan profesi pendidik melalui pengkajian pembelajaran secara kolaboratif dan berkelanjutan, berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip kolegialitas yang saling membantu dalam pembelajaran untuk membangun komunitas belajar. Adapun tujuan utama dari penggunaan metode Lesson Study adalah kegiatan perbaikan guru dalam melakukan proses pembelajaran di kelas. Hal ini susuai dengan pendapat Astika (2013: 04), yang mengatakan bahwa: Lesson Study mendukung terjadinya peningkatan kemampuan profesionalisme guru, khususnya kompetensi pedagogi dan kompetensi profesional. Teknik pengajaran yang dilakukan dengan berbagai ketrampilan bertujuan untuk menciptakan situasi dalam proses belajar mengajar, yakni dapat menyenangkan dan mendukung terciptanya prestasi belajar siswa yang memuaskan. Dengan adanya proses pembelajaran berbasis Lesson Study, diharapkan guru akan mengetahui kelamahan-kelamahan yang selama ini dilakukan saat dikelas dan berusaha memperbaikinya dipertemuan berikutnya melalui pengamatan yang dilakukan oleh guru lain. Kata Kunci: Lesson Study dan Kompetensi Pedagogi Guru

AbstractOn January 15th, 2022, at approximately 4:47 pm local time (0347 UTC), several weeks of heightened activity at the Hunga volcano 65 km northwest of Tongatapu, culminated in an 11-h long violent eruption which generated a significant near-field tsunami. Although the Kingdom of Tonga lies astride a large and tsunamigenic subduction zone, it has relatively few records of significant tsunami. Assessment activities took place both remotely and locally. Between March and June 2022, a field team quantified tsunami runup and inundation on the main populated islands Tongatapu and Eua, along with several smaller islands to the north, including the Ha’apai Group. Peak tsunami heights were ~ 19 m in western Tongatapu, ~ 20 m on south-eastern Nomuka Iki island and ~ 20 m on southern Tofua, located ~ 65 km S and E and 90 km N from Hunga volcano, respectively. In western Tongatapu, the largest tsunami surge overtopped a 13–15 m-high ridge along the narrow Hihifo peninsula in several locations. Analysis of tide gauge records from Nukualofa (which lag western Tongatapu arrivals by ~ 18–20 min), suggest that initial tsunami surges were generated prior to the largest volcanic explosions at ~ 0415 UTC. Further waves were generated by ~ 0426 UTC explosions that were accompanied by air-pressure waves. Efforts to model this event are unable to reproduce the timing of the large tsunami wave that toppled a weather station and communication tower on a 13 m-high ridge on western Tongatapu after 0500 UTC. Smaller tsunami waves continued until ~ 0900, coincident with a second energetic phase of eruption, and noted by eyewitnesses on Tungua and Mango Islands. Despite an extreme level of destruction caused by this tsunami, the death toll was extraordinarily low (4 victims). Interviews with witnesses and analysis of videos posted on social media suggest that this can be attributed to the arrival of smaller ‘pre tsunami’ waves that prompted evacuations, heightened tsunami awareness due to tsunami activity and advisories on the day before, the absence of tourists and ongoing tsunami education efforts since the 2009 Niuatoputapu, Tonga tsunami. This event highlights an unexpectedly great hazard from volcanic tsunami worldwide, which in Tonga’s case overprints an already extreme level of tectonic tsunami hazard. Education and outreach efforts should continue to emphasize the ‘natural warning signs’ of strong ground shaking and unusual wave and current action, and the importance of self-evacuation from coastal areas of low-lying islands. The stories of survival from this event can be used as global best practice for personal survival strategies from future tsunami.

She's the dollars, she's my protection; she's a promise, in the year of election. Sister, I can't let you go; I'm like a preacher, stealing hearts at a traveling show. For love or money, money, money... Desire -- U2, "Desire" (1988) For the love of money. In the worship of things. Desire has traditionally been employed by advertising as a means of selling product. Regardless of culture, more powerful than context, desire is invoked as one of capitalism's iron-clad codes of quality. The Uses of Desire in Advertising Specifically, two variants have been most common. That in which desire is: (1) stimulated or (2) sated by a product. Crucial to advertisers, in both cases the product is more powerful than the thing the audience finds most powerful: the physical surge, the emotional rush, the chemical compulsion we label "desire". In the case of the former, a typical approach has been to create an equation in which product intervenes in the relationship between man and woman (and it is always man and woman), stimulating the psycho-physiological desire of one for the other. A classic pre-post design. Absent the product, desire would not arise, ad text often alleges. This tack is well captured in this ad for a perfume. Implicit in this approach is the assumption that the ad reader will desire desire. If so, he or she -- equally desirous of this turn of events -- will insert him or herself into the scenario, engaging in a symbolic, if not actual purchase of the product1. As we saw above, desire is often depicted via substitute symbols -- flashing red neon, burning matches, flame-blowers, stifling heat and raging brush fires2. The product is then used to extinguish such signs -- metaphorically quenching desire. This is the satiation variant identified at the outset. Standardised Desire? This last is an Australian ad, but in a wide variety of contexts, the same formula of product/desire appears. A recent Malaysian ad, for instance, plays out like this: a motorbike roars up to a doorstep; its leather-clad rider dismounts. Removing the helmet we find beneath a ... beautiful long-haired woman. Cut to a medium shot of the front door opening. A similarly-clad male leans against the molding. Rugged, firm, slightly aloof. Cut to product name: Dashing for Men. Followed by a picture of the cologne. "The Dashing Sensation" is then posted -- ripe with the implication that the cologne has worked its magical, magnetic attraction uniting female and male. It should be pointed out that Malaysia is a market with a significant western presence. Its top advertising firms are American, British and Italian. Thus, if one were curious as to whether desire was inherently a "cultural universal" or rather due to accession (i.e. the movement of intellectual and corporate capital), Euro-American presence would certainly be a factor to consider 3. Innovating Desire Bringing us to Japan. Desire is also a major theme there, as well. However, there, Japanese firms dominate ad production. And, interestingly, though the above-mentioned formulations do appear, desire in Japan also has its own specialised discourse. Rather than a relationship between the consumable and the consumer's emotional/physical state, discourse about desire can transpire independent of the product. Desire is often simply about desire. This is in keeping with a trend (or, more formally, a stage) of development Japanese advertising has achieved -- what I call "product-least advertising"; a condition in which discourse is about many things other than consumption. One of these things being desire. In closing I will wonder what this might say about Japanese society. Japanese Approaches to Desire As noted above, it is not the case that messages of product-induced desire do not appear in Japan. They are certainly more pervasive than in their Islamic neighbor, Malaysia. And, like America, desire is treated in an array of ways. Object-Mediated Desire One approach, admittedly less conventional, posits the product as medium. Only through the product will desire be manifested. In this ad, though verbal substitutes are invoked -- "lust", "love", "lick", "pinch", bite", "touch" -- desire is the guiding force as the figures trapped inside the product's bar code move mechanically toward physical consummation. Of particular note is the product's multi-faceted relationship to desire: it subsumes desire, stimulates it, provides a forum and means for its expression, and is the device securing its culmination ... the ad text is ambiguous as to which is controlling. This is a definitive "postmodern ad", pregnant with shifting perspective, situational action, oppositional signs and interpretive possibilities. The kind of text so-called "cultural studies" intends by the term "polysemy" (the notion that multiple meanings are contained in any sign -- see Fiske). In the case of desire, postmodern ads tell us not that desire is multiple. Rather, it is a singular (i.e. universally experienced) condition which may be differentially manifested and variously interpretable vis-à-vis singular object/products. Object-Induced Desire For instance, in this ad, again for instant noodles, two salarymen contemplate the statement "this summer's new product is stimulating". Each conjures a different image of just what "stimulating" means. For the younger man, a veritable deluge of sexual adoration; for his elder, an assault by a gang of femmes toughs. And while the latter man's fantasy would not qualify as the conventional definition of "desire", the former would. Thus, despite its polysemic trappings, the ad varies little from the standard approach outlined at the outset (plates 1 and 2). It posits that the product possesses sufficient power to stimulate desire for its consumer in external, unrelated others. Object-Directed Desire One of sociology's earliest complaints about capitalism was its reduction of people to the status of things. Social relations became instrumental acts aimed at achieving rational ends; the personalities, thoughts and qualities of those human agents engaged in the exchange become secondary to the sought good. Advertising, according to early semiotic critiques (see for instance Williamson), has only intensified this predilection, though in a different way. Ads instrumentalise by creating equality between the product presented and the person doing the presenting. When the presenter and product are conflated -- as in the case where a major star clasps the product to her bosom and addresses the camera with: "it's my Nice Once" (the product name) -- the objectification of the human subject may be unavoidable. The material and corporeal meld. She cherishes the drink. If we desire her (her status, her style, her actual physical being) but are realistic (and thus willing to settle for a substitute) ... we can settle for the simulation (her drink). This kind of vicarious taking, this symbolic sharing is common in advertising. Played out over and over the audience quickly learns to draw an equal sign between the two depicted objects (product and star). Purchasing one enables us to realise our desire (however incompletely) for the other. Sometimes the product and person are separated, but in a way that the discourse is about longing. The product is consumed because the human can't be -- perhaps a less satisfactory substitute, but a replacement, nonetheless. Or, as in the ad below, the two might be interchangeable. Interior. Bright yellow room without any discernible features. No walls, windows or furniture. Tight shot of black fishnet stockings, barely covered by a yellow dress. The legs swivel in a chair, allowing a fleeting shot of the model's crotch. Cut to a darkened interior. The product sits next to a set of wrenches. Cut back to first interior. Medium tight of the model's bare shoulders. She spins in her chair. Cut to the mechanic working on the engine of a car. Female voiceover: "Hey! Work AGAIN? ... Let's play!" Cut to tight shot of her pursed lips. "Hey! ... let's go for a drive", accompanying consecutive shots of the mechanic wiping sweat from his brow and the vamp's derriere. Next, a sequence of fast, tight images: mechanic revving the engine, the model's face, then her upper body viewed through heavily-ventilated apparel. "Oh", she says, "cars are cuter, huh?" The mechanic pauses to consider. Walks over to the product, pops the top. "When it comes to that sort of man..." her VO says as he gulps the drink, "women are suckers". Tight on woman's face: "(he's a) rake", she pouts. To better appreciate this endemic correspondence between objectification and desire, consider this ad for a car named "Rosso" ("red" in Italian, "aka" in Japanese). The model, "Anna", is tinted head to toe in red (red, of course, being the universal signifier for passion and desire)4. She and/or the car rouse enough passion in a male by-stander to literally make his blood boil. This, in turn, produces steam which, in turn, sends air current of sufficient force to propel Anna's skirt skyward. This, in turn, converts the man's face into an embarrassed and/or impassioned red. "Rosso!" he gushes enthusiastically -- reference to car, his condition, Anna and, presumably, her panties5. Thus, the desire for things -- people included -- is by no means disappearing in Japanese advertising. The name of the game is still to sell that which has been produced. Although Japanese ads have moved toward a decentring of product -- an introduction of consumption-least discourse, with a concomitant increase in popular cultural and societal content -- the great majority still speak in the language of "here it is, buy it!" The prevailing tenor is still object-oriented. And the spill-over, as we just saw, is a tendency to depict humans and their interactions in objectified terms. A recent ad, for the discount store LLAOX, is rather stark in this regard. A young man displays photos of the many items (guitars, television, appliances) he found at LLAOX. In the final shot, of an attractive woman standing in front of the items, he proudly boasts: "I found her at LLAOX, too!" Subject-Oriented Desire Like ads in other countries, then, Japanese ads tend to place the object ahead of the subject. Desire for the person depicted in the ad is either ancillary to the desire expressed for the product, or else exists as a function of the subject's objectified status. However, an accreting number of Japanese ads have begun orienting desire toward one or both of the subjects in the ad, over or independent of the object for sale. A man and woman in their early thirties sit at a table sipping whiskey. The woman leans toward the man and in a perky voice utters: "Hey, let's turn in soon." The man protests, pointing to the drink: "we haven't finished this, yet." The woman tilts her head. She insists "let's head home." Then in a conspiratorial undertone "it's that day" and winks. The man's elbow falls off the tabletop. The woman blows him a kiss. Cut to a cat hiding beneath one of his paws in embarrassment. (Source: Nikka All Malt Whiskey -- Japan, 1993) Admittedly, not all ad discourse involves desire. But of late considerable ad space has been devoted to human relations and longing6. Consider this promo for a health drink. A man stands on his verandah in his t-shirt and pyjama bottoms. He looks groggy. Cut to a young woman watering her plants on the adjacent porch. "Hey!" she coos to her bushes, "are you lively?" She tends the pots along the centre divider. Is she addressing her foliage or the young man on the other side? He cranes his neck to steal a peek. She seems unaware. He lays his head on his forearms, admiring her. Cut to a shot of her regarding the product; drinking it; savouring the taste. The text reads: "With Lactia you will bloom beautifully." The woman enthuses audibly: "happiness!" Her voyeur, still in thrall, emits a sigh, suddenly straightens and declares aloud (in English): "Nice!" The previous two examples feature desire by adults. Considerable contemporary desire-centred discourse, however, focuses on teens. In these cases the product is sometimes introduced as a symbol for desire -- as in this case of a potato chip which snaps crisply each time a boy's romantic advance is repelled. A boy and girl walk along a boardwalk. The boy tentatively reaches for his partner's hand. Just then an approaching bicyclist toots his horn and cleaves a path between the two. A superimposed chip snaps. Next, seated on the shoreline, the boy reaches out again. Suddenly, a wind-blown ball rolls past, prompting his intended to abruptly vacate her position. He is left, literally clutching air. Another chip snaps again. The boy reaches out to touch the girl's handprint in the sand. He utters "I like you". The girl turns and asks "what did you say?" He impotently shrugs "nothing at all." Cut to a box of the chips. This youthful obsession with desire plays prominently in ads. First, because it fits well with the "mini-drama" format currently favoured in Japanese advertising. Second, because it is an effective technique for capturing viewer interest. The emotional tugs keep the audience attending to the ad beyond the first viewing. In the following ad, while desire for the product is the punch line, the entire ad is structured around unrequited desire. The confusion of the former for the latter not only redounds to product value, but predisposes the audience toward empathy and engagement. A teenage girl in her plaid uniform steers her bike into its berth outside school. Her voiceover identifies the bike name, shows how one touch locks the wheel in place and the seat in the vertical position. "Oh!" a quavering male voice utters off camera. "Can I ask name?" Japanese being a language that often operates without articles and pronouns, we aren't sure which name he means. Quick zoom in on the girl's expectant expression. "Eh?" she asks breathlessly. Her narration stops, her heart soars, glowing a vibrant red over her white sweater. "The bike's name", her interlocutor clarifies. All at once, the throbbing red heart is extinguished, fading to a black circular smudge. Her expectant smile dissolves into disappointment. Not all scenarios are downers, however. In the following case the product is a prop -- at best an accoutrement -- in the teenage game of expressing desire. A spry girl pours hot water into two cups. Off camera an older female voice asks whether she isn't supposed to be resting. "Don't worry about it", the girl replies. Cut to exterior shot. She's wearing a short coat, backing through the front door with the two cups in her hands. Cut to an angled reaction shot: a handsome boy leans across his bike, placing a letter in the post. He holds the letter up. "This", he says. Cut to the girl, now leaning against the entryway of the building, sipping her drink. Haltingly, in a breathy voice, she utters: "To... tomorrow... would have been... okay. But..." Japanese being the language of implication we read this as "it's fine the way it is working out." With the girl in the foreground, we see the boy leaning against the entryway on the opposite side contemplating his drink. Cut to a long angled shot from high above. The two teens sup in the cool evening air, alone, intimate, yet separated by the building's bright entrance. The narrator closes with a message about the nutritional value of the drink -- wholly unrelated to the unequivocal web of intimacy spun by these two youths. This ad offers us a perfect take on how desire is constructed and reproduced in contemporary ads in Japan. A perfect place for us to close. Evolving Desire? Desire is not new to advertising, but the form in which it is currently being expressed is. In Japan, at least, where commercials strive for polysemy in the volatile, evanescent and ultimately quixotic struggle for audience attention, communication is increasingly about things unrelated to the product. High on the list are affection, intimacy and sexuality -- aspects of human existence which bear considerable connection to desire. Reproduced in a variety of forms, played out in an array of contexts, by a variety of demographic "types", such commercial communications have the effect of centralising desire as a major theme in contemporary Japanese society7. The increase in so-called "secondary discourse"8 about human longing is palpable. But what to make of it? Clear explanations lie in "social evolution" -- factors such as: Japan's remarkable achievement of its postwar economic goals; its subsequent economic meltdown and accreting political malaise; the dramatic decline in corporate loyalty; disintegration of the family; increased urbanisation, atomisation and anomie; the stratification of generations and economic classes; increased materialism and attention to status; the concomitant loss of a personal raison d'être and collective moral beacon. In fact, all the reasons that Emile Durkheim diagnosed in fin de siècle France in inventing the discipline of sociology and Murakami Ryu has recently discerned a century later in fin de siècle Japan. Desire is a manifestation of social breakdown, as well as a plea for its resolution. As we enter a new century -- indeed a new millenium -- it is an empirical question worth monitoring whether the Japanese obsession with desire will continue to swell. Footnotes 1. Although the claims in this paper are qualitative, rather than quantitative, without question it is true that both men and women in Japanese television advertising are depicted as desiring. In this way, one could claim that desire exists independent of gender in ads. At the same time, it is almost certain that desire is often depicted as being manifested differentially by men and women. However, as one can infer from the data below, this is not always so (viz. "True Love"). Moreover, while women (or men) might more often fit one or another of the constructs below (i.e. object-mediated, object-induced, object-directed, subject-oriented) than their opposite number, cases can generally be found in which both (male and female) are depicted desiring in each of the stated relationships. 1. Thinking of this (fire-desire) symbol-set generally (and this ad specifically), one is reminded of the Springsteen lyric: At night I wake up with the sheets soaking wet and a freight train running through the middle of my head; Only you can cool my desire. I'm on fire. -- Bruce Springsteen: "I'm on Fire" (1984) Reminding one of the lyric by Shocking Blue from their decade-spanning Number 1 single (1970 by the Dutch band as well as the 1986 cover version by Bananarama): I'm your Venus, I'm your fire at your desire. If not the Earth, Wind and Fire phrasing from "That's the Way of the World" (1975): Hearts of fire, creates love desire... Of course, the fire/desire combo might also have become a universal association due to the easy opportunity (at least in English) to commit a rhyme (no matter how cloddish). 2. It has yet to be determined that desire is a cultural universal. However, the universal presence and relatively uniform logic of the "machinery of capitalism" (a major aspect of which is advertising) certainly serves as a powerful prod. That machinery overlaps culture and tends to act on it in relatively similar ways (one of which may just be the discourse about desire). This, of course, makes no claims about universal outcomes. I have addressed the interaction of capitalism and context and the themes of global/local, homogeneity/heterogeneity, universal/particular in a series of articles concerning information transfer, body, color, and advertising form in comparative context. Please see my home page for references to and greater detail on this work. 3. Regarding red as signifier, see Branston & Stafford (7). Also see my work on color universals ("The Color of Meaning") and culture-specific colour conventions ("The Color of Difference"). 4. Support for this interpretation can be found in other ads, as ideas and practices in Japanese advertising tend to travel in twos or threes. During this same period, Suzuki Move placed Leonardo DiCaprio behind the wheel. As he tooled around the city, his accelleration was such as to raise the skirts of two by-standers. DiCaprio promptly braked, placed the car in reverse, rolled astride the two women, and impishly pointing at each, identified the shade of underpants ("white and strawberry") they were sporting. 5. And let me reiterate: All such depictions are exclusively about sexual/emotional longing between men and women. 6. As I am mainly working with Japanese data in this article, I feel comfortable only seeking to draw conclusions about Japanese society. Certainly, one could fathom conducting the same sort of analysis and arriving at the same general conclusions about other postmodern, capitalist, commercial-centred, consumer-oriented societies. 7. The word is O'Barr's. It bears considerable similarity to Barthes's "second order signification". Plates 1 Caliente perfume (USA, 1994) 9 Georgia canned coffee (Japan, 1999) 2 Old Spice cologne (USA, 1994) 10 Rosso (Japan, 1998) 3 Coke (Australia, 1994) 11 LLAOX (Japan, 1999) 4 Dashing cologne (Malaysia, 1997) 12 Lactia (Japan, 1997) 5 Cup Noodles (Japan, 1998) 13 5/8 and 3/5 Chips (Japan, 1993) 6 Cup Noodles (Japan, 1998) 14 Gachyarinko (Japan, 1999) 7 Nescafe Excella (ice coffee; Japan, 1999) 15 Hotpo (health drink; Japan 1999) 8 Various ads References Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Jonathan Cape, 1972 (1957). Branston, G., and R. Stafford. The Media Student's Book. London: Routledge, 1996. Fiske, John. Television Culture. London: Methuen, 1987. Holden, Todd. "The Color of Meaning: The Significance of Black and White in Television Commercials." Interdisciplinary Information Sciences 3.2 (1997): 125-146. ---. "The Color of Difference: Critiquing Cultural Convergence via Television Advertising" Interdisciplinary Information Sciences 5.1 (1999): 15-36. O'Barr. Culture and the Ad: Exploring Otherness in the World of Advertising. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1994. Williamson, Judith. Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising. London: Marion Boyers, 1979. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Todd Joseph Miles Holden. "The Evolution of Desire in Advertising: From Object-Obsession to Subject-Affection." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2.5 (1999). [your date of access] <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9907/adverts.php>. Chicago style: Todd Joseph Miles Holden, "The Evolution of Desire in Advertising: From Object-Obsession to Subject-Affection," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2, no. 5 (1999), <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9907/adverts.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Todd Joseph Miles Holden. (1999) The evolution of desire in advertising: from object-obsession to subject-affection. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 2(5). <http://www.uq.edu.au/mc/9907/adverts.php> ([your date of access]).