Academic literature on the topic 'Asthma Nutritional aspects'

Developed nations are experiencing a marked increase in prevalence of the familial allergic diseases including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and allergic gastroenteropathy, which are often called atopic diseases. No satisfactory explanation for this epidemic is known, but it has been proposed that some facets of modern life tend to bias immune responses away from the Th1 cellular immune responses that protect against many infections and toward Th2 responses that favor atopy. There are 2 hypotheses to explain why this epidemic is occurring now. Hypothesis 1 suggests that nutritional patterns have changed or that we are exposed to environmental toxicants that were not previously present. Hypothesis 2 holds that some aspects of modern lifestyles in affluent nations have minimized exposure to infectious agents or to their by-products, such as endotoxin. This feature of contemporary lifestyle, it is suggested, has favored the development of Th2 immune responses to environmental allergens and the development of the attendant atopic diseases. This latter theory has been designated the “hygiene hypothesis.” Although there is evidence both for and against both hypotheses, evidence for hypothesis 2 is stronger and more convincing.

Lepidium sativum Linn. (family Cruciferae) is an edible herb that is botanically related to watercress and mustard, having their peppery, tangy taste and odour. Traditionally L. sativum seeds are used to treat wounds, sprains, asthma, bronchitis, cough and is considered useful as abortifacient, aphrodisiac, antibacterial, diuretic, expectorant, gastrointestinal stimulant, gastroprotective, laxative and stomachic. Many of these traditional uses have been scientifically validated using different in vitro and in vivo studies and in this review are compiled in an inclusive manner. Seeds are reported to be rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids, proteins, triterpenoids, steroids and saponin glycosides possessing different pharmacological activities. Aim of the study: This study is an effort to collate complete scientific literature published till March 2021 in order to generate a succinct summation on the distribution, traditional beneficial potential, chemical constituents, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of this coveted species of genus Lepidium. Materials and Methods: Exploring assorted scientific databases. Results: The present methodically compiled review article accentuates medicinal and nutritional significance of this highly valued plant by focusing on various aspects of the plant such as the, physicochemical characterisation and pharmacological studies that validates folklore uses. Thus, this annotated script on L. sativum would be a handy tool to explore the future prospective of research on this traditional plant.

Asthma and obesity are serious medical and social world problems, and their combined course is characterized by a decrease in the quality of life, an increase in the frequency and duration of hospitalization. The present review summarizes the current views on the mechanisms of formation of asthma phenotype combined with obesity, role of leptin and adiponectin imbalance in the development of systemic inflammation in obesity in the pathophysiology of asthma, its interrelations with metabolic syndrome. We present data that shows that syndrome is closely related not only to the debut of asthma, but also to a decrease in its control. Along with obesity, the role of other components of metabolic syndrome, in particular insulin resistance, as a predictor of asthma development is considered. Insulin resistance may be the most likely factor in the relationship between asthma and obesity, independent of other components of the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance associated with obesity can lead to disruption of nitric oxide synthesis. We reveal common mechanism of metabolic disorders of nitric oxide and arginine in metabolic syndrome and asthma and show that insulin resistance treatment can be therapeutically useful in patients with asthma in combination with obesity.

Dear editor, This letter is in response to Chaudhary, Shrestha, and Pathak, who highlighted various aspects of our previous manuscript "Prevalence of Anaemia in Children Diagnosed with Pneumonia in a Tertiary Hospital in Quito, Ecuador." I want to respond to each point referred to in a similar extension as used by the authors. We agreed on the fact that it is prompt to conclude in nutritional deficiencies as a risk factor to suffer pneumonia in Ecuadorian children that is why we express this conclusion as a possibility. Nevertheless, as evidenced in the meta-analysis presented by Jackson et al., the Odds Ratio (OR) meta-estimate for under nutrition as a risk factor for acute lower respiratory infections was 4.5 (95% CI 2.1-9.5)1. To add, in the same paper, the OR meta-estimate for anaemia, vitamin D deficiency, and zinc supplementation, was 3.9 (95% CI 2.4-6.3), 7.3 (95% CI 2.5 to 21.5), and 0.5 (95% CI 0.3 to 0.9), respectively 1. Moreover, in a study conducted in Malawi including 9 533 children, severe malnutrition and moderate malnutrition were associated not only with a pneumonia risk but with an increased risk of inpatient mortality, with Odds Ratios (OR) of 4.63 (3.08, 6.97) and 1.73 (1.21, 2.48) respectively. Therefore, there is supporting evidence globally of the suggested risk 2. I am glad that the authors in the letter bring to the table a discussion of pneumonia diagnosis. In our study, the evaluation of pneumonia started with the clinical assessment including parameters with an acceptable sensitivity (Sen%) or specificity (Spe%), such as; fever on examination (Sen% 47, Spe% 68), history of fever (Sen% 92, Spe% 21), tachypnoea (Sen% 13, Spe% 95), rhonchi (Sen% 26, Spe% 98), crackles (Sen% 43, Spe% 73), wheezing (Sen% 4, Spe% 98) (3). However, as referred to in the original paper, the evaluation was not limited to these factors "Hypoxemia, defined as a sustained saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) <90 %, was used as criteria for hospitalization, along with criteria for respiratory distress, which includes: tachypnoea, dyspnoea, retractions (suprasternal, intercostal, or subcostal), grunting, nasal flaring, apnoea and altered mental status. Furthermore, CBC, acute-phase reactants and chest radiography were performed" (4). Nonetheless, I should remark two factors; firstly, pneumonia severity assessment is based on clinical parameters as presented in the New South Wales Government guideline (5). So, minimizing the utility of the clinical evaluation may be a mistake, especially in institutions without prompt access to the radiologic test. Secondly, even we knew that the patients included in this study were evaluated in other differential diagnoses like bronchiolitis, asthma or cardiac diseases which can mimic pneumonia, this was a cross-sectional study using retrospective data collection. Regarding the exclusion criteria, concomitant conditions that could affect anthropometric measurements include any congenital disease, which compromises a normal growth independently of the nutritional intake (Examples; Down syndrome, achondroplasia). Conditions that could affect the haemoglobin measurement or other parameters in the complete blood count include haematological, infectious or any disease which physiopathology may influence the interpretation of these results in the context of our study (Examples; Sickle cell disease, thalassemia, haemolytic anaemia, solid tumour cancers, haematological neoplasm, paludism), and conditions that could predispose to pneumonia include diseases which may produce an increased risk of infections (Examples; haematological neoplasm, inherited and acquired immunodeficiencies, immunosuppressive therapy) It is true that without specific evaluation of iron profile is not possible to establish with a high certainty iron deficiency. However, in our study are some relevant considerations; we excluded patients with a current diagnosis of other types of anaemia (haemolytic anaemia), chronic inflammatory conditions, cancer, and haematological neoplasms. All these factors reduce the possible causes of anaemia, and in the light that nutritional anaemia is the most frequent type in Latin America, it is reasonable to think that iron deficiency may be the leading cause in our patients. When we think about microcytic anaemia, as this was the most frequent type in our study, and as we excluded thalassemia, chronic inflammatory disease, and was no evidence of lead poisoning or newly diagnosed thalassemia in our patients, the possibility of iron deficiency increases. Although, at the end of our paper, we recommend the use of iron profile in new studies. I should highlight that we did not report cases of macrocytic anaemia. The question regarding the use of nutritional supplements is interesting, especially considering that in Ecuador, the governmental normative of micronutrients supplementation with the product "Chis Paz" consider children between 6 and 24 months of age. In our study, there was no possibility to know if the patients receive any supplementation. But, it would be useful to include this variable in prospective studies. Subclinical infections and iron deficiency anaemia have been described extensively in subclinical malaria, in other types of subclinical infections and even acute infections, there are still debate.

ABSTRACT Background Asthma is the most common childhood chronic health condition. Maternal antenatal diet has been associated with offspring asthma risk, but studies investigating maternal whole diet quality and inflammatory potential with long-term offspring follow-up (&gt;5 y) are rare. Objectives We aimed to elucidate these associations in a prospective cohort study in Ireland. Methods Early pregnancy diets were assessed using a validated FFQ from which energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 scores were computed. Doctor-diagnosed offspring asthma status (general practitioner or parent reports) for the first 10 y of life was collected at 3-y, 5-y, and 9-y follow-up. A total of 862 mother–child pairs with information on maternal diet and ≥1 offspring asthma data points were included. The longitudinal associations between maternal E-DII and HEI scores and offspring asthma status were assessed using generalized estimating equations. Results Cumulative offspring asthma incidence was 21% over the 10-y period. In the main models, adjusted for maternal lifestyle and sociodemographic factors, a higher E-DII score, indicating a more proinflammatory diet, was associated with higher risk of offspring asthma (OR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.65; per 1-SD score increment), whereas a higher HEI-2015 score, indicating better dietary quality, was associated with lower risk (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.93) (both P &lt; 0.01). Results persisted with further adjustment for childhood factors (e.g., breastfeeding, diet, and childcare attendance) and parental asthma history. Similar associations were observed when E-DII and HEI-2015 scores were modeled in quartiles (both P-trend &lt; 0.05). Associations for HEI-2015 were attenuated after adjustment for E-DII, suggesting the importance of anti-inflammatory pathways. Conclusions Our results suggest that a proinflammatory and low-quality diet during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of offspring asthma. Pending confirmation from other studies, optimizing these aspects of maternal diet can be a promising strategy for reducing childhood asthma risk. This prospective observational study was registered at the ISRCTN Registry as ISRCTN16537904.

Abstract Rationale Lifestyle interventions are known to improve many medical conditions. We are documenting the effect that a, 18-day residential medical lifestyle program has on the fitness of asthma patients using metabolic equivalent (MetS), which correlate to exercise capacity. Methods The program included 3 daily buffet-like whole food plant-based meals with no snacks, 2 to 3 times a day sessions of exercise (aerobic and anaerobic), massage, hydrotherapy, medical and spiritual interventions. The program is called NEWSTART program and takes place in Weimar, California. NEWSTART means: Nutrition, Exercise, Water, proper Sunlight exposure, fresh Air, Rest and Trust (relational, spiritual, and psychological aspects). Board certified physicians monitored patient progress. Nutritionist, exercise physiologist, psychological, and chaplaincy care is also provided. From 2282 patients that completed the 18-day NEWSTART program in 13 years we found 66 that had the starting diagnosis of asthma. From those 66, 39 had a pre and post stress test to determine MetS. These 39 patients had an average age of 59, SD 14.9. Results At baseline, asthmatics had on average a MetS of 8.38, SD 3.3, median 9, mode 10, min 2 and max 16. At the end of the program the stress test reported a MetS of 9.6, SD 3.8, median 10, mode 9, min 2 and max of 18. Asthmatic crises decreased during the program. Conclusions The lifestyle Program seems to improve fitness of asthma patients. The end MetS of 9.6 is important since a 10 to 11 MetS is considered good exercise capacity and may decrease mortality.

Background Although a significant number of the clinical features and pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been described, only a few studies have been published on characterization of CRS in the field of aging. Objective We investigated the prevalence and risk factors of CRS in elderly (≥65 years old) Koreans using large-scale nationwide epidemiological data and compared the risk factors of elderly with those of younger adult participants (19–64 years old). Methods Data from 25 529 participants who completed the 2008–2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Diagnosis of CRS was done according to the EP3OS 2012 guideline for epidemiologic study. Risk factors of CRS were compared in the aspects of sociodemographics, general health behaviors, clinical characteristics, and comorbidities of participants. Results The prevalence of CRS was significantly higher in 5590 elderly than in 19 939 younger adults (6.55% vs 5.69%; P = .016. Some variables of socioeconomic status and mental health in the adult group were associated with increased risk of CRS but did not show association in the elderly group. We observed a significant association between CRS prevalence and comorbid allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis in both groups ( P < .05). However, in the elderly group, the associations were significantly weaker with regard to allergic rhinitis ( P-interaction = .03) and asthma ( P-interaction = .002). Conclusion These results suggest that elderly populations have distinct pathophysiology and clinical presentations from adult CRS, and management for elderly patients with CRS may require different or additional therapeutic approaches.

Climate change has become a topic of concern around the world. Many aspects of human well-being are affected by climate change. The social, economic, political, ecological and cultural development was influenced directly or indirectly. This paper has examined the role of climate change during the current period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The documentary analysis method was chosen. Various books, research reports, WHO databases and internet sources have been used extensively. Various literature shows that climate change may have played a significant role in the widespread effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 affects people with compromised immunity. The weakened immunity results from some diseases and treatments that weaken the body’s immunity. These include chronic lung diseases such as chronic asthma, some cancers, high blood pressure (hypertension), HIV / AIDS, and some developmental diseases. As a result, people become vulnerable to COVID-19. Poor diet also causes people to have weak immunity and become less resistant to the coronavirus. Poor nutrition results from changes in the climate pattern; Unavailability of sufficient and high-quality food, low production of sufficient food, and inaccessibility of high-quality food due to poverty. The world must take serious steps to stop excessive greenhouse gas emissions. If not, the human species will die as new diseases and viruses will emerge to take our lives as COVID-19 did.

Introduction: Asthma exacerbation is one of the most common causes of hospitalization among children. It was observed that severe asthma exacerbation is increasing in children with asthma. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the continuous versus intermittent nebulization of salbutamol in acute severe asthma. Material and methods: This randomized control trial study was conducted pulmonology department of DHQ Hospital Faisalabad and the duration of this study was from January 2019 to July 2019. Data was collected with the permission of ethical committee of hospital. The data was collected through random sampling technique. Patients were allocated by means of random table to receive salbutamol either by continuous or intermittent nebulization. Results: The data was collected from 100 asthma patients of both genders. The mean age of patients continuous nebulization was 34.56±2.34 years and in intermittent nebulization 39.89±4.76 years. Hypoxemia was present in all patients with a mean PaO2 is 198±78 mmHg in continuous nebulization. Demographic and clinical values are presented in table 01. Practical implication: We can easily apply this method in hospital treatment of continuous and intermittent nebulization of salbutamol in acute severe asthma. Conclusion: It is concluded that there is no difference in continuous and intermittent nebulization of salbutamol in acute severe asthma. In this regard, repeated nebulizations of salbutamol at 20-minute intervals should be regarded as almost identical to continuous nebulization. keywords: Nebulization, Intermittent, Patients

Background: Histidine is an important amino acid with important properties that enable it to play a vital part in many activities in the human body, such as proton buffering, metal ion chelation, scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitro-gen species, erythropoiesis and the histaminergic system. This review presents the impact of histidine level fluctuation on the body function, the physiological role and metabolic pathway of histidine in various parts of the human's body. Also, we investigated that histamine produc-tion by Histidine decarboxylase gene and there is relationship between histidine food intake and level of Histamine in blood, which resulting in the obesity, anemia and other nutrition issues. In addition, a neurotrans-mitter is included oin histamine that is widely distributed throughout the human brain; its deficiency could cause problems in the nervous system. This study revealed that deficiency of histidine contributed to mental problems like Parkinson's disease (PD), schizophrenia (SCZ), kidney and prion disease as well. As a result, histidine is important to keep hu-man body healthy, and it is also found that hisidine is used as a suitable drug for people who have schizophrenia. This review revealed that the correlation between histamine and asthma is still not well understood. So, this review will open way for researchers to focuses on this aspect. Keywords: Histidine, Histamine, physiological role, Parkinson's disease and human disease