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Journal articles on the topic 'Astatide'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Garkushin, Ivan K., Olga V. Lavrenteva, Yana A. Andreeva, and Karina R. Gilmanova. "Analytical description of the specific electric conductivity of halogenides KHal melts and its calculation for the KAt melt." Butlerov Communications 58, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-58-6-138.

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In this paper, the analytical description of the specific conductivity of the potassium halogenides melts KHal (Hal – F, Cl, Br, I) is presented. The analitical description is provided on dependence of the specific conductivity on the halogen order number ӕ = f(Z), the ionic radius of halogen-ion ӕ = f(r), the ionic potential ӕ = f(1/r), the electronegativity difference ӕ = f(∆χ) ((∆χ = χ (Hal) – χ(K)). The interrelation of a reduced property with an order number ӕ/Z = f(Z) is considered. According to the obtained analytical dependencies, the calculation of the value of the potassium astatide specific conductivity is given for temperatures above the melting point on 5, 10, 50, 75, 100, 150 и 200°, in literature Information for KAt absent. The calculation was carried out using comparative methods for calculating M.Kh. Karapetyan in the coordinates of "property-parameter" and "property-property." Least squares method was applied for processing the analytical description results with the choice of optimal dependencies on the maximum correlation coefficient and the minimum standard deviation. The analysis of the interrelation of the calculated numerical values with similar characteristics for NaAt и LiAt is presented. Comparison of the specific conductivity obtained numerical values of the astatide potassium melt showed good consistency with the values ӕ obtained from the straight line dependence ӕТпл+n = a∙ ӕТпл+5 (n = 10°…200°) and also with similar characteristics for lithium astatide and sodium astatide. The analytical calculation results allow to describe the temperature dependence of the potassium halogenides specific conductivity, including KAt. The calculation method can be used to describe the melts specific conductivity in the same type series of compounds of alkaline and alkaline-earth elements that make up electrolytes for chemical current sources.

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2

Baran, Enrique J. "Vibrational Properties of Hydrogen Astatide, HAt." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 59, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2004-0306.

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A number of theoretical studies on the bond characteristics of HAt, the heaviest hydrogen halide, have recently been reported. On the basis of these data the force constant, mean amplitudes of vibration and thermodynamic functions of this molecule have been calculated. Some comparisons with the related lighter hydracids are made.

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3

Pruszyński, M., A. Bilewicz, B. Wąs, and B. Petelenz. "Formation and stability of astatide-mercury complexes." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 268, no. 1 (April 2006): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-006-0129-2.

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4

Wilbur, D. "[211At]Astatine-Labeled Compound Stability: Issues with Released [211At]Astatide and Development of Labeling Reagents to Increase Stability." Current Radiopharmaceuticalse 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 144–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874471010801030144.

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5

Styszyński, Jacek, and Jacek Kobus. "Relativistic and correlation effects on spectroscopic constants of the hydrogen astatide molecule." Chemical Physics Letters 369, no. 3-4 (February 2003): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(02)02014-6.

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6

Larsen, Roy H., Susan Slade, and Michael R. Zalutsky. "Blocking [211At]Astatide Accumulation in Normal Tissues: Preliminary Evaluation of Seven Potential Compounds." Nuclear Medicine and Biology 25, no. 4 (May 1998): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8051(97)00230-8.

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7

Carlin, Sean, Robert J. Mairs, Phil Welsh, and Michael R. Zalutsky. "Sodium-iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated accumulation of [211At]astatide in NIS-transfected human cancer cells." Nuclear Medicine and Biology 29, no. 7 (October 2002): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8051(02)00332-3.

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8

Garkushin, Ivan K., Olga V. Lavrenteva, Karina R. Gilmanova, and Yana A. Andreeva. "Analytical description of sodium halogenides melts specific electric conductivity and its calculation for sodium astatide melt." Butlerov Communications 60, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-60-12-125.

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The paper presents analytical and graphical dependences of the individual haloganides melts specific electrical conductivity æ of the sodium NaHal series (Hal – F, Cl, Br, I) on the halogen order number Z, ionic radius r of haloganide-ion Hal–, halogen ionic potential 1/r, reduced ionic radius r/Z, difference of electronegativity (∆χ = χ(Hal) – χ(Na)): æ = f(Z); æ = f(r); æ = f(1/r); æ = f(r/Z); æ = f(∆χ) for the temperature higher melting temperatures on 5, 10, 50, 75, 100, 150 и 200°. M.Kh. Karapetyans сomparative methods were applied for the description. The minimum standard deviation and maximum correlation coefficient corresponds to the equation æ–1 = a + bexp1/r, according to which the numerical values of æ(NaAt) are calculated for real temperatures. The temperature dependence æ of the NaAt melt is described by the equation æ = 0.0508+0.0023Т. A comparative analysis of the relationship between the specific electrical conductivity of NaHal melts at a temperature of Tm + n (n = 10 ... 200° higher the melting temperature) and æ at (Tm + 5°). A comparative analysis is represented by straightforward dependencies. It was shown that the specific electrical conductivity of the NaAt melt is related to the electrical conductivity of LiAt by the direct equation æ(NaAt) = 0.035+0.607æ(LiAt). The straight line equationalso relates æ of the NaHal melt (Hal – F, Br, I, At) to the specific conductivity of the NaCl melt. Between the numerical values of the specific electrical conductivity of the sodium astatide (NaAt) melt calculated by different methods, consistent data were obtained.

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9

Watabe, Tadashi, Makoto Hosono, Seigo Kinuya, Takahiro Yamada, Sachiko Yanagida, Masao Namba, and Yoshihide Nakamura. "Manual on the proper use of sodium astatide ([211At]NaAt) injections in clinical trials for targeted alpha therapy (1st edition)." Annals of Nuclear Medicine 35, no. 7 (May 12, 2021): 753–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12149-021-01619-2.

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AbstractWe present the guideline for use of [211At] sodium astatide (NaAt) for targeted alpha therapy in clinical trials on the basis of radiation safety issues in Japan. This guideline was prepared by a study supported by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, and approved by the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine on 8th Feb, 2021. The study showed that patients receiving [211At]NaAt do not need to be admitted to a radiotherapy room and outpatient treatment is possible. The radiation exposure from the patient is within the safety standards of the ICRP and IAEA recommendations for the general public and caregivers. Precautions for patients and their families, safety management associated with the use of [211At]NaAt, education and training, and disposal of medical radioactive contaminants are also included in this guideline. Treatment using [211At]NaAt in Japan should be carried out according to this guideline. Although this guideline is applied in Japan, the issues for radiation protection and evaluation methodology shown here are considered internationally useful as well.

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10

Rimár, Miroslav, Marcel Fedák, and Štefan Kuna. "Equation Model of Stabilization of Low Damped Astatic Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 415 (September 2013): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.415.427.

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The paper deals with the stabilization of low damped astatic systems. They show a low value of a relative damping and consequently a high resonance rise of amplitude frequency response. If astatism occurs in an automatic control system, the situation becomes complicated due to the exhaustion of a phase safety of astatic element. In order to achieve the stabilization, a filter with rejections has been designed. The filter is characterized by rapid rejections of logarithmic frequency characteristics that eliminate resonance rise of a low damped astatic system. A functional model of a discrete filter was created to attest the properties of the filter with a continuous low damped astatic system. Experiments have proved the suitability of the filter application. The method of the filter utilization, the stability of the low damped astatic system as well as the stability assessment by the operator W will be described in the paper.

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11

Kaneda-Nakashima, Kazuko, Yoshifumi Shirakami, Tadashi Watabe, Kazuhiro Ooe, Takashi Yoshimura, Atsushi Toyoshima, Yang Wang, Hiromitsu Haba, and Koichi Fukase. "Effect to Therapy of Sodium-Iodine Symporter Expression by Alpha-Ray Therapeutic Agent via Sodium/Iodine Symporter." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 15509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415509.

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This study confirmed the effect of sodium/iodine symporter (NIS) expression on existing drugs by in vitro and in vivo tests using cultured cell lines. The tumor growth inhibitory effect of sodium astatide ([211At]NaAt) was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo tests using human thyroid cancer cells (K1, K1/NIS and K1/NIS-DOX). NIS expression in cancer cells was controlled using the Tet-On system. [131I]NaI was used as control existing drug. From the results of the in vitro studies, the mechanism of [211At]NaAt uptake into thyroid cancer cells is mediated by NIS, analogous to [131I]NaI, and the cellular uptake rate correlates with the expression level of NIS. [211At]NaAt’s ability to inhibit colony formation was more than 10 times that of [131I]NaI per becquerel (Bq), and [211At]NaAt’s DNA double-strand breaking (DSB) induction was more than ten times that of [131I]NaI per Bq, and [211At]NaAt was more than three times more cytotoxic than [131I]NaI (at 1000 kBq each). In vivo studies also showed that the tumor growth inhibitory effect of [211At]NaAt depended on NIS expression and was more than six times that of [131I]NaI per Bq.

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12

McLendon, Roger E., Gerald E. Archer, Pradeep K. Garg, Darell D. Bigner, and Michael R. Zalutsky. "Radiotoxicity of systemically administered [211At]astatide in B6C3F1 and BALB/c (nu/nu) mice: A long-term survival study with histologic analysis." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 35, no. 1 (April 1996): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(96)85013-9.

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13

Gnezdov, Nikolay, Aleksey Kolganov, and Sergey Lebedev. "Application of Astatic State Observers in Electromechanotronic Modules." Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Power and Electrical Engineering 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10144-010-0039-6.

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Application of Astatic State Observers in Electromechanotronic ModulesThe authors offer a synthesis method of state observers with high-order astatism. There are no errors caused by the action of arbitrary external disturbances in reduced variables of such observers. The observers also restore the instantaneous values of disturbances. The authors present a calculation method of ultimate realizable dynamics of observers during their realization in microprocessor control system which calculates in numbers with fixed point without overflowing of variables. The description of experimental installation and software is given.

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14

Li, Yawen, Ming-Kuan Chyan, Donald K. Hamlin, Holly Nguyen, Eva Corey, and D. Scott Wilbur. "Oxidation of p-[125I]Iodobenzoic Acid and p-[211At]Astatobenzoic Acid Derivatives and Evaluation In Vivo." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 10655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810655.

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The alpha particle-emitting radionuclide astatine-211 (211At) is of interest for targeted radiotherapy; however, low in vivo stability of many 211At-labeled cancer-targeting molecules has limited its potential. As an alternative labeling method, we evaluated whether a specific type of astatinated aryl compound that has the At atom in a higher oxidation state might be stable to in vivo deastatination. In the research effort, para-iodobenzoic acid methyl ester and dPEG4-amino acid methyl ester derivatives were prepared as HPLC standards. The corresponding para-stannylbenzoic acid derivatives were also prepared and labeled with 125I and 211At. Oxidization of the [125I]iodo- and [211At]astato-benzamidyl-dPEG4-acid methyl ester derivatives provided materials for in vivo evaluation. A biodistribution was conducted in mice with coinjected oxidized 125I- and 211At-labeled compounds. The oxidized radioiodinated derivative was stable to in vivo deiodination, but unfortunately the oxidized [211At]astatinated benzamide derivative was found to be unstable under the conditions of isolation by radio-HPLC (post animal injection). Another biodistribution study in mice evaluated the tissue concentrations of coinjected [211At]NaAtO3 and [125I]NaIO3. Comparison of the tissue concentrations of the isolated material from the oxidized [211At]benzamide derivative with those of [211At]astatate indicated the species obtained after isolation was likely [211At]astatate.

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15

Nagao, Y., M. Yamaguchi, S. Watanabe, N. S. Ishioka, N. Kawachi, and H. Watabe. "Performance improvement of Compton imaging of astatine-211 by optimising coincidence time windows." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): C12031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/12/c12031.

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Abstract Astatine-211 is one of the promising radioisotopes for targeted alpha therapy. Optimising treatment strategies as well as determining the suitability of a given agent for a particular patient requires to image the time-dependent distribution of the targeted radiotherapeutic agent both in tumours and in normal tissues. Since the biodistribution of astatine is different from that of iodine, imaging astatine-211 directly is essential. In the previous study of astatine-211 Compton imaging, random coincidence events due to polonium K-shell X-rays were dominant and seemed to cause saturation of counts. Thus optimisation of the coincidence time windows is important to reduce random coincidence events. In this study, we have optimised the coincidence time windows of a Compton camera and improved the sensitivity, noise and spatial resolution of astatine-211 imaging.

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16

CORSON, DALE R. "ASTATINE." Chemical & Engineering News 81, no. 36 (September 8, 2003): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n036.p158.

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17

Meyer, Geerd-J. "Astatine." Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 61, no. 3 (February 22, 2018): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlcr.3573.

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18

Wilbur, D. Scott. "Enigmatic astatine." Nature Chemistry 5, no. 3 (February 20, 2013): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1580.

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19

Sarr, Serigne, Julien Pilmé, Gilles Montavon, Jean-Yves Le Questel, and Nicolas Galland. "Astatine Facing Janus: Halogen Bonding vs. Charge-Shift Bonding." Molecules 26, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154568.

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The nature of halogen-bond interactions was scrutinized from the perspective of astatine, potentially the strongest halogen-bond donor atom. In addition to its remarkable electronic properties (e.g., its higher aromaticity compared to benzene), C6At6 can be involved as a halogen-bond donor and acceptor. Two-component relativistic calculations and quantum chemical topology analyses were performed on C6At6 and its complexes as well as on their iodinated analogues for comparative purposes. The relativistic spin–orbit interaction was used as a tool to disclose the bonding patterns and the mechanisms that contribute to halogen-bond interactions. Despite the stronger polarizability of astatine, halogen bonds formed by C6At6 can be comparable or weaker than those of C6I6. This unexpected finding comes from the charge-shift bonding character of the C–At bonds. Because charge-shift bonding is connected to the Pauli repulsion between the bonding σ electrons and the σ lone-pair of astatine, it weakens the astatine electrophilicity at its σ-hole (reducing the charge transfer contribution to halogen bonding). These two antinomic characters, charge-shift bonding and halogen bonding, can result in weaker At-mediated interactions than their iodinated counterparts.

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20

Yagishita, Atsushi, Miho Katsuragawa, Shin’ichiro Takeda, Yoshifumi Shirakami, Kazuhiro Ooe, Atsushi Toyoshima, Tadayuki Takahashi, and Tadashi Watabe. "Development and Utility of an Imaging System for Internal Dosimetry of Astatine-211 in Mice." Bioengineering 11, no. 1 (December 26, 2023): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11010025.

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In targeted radionuclide therapy, determining the absorbed dose of the ligand distributed to the whole body is vital due to its direct influence on therapeutic and adverse effects. However, many targeted alpha therapy drugs present challenges for in vivo quantitative imaging. To address this issue, we developed a planar imaging system equipped with a cadmium telluride semiconductor detector that offers high energy resolution. This system also comprised a 3D-printed tungsten collimator optimized for high sensitivity to astatine-211, an alpha-emitting radionuclide, and adequate spatial resolution for mouse imaging. The imager revealed a spectrum with a distinct peak for X-rays from astatine-211 owing to the high energy resolution, clearly distinguishing these X-rays from the fluorescent X-rays of tungsten. High collimator efficiency (4.5 × 10−4) was achieved, with the maintenance of the spatial resolution required for discerning mouse tissues. Using this system, the activity of astatine-211 in thyroid cancer tumors with and without the expression of the sodium iodide symporter (K1-NIS/K1, respectively) was evaluated through in vivo imaging. The K1-NIS tumors had significantly higher astatine-211 activity (sign test, p = 0.031, n = 6) and significantly decreased post-treatment tumor volume (Student’s t-test, p = 0.005, n = 6). The concurrent examination of intratumor drug distribution and treatment outcome could be performed with the same mice.

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21

Dzhuzha, D., and S. Myasoyedov. "Radionuclide therapy with alpha-emitters." Radiation Diagnostics, Radiation Therapy, no. 4 (2019): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37336/2707-0700-2019-4-4.

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In this review the main streams of using alpha-emitters radium-223, actinium-225, bismuth-213, astatine-211 in complex treatment of malignant tumors are reviewed. The features of radiobiological actions of alpha-emission make its more effective in hundred times than beta-emission. The efficacy of this kind of radionuclide therapy does not dependent from chemoresistance and radioresistance to beta-emitters. The results of experimental and initial clinical investigation, which indicate on promising further investigations in this direction, were revealed. Key words: radionuclide therapy of malignant tumors, alpha-emitters, radium-223, actinium-225, bismuth-213, astatine-211.

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22

Roy, Kamalika, and Susanta Lahiri. "Production and separation of Astatine Radionuclides: Some new addition to Astatine Chemistry." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 66, no. 5 (May 2008): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.12.005.

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23

Graton, Jérôme, Seyfeddine Rahali, Jean-Yves Le Questel, Gilles Montavon, Julien Pilmé, and Nicolas Galland. "Spin–orbit coupling as a probe to decipher halogen bonding." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 47 (2018): 29616–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp05690k.

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24

Bigourdan, Théo, Arnaud Cadiou, Arnaud Guertin, and Ferid Haddad. "Discussions on liquid bismuth target use as an alternative for astatine-211 production." EPJ Web of Conferences 285 (2023): 09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328509002.

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Astatine-211 is an alpha emitter that has been identified as a good candidate for targeted alpha therapy. There is an increasing demand on this radionuclide. Very intense beam from linac being put in operation nowadays could be used to meet this demand. This document presents the design exploration of concepts of liquid bismuth targets dedicated to astatine-211 production. Three concepts are presented and analyzed: a capsule, a fluid loop and a windowless fluid loop. Structural and thermal sizing were performed using mechanical Finite Element models (ANSYS Workbench) and Computational Fluid Dynamic models (FLUENT). Production rates were assessed accordingly. Feasibility and expected performances are discussed in conclusion.

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25

Galland, N., G. Montavon, J. Y. Le Questel, and J. Graton. "Quantum calculations of At-mediated halogen bonds: on the influence of relativistic effects." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 13 (2018): 10510–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj00484f.

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26

Rossi, Elisa, Matteo De Santis, Diego Sorbelli, Loriano Storchi, Leonardo Belpassi, and Paola Belanzoni. "Spin–orbit coupling is the key to unraveling intriguing features of the halogen bond involving astatine." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 4 (2020): 1897–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06293a.

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27

Gouard, Sébastien, Catherine Maurel, Séverine Marionneau-Lambot, Delphine Dansette, Clément Bailly, François Guérard, Nicolas Chouin, et al. "Targeted-Alpha-Therapy Combining Astatine-211 and anti-CD138 Antibody in a Preclinical Syngeneic Mouse Model of Multiple Myeloma Minimal Residual Disease." Cancers 12, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092721.

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Despite therapeutic progress in recent years with the introduction of targeted therapies (daratumumab, elotuzumab), multiple myeloma remains an incurable cancer. The question is therefore to investigate the potential of targeted alpha therapy, combining an anti-CD138 antibody with astatine-211, to destroy the residual cells that cause relapses. A preclinical syngeneic mouse model, consisting of IV injection of 1 million of 5T33 cells in a KaLwRij C57/BL6 mouse, was treated 10 days later with an anti-mCD138 antibody, called 9E7.4, radiolabeled with astatine-211. Four activities of the 211At-9E7.4 radioimmunoconjugate were tested in two independent experiments: 370 kBq (n = 16), 555 kBq (n = 10), 740 kBq (n = 17) and 1100 kBq (n = 6). An isotype control was also tested at 555 kBq (n = 10). Biodistribution, survival rate, hematological parameters, enzymatic hepatic toxicity, histological examination and organ dosimetry were considered. The survival median of untreated mice was 45 days after engraftment. While the activity of 1100 kBq was highly toxic, the activity of 740 kBq offered the best efficacy with 65% of overall survival 150 days after the treatment with no evident sign of toxicity. This work demonstrates the pertinence of treating minimal residual disease of multiple myeloma with an anti-CD138 antibody coupled to astatine-211.

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28

Zhou, Fengxiang, Yuan Liu, Zhaoxu Wang, Tian Lu, Qingyuan Yang, Yi Liu, and Baishu Zheng. "A new type of halogen bond involving multivalent astatine: an ab initio study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 28 (2019): 15310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp02406a.

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29

Molina, B., J. R. Soto, and J. J. Castro. "Halogen-like properties of the Al13 cluster mimicking astatine." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 17 (2018): 11549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp00494c.

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30

Toyoshima, Atsushi, and Atsushi Shinohara. "Nuclear Chemistry of Astatine (At)." RADIOISOTOPES 67, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.67.461.

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31

Vaidyanathan, Ganesan, and Michael Zalutsky. "Astatine Radiopharmaceuticals: Prospects and Problems." Current Radiopharmaceuticalse 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874471010801030177.

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32

R. Zalutsky, Michael, and Marek Pruszynski. "Astatine-211: Production and Availability." Current Radiopharmaceuticalse 4, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874471011104030177.

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33

Lindegren, Sture, Tom Bäck, Stig Palm, Holger Jensen, Per Albertsson, and Emma Aneheim. "Astatine-211: The Chemistry Infrastructure." Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences 50, no. 4 (December 2019): S94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmir.2019.11.081.

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34

Lindegren, Sture, Tom Bäck, Stig Palm, Holger Jensen, Per Albertsson, and Emma Aneheim. "Astatine-211: The Chemistry Infrastructure." Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences 50, no. 1 (March 2019): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmir.2019.03.076.

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35

Milesz, S., M. Jovchev, D. Schumann, V. A. Khalkin, and M. Milanov. "The EDTA complexes of astatine." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 127, no. 3 (June 1988): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02164864.

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36

Liu, Lu, Seyfeddine Rahali, Rémi Maurice, Cecilia Gomez Pech, Gilles Montavon, Jean-Yves Le Questel, Jérôme Graton, Julie Champion, and Nicolas Galland. "An expanded halogen bonding scale using astatine." Chemical Science 12, no. 32 (2021): 10855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc02133h.

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Based on the halogen bonding between astatine monoiodide (AtI) and 16 Lewis bases, the newly established pKBAtI scale indicates that the halogen bond basicity of AtI follows the order C ≤ O ≤ S ≈ Se for the acceptor atomic site.

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37

Ostrowski, Sławomir, Agnieszka Majkowska-Pilip, Aleksander Bilewicz, and Jan Cz Dobrowolski. "On AunAt clusters as potential astatine carriers." RSC Advances 7, no. 57 (2017): 35854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra05224c.

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To understand interactions between astatine atoms with gold clusters the Au_nAt and Au_nX clusters, n = 12 or 13, X = F, Cl, Br, and I, were calculated at the DFT level using basis sets with a quasi-relativistic pseudopotential.

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38

Thornton, Brett, and Shawn Burdette. "Three more unsung women – astatine discovery." Nature 567, no. 7748 (March 2019): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-00929-w.

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39

Ünak, Turan. "Some microdosmetric data on Astatine-211." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 58, no. 1 (January 2003): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(02)00260-9.

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40

Sam Lemonick. "The puzzle and promise of astatine." C&EN Global Enterprise 98, no. 31 (August 17, 2020): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-09831-feature2.

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41

Hawkes, Stephen J. "Polonium and Astatine Are Not Semimetals." Journal of Chemical Education 87, no. 8 (August 2010): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed100308w.

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42

Takahashi, N., and H. Baba. "Anomalous solvent extraction behavior of astatine." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 218, no. 1 (April 1997): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02033983.

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43

Guminski, C. "The At-Hg (astatine-mercury) system." Journal of Phase Equilibria 16, no. 6 (December 1995): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02646723.

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44

Dreyer, Rolf, Irene Dreyer, and Frank Rösch. "Zum Verhalten des Astatids in Halogenidlösungen." Zeitschrift für Chemie 22, no. 2 (August 31, 2010): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zfch.19820220215.

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45

Nishinaka, I., K. Hashimoto, and H. Suzuki. "Speciation of astatine reacted with oxidizing and reducing reagents by thin layer chromatography: formation of volatile astatine." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 322, no. 3 (October 26, 2019): 2003–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-019-06900-3.

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46

Trad, Bhrenno M., Vander Carbonari, and Rogerio Silvestre. "An unusual prey record for Astata lugens Taschenberg (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Astatidae)." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 71 (August 30, 2019): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.71.33152.

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Abstract:

Astatid wasps are referred to in literature as specialized predators of hemipterans. We present an unusual prey record for the genus Astata in a Cerrado area (Savannah), at Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás State, Brazil. We collected one specimen of Astata lugens Taschenberg carrying an immature cricket (Gryllidae) as prey.

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47

Cobb, L. M., A. Harrison, and S. A. Butler. "Toxicity of Astatine-211 in the Mouse." Human Toxicology 7, no. 6 (November 1988): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700602.

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Abstract:

The toxicity of the α particle emitting halogen astatine-211 was examined in male and female mice. Pathological changes were seen in mice killed at 14 days and/or at 56 days following a single injection of 61 kBq211 At per g body weight. The tissues affected, in order of severity were: spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, gonads, thyroid, salivary glands and stomach.

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48

Ghalei, Mohammad, Parastoo Mahdi Khoshouei, Johan Vandenborre, Francois Guérard, Guillaume Blain, Mojtaba Zarei, Ferid Haddad, and Massoud Fattahi. "Influence of radiolysis on astatine-211 chemistry." Nuclear Medicine and Biology 108-109 (May 2022): S142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8051(22)00306-7.

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49

Lambrecht, Richard M., and Saed Mirzadeh. "Cyclotron isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals—XXXV astatine-211." International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes 36, no. 6 (June 1985): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-708x(85)90207-8.

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50

Kambali, I. "Calculated astatine-211 production yields for radioimmunotherapy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1116 (December 2018): 032013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1116/3/032013.

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