Academic literature on the topic 'Associative strength model'
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Journal articles on the topic "Associative strength model"
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Rizzuto, Daniel S., and Michael J. Kahana. "An Autoassociative Neural Network Model of Paired-Associate Learning." Neural Computation 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 2075–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976601750399317.
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Hebbian heteroassociative learning is inherently asymmetric. Storing a forward association, from item A to item B, enables recall of B (given A), but does not permit recall of A (given B). Recurrent networks can solve this problem by associating A to B and B back to A. In these recurrent networks, the forward and backward associations can be differentially weighted to account for asymmetries in recall performance. In the special case of equal strength forward and backward weights, these recurrent networks can be modeled as a single autoassociative network where A and B are two parts of a single, stored pattern. We analyze a general, recurrent neural network model of associative memory and examine its ability to fit a rich set of experimental data on human associative learning. The model fits the data significantly better when the forward and backward storage strengths are highly correlated than when they are less correlated. This network-based analysis of associative learning supports the view that associations between symbolic elements are better conceptualized as a blending of two ideas into a single unit than as separately modifiable forward and backward associations linking representations in memory.
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Rasmussen, Anders, Riccardo Zucca, Fredrik Johansson, Dan-Anders Jirenhed, and Germund Hesslow. "Purkinje cell activity during classical conditioning with different conditional stimuli explains central tenet of Rescorla–Wagner model." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 45 (October 26, 2015): 14060–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516986112.
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A central tenet of Rescorla and Wagner’s model of associative learning is that the reinforcement value of a paired trial diminishes as the associative strength between the presented stimuli increases. Despite its fundamental importance to behavioral sciences, the neural mechanisms underlying the model have not been fully explored. Here, we present findings that, taken together, can explain why a stronger association leads to a reduced reinforcement value, within the context of eyeblink conditioning. Specifically, we show that learned pause responses in Purkinje cells, which trigger adaptively timed conditioned eyeblinks, suppress the unconditional stimulus (US) signal in a graded manner. Furthermore, by examining how Purkinje cells respond to two distinct conditional stimuli and to a compound stimulus, we provide evidence that could potentially help explain the somewhat counterintuitive overexpectation phenomenon, which was derived from the Rescorla–Wagner model.
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Destrebecqz, Arnaud, Michaël Vande Velde, Estibaliz San Anton, Axel Cleeremans, and Julie Bertels. "Saving the Perruchet effect: A role for the strength of the association in associative learning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 6 (August 9, 2018): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818791079.
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In a partial reinforcement schedule where a cue repeatedly predicts the occurrence of a target in consecutive trials, reaction times to the target tend to decrease in a monotonic fashion, while participants’ expectancies for the target decrease at the same time. This dissociation between reaction times and expectancies—the so-called Perruchet effect—challenges the propositional view of learning, which posits that human conditioned responses result from conscious inferences about the relationships between events. However, whether the reaction time pattern reflects the strength of a putative cue-target link, or only non-associative processes, such as motor priming, remains unclear. To address this issue, we implemented the Perruchet procedure in a two-choice reaction time task and compared reaction time patterns in an Experimental condition, in which a tone systematically preceded a visual target, and in a Control condition, in which the onset of the two stimuli were uncoupled. Participants’ expectancies regarding the target were recorded separately in an initial block. Reaction times decreased with the succession of identical trials in both conditions, reflecting the impact of motor priming. Importantly, reaction time slopes were steeper in the Experimental than in the Control condition, indicating an additional influence of the associative strength between the two stimuli. Interestingly, slopes were less steep for participants who showed the gambler’s fallacy in the initial block. In sum, our results suggest the mutual influences of motor priming, associative strength, and expectancies on performance. They are in line with a dual-process model of learning involving both a propositional reasoning process and an automatic link-formation mechanism.
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Maki, William S. "A database of associative strengths from the strength-sampling model: A theory-based supplement to the Nelson, McEvoy, and Schreiber word association norms." Behavior Research Methods 40, no. 1 (February 2008): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.1.232.
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Maximov, P. V., and V. V. Maximov. "Visual Associative Memory Simulates the McCollough Effect." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970140.
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The McCollough effect (ME) refers to the phenomenon that, after a few minutes' exposure to gratings differing in both orientation and colour, subjects perceive similarly oriented achromatic gratings as if they were tinted with complementary hues. The traditional explanation of the ME as an adaptation of detectors selective for colour and orientation suffers from a number of inconsistencies: (i) the ME lasts much longer than ordinary adaptation, the decay of the effect being completely arrested during a night's sleep, or by occluding the eye for a long time; (ii) the strength of the ME is practically independent of the intensity of the adapting light; and (iii) a set of related pattern-contingent aftereffects discovered later would require, for explanation on similar lines, new detectors specific to other patterns. These properties can be explained, however, in the framework of associative memory and novelty filters. A computational model has been developed which consists of (i) an input layer of two (left and right eyes) square matrices with two analog receptors (red and green) in each pixel; (ii) an isomorphic associative neural layer, each neuron being synaptically connected with all receptors of both eyes; and (iii) an output layer (novelty filter). Modification of synaptic efficacies conforms to the Hebb learning rule. After a few presentations of coloured gratings the model displays the ME, which is slowly destroyed by subsequent presentations of random pictures. With a sufficiently large receptor matrix the effect lasts a thousand times longer than the period of learning. Continuous darkness does not change the strength of the effect. Like the real ME, the model does not display interocular transfer, but with other adapting patterns it shows the disparity-contingent colour aftereffect (thus confirming the connections with both eyes). The model can account for different pattern-contingent colour aftereffects without assuming any predetermined specific detectors. Such detectors are constructed in the course of adaptation to specific stimuli (gratings).
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Zaksaite, Tara, and Peter M. Jones. "The redundancy effect is related to a lack of conditioned inhibition: Evidence from a task in which excitation and inhibition are symmetrical." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 2 (October 8, 2019): 260–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819878430.
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Rescorla and Wagner’s model of learning describes excitation and inhibition as symmetrical opposites. However, tasks used in human causal learning experiments, such as the allergist task, generally involve learning about cues leading to the presence or absence of the outcome, which may not reflect this assumption. This is important when considering learning effects which provide a challenge to this model, such as the redundancy effect. The redundancy effect describes higher causal ratings for the blocked cue X than for the uncorrelated cue Y in the design A+/AX+/BY+/CY–, the opposite pattern to that predicted by the Rescorla–Wagner model, which predicts higher associative strength for Y than for X. Crucially, this prediction depends on cue C gaining some inhibitory associative strength. In this article, we used a task in which cues could have independent inhibitory effects on the outcome, to investigate whether a lack of inhibition was related to the redundancy effect. In Experiment 1, inhibition for C was not detected in the allergist task, supporting this possibility. Three further experiments using the alternative task showed that a lack of inhibition was related to the redundancy effect: the redundancy effect was smaller when C was rated as inhibitory. Individual variation in the strength of inhibition for C also determined the size of the redundancy effect. Given that weak inhibition was detected in the alternative scenario but not in the allergist task, we recommend carefully choosing the type of task used to investigate associative learning phenomena, as it may influence results.
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Elliott, Terry. "Variations on the Theme of Synaptic Filtering: A Comparison of Integrate-and-Express Models of Synaptic Plasticity for Memory Lifetimes." Neural Computation 28, no. 11 (November 2016): 2393–460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00889.
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Integrate-and-express models of synaptic plasticity propose that synapses integrate plasticity induction signals before expressing synaptic plasticity. By discerning trends in their induction signals, synapses can control destabilizing fluctuations in synaptic strength. In a feedforward perceptron framework with binary-strength synapses for associative memory storage, we have previously shown that such a filter-based model outperforms other, nonintegrative, “cascade”-type models of memory storage in most regions of biologically relevant parameter space. Here, we consider some natural extensions of our earlier filter model, including one specifically tailored to binary-strength synapses and one that demands a fixed, consecutive number of same-type induction signals rather than merely an excess before expressing synaptic plasticity. With these extensions, we show that filter-based models outperform nonintegrative models in all regions of biologically relevant parameter space except for a small sliver in which all models encode memories only weakly. In this sliver, which model is superior depends on the metric used to gauge memory lifetimes (whether a signal-to-noise ratio or a mean first passage time). After comparing and contrasting these various filter models, we discuss the multiple mechanisms and timescales that underlie both synaptic plasticity and memory phenomena and suggest that multiple, different filtering mechanisms may operate at single synapses.
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Wiedemann, Amelie U., Benjamin Gardner, Nina Knoll, and Silke Burkert. "Intrinsic Rewards, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, and Habit Strength: A Three-Wave Study Testing the Associative-Cybernetic Model." Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 6, no. 1 (November 14, 2013): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12020.
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Knoblauch, Andreas, Günther Palm, and Friedrich T. Sommer. "Memory Capacities for Synaptic and Structural Plasticity." Neural Computation 22, no. 2 (February 2010): 289–341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2009.08-07-588.
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Neural associative networks with plastic synapses have been proposed as computational models of brain functions and also for applications such as pattern recognition and information retrieval. To guide biological models and optimize technical applications, several definitions of memory capacity have been used to measure the efficiency of associative memory. Here we explain why the currently used performance measures bias the comparison between models and cannot serve as a theoretical benchmark. We introduce fair measures for information-theoretic capacity in associative memory that also provide a theoretical benchmark. In neural networks, two types of manipulating synapses can be discerned: synaptic plasticity, the change in strength of existing synapses, and structural plasticity, the creation and pruning of synapses. One of the new types of memory capacity we introduce permits quantifying how structural plasticity can increase the network efficiency by compressing the network structure, for example, by pruning unused synapses. Specifically, we analyze operating regimes in the Willshaw model in which structural plasticity can compress the network structure and push performance to the theoretical benchmark. The amount C of information stored in each synapse can scale with the logarithm of the network size rather than being constant, as in classical Willshaw and Hopfield nets (⩽ ln 2 ≈ 0.7). Further, the review contains novel technical material: a capacity analysis of the Willshaw model that rigorously controls for the level of retrieval quality, an analysis for memories with a nonconstant number of active units (where C ⩽ 1/eln 2 ≈ 0.53), and the analysis of the computational complexity of associative memories with and without network compression.
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Abedini, Armin, Cliff Butcher, and Michael Worswick. "Application of an Evolving Non-Associative Anisotropic-Asymmetric Plasticity Model for a Rare-Earth Magnesium Alloy." Metals 8, no. 12 (December 2, 2018): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8121013.
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Magnesium sheet metal alloys have a hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal structure that leads to severe evolving anisotropy and tension-compression asymmetry as a result of the activation of different deformation mechanisms (slip and twinning) that are extremely challenging to model numerically. The low density of magnesium alloys and their high specific strength relative to steel and aluminum alloys make them promising candidates for automotive light-weighting but standard phenomenological plasticity models cannot adequately capture the complex plastic response of these materials. In this study, the constitutive plastic behavior of a rare-earth magnesium alloy sheet, ZEK100 (O-temper), was considered at room temperature, under quasi-static conditions. The CPB06 yield criterion for hcp materials was employed along with a non-associative flow rule in which the yield function and plastic potential were calibrated for a range of plastic deformation levels to account for evolving anisotropy under proportional loading. The non-associative flow rule has not previously been applied to magnesium alloys which require the use of flexible constitutive models to capture the severe anisotropy and its evolution with plastic deformation. The non-associative flow rule can provide the required flexibility by decoupling the yield function and plastic potential. For the associative flow rule, such flexibility can only be achieved by multiple linear transformations of the stress tensor resulting in expensive models for calibration and simulations. The constitutive model was implemented as a user material subroutine (UMAT) within the commercial finite element software, LS-DYNA, for general 3-D stress states along with an interpolation technique to consider the evolution of anisotropy based upon the plastic work. To evaluate the accuracy of the implemented model, predictions of a single-element model were compared with the experimental results in terms of flow stresses and plastic flow directions under various proportional loading conditions and along different test directions. Finally, to assess the predictive capabilities of the model, full-scale simulations of coupon-level formability experiments were performed and compared with experimental results in terms of far-field load-displacement and local strain paths. Using these experiments, the constitutive model was evaluated across the full range of representative stress states for sheet metal forming operations. It was shown that the predictions of the model were in very good agreement with experimental data.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Associative strength model"
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Wood, Chantelle. "Associative strength determines prejudice-linked differences in automatic stereotype activation." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0238.
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There is little consensus in the social-cognitive literature concerning the way in which prejudice and stereotyping are related, though a number of explanatory models have been proposed. The present research program empirically examines one recent model; Lepore and Brown's Associative Strength Model (ASM: 1997; 1999; 2002). The main premise of the ASM is that differential endorsement of stereotypic content leads to individual variation in the content that is automatically activated upon categorisation. Specifically, it predicts that high-prejudice people automatically activate negative stereotypic traits, and low-prejudice people automatically activate positive stereotypic traits. The current research used a primed lexical decision task to examine prejudicelinked differences in automatic stereotype activation. In addition, an impression formation task based on that of Lepore and Brown was included to measure stereotype application. Experiments 1A and 1B attempted to evaluate the predictions of the ASM using the category and stereotype of Asians. However, neither experiment was able to demonstrate a priming effect, prejudice-linked or otherwise, using this social category. Experiments 2 and 3, in contrast, successfully induced stereotype activation using the category of gay men. Furthermore, results were consistent with the predictions of the ASM. After priming with the category of gay men, high-prejudice participants exhibited greater activation of negative stereotypic traits and low-prejudice participants exhibited greater activation of positive stereotypic traits. However, parallel patterns of stereotype application were not found in the impression formation task, with participants forming positive impressions, regardless of prejudice. Experiment 4 used an honesty manipulation to investigate the possibility that self-presentational concerns were responsible for the discrepancies between stereotype activation and application. Consistent with this argument, Experiment 4 found prejudice-linked patterns of stereotype application that mirrored the patterns of stereotype activation when self-presentation concerns were reduced. When instructed to be honest, high-prejudice participants in the gay prime condition formed negative impressions and low-prejudice participants in the gay prime condition formed positive impressions. The current program of research provides the first direct empirical support for the predictions of the Associative Strength Model concerning stereotype activation. In addition, new questions have been raised that future research should seek to explore.
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Greenberg, Jeffrey Alexander. "A Single Trial Analysis of EEG in Associative Recognition Memory: Tracking the Neural Correlates of Associative Memory Strength." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1415700019.
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Tazaly, Zeinab. "Punching Shear Capacity of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Conventional Reinforcement : Computational analysis of punching models." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118825.
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Steel fibre reinforced concrete is not a novel concept, it has been around since the mid-1900s, but despite its great success in shotcrete-reinforced rock walls and industrial floors it has not made any impact on either beams or elevated slab. Apparently, the absence of standards is the main reason. However, the combination of steel fibre reinforced concrete and conventional reinforcement has in many researches shown to emphasize good bearing capacrty. In this thesis, two punching shear capacity models have been analysed and adapted on 136 test slabs perfomred by previous researchers. The first punching model altemative is proposed in DAfStB - BetonKalender 201l, and the second punching model alternative is established in Swedish Concrete Association - Report No. 4 1994. Due to missing information of the experimental measured residual tensile strength, a theoretical residual tensile strength was estimated in two different manners to be able to adapt the DAfStB punching model altemative on the refereed test slabs. The first solution is an derivation of a suggestion made by Silfiverbrand (2000) and the second solution is drawn from a proposal made by Choi etal. (2007). The result indicates that the SCA punching model alternative is easier to adapt and provides the most representative result. Also DAfStb altemative with the second solution of estimating the residual strength contributes to arbitrary result, however due to the uncertainty of the estimation of the residual tensile strength, the SCA punching model is recommended to be applied until further investigation can confirm the accuracy of the DAfStB alternative with experimentally obtained residual tensile strength.
Books on the topic "Associative strength model"
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Goodman, Steven N., and Jonathan M. Samet. Causal Inference in Cancer Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0007.
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Judgments about causality are central to the development of interventions intended to reduce exposure to risk factors that cause cancer. Because causation is not directly observable in medicine, scientists and philosophers have had to develop sets of constructs and heuristics that define “cause” operationally. The criteria in this framework, often attributed to the British medical statistician Sir Austin Bradford Hill or to the 1964 Report of the US Surgeon General on tobacco, include consistency, strength of association, specificity, temporality, coherence/plausibility/analogy, biological gradient, and experiment. This chapter reviews these criteria in depth and considers the challenges of applying them to population research on cancer. It discusses the concepts of causation in the context of the multistage nature of cancer, the “counterfactual” notion of causation, the component cause model for understanding diseases with multiple causes, and the “weight of the evidence” approach for integrating information from multiple lines of research.
Book chapters on the topic "Associative strength model"
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Chen, Meng-Mei, Laura Zizka, Effie Ruiheng Zhang, and Justine Gentinetta. "Destination Imagery Diagnosis Model: The Case of Switzerland." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2021, 378–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_36.
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AbstractThis research investigates destination imagery of Switzerland as a travel destination. This research first conducted survey and content analysis to identify 23 unique statements reflecting travel in Switzerland. Through an online survey, this research collected 399 responses from French and Italian respondents. Based on the comparisons of association strength and association valence of every statement to the aggregated association strength and association valence, this research developed the Destination Imagery Diagnosis model. The results show that, overall, French and Italian respondents have strong and positive associations to statements related to Switzerland’s nature and opportunities for outdoor activities. Furthermore, respondents rated “Healthy lifestyle” and “Welcoming and friendly” positively but the associations to Switzerland were weaker. This research also identified marketing opportunities specifically for French and Italian respondents. The Destination Imagery Diagnosis Model serves as a new tool to compare destination imageries between markets or keep track of changes of destination imagery.
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Zimmer, Reingard. "Trade Union Approaches to Global Value Chains: The Indonesian Experience." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 171–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73835-8_10.
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AbstractThe evident failure of voluntary corporate codes of conduct and their monitoring has further intensified debates over the purchasing practices and legal accountability of transnational corporations. This article analyses the development of International Framework Agreements as an alternative approach advanced by trade unions and describes the characteristics of these instruments, pointing out their strengths and weaknesses concerning implementation and monitoring. It specifically focuses on the Indonesian Protocol on Freedom of Association, a special framework agreement concluded between Indonesian trade unions and international sportswear firms to protect freedom of association and trade union rights in the Indonesian textile, garment and footwear industries. After presenting the protocol’s content, the article discusses findings concerning the implementation and monitoring of the agreement, based on interviews conducted by the author in Indonesia between November 2018 and January 2019. It identifies several key factors that led to the successful promotion of strong trade union rights in the formation phase of the agreement, namely public awareness due to intensive campaigning around a mega sporting event, strong support from different civil society actors and the presence of a neutral facilitator. Overall, the Indonesian Protocol on Freedom of Association is an example of a bottom-up process that strengthens the signatory trade unions and thus serves as a potential model for actors in other countries.
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"Building Representations in Motivated Learning." In Reductive Model of the Conscious Mind, 203–42. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5653-5.ch007.
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If an intelligent system is to benefit from prior experiences, then such a system must have the ability to learn. Learning must lead to the gathering of new knowledge of increased complexity and is based on the exploration of the world and social interactions. In this chapter authors describe building representations in motivated learning, a process that is close to learning by natural systems and yields better learning results in artificial systems than reinforcement learning. An embodied agent's mission is to survive in an unfavorable environment. The agent must have needs whose fulfillment is a measure of its success – survival. Meeting these needs require physical and mental efforts, and the development of useful skills is associated with the development of intelligence. The agent's environment must provide conditions in which individuals will be subjected to pressure from an environment in which better solutions, greater skills, and broader knowledge count. The agent treats unmet needs as signals to act. The strength of these signals depends on the degree of unmet needs so that the agent can differentiate between them and compared them. Various need signals provide motivation for action and control the learning process. In complex environments, there are rules that regulate the relationships between objects. By discovering these rules, the machine gains knowledge about the environment. Knowledge is represented by building connections between neurons in semantic memory. New concepts, objects, needs, or motor skills are represented by adding new memory cells and by associating them with other concepts, actions, and needs. Whether or not a new object or idea is created in semantic memory depends on the mechanism of novelty detection. The more time an agent spends on working or playing with an object, the better it learns the object's physical properties and how to use it. The intended use of objects determines characteristic features needed to classify them. Initially, semantic memory does not store any concepts, does not know places, does not recognize any objects, and does not support any activities or motivations. New concepts or representations of objects emerge from observation and manipulation of objects. A virtual agent's semantic memory obtains symbolic representations of objects and their location or movement in the observed scene. The focus of perceptual attention may result from detection of novelty, change, movement, signal intensity, or meaning in the context of needs. Attention should be focused long enough for the working memory to evaluate how much observed object or considered plan is useful. The focus of attention must also be accompanied by the possibility of switching attention. The attention switching responds to various types of signals, from sensory stimuli through planning and monitoring of performed activities to associative activation of memory. It results from constant rivalry between these signals for attention.
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Luhmann, Maike, and Ina Fassbender. "Considering Characteristics of Events in Research on Post-Traumatic Growth." In Redesigning Research on Post-Traumatic Growth, 212–24. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780197507407.003.0012.
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Why do some events lead to growth in character strengths and others do not? Past research has addressed this question using a typological approach where adversities are grouped into different types or categories (e.g., daily stressor vs. clinical trauma). This approach has practical and theoretical limitations. In this chapter, the authors propose a conceptual model that incorporates a dimensional approach to examining how and why adverse events differ in their impact on character strengths. This conceptual model identifies 10 dimensions of event characteristics (e.g., external control, negative valence). They also explore the association among these event characteristics and character growth with a focus on five central research questions: (1) Which characteristics of adverse events are generally associated with character growth? (2) Which characteristics of adverse events are generally associated with declines in character strengths? (3) Are specific characteristics of adverse events associated with growth in specific character strengths? (4) Does the perception of event characteristics change over time? (5) Is the association between adversity and character strengths bidirectional?
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Amaral, Marta Isabel, Ana Isabel Rodrigues, and Pedro Manuel Cravo. "Innovative Tourism Partnership Models." In Managing, Marketing, and Maintaining Maritime and Coastal Tourism, 151–70. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1522-8.ch009.
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This chapter provides a deeper insight into the concept of a nautical station. More specifically, it tries to determine the importance of partnership models defined by digital platforms as a tool for a cooperation strategy in the development of new products; such is the case of nautical tourism in Portugal, a coastal nation in southwestern Europe. With this objective in mind and framed by the concept of the nautical station as a starting point, a descriptive analysis explores this topic. The case of Spain, with the development of the Nautical Resorts Association, is a model for best practice that must be not replicated but adapted to the situation in Portugal. This chapter advocates that nautical tourism, as a strategic tourist product for Portugal, will gain more prominence and strength if supported by a collaboration model between the various stakeholders of the tourism system framed by partnership models.
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Pradeep, Ganghishetti, and Vadlamani Ravi. "Fuzzy Multi-Objective Association Rule Mining Using Evolutionary Computation." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 119–48. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0997-4.ch007.
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In this chapter, we model association rule mining as a Fuzzy multi-objective global optimization problem by considering several measures of strength such as support, confidence, coverage, comprehensibility, leverage, interestingness, lift and conviction by utilizing various fuzzy aggregator operators. In this, pdel, each measure has its own level of significance. Three fuzzy multi-objective association rule mining techniques viz., Fuzzy Multi-objective Binary Particle Swarm Optimization based association rule miner (FMO-BPSO), a hybridized Fuzzy Multi-objective Binary Firefly Optimization and Threshold Accepting based association rule miner (FMO-BFFOTA), hybridized Fuzzy Multi-objective Binary Particle Swarm Optimization and Threshold Accepting based association rule miner (FMO-BPSOTA) have been proposed. These three algorithms have been tested on various datasets such as book, food, bank, grocery, click stream and bakery datasets along with three fuzzy aggregate operators. From these experiments, we can conclude that Fuzzy-And outperforms all the other operators.
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Hauck, Simone, and C. Robert Cloninger. "The key role of spirituality in positive psychiatry and psychology." In Spirituality and Mental Health Across Cultures, edited by Alexander Moreira-Almeida, Bruno Paz Mosqueiro, and Dinesh Bhugra, 361–82. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198846833.003.0022.
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The field of positive psychology and psychiatry has the goal of helping people to achieve greater happiness, fostering the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to thrive. It proposes a hierarchy of positive psychological character strengths, composed of 24 specific human qualities, including spirituality. Spiritually oriented well-being therapies are a promising and much-needed field. The bio-psycho-social model, developed by Cloninger and colleagues, is an empirically based model that considers the importance of spirituality in the human constitution and development, providing a systematic way to promote health as an integrated state, rather than merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Personality development depends on the creative process of integration through three complex adaptive systems of learning and memory, involving associative conditioning of habits, intentional self-control, and creative processes of self-awareness. The physical, mental, and spiritual aspects are interdependent, and must be addressed jointly aiming at a healthy, happy, and good life.
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Basorudin, Muhammad, Khalilur Rahman, Nadra Yudelsa Ratu, Easbi Ikhsan, and Wida Siddhikara Perwitasari. "The Challenges and Opportunities of E-Commerce Data Collection in Indonesia Compared to BRICS Countries." In Research Anthology on E-Commerce Adoption, Models, and Applications for Modern Business, 1950–64. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8957-1.ch097.
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The development of e-commerce business in Indonesia is very rapid. The rapid development of e-commerce in Indonesia will make Indonesia the largest digital economy in Southeast Asia in 2020. However, there are several obstacles, one of which is the provision of a trusted e-commerce database. Data has an important element in development in developing an e-commerce business in Indonesia. As the National Statistics Organizations, BPS Statistics Indonesia was pushed to collect the e-commerce data. BPS has developed several methods of collection e-commerce data using e-commerce survey and crawling technique in 2018 but still has a weakness. As a comparative study, there are several countries of G-20 that have high development in e-commerce and associate themselves as BRICS countries. With SWOT Analysis and Maturity Assessment, this study wants to analyze strength, weakness, opportunity, and thread, also measure the maturity from each method of collection used. Based on the result, Indonesia has better maturity in technology implemented, but worse regulation and people cooperation.
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Fernández, Robert Pérez, and Rodolfo Ferrando. "Uruguay." In Dementia Care: International Perspectives, 351–56. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796046.003.0047.
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Uruguay has the oldest population in Latin America, with a prevalence rate of dementia similar to that in developed countries. With regard to dementia care, the key strengths of the National Health System include: equity in accessibility to diagnosis, specialized medical consultations, diagnosis made according to international standards; and the availability of anti-dementia drugs and pharmacological treatments. Its main weaknesses are delayed diagnosis, fragmented care, the use of only a curative model of care, a lack of interdisciplinary team approach, and a lack of non-pharmacological treatments, as well as a lack of communication of diagnoses to patients. In its current format, the health system does not fully guarantee the human rights of people with dementia and their families. Recent actions have been taken by the national association of relatives (AUDAS) and academic groups to address this situation through the presentation of a National Dementia Plan.
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Freeman, Tyrone McKinley. "Activism." In Madam C. J. Walker's Gospel of Giving, 105–42. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043451.003.0005.
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Chapter 4 discusses Walker’s gift of political and social activism and her leveraging of the number and voices of her agents to challenge Jim Crow. In a manner reflective of leading black women’s clubs and fraternal organizations of the day, Madam Walker organized her sales agents into local clubs and a national umbrella association to legitimize beauty culture as a profession, strengthen relations between them, and enlist them in doing charity and advocacy work in their communities that would last long after her death. The National Beauty Culturists’ and Benevolent Association of Madam C. J. Walker Agents, Inc., developed a model of associationalism, ritualism, and activism that galvanized Walker agents to serve their communities and the cause of racial uplift. Through it, agents regularly donated money to black schools and other organizations, held fundraising events, organized programs, and cared for the vulnerable in their communities. Together, they sent a resolution to President Woodrow Wilson demanding legislative action against lynching. The chapter reviews Walker’s unique ability to interact with black women across class differences, as exhibited by her engagement of working-class women in her agent clubs and the elite black women of the era through the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). Through these clubs and their rituals, Walker agents staked claims for themselves as respectable professionals, performed charitable works in black communities, and used their formidable numbers to speak out against lynching and Jim Crow.
Conference papers on the topic "Associative strength model"
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Liu, Jian, Zhimin Tan, and Terry Sheldrake. "An Analytical Model for the Unbonded Flexible Pipe Stress Analysis With Consideration of Nonlinear Material Properties for Metal Layers." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20401.
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This paper presents an improved analytical model for the unbonded flexible pipe stress analysis with consideration of nonlinear material properties for metal layers. Analytical methods have often been used to analyse the stress and strain of flexible pipe systems because of their low cost and efficiency compared with detailed finite element modeling. Most of these kinds of models only consider the deformation of pipes within the elastic region. Such linear models can not be used directly to assess pipe failure modes such as the pipe burst strength, where the nonlinearity of the metallic material plays an important role in governing the pipe deformation and pipe structural capacity. The improved analytical model presented in this paper has fully considered the nonlinearity of metal layers such as the pressure armour and tensile armour layers because of their importance in resisting internal pressure and tension loads. Non-associative elasto-plastic stress strain curves obtained from experiments are used to simulate the metal layers. Von Mises stress is adopted in the model as the yield criterion of the metal layers. Radial return method (Simo and Taylor 1985 [1], Simo and Hughes 1998 [2]) is used to solve the plastic stress and strain of metal layers beyond the yield point. Due to its high nonlinearity from both system equations and material properties, Newton-Raphson method is adopted in the model as the solving method. The proposed study here considers tension, torque and pressure loads only for a straight pipe. The model predictions have been compared against measurements from Wellstream burst tests and failure tension tests performed over the full scale pipe samples. The prediction and experiment results agree.
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Abduhijleh, Haya, Joud Alalwani, Dana Alkhatib, and Hiba Bawadi. "Muscle Strength and Glycaemic Control among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0209.
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Background: The prevalence of diabetes has been rising sharply since 1980, reaching 422 million cases worldwide in 2014. Physical activity and handgrip strength may be associated with good glycaemic control among patients with diabetes Objective: We tested the association between handgrip strength and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients, from National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey NHANES 2011-2014 and the contribution of the study covariates to this association. Hypothesis: Muscle strength is positively associated with glycemic control in type two diabetes. Methodology: This cross-sectional study examined the association between handgrip strength and glycaemic control among patients with diabetes. Data on 1058 participants aged 40 and older were collected from the NHANES. Muscle strength was assessed using a handgrip dynamometer, and blood samples were obtained to observe the glycaemic control values. Height, body weight, physical activity, insulin use, smoking status, alcohol use, participant demographics, and income-to-poverty ratio were all considered in the study. Results: logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between handgrip strength and poor glycaemic control among participants with diabetes. Three models were used, each model adjusted to include different variables. OR values revealed no association between handgrip strength and glycaemic control. However, model 2, which was adjusted for sedentary activity, income-topoverty ratio, education, and smoking, shows a trend towards an association. Patients in quartile 4 of handgrip had 0.59 odds of poor glycaemic control, OR = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.34–1.02). However, in model 3 this effect was diluted when further adjusted for insulin use, OR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.47– 1.38). Further analysis was performed to examine the mean decline in handgrip strength among non-insulin and insulin users. Non-insulin users, both men and women, have higher handgrip strength as compared to insulin users. Conclusion: There was no association found between handgrip and glycaemic control among patients with diabetes.
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Basak, Shamik, and Sushanta Kumar Panda. "Application of Barlat Yld-96 Yield Criterion for Predicting Formability of Pre-Strained Dual Phase Steel Sheets." In ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8753.
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The selection of advanced material model considering the anisotropy mechanical properties of the thin sheet is vital in order to estimate stress based forming limit diagram (σ-FLD). In present study associative plasticity theory was applied indulging Barlat Yld-96 anisotropy yield function and the Swift hardening law was implemented for estimating the limiting stresses from the conventional strain FLD (ε-FLD) of an automotive grade dual phase steel DP600. Three different approaches were made to evaluate Yld-96 anisotropy coefficients using experimental results of stack compression and tensile tests. To impose complex strain path, two stage stretch forming processes were simulated in finite element solver LS-DYNA. After biaxial pre-straining, the sample geometries were varied to achieve different strain paths during the second stage of deformation. The results indicated that there was negligible difference in limiting stress estimated by Yld-96 plasticity theory when the anisotropy coefficients were calculated based on plastic strain at ultimate tensile strength compare to that by minimum plastic work method. It was concluded that the dynamic shift of ε-FLD could be restricted by σ-FLD estimated using Yld 96 plasticity theory, and hence it was proposed to be a suitable damage model to evaluate formability of pre-strained DP600 steels.
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Gaither, Leigh N., and C. Riedel. "Using a Multivariate Gaussian Mixture Model With Expectation Maximization to Identify Characteristic Bursting Strength in Woven Hemp Fabrics." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70784.
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This paper proposes to identify the strength characteristics for a particular woven hemp fabric from a collection of data representing the strengths derived from bursting strength testing based on moisture content. The Ball Bursting Strength Test, D3787 and ASTM 6797, define the size of puncture tool and the speed of force application for the bursting test procedure. The bursting strength test is a method of defining the strength of a woven fabric in two directions simultaneously given a single force perpendicular to the fabric surface. Plotting the resultant bursting force against the apparent modulus of elasticity for each sample, sets the variance in strength for the elastic range against the variance for the elastic range. The amount of variance of any particular data point from an overall group mean will help identify its association with a group of data points all belonging to a common family of test samples. Recognizing that a particular data point is likely to belong to a group of data points and less likely to belong to another group of data points given the parameters of variance and mean for any group of points, is the function of the Gaussian Mixture Model with Expectation Maximization (GMMEM).
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Cai, Jie, Xiaoli Jiang, Gabriel Lodewijks, Zhiyong Pei, and Ling Zhu. "Experimental Investigation of Residual Ultimate Strength of Damaged Metallic Pipelines." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62221.
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The ultimate strength of metallic pipelines will be inevitably affected when they have suffered from structural damage. The present experiments aim to investigate the residual ultimate bending strength of metallic pipes with structural damage based on large-scale pipe specimens. Artificial damage such as dent, metal loss, crack and combinations thereof is introduced on the pipe surface in advance. The entire test project consists of 34 seamless pipes with a relative low Diameter-to-thickness (D/t) ratio around 21.3, among which four intact specimens and thirty damaged specimens have been carried out for mutual comparison. Extensive measurements on structural damage and pipe geometries including wall thickness and outer diameter are performed. The material properties are measured by tensile tests with specimens from both pipe longitudinal and hoop direction. The four-point bending tests are performed to investigate the structural behaviors of metallic pipes. The bending strength associating with failure mode of each specimen is documented extensively, and the bending moment-curvature curves are presented and discussed. The fundamental research of experiments on damaged pipes in the present paper will be deployed for the following numerical and analytical research in the near future.
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Davis, Julian L., and Natasha L. Smith. "Connecting Finite Element Modeling With Strengths of Materials and Vibrations Using Beam Experiments." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40014.
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Students tend to compartmentalize individual classes throughout their time in school; associating that which is taught in one class with only that class. A finite element class offers a unique opportunity to illustrate the connection between several engineering topics through modeling and experiments since it is used to solve many different types of problems (e.g. force-deflection, stress-strain, heat transfer, fluid transport, and vibrations). In addition, providing hands-on experiments is an excellent way to illustrate concepts. Particularly, experiments can help students visualize the additional abstractions present in a finite element model while demonstrating the connections between several prerequisite engineering courses. Here we present experiments that connect finite element modeling with two classes: Strength of Materials and Vibrations. These experiments highlight the effects of finite element modeling choices and illustrate errors in the approximations.
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Kaschel, Hector, Sergio Cordero, Eduardo Costoya, and Marcelo Pandolfo. "Comparative Analysis of the Two Ray Field Strength on Radio Mobile ITM Model and Recommendation ITU-R P.1546." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Automation/XXIV Congress of the Chilean Association of Automatic Control (ICA-ACCA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaacca51523.2021.9465258.
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Gaiotti, Marco, Riccardo Bacoccoli, Masahiko Fujikubo, and Cesare Mario Rizzo. "Effect of Combined Shear Stresses on the Ultimate Axial Response of the Double Bottom of a Containership." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54908.
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Ultimate strength of the hull girder of containerships became a significant issue in the last years in view of recent accidents and related investigations. Actually, larger and larger ships were put into service and still are designed and built. Recognizing such an issue, investigations were carried out and led to the issuance of a specific longitudinal strength standard for containerships by the International Association of Classification Societies [1]. Loading conditions become more and more challenging and especially combinations of various actions were found to impair the hull girder ultimate strength. In the attempt to better understand the influence of load combinations onto the ultimate strength of the hull girder, investigations were carried out. In this paper, the effects of the shear is considered using rather refined and accurate finite element models of a typical containership double bottom.
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Thorbole, Chandrashekhar K., Stephen A. Batzer, and David A. Renfroe. "Evaluation of Automotive Roof Strength and Pretensioner Performance on the Occupant Neck Load." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37744.
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Roof intrusion is a major cause of neck injury to belted occupants during rollover accidents. The correlation of reduced head room with increased injury risk has been demonstrated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and others such as the Insurance Institute of Highway Safety (IIHS). The current FMVSS 216 standard requires the vehicle roof, when loaded with a platen of prescribed geometry and application vector, to resist 1.5 times the vehicle empty weight before deforming 127mm. This standard was developed to ensure a modest level of safety of the vehicle in rollover. This paper demonstrates the relation between roof intrusions, available head room and belt pretension on occupant neck loads. A validated finite element model of a 2001 Ford Taurus is used to conduct an inverted drop simulation. The vehicle’s roof impacts an ideally rigid surface with 5 deg of roll and 10 deg of pitch. A 95th percentile Hybrid III ATD (Anthropomorphic Test Device) is used to simulate a large occupant. The simulations are conducted both for a production roof and a modified stiffer, stronger roof. The production roof is modified by addition of extra material in the B-pillars and A-pillars to enhance strength. A seatbelt pretensioner is also modeled to demonstrate the effectiveness of belt pretension in attenuating neck loads. This study demonstrates the inadequate performance of the subject production roof in preventing neck injury. The stronger roof in association with the belt pretensioner reduces the magnitude of the neck loads sufficiently to prevent injury. This study indicates that strong, non-deforming roofs along with belt pretension diminishes neck injury.
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Al-Aboodi, A., N. Merah, A. R. Shuaib, Y. Al-Nassar, and S. S. Al-Anizi. "FEA of the Effects of Initial Tube-Tubesheet Clearance, Wall Reduction and Material Strain Hardening on Rolled Joint Strength." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93202.
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The tube-to-tubesheet joint strength is measured in terms of residual contact pressure between the tube’s outer surface and tubesheet hole surfaces. The joint integrity is affected by several design parameters, including the type of tube and-tubesheet materials, level of expansion and the initial radial clearance between the tube and tubesheet. In the present work, an axisymmetric finite element model based on the sleeve diameter and rigid roller concepts is developed. The model has been used to evaluate the combined effects of clearance, wall reduction level and the-strain hardening of tube and tubesheet materials on the interfacial pressure between tube and tubesheet. The FE results show that the initial clearance effect is dependent on the strain hardening capability of the tube material. For low strain hardening tube material the interfacial pressure remains almost constant well above the TEMA (Tubular Exchanger Manufacturing Association) maximum radial over tolerance of 0.0254 mm. These results are validated by the experimental data developed during the research program. As expected, a drastic reduction in joint strength is observed at high values of radial clearances. The cut-off clearance (clearance at which the interfacial pressure starts to drop) is found to vary linearly with the level tube material hardening level. The residual pressure is found to increase slightly for moderate strain hardening tube materials but shows lower cut-off clearances. Wall reductions ranging from 1% to 10% were utilized in calculating the contact pressure as a function of radial clearance. The results show that for low strain hardening materials the optimum value of residual contact stress is obtained for the industry recommended value of 5%. Finally, because of the absence plastic deformation in the ligament, the level of tubesheet material strain hardening does not have any noticeable effect to the joint strength.
Reports on the topic "Associative strength model"
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Ahmed AlGarf, Yasmine. Harnessing the Power of the Collective: The Women’s Handicrafts Production Cooperative in Aswan, Egypt. Oxfam IBIS, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7857.
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The Women’s Handicrafts Production Cooperative is a success story that has transformed the lives of its members, who had been finding it hard to obtain employment. They are now focused on creating their own enterprise. Started in 2018, today the cooperative’s membership has expanded tenfold and created employment opportunities by using the principles of social solidarity economy and collective business models. The Youth Participation and Employment (YPE) project in Egypt, developed in partnership with the Better Life Association for Community Development (BLACD), provided technical training to the cooperative in handicrafts production, as well as life skills training, to empower the workers to continue despite all the societal pressure for them to give up. Assistance from BLACD came in when it was needed. Particularly during the COVID-19 crisis, with the tourism market shut down, BLACD has provided crucial technical advice and support, supporting the cooperative to brainstorm and identify several parallel income-generating activities. This case study contains some testimonies from members of the cooperative on how their collective strength was harnessed to create employment and income.