Relevant bibliographies by topics / Associative rings

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Associative rings'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Associative rings"

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Beidar, K. I., V. N. Latyshev, V. T. Markov, A. V. Mikhalev, L. A. Skornyakov, and A. A. Tuganbaev. "Associative rings." Journal of Soviet Mathematics 38, no. 3 (August 1987): 1855–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01093433.

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Feigelstock, Shalom. "E-Associative Rings." Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 36, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-1993-022-4.

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AbstractA ring R is E-associative if φ(xy) = φ(x)y for all endomorphisms φ of the additive group of R, and all x,y ∊ R. Unital E-associative rings are E-rings. The structure of the torsion ideal of an E-associative ring is described completely. The E-associative rings with completely decomposable torsion free additive groups are also classified. Conditions under which E-associative rings are E-rings, and other miscellaneous results are obtained.
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Belov, A. Ya. "On rings asymptotically close to associative rings." Siberian Advances in Mathematics 17, no. 4 (December 2007): 227–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1055134407040013.

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Balaba, I. N., A. L. Kanunnikov, and A. V. Mikhalev. "Quotient rings of graded associative rings. I." Journal of Mathematical Sciences 186, no. 4 (September 23, 2012): 531–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10958-012-1005-y.

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Waliyanti, Ida Kurnia, Indah Emilia Wijayanti, and M. Farchani Rosyid. "On Non-Associative Rings." Mathematics and Statistics 9, no. 2 (March 2021): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ms.2021.090212.

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Kirichenko, V. V. "Quivers of Associative Rings." Journal of Mathematical Sciences 131, no. 6 (December 2005): 6032–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10958-005-0459-6.

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García, J., and L. Marín. "WATTS THEOREMS FOR ASSOCIATIVE RINGS." Communications in Algebra 29, no. 12 (January 1, 2001): 5799–834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/agb-100107960.

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García, J., and L. Marín. "MORITA THEORY FOR ASSOCIATIVE RINGS." Communications in Algebra 29, no. 12 (January 1, 2001): 5835–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/agb-100107961.

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Ashraf, Mohd, and Murtaza A. Quadri. "On commutativity of associative rings." Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 38, no. 2 (October 1988): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700027544.

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Zlydnev, D. V. "Associative rings with large center." Journal of Mathematical Sciences 191, no. 5 (May 17, 2013): 691–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10958-013-1352-3.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Associative rings"

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Badawi, Ayman R. "π-regular Rings." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279388/.

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Montgomery, Martin. "Dimension of certain cleft binomial rings /." view abstract or download file of text, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1188874501&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=11238&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 77). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Kriel, Marelize. "Endomorphism rings of hyperelliptic Jacobians." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1077.

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Rivera, Roberto Rafael. "On properties of completely flexible loops." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28841.

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Li, Yunchang, and 李云昌. "Degree estimate and preserving problems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206360.

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Green, Ellen Yvonne. "Characterizing the strong two-generators of certain Noetherian domains." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1539.

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Chin, Melanie Soo, and m. chin@cqu edu au. "Towards a Reinterpretation of the Radical Theory of Associative Rings Using Base Radical and Base Semisimple Class Constructions." Central Queensland University. Computer Science, 2004. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20050411.102928.

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This research aims to refresh and reinterpret the radical theory of associative rings using the base radical and base semisimple class constructions. It also endeavours to generalise some results about ideals of rings in terms of accessible subrings. A characterisation of accessible subrings is included. By applying the base radical and base semisimple class constructions to many of the known results in established radical theory a number of gaps are uncovered and closed, with the goal of making the theory more accessible to advanced undergraduate and graduate students and mathematicians in related fields, and to open up new areas of investigation. After a literature review and brief reminder of algebra rudiments, the useful properties of accessible subrings and the U and S operators independent from radical class connections are described. The section on accessible subrings illustrates that replacing ideals with accessible subrings is indeed possible for a number of results and demonstrates its usefulness. The traditional radical and semisimple class definitions are included and it is shown that the base radical and base semisimple class constructions are equivalent. Diagrams illustrating the constructions support the definitions. From then on, all radical and semisimple classes mentioned are understood to have the base radical and base semisimple class form. Subject to the constraints of this work, many known results of traditional radical theory are reinterpreted with new proofs, illustrating the potential to simplify the understanding of radical theory using the base radical and base semisimple class constructions. Along with reinterpreting known results, new results emerge giving further insight to radical theory and its intricacies. Accessible subrings and the U and S operators are integrated into the development. The duality between the base radical and base semisimple class constructions is demonstrated in earnest. With a measure of the theory presented, the new constructions are applied to examples and concrete radicals. Context is supported by establishing the relationship between some well-known rings and the radical and related classes of interest. The title of the thesis, Towards a Reinterpretation of the Radical Theory of Associative Rings Using Base Radical and Base Semisimple Class Constructions, reflects the understanding that reinterpreting the entirety of radical theory is beyond the scope of this work. The conclusion includes an outlook listing further research that time did not allow.
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Ferreira, Mauricio de Araujo 1982. "Funções valorização e anéis de valorização de Dubrovin em álgebras simples." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/306563.

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Orientadores: Antonio José Engler, Adrian Roscoe Wadsworth
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T04:54:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_MauriciodeAraujo_D.pdf: 1468385 bytes, checksum: 5379cb7621a86850c4016ed524805e3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Nesta tese estudamos a relação entre duas teorias de valorização não-comutativas: anéis de valorização de Dubrovin e gauges. Os anéis de valorização de Dubrovin foram introduzidos em 1982, como uma generalização para anéis artinianos simples dos anéis de valorização invariantes em álgebras de divisão. Gauges são funções como valorizações, que podem ser definidas não só em álgebra de divisão, mas mais geralmente em álgebras simples e até mesmo semi-simples, de dimensão finita sobre corpos valorizados. Gauges foram introduzidas muito mais recentemente em 2010 por Tignol e Wadsworth. Assim como em valorizações de corpos, podemos definir um anel associado a uma gauge, que chamamos de anel da gauge. Propriedades aritméticas do anel da gauge são estudadas. Mostramos que o anel de uma gauge é sempre uma ordem semi-local integral sobre seu centro. Também descrevemos o anel da gauge com relação a composição de gauges e extensão de escalares. Introduzimos o conceito de gauge minimal em álgebras centrais simples, que são gauges cuja parte de grau zero da álgebra graduada associada tem o menor número possível de componentes simples. Mostramos que o anel de uma gauge minimal coincide com a interseção de uma família de anéis de valorização de Dubrovin, satisfazendo uma propriedade adicional, que foi introduzida por Gräter em 1992, e que é chamada de propriedade da interseção. Reciprocamente, se for dada uma família de anéis de valorização de Dubrovin, satisfazendo a propriedade da interseção, então existe uma gauge minimal associada, assumindo-se que a valorização de centro tem posto finito. O passo fundamental nesse sentido foi obtermos um teorema de existência de gauges minimais em álgebras centrais simples sobre corpos com uma valorização de posto finito. Além disso, generalizamos para álgebras simples, não necessariamente centrais, um resultado de Tignol e Wadsworth que relaciona gauges com certas funções valorização introduzidas por Morandi em 1989 e que estão associadas aos anéis de valorização de Dubrovin integrais sobre o centro. Como consequência desse último resultado, obtivemos um teorema de existência de gauges em álgebras semi-simples de dimensão finita sobre um corpo com uma valorização de posto 1
Abstract: In this thesis work we study the connection between two theories of noncommutative valuation: Dubrovin valuation rings and gauges. Dubrovin valuation rings were introduced in 1982 as a generalization of invariant valuation rings to Artinian simple rings. Gauges are valuation-like maps that can be defined not only on division algebras, but more generally, on finite-dimensional semisimple algebras over valued fields. Gauges were introduced much more recently in 2010 by Tignol and Wadsworth. Just as for valuations on fields, we can define a ring associated to a gauge, which we call gauge ring. Arithmetic properties of the gauge ring are studied. We show that the gauge ring is always a semi-local order integral over its center. We also describe the gauge ring with respect to composition of gauges and scalar extension. We introduce the concept of minimal gauge on central simple algebras, which are gauges that the degree zero part of the associated graded ring has the least number of simple components. We show that the ring of a minimal gauge is an intersection of a family of Dubrovin valuation rings having the intersection property. The intersection property was introduced by Gräter in 1992. We also proved that if we start with a family of Dubrovin valuation rings having the intersection property, then there exist a minimal gauge associated, assuming that the valuation of the center has finite rank. In this direction, our main result is an existence theorem of minimal gauges on central simple algebra over a field with a finite rank valuation. We also generalize for simple algebras, non-necessarily central, a result of Tignol and Wadsworth which relate gauges with certain value functions introduced by Morandi in 1989. This value functions are associated to Dubrovin valuation rings integral over its center. As a consequence of this last result, we obtain an existence theorem of gauges on finite dimensional semisimple algebras over a field with a rank one valuation
Doutorado
Matematica
Doutor em Matemática
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Laubacher, Jacob C. "Secondary Hochschild and Cyclic (Co)homologies." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1489422065908758.

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Wagner, David R. "Schur Rings Over Projective Special Linear Groups." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6089.

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This thesis presents an introduction to Schur rings (S-rings) and their various properties. Special attention is given to S-rings that are commutative. A number of original results are proved, including a complete classification of the central S-rings over the simple groups PSL(2,q), where q is any prime power. A discussion is made of the counting of symmetric S-rings over cyclic groups of prime power order. An appendix is included that gives all S-rings over the symmetric group over 4 elements with basic structural properties, along with code that can be used, for groups of comparatively small order, to enumerate all S-rings and compute character tables for those S-rings that are commutative. The appendix also includes code optimized for the enumeration of S-rings over cyclic groups.
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Books on the topic "Associative rings"

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Tuganbaev, Askar A. Rings close to regular. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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Sehgal, Sudarshan K. Units in integral group rings. Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical, 1993.

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Free rings and their relations. 2nd ed. London: Academic Press, 1985.

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Bergman, George M. Cogroups and co-rings in categories of associative rings. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 1996.

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Nearrings: Geneses and applications. Oxford: New York, 1992.

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Kharchenko, V. K. Automorphisms and Derivations of Associative Rings. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3604-4.

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Kharchenko, V. K. Automorphisms and derivations of associative rings. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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Lam, T. Y. A first course in noncommutative rings. 2nd ed. New York: Springer, 2001.

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1938-, Jain S. K., López-Permouth S. R. 1957-, and Midwest Non-commutative Ring Theory Conference (1989 : Ohio University), eds. Non-commutative ring theory: Proceedings of a conference held in Athens, Ohio, Sept. 29-30, 1989. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

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1943-, Ōshiro Kiyoichi, ed. Classical artinian rings and related topics. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Associative rings"

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Bahturin, Yuri. "Associative Rings." In Basic Structures of Modern Algebra, 157–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0839-5_4.

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El Badry, Mohammed, Mostafa Alaoui Abdallaoui, and Abdelfattah Haily. "Primary Group Rings." In Associative and Non-Associative Algebras and Applications, 179–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35256-1_10.

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Amitsur, S. A. "Associative Rings With Identities." In Some Aspects of Ring Theory, 1–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11036-8_1.

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Oystaeyen, F. "Some Problems on Associative Rings." In Perspectives in Ring Theory, 339–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2985-2_30.

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Faith, Carl. "Polynomial rings over Vamosian and Kerr rings, valuation rings and Prüfer rings." In Rings and Things and a Fine Array of Twentieth Century Associative Algebra, 177–91. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/surv/065/09.

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Shirshov, A. I. "On the Representation of Lie Rings in Associative Rings." In Selected Works of A.I. Shirshov, 15–17. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8858-4_2.

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Kleinfeld, Erwin, and Harry F. Smith. "A Generalization of Novikov Rings." In Non-Associative Algebra and Its Applications, 219–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0990-1_36.

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Kharchenko, V. K. "Chapter 1. Structure of Rings." In Automorphisms and Derivations of Associative Rings, 1–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3604-4_1.

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Faith, Carl. "Isomorphic polynomial rings and matrix rings." In Rings and Things and a Fine Array of Twentieth Century Associative Algebra, 193–95. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/surv/065/10.

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Kharchenko, V. K. "The Galois Theory of Prime Rings." In Automorphisms and Derivations of Associative Rings, 141–200. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3604-4_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Associative rings"

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Cicalò, Serena, and Willem de Graaf. "Non-associative gröbner bases, finitely-presented lie rings and the engel condition." In the 2007 international symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1277548.1277563.

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Chen, F., and R. V. Schiller. "Vertical Structure and the Circulation Impact of the North Brazil Current Rings Off Guyana." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/35342-ms.

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Abstract Current measurements from a subsurface mooring offshore Guyana have been conducted by ExxonMobil in support for the oil and gas development in the area from March 2016 to March 2017. Understanding the current structure and inertial and sub-inertial period variations associated with the North Brazil Current (NBC) rings in the area are important to the development of the design and operational criteria off Guyana given the increase in activities by the oil and gas industry in the study region. The mooring was deployed near 57°W, 8°N in the water depth of 1678 m. Four NBC rings, which were measured during the one-year measurement campaign, can be categorized into three types based on their temporal and spatial (vertical) structures. The first two rings measured in the boreal spring of 2016 are shallow, fast-moving rings with the maximum penetration depth around 200m. The third ring is a slow-moving, deep feature with the penetration depth up to 1000 m. The fourth one is a fast-moving, deep ring with the penetration depth up to 800 m. A reversal current is observed flowing southwesterly along the coastline beneath all of the rings for the most part of the measurement period. Noteworthy inertial period variations are measured in the upper 200 m only with the arrival of the NBC rings and persistently in summer. Enhancement of the sub-inertial (5-10 days) variations is also detected in association with all four rings, suggesting that sub-inertial oscillations can be excited by the NBC rings.
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Kwan and Lee. "Temporal associative memories using cascade and ring architectures." In International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IEEE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.1989.118305.

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Healey, Peter. "Heteroassociative memory finite-state-machine processors." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.fb1.

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A heteroassociative memory and the corresponding stable eigenmodes (states) of a ring resonator may be arranged to perform roles equivalent to the electronic logic and the latch memory of a classical finite state machine (FSM). Heteroassociative FSMs may be created by preloading (programming) an eigenstate memory with a set of associatively linked stable states. The links are completed by seeding the FSM with external stimuli. The underlying principle is similar to associative chain recall. However, a state transition can only occur in this system when the combined current FSM state and next input vector are identified as a new state stimulus. One-dimensional, open or closed, chains of stable states are quite straightforward to program; however, when branches are required, many unprogrammed states and links between states may appear. One solution to this problem is to use multiple-feedback loops, each loop corresponding to a higher level of decision. The lower level loops create keys which allow access to the higher levels only when prerequisite states have been reached.
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Kirnos, Vasilii, Aleksander Vagachev, and Oleg Morozov. "Micro-machined Vibrating Ring Gyroscope Testing." In 2020 26th Conference of Open Innovations Association (FRUCT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/fruct48808.2020.9087387.

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Schokker, Andrea. "Dynamic instability association with interactive buckling of ring stiffened composite shells." In 33rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-15.

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Królikowski, Wiesław, Bo Su Chen, and Mark Cronin-Golomb. "Observation of Periodic Instabilities in Externally Driven Ring Phase Conjugator." In Photorefractive Materials, Effects, and Devices II. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pmed.1990.e4.

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There has been growing interest in the temporal properties of wave mixing processes in photorefractive crystals. Several years ago, temporal instabilities such as frequency detuning [1] and pulsations [2] were observed in self-pumped phase conjugation. Also, there has been considerable interest in the possibility of bistability associated with the multiple solutions of the four-wave mixing coupled wave equations [3]. Especially important was the result of Gauthier et al. [4] where it was shown that instabilities occur for strong nonlinear coupling. As a result, demands for large coupling constants for large energy transfer and high phase conjugate reflectivity may lead to very unstable output. The mechanism responsible for these instabilities was competition among various coupling mechanisms with different time constants [4]. Very recently, a ring oscillator with photorefractive gain and loss was demonstrated experimentally and theoretically for application to associative memories. This system was shown experimentally to exhibit bistability when an external signal beam was injected [5].
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М Ю, Трейстер М. Ю. "Late archaic gold finger ring from phanagoria." In Hypanis. Труды отдела классической археологии ИА РАН. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.2020.978-5-94375-324-4.233-240.

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Статья посвящена атрибуции золотого перстня с изображением на щитке безбородого обнаженного юноши c диадемой на голове и венком – в обеих опущенных вниз руках. Перстень был найден в 2018 г. в заглубленном в грунт помещении из сырцового кирпича (святилище № 835). И форма перстня, и стиль изображения на его щитке не оставляют никаких сомнений в датировке перстня позднеархаическим временем, скорее всего, около рубежа 6–5 вв. до н. э. Сюжет, представленный на щитке перстня, чрезвычайно редок и практически не имеет параллелей в глиптике, на произведениях которой рассматриваемого времени чаще всего венки изображались в руках Эрота. Тем не менее, параллели в чернофигурной вазописи дают основание скорее связывать изображение обнаженного безбородого юноши в диадеме, с венками в опущенных руках с мотивами педерастического круга или связанными с симпосием, нежели спортивного. В подобной интерпретации греческого украшения нет, собственно, ничего удивительного, за исключением того, что нам открываются новые грани жизни греческого населения позднеархаической Фанагории (в том случае, если имела место первая версия). The article is devoted to the attribution of a golden finger ring with the image of a beardless nude youth with a diadem on his head and two wreaths – each in every hand, lowered down, on the bezel. The finger ring was found in 2018 in a room made of mud bricks (sanctu ary no. 835) under the stone foundation of a temple in Phanagoria. Both the shape of the ring and the style of the image on its bezel leave no doubt about the dating of the ring to the Late Archaic period, most likely around the turn of the 6th–5th centuries BC. The subject, presented on the ring’s bezel, is extremely rare and has practically no parallels in glyptics – in the items dated to the period under consideration, wreaths were most often depicted in the hands of Eros. Nevertheless, the parallels in the black-figure vase painting give reason to associate the image of a naked, beardless young man in a diadem, with wreaths in lowered hands with motives of a pederastic circle or those associated with a symposium, rather than sports. In such an interpreta tion of a Greek piece of jewelry there is, in fact, nothing surprising, except that new facets of the life of the Greek population of the Late Archaic Phanagoria are revealed to us (in the event that the first version of interpretation is correct).
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Lavrenko, P., N. P. Yevlampieva, O. Okatova, N. Pogodina, and Michael Olbrich. "Internally orienting association of free and linked two-ring mesogens in solution." In Liquid Crystals, edited by Marzena Tykarska, Roman S. Dabrowski, and Jerzy Zielinski. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.301294.

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Stewart, Kelley C., John J. Charonko, Takahiro Ohara, William C. Little, and Pavlos P. Vlachos. "Left Ventricular Vortex Ring Dynamics and Their Association to Early Diastolic Filling." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53398.

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Diastolic dysfunction is the impairment of the filling in the left ventricle. Patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) lose the ability to adjust left ventricular filling properties without increasing left atrial pressure [1]. Although LVDD is very prevalent, it currently remains difficult to diagnose due to inherent atrioventricular compensatory mechanisms including increased heart rate, increased left ventricular (LV) contractility, and increased left atrial (LA) pressure. Although variations within the early diastolic filling velocity have been previously observed [2], the physical mechanism for the deceleration of the early filling wave is not understood.
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Reports on the topic "Associative rings"

1

Laferriere, Paul A., Charles J. Wetterrer, and Mark A. Kramer. A Photorefractive Ring Resonator Optical Associative Memory. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada302693.

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2

Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger, and J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.

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The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.
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3

Grumet, R., J. Burger, Y. Tadmor, A. Gur, C. Barry, A. Schäffer, and M. Petreikov. Cucumis fruit surface biology: Genetic analysis of fruit exocarp features in melon (C. melo) and cucumber (C. sativus). Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134155.bard.

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The fruit surface (exocarp) is a unique tissue with multiple roles influencing fruit growth and development, disease susceptibility, crop yield, post-harvest treatments, shipping and storage quality, and food safety. Furthermore, highly visible exocarp traits are the consumer's first exposure to the fruit, serving to identify fruit type, variety, attractiveness, and market value. Cucurbit fruit, including the closely related Cucumis species, melon (C. melo) and cucumber (C. sativus), exhibit tremendous diversity for fruit surface properties that are not present in model species. In this project, we identified genetic factors influencing Cucumis fruit surface morphology with respect to important quality determinants such as exocarp and flesh color, cuticle deposition, and surface netting. We employed a combination of approaches including: genome-wide association studies (GWAS) utilizing an extensive melon population and the U.S. Plant Introduction (PI) collection for cucumber to identify genomic regions associated with natural variation in fruit surface traits; bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq) analysis of bi-parental F2:3 or RIL (recombinant inbred line) populations to genomic regions and candidate genes segregating for fruit surface traits; and comparison of syntenic genomic regions and identification of homologous candidate genes. Candidate genes were examined for sequence and/or expression differences during fruit development that correspond with phenotypic differences. Primary outcomes of the work included identification of candidate genes influencing cuticle deposition, epidermal cell structure, surface netting, and intensity of rind and flesh color. Parallel studies identified mutations within the cucumber and melon homologs of the transcription factor WIN1 (WAX INDUCER1) as a significant factor influencing these surface properties. Additional QTL (quantitative trait loci) were identified in both species, and candidate genes in melon include a novel beta-glucosidase involved in lignin production and an integral membrane protein potentially involved in cuticle metabolism. Genetic resources and biochemical approaches have been developed to study cuticle and wax deposition in both species: segregating populations of melon were developed and sequenced for bulked segregant analysis and samples collected for metabolic analysis; an isolation procedure was developed for lipid droplets from cucumber peel and metabolomic analyses have been initiated. Genetic studies in melon identified mutations in a candidate gene (APRR2), associated with light immature rind, and further indicated that this gene is also associated with color intensity of both mature rinds and flesh, making it a good target for breeding. GWAS studies utilizing the cucumber core diversity population are being performed to identify additional sources of variation for fruit surface properties, map QTL, and examine for synteny with melon. Collectively these studies identified genetic regions associated with important quality traits and contributed to our understanding of underlying biological processes associated with fruit surface development. Knowledge of genetic control of these characteristics can facilitate more efficient breeding for important fruit surface traits.
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