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Journal articles on the topic 'Association of polymers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Shi, Lei Ting, Zhe Na Shen, Wei Zhou, Zhong Bin Ye, and Jun Feng Wang. "Study on the Performance of Hydrophobic Association Water-Soluble Polymer with Strong Association Ability." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.232.

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In this article, the viscosifying abilities, rheological properties, and flow characteristics of hydrophobic association water-soluble polymer with high association ability were studied using technical methods of viscosity measurement, rheological and core flow experiments. The results illustrate that hydrophobic associated polymers with low molecular weight rely on a strong hydrophobic interaction, the intermolecular and intramolecular micellar structure formed in solution with a strong ability to increase viscosity. Hydrophobic association water-soluble polymer, comparing with partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides polymer with low molecular weight, presents a better ability of shear stability under the condition of shearing and the solution structure strengthens gradually so as to increase viscoelasticity remarkably. The hydrophobic association water-soluble polymer with high association ability take on greater injectivity and mobility control ability in low permeability porous media solving the problem of low injectivity and poor control ability in mid-low permeability reservoirs, which improves polymers flooding effect in such reservoirs and underlie the reasonable design of polymer molecular structure.

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2

Shapiro, Karen, Colin Krusor, Fernanda F. M. Mazzillo, Patricia A. Conrad, John L. Largier, Jonna A. K. Mazet, and Mary W. Silver. "Aquatic polymers can drive pathogen transmission in coastal ecosystems." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1795 (November 22, 2014): 20141287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1287.

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Gelatinous polymers including extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are fundamental to biophysical processes in aquatic habitats, including mediating aggregation processes and functioning as the matrix of biofilms. Yet insight into the impact of these sticky molecules on the environmental transmission of pathogens in the ocean is limited. We used the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii as a model to evaluate polymer-mediated mechanisms that promote transmission of terrestrially derived pathogens to marine fauna and humans. We show that transparent exopolymer particles, a particulate form of EPS, enhance T. gondii association with marine aggregates, material consumed by organisms otherwise unable to access micrometre-sized particles. Adhesion to EPS biofilms on macroalgae also captures T. gondii from the water, enabling uptake of pathogens by invertebrates that feed on kelp surfaces. We demonstrate the acquisition, concentration and retention of T. gondii by kelp-grazing snails, which can transmit T. gondii to threatened California sea otters. Results highlight novel mechanisms whereby aquatic polymers facilitate incorporation of pathogens into food webs via association with particle aggregates and biofilms. Identifying the critical role of invisible polymers in transmission of pathogens in the ocean represents a fundamental advance in understanding and mitigating the health impacts of coastal habitat pollution with contaminated runoff.

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3

Wei, Ming-Hsin, Boyu Li, R. L. Ameri David, Simon C. Jones, Virendra Sarohia, Joel A. Schmitigal, and Julia A. Kornfield. "Megasupramolecules for safer, cleaner fuel by end association of long telechelic polymers." Science 350, no. 6256 (October 1, 2015): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0642.

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We used statistical mechanics to design polymers that defy conventional wisdom by self-assembling into “megasupramolecules” (≥5000 kg/mol) at low concentration (≤0.3 weight percent). Theoretical treatment of the distribution of individual subunits—end-functional polymers—among cyclic and linear supramolecules (ring-chain equilibrium) predicts that megasupramolecules can form at low total polymer concentration if, and only if, the backbones are long (>400 kg/mol) and end-association strength is optimal. Viscometry and scattering measurements of long telechelic polymers having polycyclooctadiene backbones and acid or amine end groups verify the formation of megasupramolecules. They control misting and reduce drag in the same manner as ultralong covalent polymers. With individual building blocks short enough to avoid hydrodynamic chain scission (weight-average molecular weights of 400 to 1000 kg/mol) and reversible linkages that protect covalent bonds, these megasupramolecules overcome the obstacles of shear degradation and engine incompatibility.

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4

Schertzer, Jeffrey W., and Eric D. Brown. "Use of CDP-Glycerol as an Alternate Acceptor for the Teichoic Acid Polymerase Reveals that Membrane Association Regulates Polymer Length." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 21 (August 19, 2008): 6940–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00851-08.

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ABSTRACT The study of bacterial extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis is hampered by the fact that these molecules are synthesized on membrane-resident carrier lipids. To get around this problem, a practical solution has been to synthesize soluble lipid analogs and study the biosynthetic enzymes using a soluble system. This has been done for the Bacillus subtilis teichoic acid polymerase, TagF, although several aspects of catalysis were inconsistent with the results obtained with reconstituted membrane systems or physiological observations. In this work we explored the acceptor substrate promiscuity and polymer length disregulation that appear to be characteristic of TagF activity away from biological membranes. Using isotope labeling, steady-state kinetics, and chemical lability studies, we demonstrated that the enzyme can synthesize poly(glycerol phosphate) teichoic acid using the elongation substrate CDP-glycerol as an acceptor. This suggests that substrate specificity is relaxed in the region distal to the glycerol phosphate moiety in the acceptor molecule under these conditions. Polymer synthesis proceeded at a rate (27 min−1) comparable to that in the reconstituted membrane system after a distinct lag period which likely represented slower initiation on the unnatural CDP-glycerol acceptor. We confirmed that polymer length became disregulated in the soluble system as the polymers synthesized on CDP-glycerol acceptors were much larger than the polymers synthesized on the membrane or previously found attached to bacterial cell walls. Finally, polymer synthesis on protease-treated membranes suggested that proper length regulation is retained in the absence of accessory proteins and provided evidence that such regulation is conferred through proper association of the polymerase with the membrane.

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5

Okawa, Kaori, Jian Ping Gong, and Yoshihito Osada. "Self-Propagating Association of Zwitterionic Polymers Initiated by Ionene Polymers." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 23, no. 7 (April 1, 2002): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3927(20020401)23:7<423::aid-marc423>3.0.co;2-f.

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6

Srebnik, Simcha. "Physical association of polymers with nanotubes." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 46, no. 24 (December 15, 2008): 2711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.21605.

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7

Zhang, Zhijie, Chongwen Huang, R. A. Weiss, and Quan Chen. "Association energy in strongly associative polymers." Journal of Rheology 61, no. 6 (November 2017): 1199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/1.4997586.

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8

Quan, Xie, Su, and Feng. "The Thermoviscosifying Behavior of Water-Soluble Polymer Based on Graft Polymerization of Pluronic F127 with Acrylamide and 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101702.

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A new concept of thermoviscosifying polymers is proposed to address the problems about decreasing viscosity of polymer solution under high temperatures. However, existing thermoviscosifying polymers have complicated synthesis processes and high costs, and both of them restrict the wide practical applications of thermoviscosifying polymers. Although polyethers have the characteristics of thermal gelatinization, they just display thermoviscosifying behaviors only under extremely high concentrations (>15 wt %). Therefore, the graft copolymerization of the commercialized Pluronic F127 (PEO100-PPO65-PEO100) with acrylamide and 2-acrylamide-methylpropionic acid sodium salt was studied here. A series of graft modified polyether polymers were prepared and it was expected to get thermoviscosifying polymers with high molecular weights and low association temperatures. Several factors on thermoviscosifying behaviors were investigated, such as polymerization condition, polymer concentration, hydrophilic monomer, molecular structure and molecular weight. It was also proven that the apparent viscosity of polymer solution is influenced by polymer concentration, molecular weight of polymer, and content of anion groups.

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9

Donato, Ricardo K., and Alice Mija. "Keratin Associations with Synthetic, Biosynthetic and Natural Polymers: An Extensive Review." Polymers 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010032.

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Among the biopolymers from animal sources, keratin is one the most abundant, with a major contribution from side stream products from cattle, ovine and poultry industry, offering many opportunities to produce cost-effective and sustainable advanced materials. Although many reviews have discussed the application of keratin in polymer-based biomaterials, little attention has been paid to its potential in association with other polymer matrices. Thus, herein, we present an extensive literature review summarizing keratin’s compatibility with other synthetic, biosynthetic and natural polymers, and its effect on the materials’ final properties in a myriad of applications. First, we revise the historical context of keratin use, describe its structure, chemical toolset and methods of extraction, overview and differentiate keratins obtained from different sources, highlight the main areas where keratin associations have been applied, and describe the possibilities offered by its chemical toolset. Finally, we contextualize keratin’s potential for addressing current issues in materials sciences, focusing on the effect of keratin when associated to other polymers’ matrices from biomedical to engineering applications, and beyond.

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10

Peng, Yuankun, Tongkui Yue, Sai Li, Ke Gao, Yachen Wang, Ziwei Li, Xin Ye, Liqun Zhang, and Jun Liu. "Rheological and structural properties of associated polymer networks studied via non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation." Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 6, no. 6 (2021): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1me00017a.

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The physical polymer network formed by molecular association via non-covalent interactions between end groups alters a great many rheological properties of polymers and produces some fascinating rheological phenomena.

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11

Filimon, Anca, Adina Maria Dobos, Ecaterina Avram, and Silvia Ioan. "Ionic polymers based on quaternized polysulfones: hydrodynamic properties of polymer mixtures in solution." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 11 (November 1, 2014): 1871–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0603.

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Abstract Hydrodynamic properties developed in a series of mixtures, obtained from quaternized polysulfone and cellulose acetate phthalate or polyvinyl alcohol in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, were evaluated by viscometric investigations. Theoretical and experimental aspects concerning the viscometric data for binary polymer/solvent and ternary polymer/polymer/solvent mixtures have been discussed by the new Wolf model, as a function of the charge density of polyion, structural peculiarity of polymers, and polymer mixture composition. Intrinsic viscosity and also the hydrodynamic parameters obtained by the Wolf method offer new information on the competition between different types of interactions manifested in ternary polymer/polymer/solvent systems. The complex dependence of viscosity on polymer composition is influenced by conformational changes of constituent polymers from the mixture, as well as by cumulative effects of electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding or association phenomena. Additionally, the above-mentioned interactions indicate the compatibility of these polymers over a large composition domain. This study investigates the hydrodynamic functions from the perspective of some newly-issued theories and analyzes the choice of optimal polymer mixtures compositions for specific applications in biomedical domains.

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12

Perron, Gérald, Josée Francoeur, Jacques E. Desnoyers, and Jan C. T. Kwak. "Heat capacities and volumes in aqueous polymer and polymer–surfactant solutions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-169.

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The apparent molar volumes and heat capacities of aqueous mixtures of neutral polymers and ionic surfactants were measured at 25 °C. The polymers chosen were poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO) and the surfactants were the C8, C10, and C12 homologs of sodium alkylsulfates and the C10, C12, and C16 homologs of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides. The polymer–surfactant interactions depend on the nature of both components and on the chain length of the surfactant. The thermodynamic properties of the cationic surfactants are essentially the same in the absence and presence of polymer indicating little surfactant–polymer interaction. On the other hand, the thermodynamic properties of anionic surfactants are shifted, upon the addition of polymers, in the direction of enhanced hydrophobic association. The effect increases with the surfactant chain length and with the polymer concentration. The effect is larger with PVP than with PEO.

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13

Boothroyd, Stephen C., David M. Hoyle, Thomas C. B. McLeish, Etienne Munch, Regis Schach, Andrew J. Smith, and Richard L. Thompson. "Association and relaxation of supra-macromolecular polymers." Soft Matter 15, no. 26 (2019): 5296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm02580k.

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14

Chmiel, O., H. Traitler, W. P. Hammes, and W. Bauer. "Association with natural polymers modifies lipase selectivity." Food Biotechnology 8, no. 1 (March 1994): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08905439409549867.

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15

Dekina, S. S., I. I. Romanovska, and T. Yu Gromovoy. "Influence of polymers on lysozyme molecules association." Biopolymers and Cell 27, no. 6 (November 20, 2011): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.000115.

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16

Pouchlý, Julius, Antonín Živný, and Antonín Sikora. "Solvent-Induced Association of Polymers: Phase Stability." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 70, no. 12 (2005): 2014–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20052014.

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In the preceding paper, basic thermodynamic functions have been derived for a solution of macromolecules associating by means of functional groups (stickers), thus forming junctions, each of which consists of m stickers and bm molecules of solvent. In the present communication, phase stability of the systems under consideration is analyzed. For several values of parameters m and b, spinodal curves are calculated and their minima (i.e. critical solution points) are localized. At higher junction multiplicity values (e.g. at m = 10), a local maximum appears on the spinodal, dividing it into two lobes, each displaying a different critical point. The effect of the stoichiometric parameter b on splitting the spinodal and on positions of the critical solution points is described.

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17

Kennedy, John F., and Kornelia Jumel. "Polymers in aqueous media: Performance through association." Carbohydrate Polymers 14, no. 4 (January 1991): 450–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(91)90009-2.

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18

Tardani, Franco, Giancarlo Masci, and Camillo La Mesa. "Block co-polymers undergoing supra-molecular association." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 384, no. 1-3 (July 2011): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.04.026.

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19

Sherrington, D. C. "Polymers in aqueous media-performance through association." Reactive Polymers 14, no. 3 (August 1991): 270–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-1137(91)90044-o.

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20

Notley, Shannon M., and Magnus Norgren. "Study of thin films of kraft lignin and two DHPs by means of single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS)." Holzforschung 66, no. 5 (July 1, 2012): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2011-0202.

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Abstract The adhesion of single and associated lignin chains to a substrate has been studied by means of single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS). Softwood kraft lignin (KL) and two lignin polymer models (dehydrogenation polymers, DHPs) based on coniferyl alcohol (DHPc.alc.) and coniferaldehyde (DHPc.ald.) were in focus. The desorption force from the “silicon nitride SMFS tip” for the KL was significantly greater than that of the DHPs. The higher desorption force was interpreted as being due to the interaction of carboxyl groups through hydrogen bonding with the tip as well as to the less compact polymeric layer at the interface. The distribution of the extended chain lengths was determined, and self-association of lignin chains was observed. For both KL and the DHPc.ald., chains were extended significantly beyond the limit that would be expected for polymers with the corresponding degree of polymerization. The α-carbon on the DHPc.alc.has a strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding interaction with the adjacent aryl ether, which inhibits the possibility of the ether to participate in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with nearby lignin chains. Thus, the self-association for KL and DHPc.ald.was found to be dominated by intermolecular hydrogen bonding with carboxylic groups and aryl ether functionalities.

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21

Tanaka, F., and T. Koga. "Intramolecular and intermolecular association in thermoreversible gelation of hydrophobically modified associating polymers." Computational and Theoretical Polymer Science 10, no. 3-4 (June 2000): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1089-3156(99)00048-3.

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22

Duan, Guo Rong, Xin Wang, Guo Hong Huang, and Ying Gong. "Influence of the Structure of Comb-Shaped Polymer on the Adsorption between the Polymer and SO₄^2- Ions." Key Engineering Materials 480-481 (June 2011): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.480-481.311.

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Comb-shaped hyper-branched polycarboxylate admixture polymers, both the water-reducing-type JS and slump-retaining-type BT, were prepared, and their adsorption characteristics with SO42- ions were studied by conductivity loss experiments. The results indicated that the adsorptions were related to both the content of carboxylic acid groups in polymers and the concentration of Na2SO4 solution, adsorptive action was formed by the complexation action between the carboxylic acid groups in polymers and SO42- ions, having nothing to do with polyether side chain in polymer. Comb-shaped hyper-branched polymers in aqueous solution would form association super-molecular structure, which could be destroyed by Na2SO4 solution.

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23

Frontini, Roberto, and Jobst B. Mielck. "Interactions between bendroflumethiazide and water soluble polymers. II. Factors promoting drug-polymer association." European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 43, no. 3 (June 1997): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0939-6411(97)00040-4.

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24

Montaudo, Giorgio, Filippo Samperi, Maurizio S. Montaudo, Sabrina Carroccio, and Concetto Puglisi. "Current Trends in Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization of Polymeric Materials." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 11, no. 1 (February 2005): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/ejms.718.

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In the last few years, mass spectrometry has rapidly become indispensable in polymer analysis and complements, in many ways, the structural data provided by nuclear magnetic resonance. Mass spectrometry of polymers is emerging as a revolutionary technique, capable of challenging the techniques and protocols established for years for the characterization of synthetic polymers. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has become a widely applied method for the structural characterization of synthetic polymers. The primary aim of this review is to illustrate some recent advances in the study of macromolecular systems by MALDI. MALDI allows the identification of repeat units and end groups, the structural analysis of linear and cyclic oligomers and the estimate of composition and sequence for co-polymers. MALDI is also quite useful for the measurement of molar mass and bivariate distributions in polymers and for the detection of self-association in macromolecules, performed by coupling MALDI with size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Recently MALDI has been applied, with remarkable success, to the study of thermal and oxidative processes in polymers and to the characterization of co-polymers obtained by reactive polymer blending. Selected applications of MALDI to polymers are illustrated herewith.

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25

Falk, Michael, Manuel Gil, and Nerea Iza. "Self-association of caffeine in aqueous solution: an FT-IR study." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 1293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-199.

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Spectra of caffeine in D2O solution (0.003 to 0.129 M) were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Spectral changes in the carbonyl stretching region were interpreted in terms of the self-association equilibria resulting from the stacking of caffeine molecules. Absence of isosbestic points indicated the occurrence of more than two spectroscopically distinct caffeine species. A simple monomer–dimer–polymer model was employed, in which the successive equilibria are governed by two association constants, Kd for the formation of dimers and Kp for the formation of trimers and larger polymers. The value Kd = 158.1 L mol−1 was taken from a recent ultraviolet study by Iza etal. and the value Kp = 27 L mol−1 was derived from the analysis of infrared band profiles sharpened by Fourier self-deconvolution. From these values of Kd and Kp, the weight fractions of monomers, dimers, and polymers were calculated for every caffeine concentration and their individual molar absorptivity spectra were derived. In agreement with the earlier work of Maevsky and Sukhorukov, it was found that stacking association causes shifts of both C=O stretching fundamentals to higher wavenumbers. The monomer-dimer shifts are smaller than the dimer-polymer shifts. Analogous shifts were observed for the stacking self-association of 1,3-dimethyluracil in D2O. The shifts to higher wavenumbers are probably caused by the diminished hydrogen bonding of water to C=O groups of the stacked bases. Keywords: caffeine, self association, infrared spectroscopy, base stacking.

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26

Ge, Sirui, Martin Tress, Kunyue Xing, Peng-Fei Cao, Tomonori Saito, and Alexei P. Sokolov. "Viscoelasticity in associating oligomers and polymers: experimental test of the bond lifetime renormalization model." Soft Matter 16, no. 2 (2020): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm01930h.

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Recently found deviations of the association bond lifetime and the mechanical relaxation in associating polymers contradict past theories while the bond lifetime renormalization provides a quantitative explanation.

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27

Shah, Kwok, Su-Xi Wang, Debbie Soo, and Jianwei Xu. "One-Dimensional Nanostructure Engineering of Conducting Polymers for Thermoelectric Applications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (April 4, 2019): 1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071422.

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The past few decades have witnessed considerable progress of conducting polymer-based organic thermoelectric materials due to their significant advantages over the traditional inorganic materials. The nanostructure engineering and performance investigation of these conducting polymers for thermoelectric applications have received considerable interest but have not been well documented. This review gives an outline of the synthesis of various one-dimensional (1D) structured conducting polymers as well as the strategies for hybridization with other nanomaterials or polymers. The thermoelectric performance enhancement of these materials in association with the unique morphologies and structures are discussed. Finally, perspectives and suggestions for the future research based on these interesting nanostructuring methodologies for improvement of thermoelectric materials are also presented.

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28

He, Chaobin, Chien-Ming Lee, Anselm C. Griffin, Laurent Bouteiller, Nelly Lacoudre, Sylvie Boileau, Claudine Fouquey, and Jean-Marie Lehn. "Chirality in Some Liquid Crystalline Association Chain Polymers." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 332, no. 1 (August 1999): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587259908023767.

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29

Khlobystov, Andrei N., Matthew T. Brett, Alexander J. Blake, Neil R. Champness, Peter M. W. Gill, Darragh P. O'Neill, Simon J. Teat, Claire Wilson, and Martin Schröder. "Stereoselective Association of Binuclear Metallacycles in Coordination Polymers." Journal of the American Chemical Society 125, no. 22 (June 2003): 6753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja029048y.

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30

Petekidis, G., D. Vlassopoulos, G. Fytas, N. Kountourakis, and S. Kumar. "Association Dynamics in Solutions of Hairy-Rod Polymers." Macromolecules 30, no. 4 (February 1997): 919–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma961366s.

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31

Davis, T. P., and J. P. A. Heuts. "25th Australasian Polymer Symposium Special Issue." Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 7 (2002): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02160.

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In February 2001 the 25th Australasian Polymer Symposium was held at the University of New England in Armidale and was attended by over 200 Australasian and international scientists; about a third of these were registered as students. Preceding the conference, a well-attended joint workshop/summer school with the theme of radical polymerization was convened in association with the Cooperative Research Centre for Polymers (CRC-P) and the ARC Key Centre for Polymer Colloids (KCPC).

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32

Nakajima, N., C. D. Huang, J. J. Scobbo, W. J. Shieh, and E. R. Harrell. "Network Formation by Association of Polar Groups in Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 62, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536249.

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Abstract If an elastomer containing polar groups forms interchain associations, can we observe them independently from the effect of chain entanglement? Polyethylacrylate and polyepichlorohydrin are polar elastomers. Our previous deformational study indicated that these elastomers contain interchain associations, which are stronger than the physical entanglements. The conclusion was based on the results of large, unidirectional extension and small simple shear measurements. On the other hand, butadiene—acrylonitrile copolymer (NBR) containing 33% acrylonitrile did not indicate a presence of such a strong interchain association. In this work, we examined NBRs containing 40% acrylonitrile. The polar association, though weak, was detected with these elastomers. This indicates that the effective association involves a number of polar groups closely placed along the polymer chain. Also, in this work, nonpolar elastomers, SBRs, were chemically crosslinked and used as models. The polar association turned out to be not as strong as the chemical crosslinks. This indicates that the polar association disengage and reengage during the deformation.

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33

Kumakura, M. "Association of an Antibody-Conjugated Enzyme with Synthetic Polymers Dissolved in Organic Solvents." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 49, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1994): 891–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1994-11-1228.

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An antibody of a tumor marker (α-fetoprotein) conjugated with peroxidase was dispersed in organic solvents including synthetic polymers, and the interaction of the antibody with the polymers was investigated. It was found that the antibody-conjugated enzyme is associated with the polymers dissolved in hydrophobic organic solvents. The association correlated with the polymerization degree, concentration, and nature of the polymers.

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34

Kancharla, Samhitha, Nathan A. Zoyhofski, Lucas Bufalini, Boris F. Chatelais, and Paschalis Alexandridis. "Association between Nonionic Amphiphilic Polymer and Ionic Surfactant in Aqueous Solutions: Effect of Polymer Hydrophobicity and Micellization." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 15, 2020): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081831.

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The interaction in aqueous solutions of surfactants with amphiphilic polymers can be more complex than the surfactant interactions with homopolymers. Interactions between the common ionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nonionic amphiphilic polymers of the poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) type have been probed utilizing a variety of experimental techniques. The polymer amphiphiles studied here are Pluronic F127 (EO100PO65EO100) and Pluronic P123 (EO19PO69EO19), having the same length PPO block but different length PEO blocks and, accordingly, very different critical micellization concentrations (CMC). With increasing surfactant concentration in aqueous solutions of fixed polymer content, SDS interacts with unassociated PEO-PPO-PEO molecules to first form SDS-rich SDS/Pluronic assemblies and then free SDS micelles. SDS interacts with micellized PEO-PPO-PEO to form Pluronic-rich SDS/Pluronic assemblies, which upon further increase in surfactant concentration, break down and transition into SDS-rich SDS/Pluronic assemblies, followed by free SDS micelle formation. The SDS-rich SDS/Pluronic assemblies exhibit polyelectrolyte characteristics. The interactions and mode of association between nonionic macromolecular amphiphiles and short-chain ionic amphiphiles are affected by the polymer hydrophobicity and its concentration in the aqueous solution. For example, SDS binds to Pluronic F127 micelles at much lower concentrations (~0.01 mM) when compared to Pluronic P123 micelles (~1 mM). The critical association concentration (CAC) values of SDS in aqueous PEO-PPO-PEO solutions are much lower than CAC in aqueous PEO homopolymer solutions.

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35

da Graça Miguel, Maria. "Association of surfactants and polymers studied by luminescence techniques." Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 89-90 (January 2001): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-8686(00)00074-9.

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36

Nagarajan, R. "Association of nonionic polymers with micelles, bilayers, and microemulsions." Journal of Chemical Physics 90, no. 3 (February 1989): 1980–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.456041.

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37

Dudowicz, Jacek, Karl F. Freed, and Jack F. Douglas. "Solvation of polymers as mutual association. I. General theory." Journal of Chemical Physics 138, no. 16 (April 28, 2013): 164901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4800074.

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38

Burchard, Walther, Peter Lang, Liane Schulz, and Tommasina Coviello. "Critical association and thermoreversible gelation of some selected polymers." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 58, no. 1 (May 1992): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19920580104.

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39

Merkle, G., and W. Burchard. "Association of Amino-Terminated Polystyrenes. 3. Trifunctional Star Polymers." Macromolecules 29, no. 17 (January 1996): 5734–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9503165.

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40

Pouchlý, Julius, Antonín Živný, and Antonín Sikora. "Solvent-Induced Association of Polymers: Clustering and Network Formation." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 70, no. 12 (2005): 1987–2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20051987.

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A thermodynamic treatment of a random, solvent-assisted association of polyfunctional macromolecules is developed. In the model proposed, a multiple association junction connecting m primary chains consists of m polymer functional groups with bm solvent molecules incorporated. Using Veytsman's procedure, basic thermodynamic functions and association equilibrium relations are derived. Different association characteristics are examined. When passing from a system with solvent-free junctions (b = 0) to our model with b > 0, the shape of the calculated curves changes strikingly, e.g. the relative association degree α vanishes both in the neat solvent and neat polymer points, showing a maximum near the middle of the composition range. This results in the existence of two critical points of network formation (gel points), delimitating the compositional range of the coexistence of a network with finite clusters (gel region). Using extinction probability, the quantitative parameters characterizing the cluster-network relationships are calculated and analyzed. All of them display an extreme near the middle of the gel region, and various kinds of singularities appear in the two gel points. The effect of the stoichiometric ratio b on characteristic system parameters is discussed.

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41

Hamad, Esam, and Syed Qutubuddin. "Association of sidechain polymers: The self‐consistent field approach." Journal of Chemical Physics 96, no. 8 (April 15, 1992): 6222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.462613.

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42

Lee, C. M., C. P. Jariwala, and A. C. Griffin. "Heteromeric liquid-crystalline association chain polymers: structure and properties." Polymer 35, no. 21 (October 1994): 4550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90801-x.

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43

Van Guyse, Joachim F. R., Debaditya Bera, and Richard Hoogenboom. "Adamantane Functionalized Poly(2-oxazoline)s with Broadly Tunable LCST-Behavior by Molecular Recognition." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030374.

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Smart or adaptive materials often utilize stimuli-responsive polymers, which undergo a phase transition in response to a given stimulus. So far, various stimuli have been used to enable the modulation of drug release profiles, cell-interactive behavior, and optical and mechanical properties. In this respect, molecular recognition is a powerful tool to fine-tune the stimuli-responsive behavior due to its high specificity. Within this contribution, a poly(2-oxazoline) copolymer bearing adamantane side chains was synthesized via triazabicyclodecene-catalyzed amidation of the ester side chains of a poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline-stat-2-methoxycarbonylpropyl-2-oxazoline) statistical copolymer. Subsequent complexation of the pendant adamantane groups with sub-stoichiometric amounts (0–1 equivalents) of hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin or β-cyclodextrin enabled accurate tuning of its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) over an exceptionally wide temperature range, spanning from 30 °C to 56 °C. Furthermore, the sharp thermal transitions display minimal hysteresis, suggesting a reversible phase transition of the complexed polymer chains (i.e., the β-cyclodextrin host collapses together with the polymers) and a minimal influence by the temperature on the supramolecular association. Analysis of the association constant of the polymer with hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin via 1H NMR spectroscopy suggests that the selection of the macrocyclic host and rational polymer design can have a profound influence on the observed thermal transitions.

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44

SutcliffeSmith, Henry. "The Colour Users' Association." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 49, no. 10 (October 22, 2008): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1933.tb01729.x.

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45

Clough, Mr H. S. "Wool Industries Research Association." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 51, no. 7 (October 22, 2008): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1935.tb01878.x.

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46

Lathe, Richard. "Tidal chain reaction and the origin of replicating biopolymers." International Journal of Astrobiology 4, no. 1 (January 2005): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550405002314.

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Template-directed polymer assembly is a likely feature of prebiotic chemistry, but the product blocks further synthesis, preventing amplification and Darwinian selection. Nucleic acids are unusual because charge repulsion between opposing phosphates permits salt-dependent association and dissociation. It was postulated (Lathe, R. (2004). Fast tidal cycling and the origin of life. Icarus168, 18–22) that tides at ocean shores provide the driving force for amplification: evaporative concentration promoted association/assembly on drying, while charge repulsion on tidal dilution drove dissociation. This permits exponential amplification by a process termed here the tidal chain reaction (TCR). The process is not strictly contingent upon tidal ebb and flow: circadian dews and rainfalls can produce identical cycling. Ionic strength-dependent association and dissociation of nucleic acids and possible prebiotic precursors are reviewed. Polymer scavenging, chain assembly by the recruitment of pre-formed fragments, is proposed as the primary mechanism of reiterative chain assembly. Parameters determining prebiotic polymer structure and amplification by TCR are discussed, with the suggestion that Darwinian selection may have operated on families of related polymers rather than on individual molecules.

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47

Trinh Che, Loan, Marianne Hiorth, Richard Hoogenboom, and Anna-Lena Kjøniksen. "Complex Temperature and Concentration Dependent Self-Assembly of Poly(2-oxazoline) Block Copolymers." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 4, 2020): 1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071495.

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The effect of polymer concentration on the temperature-induced self-association of a block copolymer comprising a poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) block and a random copolymer block consisting of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline and 2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline (PEtO80-block-P(EtOxx-stat-PropO40-x) with x = 0, 4, or 8 were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmittance measurements (turbidimetry). The polymers reveal a complex aggregation behavior with up to three relaxation modes in the DLS data and with a transmittance that first goes through a minimum before it declines at high temperatures. At low temperatures, unassociated polymer chains were found to co-exist with larger aggregates. As the temperature is increased, enhanced association and contraction of the aggregates results in a drop of the transmittance values. The aggregates fragment into smaller micellar-like clusters when the temperature is raised further, causing the samples to become optically clear again. At high temperatures, the polymers aggregate into large compact clusters, and the samples become turbid. Interestingly, very large aggregates were observed at low temperatures when the polymer concentrations were low. The formation of these aggregates was also promoted by a more hydrophilic copolymer structure. The formation of large aggregates with an open structure at conditions where the solvent conditions are improved is probably caused by depletion flocculation of the smaller aggregates.

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48

Zhu, Shijie, Zhongbin Ye, Zhezhi Liu, Zhonghua Chen, Jun Li, and Zuping Xiang. "Adsorption Characteristics of Polymer Solutions on Media Surfaces and Their Main Influencing Factors." Polymers 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111774.

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In practical applications, the chemical and physical adsorption of a polymer solution greatly affects its action mode and effect. Understanding the adsorption mechanism and its influencing factors can help to optimize the application mode and ensure application efficiency. Three types of polymer solutions—partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), hydrophobically associating polymer (AP-P4), and dendrimer hydrophobically associating polymer (DHAP), which are viscoelastic liquids—were used as sorbates to study their adsorption by a sorbent such as quartz sand. The effects of the solution concentration, contact time, particle size of quartz sand, solid–liquid ratio, and fluid movement on the adsorption capacity of the polymer solutions were examined. The results showed that HPAM presents a typical Langmuir monolayer adsorption characteristic, and its adsorption capacity (per unit area) is 1.17–1.62 μg/cm2. The association enhances the interactions of the AP-P4 and DHAP solutions, and they present multilayer characteristics of first-order chemical adsorption and secondary physical molecule adsorption. Moreover, the dendrite structure further increases the adsorption thickness of DHAP. Hence, the adsorption thicknesses of AP-P4 and DHAP are four and six times that of HPAM, respectively. The adsorption of the three polymers is consistent with the influence of fluid motion and decreases with increasing fluid velocity. However, the larger the thickness of the adsorption layer, the clearer the influence of the flow, and the higher the decrease in adsorption capacity. Optimizing the injection rate is an effective method to control the applications of a polymer in porous media.

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Kourki, Hajir, Mehrzad Mortezaei, Mohammad Hossein Navid Famili, and Milad Malekipirbazari. "Modeling the rheological properties of highly nano-filled polymers." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 19 (November 13, 2016): 2813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316678473.

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Organic and inorganic materials are usually added to polymers in order to achieve some benefits such as reducing the product cost, as well as achieving higher modulus and strength. Addition of these materials would change polymers’ behavior. Adding nano-materials to polymers on the other hand is a new challenge in the field of polymer composites where previous studies were unable to achieve good correlation with nano-composites at higher particle volume fractions. In this research, Yamamoto network theory is developed to investigate the behavior of highly nano-filled systems. For this purpose, five different types of sub-chain and two types of junctions are considered and the effect of particle size, concentration, and the model parameters in association with the behavior of the junctions are studied. Moreover, some experiments are performed on polystyrene filled with nano-silica at different particle size and concentration values in frequency mod in the linear region. At last, we compared the results of our final model with the experiments in order to evaluate its accuracy, which confirmed a very good agreement.

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50

Faull, Sarah V., Emma L. K. Elliston, Bibek Gooptu, Alistair M. Jagger, Ibrahim Aldobiyan, Adam Redzej, Magd Badaoui, et al. "The structural basis for Z α1-antitrypsin polymerization in the liver." Science Advances 6, no. 43 (October 2020): eabc1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc1370.

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The serpinopathies are among a diverse set of conformational diseases that involve the aberrant self-association of proteins into ordered aggregates. α1-Antitrypsin deficiency is the archetypal serpinopathy and results from the formation and deposition of mutant forms of α1-antitrypsin as “polymer” chains in liver tissue. No detailed structural analysis has been performed of this material. Moreover, there is little information on the relevance of well-studied artificially induced polymers to these disease-associated molecules. We have isolated polymers from the liver tissue of Z α1-antitrypsin homozygotes (E342K) who have undergone transplantation, labeled them using a Fab fragment, and performed single-particle analysis of negative-stain electron micrographs. The data show structural equivalence between heat-induced and ex vivo polymers and that the intersubunit linkage is best explained by a carboxyl-terminal domain swap between molecules of α1-antitrypsin.

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