Academic literature on the topic 'Association for Practitioners in Infection Control'
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Journal articles on the topic "Association for Practitioners in Infection Control"
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White, Mary Castle, and Joseph J. Klimek. "Association for practitioners in infection control and the American Journal of Infection Control after twenty years: A review." American Journal of Infection Control 20, no. 1 (February 1992): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-6553(05)80116-6.
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Horan, Teresa C., Robert P. Gaynes, William J. Martone, William R. Jarvis, and T. Grace Emori. "CDC Definitions of Nosocomial Surgical Site Infections, 1992: A Modification of CDC Definitions of Surgical Wound Infections." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 13, no. 10 (October 1992): 606–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700015241.
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In 1988, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) published definitions of nosocomial infections However, because of journalistic style and space constraints, these definitions lacked some of the detail provided to National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System hospitals in the NNIS Manual (unpublished). After the NNIS System hospitals had had considerable experience with the definitions and in response to a request for review by The Surgical Wound Infection Task Force, a group composed of members of The Society for Hospital Epidemiology of America, the Association for Practitioners in Infection Control, the Surgical Infection Society, and the CDC, we slightly modified the definition of surgical wound infection and changed the name to surgical site infection (SSI).
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Denton, Andrea, Carole Fry, Helen O’Connor, and Jude Robinson. "Revised Infection Prevention Society (IPS) Competences 2018." Journal of Infection Prevention 20, no. 1 (January 2019): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757177418798908.
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Competences for infection prevention and control (IPC) practitioners were first introduced by the Infection Control Nurses Association (ICNA) in 2000. In recent years, they have been revised by the Education and Professional Development Committee of the Infection Prevention Society (IPS). The competences are a multi-purpose tool to support and inform service and workforce development and management at an operational and strategic level. They can assist in designing education programmes, help with staff appraisal, personal development plans and support revalidation alongside developing team structures and requirements. They enable the practitioner to review their own current position of progression and clinical standing from the position of assisted, supervised and independent. These terms are designed to assist the user to express the level of competence at which they work. This may differ depending on the competences that are being explored. This current version of the IPS competences (2018) have been designed to reflect the current structures and practices within the health and social care economy. They have been redeveloped within an electronic interactive framework to encourage usability and assist with manageability and record keeping. The competency framework tool is intended as a guide; the idea is for the practitioner to focus on relevant aspects of the competences and combine with organisational and individual goals and revalidation where applicable.
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Saguil, Esther, Amiel Nazer Bermudez, Carl Abelardo Antonio, and Kim Cochon. "Consensus Recommendations on the Prevention and Management of Surgical Site Infections (SSI) in the Philippine Setting." Philippine Journal of Surgical Specialties 72, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.61662/pcs_lpwy9819.
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Over the years, strategies in the prevention and management of surgical site infections (SSI) of patients in the Philippines have never been standardized. Several guidelines released by international foreign bodies have been found to be either conflicting or inappropriate for adaptation in the local context. To address these issues, the Philippine College of Surgeons (PCS), in collaboration with the Philippine Hospital Infection Control Society (PHICS), Philippine Hospital Infection Control Nurses Association (PHICNA) and Operating Room Nurses Association of the Philippines, Inc. (ORNAP), initiated the development and adaptation of country-specific SSI guidelines in 2017. The new recommendations are based on the latest clinical practice guidelines released for the past five years and consensus by a panel of experts in the Philippines, through the assistance of a guideline development team engaged by PCS. Thirty-six (36) recommendations on different aspects of care were outlined. Implementation of an SSI surveillance program was also advised for health facilities. The new guidelines are intended to serve as the local benchmark for the prevention and management of SSI for surgeons and practitioners, taking into account their situation and experience in the Philippines. It is expected to improve the standard of care provided by health facilities and contribute to the reduction of the prevalence and incidence of SSI in the country. Key words: Surgical site infection, surgical wound infection, postoperative wound infection, infection control
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Robb, Kylie. "Utilizing a Risk-Based Criteria Framework to Identify Infection Prevention and Control Risks in Australian Dental Settings." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1087.
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Background: A dental practitioner must comply with the Dental Board of Australia’s guidelines on infection control. In this project, we developed a risk-based criteria framework to assess a practitioner’s infection prevention and control (IPC) systems and processes. This project allowed for the provision of the highest standard of infection control continuing education and advice relevant to the needs of members of the Australian Dental Association (NSW Branch). Methods: A review of 1,050 continuing professional development (CPD) IPC course evaluation forms was conducted to determine the key IPC areas that participants have the most difficulty with. All core IPC documents that practitioners are expected to understand and comply with were determined and any regulator- and profession-led compliance checklists were collated. These data were consolidated to generate a risk-based criteria framework that was then applied to 99 private, office-based, dental practices to determine IPC compliance. Results: After the review of 99 dental practices, the total aggregate compliance score was 78%, and the 15 key IPC areas were ranked from highest to lowest. These data assisted with the development of a full-day IPC course focusing on the top 5 risks in each category. The five areas of opportunity identified were Hand Hygiene (52%), Surgical Procedures and Aseptic Technique (59%), Documentation, Policy and Knowledge (61%), Sharps (72%), Steam Sterilisers (72%). Conclusions: This project identified key IPC risks for office-based dental practices from the capture of performance-based data. This data formed a targeted education framework that prioritized areas of opportunity to improve IPC standards in Australian dental practices.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Azhar, Ramsha, Syed Hammad Ahsan, Salik Rasool, Shahnawaz Jamali, and Bilal Hussain. "Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Infection Control Protocol amongst Dental Professionals – A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 31, no. 01 (April 7, 2022): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.311.21.
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OBJECTIVE: The objectives are: (1) to assess and compare the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding infection control protocols and (2) to identify the factor(s) that might influence the implementation of these protocols amongst dental professionals in all three dental campuses of a public sector university, Karachi. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in the three dental campuses of a public sector university, Karachi, for a period of three months from February to April 2019. The study participants consisted of dental and paradental professionals treating patients. A self-administered, structured, validated questionnaire was distributed among 285 participants, out of which 268 participants correctly filled and submitted back the questionnaire. Frequency distribution and Chi square test were performed. RESULTS: Campus A, covering areas of Mehmoodabad town, Karachi comprising 63 participants; Campus B, covering areas of Saddar town, Karachi comprising 68 participants; and Campus C, covering areas of Gulshan and Johar, Karachi comprising 129 participants, respectively. Statistically significant association was found between eyewear utilization among the designation of the practitioner, dental departments and dental campuses. Correspondingly, significant association was observed between awareness regarding needle stick injury protocol implementation with designation of the practitioner and dental campuses. Likewise, a significant association was found between utilization of rubber dams for maintenance of isolation with the age and designation of the practitioner, dental departments and dental campuses. CONCLUSION: The study highlighted the shortcomings of infection control protocol implementation in three dental campuses of a premier healthcare university of Pakistan. The results of this study may be utilized provincially and nationally for the construction and effective implementation of infection control policies. KEYWORDS: AIDS, Disinfection, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Tuberculosis, Needle stick injury.
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O'Grady, Naomi P., Mary Alexander, E. Patchen Dellinger, Julie L. Gerberding, Stephen O. Heard, Dennis G. Maki, Henry Masur, et al. "Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter–Related Infections." Clinical Infectious Diseases 35, no. 11 (December 1, 2002): 1281–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/344188.
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Abstract These guidelines have been developed for practitioners who insert catheters and for persons responsible for surveillance and control of infections in hospital, outpatient, and home health-care settings. This report was prepared by a working group comprising members from professional organizations representing the disciplines of critical care medicine, infectious diseases, health-care infection control, surgery, anesthesiology, interventional radiology, pulmonary medicine, pediatric medicine, and nursing. The working group was led by the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), in collaboration with the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA), Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), Surgical Infection Society (SIS), American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), American Thoracic Society (ATS), American Society of Critical Care Anesthesiologists (ASCCA), Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), Infusion Nurses Society (INS), Oncology Nursing Society (ONS), Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology (SCVIR), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and is intended to replace the Guideline for Prevention of Intravascular Device–Related Infections published in 1996. These guidelines are intended to provide evidence-based recommendations for preventing catheter-related infections. Major areas of emphasis include 1) educating and training health-care providers who insert and maintain catheters; 2) using maximal sterile barrier precautions during central venous catheter insertion; 3) using a 2% chlorhexidine preparation for skin antisepsis; 4) avoiding routine replacement of central venous catheters as a strategy to prevent infection; and 5) using antiseptic/antibiotic impregnated short-term central venous catheters if the rate of infection is high despite adherence to other strategies (i.e., education and training, maximal sterile barrier precautions, and 2% chlorhexidine for skin antisepsis). These guidelines also identify performance indicators that can be used locally by health-care institutions or organizations to monitor their success in implementing these evidence-based recommendations.
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Scheckler, William E., and Patty J. Peterson. "Nosocomial Infection Prevalence, Risk and Control in Small Community and Rural Hospitals." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 7, S2 (February 1986): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700065711.
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Between 1972 and 1973, Britt and colleagues conducted 1-day infection prevalence surveys in 18 hospitals each with fewer than 75 beds and all located in the rural intermountain west. The lessons learned from that study were incorporated into a book chapter entitled “Infection Control in Small Hospitals” by Dr. Britt. Since that study no substantial nor systematic review of nosocomial infections in small community or rural hospitals has been reported. A recent editorial in Infection Control posed four questions that still needed to be answered for the smaller (less than 100-bed) hospital:1. Given the statistical realities of small hospitals, what types of surveillance methods—periodic prevalence surveys, general surveillance, focused surveillance, etc.—are the most reliable? Are any of them necessary?2. Which of the many infection control practices recommended by the CDC, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, and others are applicable to small hospitals?3. What resource sharing of existing expertise, from larger hospitals, health departments, groups such as the Association of Practitioners of Infection Control and the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America, and others can be developed for smaller hospitals in cost effective and realistic ways?4. Should smaller hospitals be required to have the same type of multidisciplinary infection control committees required of larger hospitals or can the responsibilities of the committee be delegated to a smaller group such as one nurse and one staff physician?The purpose of this report is to provide detailed infection control information obtained from 15 hospitals located in rural areas of Southwestern Wisconsin. This article will focus on data derived from an initial comprehensive prevalence survey that replicated the Britt study in the Wisconsin sites in 1983. Additional data were derived from ongoing bi-monthly prevalence studies done over 6 consecutive months in each of the 15 rural hospitals. Data from 6 months of ongoing comprehensive surveillance from each of the 15 hospitals and final conclusions from the project will be the subject of a subsequent paper.
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Kellesarian, Sergio Varela, Michael Yunker, Hans Malmstrom, Khalid Almas, Georgios E. Romanos, and Fawad Javed. "Male Infertility and Dental Health Status: A Systematic Review." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 6 (June 23, 2016): 1976–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316655529.
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A limited number of studies have reported an association between male factor infertility (MFI) and dental health status (DHS). The aim of the present study was to assess the association between DHS and MFI through a systematic review of indexed literature. To address the focused question—“Is there a relationship between DHS and MFI?”—indexed databases were searched up to March 2016 using various key words “infertility,” “periodontal disease,” “periodontitis,” “dental infection,” “caries,” and “odontogenic infection.” Letters to the editor, case reports, commentaries, historic reviews, and experimental studies were excluded. In total seven studies were included in the present systematic review and processed for data extraction. All the studies reported a positive association between MFI and DHS. The number of study participants ranged between 18 and 360 individuals. Results from six studies showed a positive association between chronic periodontitis and MFI. Three studies reported a positive relationship between MFI and odontogenic infections associated to necrotic pulp, chronic apical osteitis, and radicular cysts. One study reported a relationship between caries index and MFI. From the literature reviewed, there seems to be a positive association between MFI and DHS; however, further longitudinal studies and randomized control trials assessing confounders are needed to establish real correlation. Dentists and general practitioners should be aware that oral diseases can influence the systemic health. Andrological examination should include comprehensive oral evaluation, and physicians detecting oral diseases should refer the patient to a dentist for further evaluation.
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Dias, Natasha M., Jaime O. Moreno, Flávio RF Alves, Lucio S. Gonçalves, and José C. Provenzano. "Antibiotic indication in endodontics by Colombian dentists with different levels of training: a survey." Acta Odontológica Latinoamericana 35, no. 3 (December 19, 2022): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.54589/aol.35/3/198.
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Aim: This study investigated how Colombian dentists with different academic levels indicate antibiotics with therapeutic purposes in endodontics. Materials and method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 559 dentists in the form of an online questionnaire. Results: Three hundred and twenty questionnaires were answered (57.2%). There were significant differences among respondents. For irreversible pulpitis, 140 dentists (43.7%) said they prescribe antibiotics (57.5% of general practitioners, 20.1% of specialists and 38.9% of those with Master’s and/or PhD degrees), while for symptomatic apical periodontitis, 183 (57.2%) did so (74.1% of general practitioners, 28.4% of specialists and 50.0% of those with Master’s and/or PhD degrees) (p < 0.05). Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic, and its association with clavulanic acid was the most often cited for acute periradicular abscess with systemic involvement. Conclusions: The greatest misunderstandings in prescribing antibiotics occurred among general practitioners. Considering all clinical conditions that do not require antibiotics, 60% of general practitioners and 34% of specialists, on average, indicated antibiotics. Keywords: antimicrobial stewardship - dental pulp disease - bacteria - dental infection control - antibacterial drug resistance
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Association for Practitioners in Infection Control"
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Msibi, Bafana Elliot. "Infection prevention and control practices at Charlotte Maxeke Central Hospital Neonatal Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/3051.
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Thesis (MPH.) --University of Limpopo, 2019.Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent of adherence to Infection Prevention and Control (IP&C) practices and programs amongst healthcare workers (HCWs) in the neonatal ward at Charlotte Maxeke Central Hospital (CMCH). Methods: Quantitative research was conducted on 57 Clinicians directly providing care to the patients and 5 Health Care Workers indirectly providing care to the patients by means of supporting the environment and logistics where patients are being taken care. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires. Because the population was so small, all available HCWs, who were willing to participate in the study were selected to participate in the study. Furthermore, the SAS statistical software was used to describe and analyse data received from the data collection tools. Results: Two groups of respondents participated in the study which were (n=57) who in the neonatal ward at CMCH and Health Care Workers (n=5), most of the clinicians were having 1 – 4 years’ experience working in the neonatal unit at 54.6% followed by 5 – 9 years at 21.8%. Participants were in the age group ≤ 30 years at 39.3% followed by 31 – 40 years (32.1%) and least being at ≥ 51 years (5.4%). Clinicians included 46% of professional nurses, 28.6% Auxiliary Nursing Assistant, 16.1% student nurses and 8.9% medical doctors. The findings revealed that there are some areas where there’s inconsistent in using gloves when anticipating exposure to blood or body fluids, drying of hands after washing and removing jewellery during clinical care among clinicians particularly doctors, professional nurses and student nurses about IPC practices during clinical care. In Conclusion: There was inadequate compliance with IPC standards and there’s a need for regular trainings to improve the knowledge about IPCs and awareness of its importance among clinicians and health care workers in the neonatal unit. The IPC committee need to be revitalized by the hospital management to be able to undertake its mandate. Furthermore, the Hospital administration should provide copies of IPPC policy Guidelines in all wards/units and ensure effective implementation through vi constant supervision and adequate supplies and conduct regular audits to enhance compliance and implementation of IPPC policy. The study concluded that there was inadequate compliance with IPC and there’s a need for regular trainings to improve the knowledge about IPCs and awareness of its importance among clinicians and health care workers in the neonatal unit.
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Locke, Tiffany. "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Canadian Hospitals from 1995 to 2007: A Comparison of Adult and Pediatric Inpatients." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26110.
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The literature directly comparing the epidemiology of MRSA among adult and pediatric hospitalized patients is strikingly minimal. The objective of this thesis was to identify any differences between these two patient groups. The Canadian Nosocomial Infections Surveillance Program MRSA data (1995 to 2007: n=1,262 pediatric and 35,907 adult cases) were used to compare MRSA clinical and molecular characteristics and rates. Hospital characteristics were modeled using repeated measures Poisson regressions. The molecular and epidemiological characteristics of MRSA differed significantly between adults and children. Compared to children, MRSA in adults was more likely to be healthcare-associated, colonization, SCCmec type II, PVL negative, and resistant to most antibiotics. Rates of MRSA in Canada increased in both populations over time but were significantly higher in adults. The hospital characteristics associated with increased MRSA rates differed in adult and pediatric facilities. Implications for infection prevention and control strategies are discussed.
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Pedergnana, Vincent. "Contrôle génétique de la réponse à l’infection par des virus oncogènes en population endémique." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05S022.
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La recherche de facteurs génétiques de susceptibilité aux infections virale dans des populations générales exhaustives endémiques est une approche originale en épidémiologie génétique. Nos travaux de thèse nous ont permis d’établir, dans une population endémique pour deux virus oncogènes MCPyV et HHV-8 au Cameroun et dans une population endémique pour le VHC en Egypte, plusieurs arguments forts en faveur d’une susceptibilité génétique aux infections par les virus oncogènes humains définies par la séropositivité/ séronégativité vis-à-vis du virus impliqué. Concernant l’infection par le MCPyV, dont les modes de transmission sont peu connus, nous avons mis en évidence l’existence de fortes corrélations familiales mère-enfant et entre enfants pour la séropositivité au virus, en faveur d’une transmission virale par contacts proches. Ces résultats sont similaires à ceux observés pour l’HHV-8, dans la même population, virus pour lequel la transmission par voie salivaire est l’hypothèse la plus forte. Concernant l’infection par l’HHV-8, nous avons identifié un locus majeur de prédisposition à l’infection par une analyse de ségrégation mettant un gène majeur mendélien autosomique récessif prédisposant à l’infection, suivie d’une analyse de liaison paramétrique utilisant le modèle de l’analyse de ségrégation. Concernant l’infection par le VHC, nous avons identifié par une analyse de liaison génétique un locus majeur de prédisposition à l’infection. Nous avons ensuite identifié, par une analyse d’association en génome entier sur une grande cohorte de plus de 6500 individus, trois signaux associés avec l’infection par le VHC. Par ailleurs, nous avons également réalisé une étude fine des variants du locus du gène IL28B, associés à la clairance du VHC, cohérente avec les résultats publiés au cours de nos travaux. L’identification de facteurs génétiques impliqués dans la susceptibilité aux infections virales oncogènes et aux cancers associés permettra de mieux comprendre la physiopathologie de la réponse à ces infections et les mécanismes intervenant depuis l’exposition virale jusqu’au développement de cancersThe identification of genetic variants predisposing to viral infection in highly endemic general populations is an original approach in genetic epidemiology. Our work suggests a genetic control of the susceptibility to human oncogenic viruses infection, in a population in Cameroon in which MCPyV and HHV-8 are highly endemic and in an Egyptian population in which HCV is endemic. MCPyV is thought to be the etiological agent of Merkel cell carcinoma, but little is known about its distribution and modes of transmission. We provided evidence for familial aggregation of MCPyV infection status suggesting that MCPyV infection is acquired through close contact, possibly involving saliva and/or the skin, especially between young siblings and between mothers and their children. Infection with HHV-8 has been shown to display strong familial aggregation, in countries in which HHV-8 infection is endemic. Our segregation analysis provided strong evidence for a recessive major gene conferring predisposition to HHV-8 infection. The following linkage analysis identified a single region on chromosome 3p22 significantly linked to HHV-8 infection. This study provides the first evidence that HHV-8 infection in children in endemic areas has a strong genetic basis. Concerning HCV infection, we performed a linkage analysis that mapped a major locus predisposing to HCV infection in an Egyptian cohort. We then performed a genome-wide association study in more than 6500 individuals, identifying three signals associated with HCV infection. Finally we investigated the role of several IL28B SNPs in HCV spontaneous clearance in an Egyptian population. The results confirm the major role of IL28B variants in the spontaneous clearance of HCV genotype 4 infection in an Egyptian population. The identification of genetic variants predisposing to viral infection should greatly improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the response to these infections and may also unravel new pathways for investigation in viruses-associated diseases, such as cancer
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Nga, Le Thi, and Le Thi Nga. "The association between chronic hepatitis infection and colon cancer: a nationwide case-control study." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cqth6x.
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Menetrey, Julia. "Do nurse practitioners and physician assistants follow American Diabetic Association guidelines for control of Type 2 diabetes as determined by the HbgA1c?" 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1797714321&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=3916&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Northern Kentucky University, 2009.Made available through ProQuest. Publication number: AAT 1465388. ProQuest document ID: 1797714321. Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-31)
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TSAI, HUEI-TING, and 蔡慧婷. "A Case-Control Study on Association between Antimicrobial Usage and Nosocomial Infection of Pandrug- Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Intensive Care Units." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06305272830540645623.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
流行病學研究所
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Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most common opportunistic pathogens in nosocomial infection. It causes a wide range of clinical complications, including pneumonia, septicemia, urinary tract infection, wound infection and meningitis, especially among immunocompromised patients. The first isolate of pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (PDRAB), a mutant A. baumannii strain that is resistant to almost all commercially available antibiotics, was discovered in 1993 at National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH). Since April 1999, clusters of PDRAB have been found throughout the hospital, particularly among patients hospitalized in intensive-care units (ICUs). A resistance rate of more than 1.3% was reported in the year 2000, and this rate is continuing to grow. The increasing rate of PDRAB isolates presents a new challenge to clinical medicine and public health in Taiwan. To understand the association between antimicrobial treatment and nosocomial infection of PDRAB in ICUs at NTUH, we carried out a one to one matched case-control study. All ICU patients from whom PDRAB were first isolated from clinical specimens were recruited during Jan 2002 to Dec 2002. The control group included patients with no record of PDRAB isolates, but was not limited to patients with pandrug-sensitive A. baumannii isolates. Each control was matched to its case by two variables: ICU type and the nearest duration of ICU stay by the isolation time of the case. Information about possible confounders was collected, including age, sex, underlying disease, major invasive procedure, clinical severity through APACHE Ⅱ score and duration of ICU stay. The following four dimensions were considered when evaluating the impact of previous antimicrobial treatment on the incidence of nosocomial PDRAB infection or colonization: whether using or not, overall dosage, treatment duration and the strength, which was defined by overall dosage over the treatment duration. Using the defined daily dose (DDD) of each antimicrobial agent, we compared the effect of selected antibiotics exposure in different dimensions mentioned above. The results of conditional logistic regression analysis found that the use of carbapenem (OR=4.6, 95%C.I. = 1.8-12) and the DDD of 3rd generation cephalosporin (OR=1.2, 95%C.I.=1.0 — 1.4) were risk factors for nosocomial PDRAB colonization or infection. Further analysis of selected antibiotics indicates that the use of imipenem and meropenem were consistently the most important risk factors in all drug-related factors examined in this study. The strength of ceftazidime use (OR=5.0, 95%C.I.=1.1 — 22) was also a crucial factor. Study results also showed strong association between higher overall dosage and longer duration of vancomycin use (OR=4.8, 95%C.I.=1.1 — 21), and the PDRAB colonization or infection. Our findings suggest that proper management in the use of carbapenem, ceftazidime and vancomycin is necessary for the control of nosocomial PDRAB colonization or infection in ICUs.
Books on the topic "Association for Practitioners in Infection Control"
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Inc, Current Concepts Seminars, ed. The McGraw-Hill OSHA infection control compliance program for healthcare practitioners. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.
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American Association of Feline Practitioners and Academy of Feline Medicine Advisory Panel on Feline Retrovirus Testing and Management. 2001 report of the American Association of Feline Practitioners and Academy of Feline Medicine Advisory Panel on feline retrovirus testing and management. Nashville, TN: American Association of Feline Practitioners/Academy of Feline Medicine, 2001.
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Association, British Dental. Guide to blood borne viruses and the control of cross infection in dentistry: British Dental Association. London: British Dental Association[BDA], 1986.
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Staff, APIC. Association for Practitioners in Infection Control Self-Development Education Program. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1990.
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Staff, APIC. Association for Practitioners in Infection Control Curriculum (Vols 1-3). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1989.
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Infection Control: The British Medical Association Guide. Edward Arnold, 1990.
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Saint, Sanjay, Vineet Chopra, and Jennifer Meddings. Preventing Hospital Infections: Real-World Problems, Realistic Solutions. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2021.
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Preventing Hospital Infections: Real-World Problems, Realistic Solutions. Oxford University Press, 2014.
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Preventing Hospital Infections: Real-World Problems, Realistic Solutions. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2014.
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IX Congress with international participation Control and prevention of infections associated with health care (HAIs-2021). Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/978-5-6045286-5-5.
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The significant prevalence of healthcare associated infections (HAIs) in medical organizations of various profiles, its negative impact on the health of patients and the outcomes of the underlying disease, the increasing duration of treatment with the addition of HAIs have determined their relevance at all times. Ensuring the epidemiological safety of healthcare activities requires the introduction of new methods of prevention into epidemiological practice, which can only be implemented from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach, the joint participation of professionals of various specialties. An interdisciplinary approach to the prevention of HAIs during a pandemic of a new coronavirus infection has made it possible to successfully implement clinical and epidemiological practices, to form a new regulatory and legislative framework for the control of HAIs. This book of proceedings contains abstracts of reports prepared by leading experts: epidemiologists, disinfectologists, clinicians, scientists and medical practitioners. The published materials contain data on the professional risks of infection with the new coronavirus in medical workers, the development of post-COVID-19 syndrome, the resistance to antimicrobial drugs of the main pathogens of HAIs, including fungi, recommendations on the effective use of skin antiseptics and modern technology for air disinfection, as well as issues of improving the specific and non-specific prevention of the most socially significant infections, including COVID-19. The proceedings of the Congress are of interest to specialists from the institutions of Rospotrebnadzor, doctors of clinical specialties, epidemiologists, disinfectologists, as well as teachers of medical colleges and universities.
Book chapters on the topic "Association for Practitioners in Infection Control"
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D’Affronte, Lisa, and Christina L. Platia. "Overview of Infectious Diseases of Concern to Dental Practitioners: Bacterial Infections." In Infection Control in the Dental Office, 51–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30085-2_4.
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D’Affronte, Lisa, and Christina L. Platia. "Overview of Infectious Diseases of Concern to Dental Practitioners: Blood-Borne Pathogens." In Infection Control in the Dental Office, 9–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30085-2_2.
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D’Affronte, Lisa, and Christina L. Platia. "Overview of Infectious Diseases of Concern to Dental Practitioners: Other Viral Infections." In Infection Control in the Dental Office, 21–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30085-2_3.
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Greenwood, Mark, and John G. Meechan. "General Medicine and Surgery for Dental Practitioners: Infections and Infection Control." In BDJ Clinician’s Guides, 221–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97737-9_19.
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Tsai, Jung-Fa, Harold S. Margolis, Jen-Eing Jeng, Mei-Shang Ho, Ying-Chin Ko, Zu-Yau Lin, Wen-Yu Chang, and Juei-Hsiung Tsai. "Association Between Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection and Chinese Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study." In Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease, 697–700. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68255-4_183.
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Basarab, Marina. "Key Communicable Diseases of Public Health Significance and UK Legislation." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0023.
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Timely reporting to public health authorities of certain infections which are transmissible between individuals and/or are likely to have been acquired from a contaminated source is essential to prompt immediate action to reduce further spread. In England, Health Protection Teams (HPTs) effect health protection actions at local level. They act as the ‘proper officer’ carrying out the function of receiving notifications in relation to the statutory regulations for both attending registered medical practitioners and diagnostic laboratories (see Section 14.6 and Section 14.7). Notification to public health authorities is a legal requirement. It is critical to the control and prevention of outbreaks of communicable diseases and is an integral part of wider local and national infection surveillance. Clinical recognition is the first step and public health authorities should be notified on clinical suspicion before obtaining laboratory test results to look for causative pathogens. As soon as a notification has been made, public health risk assessment and appropriate measures can be initiated. These may include preventing others being exposed to cases or a possible source of contamination, offering chemoprophylaxis, vaccination, education, and closing down of premises. The intervention will depend on the clinical syndrome, the confirmed or presumed infectious agent involved, and any further supporting or refuting diagnostic laboratory results. Time is of the essence; there should be no delay in notifications. Health protection legislation is set out in the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010. It requires both registered medical practitioners (RMPs) and laboratories to notify cases of infection or contamination that could present a significant risk to human health, on the basis of clinical suspicion or laboratory confirmation. The medical doctor (and no other healthcare professional) attending the patient with possible or probable or confirmed infection is responsible for notification to the public health authorities.
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Mintz, Mark. "Clinical features." In The Neurology of AIDS, 639–58. Oxford University PressOxford, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198526100.003.0056.
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Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has created a devastating international public health crisis for children (Association Francois Bagnoud < Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1994a). Although children with HIV-1 infection represent a relatively small percentage of the overall epidemiological rates, there are well over one million children presently infected with HIV-1 worldwide, with over 1000 new pediatric infections occurring daily. Furthermore, parental deaths have left over 11 million children orphaned, 95% of them in Africa (Association Francois Bagnoud <). In some countries, children have accounted for the majority of HIV-1 infection (Mintz et al. 1995). Thus, the prevention, identification, and treatment of pediatric HIV-1 infection is an important component of the battle against HIV/AIDS.
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Lim, Yo hwan, Myeong Hoon Lee, Gang Hyun Kim, Dan Bi Pyun, Seogsong Jeong, and Hyun Wook Han. "Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity Changes with the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Nested Case-Control Study." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti231266.
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We identified the association of changes in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with SARS-CoV-2 infection. From 6,396,500 patients, we performed a nested case-control study who participated in both biennial check-ups. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression. From physically inactive patients at period I, the odds increased when engaged in 1-2, 3-4, or ≥5 times of MVPA/week at period II. This study found that MVPA was directly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Jeffery-Smith, Anna, and C. Y. William Tong. "The Biology of Viruses." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0008.
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In order to be classified as a virus, certain criteria have to be fulfilled. Viruses must ● Be only capable of growth and multiplication within living cells, i.e. obligate intracellular parasite. Host cells could include humans, animals, insects, plants, protozoa, or even bacteria. ● Have a nucleic acid genome (either RNA or DNA, but not both) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid). ● Have no semipermeable membrane, though some have an envelope formed of phospholipids and proteins. ● Be inert outside of the host cell. Enveloped viruses are susceptible to inactivation by organic solvents such as alcohol. ● Perform replication by independent synthesis of components followed by assembly (c.f. binary fission in bacteria). Viruses are considered as a bundle of genetic programmes encoded in nucleic acids and packaged with a capsid +/ - envelope protein, which can be activated on entry into a host cell (compare this with computer viruses packaged in an enticing way in order to infect and take over control of your PC). Although they share some similarities in their properties, mycoplasma and chlamydia are true bacteria. The virion (assembled infectious particle) consists of viral nucleic acid and capsid. The nucleic acid of a virus can either be ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and the amount of genetic material varies widely, with some viruses able to encode a few proteins and others having genetic material that encodes hundreds of proteins. In association with the nucleic acid there may be non- structural viral proteins, such as a viral polymerase. The nucleic acid and non- structural proteins are protected by a surrounding layer of capsid proteins. The capsid includes proteins which can attach to host cell receptors. The proteins and the cell receptors to which they bind determine a virus’ tropism, i.e., the ability to bind to and enter different cell types. The term nucleocapsid refers to the nucleic acid core surrounded by capsid protein. Some viruses also have an envelope made up of phospholipids and proteins surrounding the nucleocapsid. This envelope can be formed by the host cell membrane during the process of a virus budding from a cell during replication.
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Little, Julian, and Mark Elwood. "Seasonal variation." In Epidemiology and Control of Neural Tube Defects, 195–246. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192618849.003.0007.
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Abstract Seasonal variation in the frequencies of congenital malformations is of interest as it may indicate the potential action of environmental agents such as climate, dietary factors, or infections. Historically, the evident seasonality of congenital cataract (Gregg 1941) led to the demonstration of an infectious aetiology associating this defect with maternal rubella infection in early pregnancy. Seasonality in the prevalence at birth of anencephalus and spina bifida has been long recognized (McKeown and Record 1951), but much inconsistency and marked secular changes and geographical variation in seasonality of these malformations has been observed. Observations of seasonal variation in the occurrence of neural tube defects have led to a number of hypotheses. One suggested explanation is that the seasonal variation in births is secondary to seasonal variation in the spontaneous abortion rate of fetuses with anomalies (Leck and Record 1966). If an association between neural tube defects and season were due to seasonal factors acting in the periconceptional period rather than influencing the length of gestation, these effects might be postulated as acting at two levels—direct and indirect.
Conference papers on the topic "Association for Practitioners in Infection Control"
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Shaw, E., Julie A. Funk, and A. Plovanich-Jones. "Association between Salmonella sp. and Yersinia enterocolitica infection in swine." In Fifth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborn Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-570.
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Kim, Jinhyun, HyangSoon oh, KyoungA Lee, and KyungSook Kim. "Study on Classification and Time, Frequency of Nursing Practices by Infection Control Nurse Practitioners in South Korea." In Healthcare and Nursing 2014. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2014.61.04.
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Stege, H., B. Carstensen, J. Christensen, N. C. Feld, D. L. Baggesen, and J. P. Nielsen. "Subclinical salmonella infection in Danish finishing herds - association between serological and bacteriological testing." In Seventh International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-188.
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Baumgardner, Dennis, Jessica Kram, Caroline Toberna, Kayla Heslin, and Hannah William. "Association of fresh waterways and legionella pneumophila infection in eastern wisconsin: A case-control study." In NAPCRG 49th Annual Meeting — Abstracts of Completed Research 2021. American Academy of Family Physicians, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1370/afm.20.s1.2588.
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Pant, A. B., B. Subedi, L. Lama, and B. M. Meher Kayastha. "Association of Streptococcal Upper Respiratory Tract Infection with Acute Urticaria; A Prospective Case Control Study." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a2814.
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Ward, L. R., E. de Pinna, and E. J. Threlfall. "Salmonella typhimurium phage types linked with pigs and their association with human infection in England and Wales." In Fifth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Foodborn Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-505.
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Chen, H.-H., W.-C. Chao, T.-L. Liao, Y.-M. Chen, C.-H. Lin, and D.-Y. Chen. "OP0074 Association between a history of mycobacterial infection and the risk of sjÖgren's syndrome: a nationwide, population-based case-control study." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, 14–17 June, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.1288.
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MacDonald, Christopher, Paul A. Demers, Brian Grunau, David M. Goldfarb, David O’Neill, Jocelyn A. Srigley, Nechelle Wall, and Tracy L. Kirkham. "P-83 Changes to infection prevention and control measures used by Canadian paramedics in response to COVID-19." In 29th International Symposium on Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH 2023), Mumbai, India, Hosted by the Indian Association of Occupational Health, Mumbai Branch & Tata Memorial Centre. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2023-epicoh.254.
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Simatupang, Nanda Agustian, and Laras Ayu Wulandari. "The Association between Indoor Household Polution and Acute Respiratory Infection in Children Under Five in Selat Community Health Center, Batanghari District, Jambi, Indonesia." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.54.
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ABSTRACT Background: Acute respiratory tract infections constitute the major causes of mortality and morbidity of the developing world. The risk factors of acute respiratory tract infections have been identified such as passive smoking, the practice of burning mosquito coils indoors, and firewood for cooking. The purpose of this study was examine Subjects and Method: A case control study was carried out at Selat community health center, Batanghari district, Jambi, Indonesia, from May to July 2020. A sample of 132 children under five aged 12-59 months was selected by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was acute respiratory infection. The independent variables were smoking behavior of family member, repellant coil use, and firewood use. The data were collected by questionnaire, medial record, and observation sheet. The data were analyzed by Chi square. Results: Acute respiratory infection in children under five increased with family member smoking behavior (OR= 4.73; 95% CI= 2.20 to 10.17; p<0.001), mosquito coils (OR= 1.26; 95% CI= 0.48 to 3.29; p= 0.627), and firewood use for cooking (OR= 1.28; 95% CI= 0.57 to 2.89; p= 0.538). Conclusion: Acute respiratory infection in children under five increased with family member smoking behavior, mosquito coils, and firewood use for cooking. Keywords: acute respiratory infection, smoking, children under five Correspondence: Nanda Agustian Simatupang. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: nandaagustians9@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282247604322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.54
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Fadilah, H. "Reactivation and Upgrading Gas Plant That Has Been Shut Down for 10 Years." In Indonesian Petroleum Association - 46th Annual Convention & Exhibition 2022. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa22-f-113.
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Jindi South Jambi B Co. Limited (JSJB) as the new operator for South Jambi B Block in Jambi, Indonesia intends to reproduce the existing gas field in the north area of the block, as well as the existing gas plant, Teluk Rendah Gas Plant (TRGP). To increase gas sales volume, JSJB also produces a new field, Hari Field. The main focus and the biggest challenge of this work is of course the reactivation of TRGP that is a gas plant with low CO2 characteristic with a maximum sales gas capacity is 30 MMscfd. TRGP last operated in 2010. TRGP reactivation is carried out for all existing equipment and systems, including piping, pipeline, static and rotating equipment, electrical and instrumentation devices, control systems, data and telecommunication, building and infrastructure, etc. Technically, the major challenges faced are the need to upgrade the obsolete system and software, uncertainty in the performance and physical condition of equipment, also adjustments of new operating philosophy and equipment parameters because the gas plant will be operated in the lower normal operating flowrate than before and with a different gas composition that gas from Hari Field has CO2 content of above 5% (maximum sales gas specification). So that in this reactivation project an upgrading work of the gas plant also carried out by adding CO2 removal unit. From non-technical perspective, the challenge is to get the most efficient and economic project cost due to too many uncertainty factors. Another thing that is very important for the success of this project is the health aspect because this work was carried out during the covid-19 pandemic condition. This project was carried out using good project management, until finally the north area of the South Jambi B block was able to reproduce with an initial gas volume of ± 2 MMscfd in June 2021 and increased to ± 7 MMscfd after installation of CO2 removal in December 2021. This is intended to share the knowledge and experience from the reactivation work of gas plant that has been shut down for a long time, with the hope of providing additional references for oil and gas practitioners who have the same cases.
Reports on the topic "Association for Practitioners in Infection Control"
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James-Scott, Alisha, Rachel Savoy, Donna Lynch-Smith, and tracy McClinton. Impact of Central Line Bundle Care on Reduction of Central Line Associated-Infections: A Scoping Review. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0014.
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Purpose/Background Central venous catheters (CVC) are typical for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Due to the invasiveness of this procedure, there is a high risk for central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI). These infections have been known to increase mortality and morbidity, medical costs, and reduce hospital reimbursements. Evidenced-based interventions were grouped to assemble a central line bundle to decrease the number of CLABSIs and improve patient outcomes. This scoping review will evaluate the literature and examine the association between reduced CLABSI rates and central line bundle care implementation or current use. Methods A literature review was completed of nine critically appraised articles from the years 2010-2021. The association of the use of central line bundles and CLABSI rates was examined. These relationships were investigated to determine if the adherence to a central line bundle directly reduced the number of CLABSI rates in critically ill adult patients. A summary evaluation table was composed to determine the associations related to the implementation or current central line bundle care use. Results Of the study sample (N=9), all but one demonstrated a significant decrease in CLABSI rates when a central line bundle was in place. A trend towards reducing CLABSI was noted in the remaining article, a randomized controlled study, but the results were not significantly different. In all the other studies, a meta-analysis, randomized controlled trial, control trial, cohort or case-control studies, and quality improvement project, there was a significant improvement in CLABSI rates when utilizing a central line bundle. The extensive use of different levels of evidence provided an excellent synopsis that implementing a central line bundle care would directly affect decreasing CLABSI rates. Implications for Nursing Practice Results provided in this scoping review afforded the authors a diverse level of evidence that using a central line bundle has a direct outcome on reducing CLABSI rates. This practice can be implemented within the hospital setting as suggested by the literature review to prevent or reduce CLABSI rates. Implementing a standard central line bundle care hospital-wide helps avoid this hospital-acquired infection.
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Zhao, Zepeng, Fengyuan Zhang, and Yijin Li. The Relationship Between Il-1 RN intron 2 (VNTR) rs2234663 Gene Polymorphism and The Progression of Periodontitis: A systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.3.0100.
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Review question / Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies is to find out the association of IL-1 RN intron 2 (VNTR) rs2234663 Gene Polymorphism and the occurrence and progression of periodontitis(including chronic periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis and early-onset periodontitis). Condition being studied: Periodontitis is one of the most common ailments affecting the teeth, leading to the destruction of the supporting and surrounding tooth structure. Periodontitis is originally a disease originating from the gingival tissue which if left untreated results in penetration of inflammation to the deeper tissues, altering the bone homeostasis causing tooth loss. Periodontal disease has a multifactorial origin. The main culprit identified in periodontitis is the bacterial biofilm growing on the tooth surfaces. The deleterious effects of periodontopathogens are not limited to the periodontium, but they also exude their ill effects on the systemic health of the patients. While the host response determines the progression of the disease, genetics, environmental factors, systemic health of the patient, lifestyle habits and various social determinants also play a role. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist encoded by this gene IL-1RN is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. This protein inhibits the activities of interleukin 1, alpha (IL1A) and interleukin 1, beta (IL1B), and modulates a variety of interleukin 1 related immune and inflammatory responses, particularly in the acute phase of infection and inflammation. We aim to study their association by conducting a meta-analysis.
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Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger, and J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.
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The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.
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Abbas, Syed, Soha Karam, Megan Schmidt-Sane, and Jennifer Palmer. Social Considerations for Monkeypox Response. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.021.
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Given the health, social, and economic upheavals of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is understandable anxiety about another virus, monkeypox, quickly emerging in many countries around the world. In West and Central Africa, where the disease has been endemic for several decades, monkeypox transmission in people usually happens in short, controllable chains of infection after contact with infected animal reservoirs. Recent monkeypox infections have been identified in non-endemic regions, with most occurring through longer chains of human-to-human spread in people without a history of contact with animals or travel to endemic regions. These seemingly different patterns of disease have prompted public health investigation. However, ending chains of monkeypox transmission requires a better understanding of the social, ecological and scientific interconnections between endemic and non-endemic areas. In this set of companion briefs, we lay out social considerations from previous examples of disease emergence to reflect on 1) the range of response strategies available to control monkeypox, and 2) specific considerations for monkeypox risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). We aim for these briefs to be used by public health practitioners and advisors involved in developing responses to the ongoing monkeypox outbreak, particularly in non-endemic countries. This brief on social considerations for monkeypox response was written by Syed Abbas (IDS), Soha Karam (Anthrologica), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), and Jennifer Palmer (LSHTM), with contributions from Hayley MacGregor (IDS), Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), and Annie Wilkinson (IDS). The brief was reviewed by Boghuma Titanji (Emory University School of Medicine). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.
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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan, Syed Abbas, Soha Karam, and Jennifer Palmer. RCCE Strategies for Monkeypox Response. SSHAP, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.020.
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Given the health, social, and economic upheavals of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is understandable anxiety about another virus, monkeypox, quickly emerging in many countries around the world. In West and Central Africa, where the disease has been endemic for several decades, monkeypox transmission in humans usually occurs in short, controllable chains of infection after contact with infected animal reservoirs. Recent monkeypox infections have been identified in non-endemic regions, with most occurring through longer chains of human-to-human spread in people without a history of contact with animals or travel to endemic regions. These seemingly different patterns of disease have prompted public health investigation. However, ending chains of monkeypox transmission requires a better understanding of the social, ecological and scientific interconnections between endemic and non-endemic areas. This brief is intended to be read in conjunction with the companion brief entitled ‘Social Considerations for Monkeypox Response’.1 In this set of briefs, we lay out social considerations from previous examples of disease emergence to reflect on 1) the range of response strategies available to control monkeypox, and 2) specific considerations for monkeypox risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). These briefs are intended to be used by public health practitioners and advisors involved in developing responses to the ongoing monkeypox outbreak, particularly in non-endemic countries. This brief on RCCE strategies for monkeypox response was written by Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), Syed Abbas (IDS), Soha Karam (Anthrologica), and Jennifer Palmer (LSHTM), with contributions from Hayley MacGregor (IDS), Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), and Annie Wilkinson (IDS). It was reviewed by Will Nutland (The Love Tank CIC/PrEPster) and was edited by Victoria Haldane (Anthrologica). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Usai, Jannet, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Herbal Medicines Registration Process for Zimbabwe Overview of the Process. Purdue University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317434.
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Unregistered traditional medicines pose a huge public health threat as the safety and efficacy of these products is unknown. The issue this study addresses is the inadequate regulatory measures for herbal medicines in Zimbabwe. This project was done to describe the current registration process of traditional medicines in Zimbabwe, and to identify the gaps and opportunities they present to improve the regulatory landscape. Regulations and laws governing the registration of herbal medicines in the country and published research on legislation of herbal medicines were reviewed. Two parallel regulatory bodies both registering and controlling the sale of herbal medicines were identified. The Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) and the Traditional Medical Practitioners Association (TMPA) both derive their authority to regulate from the ministry of health and were established through the act of parliament which gives these authorities power to regulate the quality and sale of traditional medicines without giving a prescriptive way of doing it. The registration process, and product evaluations for the two authorities are different. While the MCAZ has a clearly defined registration process, the TMPA does not. However, MCAZ has not been very successful in registering local products with the majority of the registered herbal products being imports and only 2% of total registered products being local herbs. As a recommendation, there is need for collaboration between the regulatory bodies for consistence in quality of herbal products on the market and to improve registration of local herbal products. Developing monographs for local herbs commonly used in the country will also assist local manufacturer to fulfill the quality requirements and successful compilation of dossiers for product registration.
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.