Academic literature on the topic 'Associated Milk Producers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Associated Milk Producers"
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Andrighi, Daniela, Adriane Ferreira Frizzo, Iucif Abrão Nascif Junior, and Karina Ramirez Starikoff. "Milk consumption habits on dairy for farmers of family farming." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 56, no. 2 (August 21, 2019): e155455. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2019.155455.
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Brazil is one of the largest milk producers in the world and most establishments are small producers of family farming. Milk is a perishable product and due to its nutritional characteristics provides a favorable environment for the growth of bacteria. The objective of this research was to evaluate the consumption habits of milk in family farms, identifying the consumption forms, evaluating the risks and the perception of risk by the producers, besides evaluating the sanitary management adopted in the properties with respect to the diseases transmitted by the milk and milk products. One hundred eleven producers from the city of Realeza-PR were interviewed. Almost half (48.64%, 54/111) had a small production with up to 10 lactating animals. Most of the producers had animals with a low productivity, and the average milk production per animal was less than 10 liters. The milk produced was consumed internally by 93.67% (104/111) of those interviewed, and 7.2% (8/111) claim to ingest raw milk without any previous heat treatment. Some producers(18%, 20/111) still made dairy products, like cheese and dulce de leche. Although 82.87% (92/111) reported having knowledge about the transmission of diseases through milk, only 49.54% (55/111) named the diseases. Not all producers conducted tests in the herd for disease control. The present study also found that only 4 people interviewed (3.6%, 4/111) associated the consumption of raw milk with some illness and reported having some symptoms, such as vomiting, nausea, skin allergy, colic and gas. Thus, it is necessary to inform and guide producers about the risks associated with raw milk consumption, so that not only the health of the producer is assured, but also the family and the population that may acquire this product informally.
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Mwini, Grace Annagmeng, and Sarah Darkwa. "Microbial Contamination Associated with “Wagashi-Cheese” Production in Sissala East District- Ghana." Journal of Food Research 5, no. 4 (June 27, 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n4p11.
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<p>The purpose of the study was to identify the possible sources of microbial contamination in the production of W<em>agashi-Cheese</em> in the Sissala East District, Upper West Region of Ghana. Also, the hygienic practices involved were examined. A survey, observation and experiment were used to collect data. Eighty (40 raw cow milk producers and 40 W<em>agashi-Cheese</em> producers) were randomly selected for the survey. Six (3 milk producers and 3 W<em>agashi –Cheese </em>producers) were purposively sampled for the experimental part. Microbial analysis of the milk and Wagashi-Cheese were carried out using the ISO and NMKL Analytical Standard procedures. Findings from the study revealed that milk and W<em>agashi-Cheese </em>producers do not practice optimal personal, food and environmental hygiene. Coliform, fecal coliform, <em>Escherichia coli</em>, Total mesophilic (PCA), yeast and mould were identified in both the milk and W<em>agashi-Cheese</em>. Dirty cow teat, unclean containers for receiving milk and improper handling of milk while transporting to Wagashi-Cheese centers were identified as Critical Control Points along the production line of W<em>agash-Cheese</em>. Post interventions showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in microbial levels in the samples analyzed. In conclusion, the application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) improved the quality of the final product. HACCP education and training for milk and W<em>agashi-Cheese </em>producers is highly recommended. In conclusion, there is a significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in the microbial load of wagashi from the selected producers and thus the alternate hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the microbial loads of wagashi from different producers.</p>
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Grasseni, Cristina. "Re-localizing Milk and Cheese." Gastronomica 14, no. 4 (2014): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2014.14.4.34.
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The reinvention of food is also a matter of re-localization. This means rethinking food chains in terms of their spatiality. This article deals with milk and cheese and their reinvention in Italy through two distinct, even opposing, strategies: automatization and face-to-face involvement of critical consumers with producers. Each of these strategies associates trust with different spatial arrangements. In the case of raw milk automated distributors (locally named the equivalent of “milk ATMs”), trust is associated with the short distance to the raw milk producer, with whom, however, there is no direct interaction. In the case of food activist circles, notably Italy’s Solidarity Purchase Groups or GAS, trust lies in actual interaction with the producer. This acquires a specific meaning in a culture that assigns added social significance to the act of food provisioning and cultivates plural practices of social interactions that are mediated through food.
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Reis, Beatriz, Adrieli Casado, Elaine Bernardes, Celso Miasaku, DeAnja A. McLain, Otavio France, and Jhones O. Sarturi. "41 Social and institutional trust: A comparison between non-associated and associated producers in Southeast Brazil." Journal of Animal Science 102, Supplement_1 (March 1, 2024): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae019.006.
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Abstract The social and institutional trust between two groups of dairy producers in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil was evaluated. The entity used in this comparison was the Rural Producers Association (RPA), in which two groups were formed: a) RPA members (AG); and b) RPA non-members (NAG). The questionnaire developed used model questions from the World Values Survey. Among a total of 38 producer-members of the RPA, 22 (58%) responded to the questionnaire. For the non-member producers, 44 were identified, while 39 (89%) responded to the questionnaire. To assess social trust, the following question was asked: "Generally speaking, would you say that people can be trusted or that we need to be very careful when dealing with people?". In AG, 81.8% of the producers responded that we need to be very careful when dealing with other people, and among the NAG producers, 87.2% also agreed with such a statement. Despite the lack of social trust in AG, 77.1% of the members fully or partially trust their association. To assess levels of trust in national institutions by producers, a question was asked as follows: "To what extent do you trust the institutions listed below?". For more than 50% of the NAG group, none of the institutions presented deserved full trust, reinforcing the lack of trust, as indicated in the previous question. For those in the NAG group that chose the option "I trust completely", the institutions opted were as follows: religious (46.2%), research institutions (43.6%), public universities (38.5%), and rural extension services (33.3%); while those opted as “I do not trust" were represented by political parties (82.1%), the municipal government (64.1%), and the national congress (61.5%). In the AG group, the institutions with the greatest levels of trust were the rural extension services (54.5%) and the RPA (54.5%), religious institutions (40.9%), public universities (40.9%), and research institutes 36.4%. Moreover, the institutions least trusted were political parties (63.6%), national congress (63.6%), municipal government (36.4%), and land organizations (36.4%). None of the producer groups were officially affiliated with political parties. An open-ended question was asked as follows: "What do you think about the current situation of the association, cooperative, or dairy in which you participate or commercialize milk with?" In the AG, 81.75% see RPA positively, and 18.25% believe that the association was in a bad situation and could even end. In the NAG, 59% of the producers commercialize milk in some type of organization (other than the RPA); in which among these, 43.47% have a negative image of such an organization in general. It is suggestive that regardless of the RPA participation, producers interviewed lack social trust. Future analysis is warranted to involve a multi-location and a broader population sampling.
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Miller, Gay Y., and Paul C. Bartlett. "Economic effects of mastitis prevention strategies for dairy producers." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198, no. 2 (January 15, 1991): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1991.198.02.227.
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Summary For efficient disease management in dairy production, the influence of disease prevention strategies on farm profitability must be known. A survey of mastitis control practices, milking machine function and maintenance, and cow environmental conditions was conducted with 406 dairy producers on the Michigan Dairy Herd Improvement-somatic cell counting program responding. These survey data, in conjunction with Dairy Herd Improvement production data, were used to develop a model estimating the marginal value products of mastitis control practices. Lost milk production associated with increased somatic cell count was calculated for each herd. Mastitis control practices, milking machine function and maintenance, and cow environmental conditions were used as independent variables in an analysis of covariance model with lost milk production as the dependent variable. Variables significant in explaining changes in production from increased somatic cell count were the use of teat dip, use of sanitizer in the wash water, milking cow bedding, summer nonlactating cow housing, summer calving locations, type of regulator, alternating pulsation, and rolling herd average milk production. The marginal value product (change in revenues received) from the use of iodine, chlorhexidine, and quaternary ammonium-type teat dips were $13.79, $16.09, and $22.17/cow/year, respectively, and these changes were statistically significant. However, sanitizer in the wash water was associated with a decrease in production. Management practices that have previously been shown to be economical and did not appear in the final model included nonlactating cow therapy and single-use paper towels.
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Lipińska, Izabela. "Wpływ rozporządzenia UE nr 2017/2393 na prawną organizację rynku mleka i przetworów mlecznych." Przegląd Prawa Rolnego, no. 1(22) (June 1, 2018): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppr.2018.22.1.6.
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The aim of this article was to answer the question whether and to what extent the amendments to the legal organisation of the milk and milk products market introduced as of 1 January 2018 contribute to improving the lives of milk producers and the development of the market. This refers to certain legal solutions adopted by the EU legislator which aim to strengthen the role of agricultural producers and their organisations in the agri-food supply chain. The amendments to Regulation 1308/2013 have not changed the organisational framework of the market, but addressed basically two issues – the obligation to conclude raw milk delivery contracts and contractual negotiations in this sector. The legal solutions adopted by the legislator are very positive. Written contracts, which are mandatory in many Member States, define and guarantee the producers’ rights and clearly indicate the obligations associated with the production process. In turn, entrusting the role of a negotiator of contract terms to producers’ representatives should be seen as recognition of their significant role in shaping the market in a manner adequate to its needs.
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Losinger, Willard C. "Welfare effects of the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin in the USA." Journal of Dairy Research 73, no. 2 (February 14, 2006): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029905001585.
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The welfare effects of increased milk production associated with the use of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) on dairy operations in the USA were examined for 1996. Results that derived from three different estimates of the milk-production response to rBST were evaluated and compared. One estimate, derived from a survey of dairy producers in Connecticut, led to economic-impact estimates that were not statistically significant. A second, derived from a national survey that concentrated on the health and management of dairy cattle, led to estimates that were unbelievably high. A third, derived from a national survey that concentrated on the economics of dairy producers, provided the most reasonable estimates of economic impacts. Results of economic analysis, using the latter results, indicated that if rBST had not caused milk production to increase, then the market price of milk would have been 2·2±1·5 cents/kg higher, and the total value of the milk produced would have risen from $23·0±0·6 billion to $24·1±1·0 billion. A welfare analysis demonstrated that the increased milk production (and the reduced market price) associated with the use of rBST in the USA caused the economic surplus of consumers to rise by $1·5±1·0 billion, while the economic surplus of dairy producers fell by $1·1±$0·8 billion. Increased milk production associated with rBST yielded a total gain to the US economy of $440±280 million. An analysis of annual percent changes in the number of dairy cows per operation, milk production per cow, total milk production, total number of dairy cows, and total number of dairy operations in the USA suggested that the dairy industry's long-term economic growth path was stable from 1989–2001 inclusive, and did not receive a shock resulting from the introduction of rBST.
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Vroegindewey, Ryan, Robert B. Richardson, and Véronique Thériault. "Key factors for increasing farmer participation in markets: evidence from the Malian dairy sector." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 74, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.36331.
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Substantial growth in Malian milk supply is necessary to meet rising demand for dairy products while also improving the livelihoods of milk producers and strengthening the competitiveness of the Malian dairy sector against imports. We applied a Cragg two-tiered model to a nationally representative dataset of dairy farming households to examine factors influencing market participation decisions. Four key findings and corresponding policy implications emerged. Firstly, dairy herd size was positively associated with market entry and milk sales. Improving the dissemination of higher-yielding improved breeds, to which less than 10% of households had access, should result in an increase in milk supply. Secondly, herd access to water, feed, and veterinary care also had the positive effect of increased milk supply, highlighting the importance of increased investment in animal health and nutrition. Thirdly, female-headed households were more likely to enter milk markets and they sold greater volumes than male-headed households. Because women typically face inequitable access to productive resources, gender-responsive policies and programs in the dairy sector should help to stimulate milk supply. Fourthly, an increase in milk price was associated with an increase in milk sales. This provides evidence that Malian milk producers are responsive to price incentives, while underlining the importance of incorporating dairy products into existing market information systems.
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Olga, Laurentya, Janna A. van Diepen, Maciej Chichlowski, Clive J. Petry, Jacques Vervoort, David B. Dunger, Guus A. M. Kortman, Gabriele Gross, and Ken K. Ong. "Butyrate in Human Milk: Associations with Milk Microbiota, Milk Intake Volume, and Infant Growth." Nutrients 15, no. 4 (February 11, 2023): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15040916.
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Butyrate in human milk (HM) has been suggested to reduce excessive weight and adipo-sity gains during infancy. However, HM butyrate’s origins, determinants, and its influencing mechanism on weight gain are not completely understood. These were studied in the prospective longitudinal Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF), in which infants (n = 59) were exclusively breastfed for at least 6 weeks. Infant growth (birth, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months) and HM butyrate concentrations (2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months) were measured. At age 6 weeks, HM intake volume was measured by deuterium-labelled water technique and HM microbiota by 16S sequencing. Cross-sectionally at 6 weeks, HM butyrate was associated with HM microbiota composition (p = 0.036) although no association with the abundance of typical butyrate producers was detected. In longitudinal analyses across all time points, HM butyrate concentrations were overall negatively associated with infant weight and adiposity, and associations were stronger at younger infant ages. HM butyrate concentration was also inversely correlated with HM intake volume, supporting a possible mechanism whereby butyrate might reduce infant growth via appetite regulation and modulation of HM intake.
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Lauková, Andrea, Lenka Micenková, Monika Pogány Simonová, Valentína Focková, Jana Ščerbová, Martin Tomáška, Emília Dvorožňáková, and Miroslav Kološta. "Microbiome Associated with Slovak Traditional Ewe’s Milk Lump Cheese." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091603.
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Worldwide consumers increasingly demand traditional/local products, to which those made from ewe’s milk belong. In Slovakia, dairy products made from ewe’s milk have a long tradition. A total of seventeen farmhouse fresh ewe’s milk lump cheeses from various local farm producers in central Slovakia were sampled at farms and then analyzed. Based on the sequencing data analysis, the phylum Firmicutes dominated (60.92%) in ewe’s lump cheeses, followed with the phylum Proteobacteria (38.23%), Actinobacteria (0.38%) and Bacteroidetes (0.35%). The phylum Firmicutes was represented by six genera, among which the highest amount possessed the genus Streptococcus (41.13%) followed with the genus Lactococcus (8.54%), Fructobacillus (3.91%), Enterococcus (3.18%), Staphylococcus (1.80%) and the genus Brochotrix (0.08%). The phylum Proteobacteria in ewe’s lump cheeses involved eight Gram-negative genera: Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Ewingella, Escherichia-Shigella, Pantoea and Moraxella. The phylum Bacteroidetes involved three genera: Bacteroides, Sphingobacterium and Chrysobacterium. Results presented are original; the microbiome of Slovak ewe’s milk lump cheese has been not analyzed at those taxonomic levels up to now.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Associated Milk Producers"
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Moloto, Phuti Gladys. "Identification of the dominant bacteria associated with the spoilage of UHT full cream milk." Thesis, Vaal University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/457.
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M. Tech. (Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology.The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations predict that milk production and the dairy sector will remain one of the fastest-growing agricultural subsectors over the coming decade. The global milk production is projected to expand over the 2011-2020 period at an annual rate of 2%. In South Africa alone, approximately 14 – 15 million litres of milk are wasted annually due to microbial spoilage. Therefore, the identification of the spoilage microorganisms in the milk products is necessary. This will contribute towards the design of appropriate measures to prevent wastage due to spoilage and in turn contribute towards sustainability of the sector. Accordingly, one hundred samples of spoiled full cream UHT milk were collected from two plants of each of the two largest milk processors. These samples were examined visually, and the pH was measured. A presumptive identification up to genus level was conducted by examining morphological features and conducting Gram-stain, catalase and oxidase tests. Species-specific identification was done by using the Analytical Profile Index and Biolog system. Molecular profiling was done by sequencing the rDNA genes. The main spoilage organisms identified in the samples were Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Bacillus, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus. All organisms belonging to the five genera were psychrotrophs, which are commonly found in biofilms in UHT milk processing equipment. Therefore, according to the study, the spoilage bacteria apparently entered into the milk due to inadequate cleaning-in-place (CIP) processes. More importantly, further studies should be conducted in order to identify the spoilage microbes and how CIP processes can be improved.
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Nurit, Eric. "Identification of genetic, environmental and technologic factors associated to the variability of vitamins in common wheat and wheat based food products." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22597/document.
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Le blé est la seconde céréale la plus cultivée dans le monde et constitue un apport majeur de l’alimentation quotidienne. L’effort consenti à continuellement améliorer les qualités meunière et boulangère du blé tendre, s’est fait au détriment du caractère nutritionnel du grain. Ainsi la plupart des produits industriels dérivés des grains de blé sont produits à partir de farines blanches raffinées qui ne contiennent ni le germe ni les sons. Cependant, dans ces différents tissus qui sont éliminés et qui servent essentiellement à nourrir les animaux, se concentrent les principaux micronutriments tels que les vitamines, les minéraux, les fibres et des substances phytochimiques. Les différentes enquêtes épidémiologiques ont bien mis en évidence les conséquences négatives de la déplétion en micronutriments des produits céréaliers raffinés. Dans l’objectif d’une alimentation plus saine voir même préventive, la consommation d’aliments enrichis en micronutriments naturellement présents dans le grain de blé tendre semble être une démarche efficace. Dans cette optique, ce travail de thèse a permis de consolider et d’accroitre les connaissances concernant les voies d’amélioration des teneurs en vitamines des grains de blés tendres ainsi que des produits industriels qui en sont dérivés. En premier, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement d’une méthode simple et rapide basée sur la spectrométrie de masse couplée à la chromatographie liquide pour la détermination simultanée de sept vitamines hydrosolubles dans divers matériels végétaux. Les vitamines présentes dans les différents matériels végétaux furent séparées en moins de 15 min grâce à l’utilisation d’une colonne C18 en phase inverse, et analysées en mode ElectroSpray positif et MRM. La réponse pour toutes les vitamines a été linéaire sur l’ensemble des concentrations étudiées (0.05 to 9 μg/mL) avec des coefficients de corrélation compris entre 0.991 et 1. Les limites de quantification de la méthode analytique ont été évaluées entre 0.09 et 3.5 μg/g. Les précisions intra-journalière et inter-journalière étaient satisfaisantes. La deuxième partie de nos travaux a concerné l’impact des procédés de transformation du grain (production d’une nouvelle fraction de mouture et grillage) sur la teneur en vitamines. Afin de réaliser cette objectif, la méthode développée a été appliquée pour l’analyse simultanée des concentrations en vitamines hydrosolubles contenues dans différentes farines semi-complètes ainsi que dans les pâtons, pains et pains grillés qui en sont dérivés. En parallèle, les concentrations endogènes des vitamines E, de la Lutéine et du β-sitostérol ont également été évaluées dans le même matériel. Nous avons mis en évidence que les concentrations en acide nicotinique, pyridoxale, pyridoxine et acide pantothénique étaient significativement plus élevées dans les gros sons que dans les autres fractions de moutures, alors que les concentrations en β-sitostérol, lutéine, α-tocotriénol, α-tocophérol et thiamine (20.87 μg/g DM)étaient plus importantes dans la fraction de mouture enrichie. L’étape de grillage induit une augmentation significative en α-tocophérol (+216%), β-γ-tocophérol (+52%), α-tocotriénol (+83%), β-γ-tocotriénol (+32%), acide nicotinique (+55%), nicotinamide (+97%) et en pyridoxine (+77%). L’ensemble de ces résultats nous a permis de montrer qu’un enrichissement de farine blanche par la fraction de mouture dite enrichie pourrait potentiellement permettre d’accroître les produits qui en dérive en vitamine E. De plus le grillage pourrait libérer des composés bioactifs, augmentant ainsi leur biodisponibilité et la valeur nutritionnelle des pains. (...)Wheat is the second largest crop cultivated around the world and constitutes a major part of the daily diet in Europe. During the course of improving the baking quality of wheat cultivar, most of the nutritional attributes have been underestimated. It is therefore unfortunate that most of wheat-based food products are mostly produced from refined white flour from which peripheral tissues (germ and envelopes) are removed. However, these tissues, which are eliminated and serve mainly for animal feeding, contain most of the vitamins, minerals, fiber and phytochemicals of the grain. It is becoming evident that many of the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, relate to the enhanced intake of micronutrients, phytochemicals and dietary fiber. In the context of consuming wheat derived foods with enhanced nutritional value, as part of a healthy diet, this thesis provide results which strengthen the knowledge of vitamins accumulation in common wheat and in wheat-based food products. Firstly, we have developed a simple and rapid method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous screening of seven water soluble vitamins in various wheat-based food materials. The vitamins present in the test materials were separated in less than 15 min by using a reverse-phase C18 column, and analyzed by positive ion electrospray selected reaction monitoring MS/MS. The MS response for all the vitamins was linear over the working range (0.05 to 9 μg/mL) with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.991 and 1. Limits of quantification in the different food materials ranged from 0.09 to 3.5 μg/g. Intra-day and inter-day precision was found satisfactory. The second part of our research, have focused on monitoring the levels of vitamins upon the wheat-based foods processing operations, such as production of new wheat milling fraction (consisting in enriched fraction) and breadmaking toasted bread. In order to achieve this goal, the developed method was applied for the simultaneous analysis of the water-soluble vitamin natural content of different semi-coarse wheat flours and in their corresponding baking products. In addition the vitamin E, Lutein and β-sitosterol natural content was also measured in the same materials. It was shown that the concentration of nicotinic acid, pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid were significantly higher in the coarse bran than in the other milling fractions, while the concentration of β-sitosterol, lutein, α-tocotrienol, α-tocopherol and thiamin (20.87 μg/g DM) were the highest in the enriched fraction. The toasting step induced a significant increased of α-tocopherol (+216%), β-γ-tocopherol (+52%), α-tocotrienol (+83%), β-γ-tocotrienol (+32%), nicotinic acid (+55%), nicotinamide (+97%) and of pyridoxine (+77%). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the enriched fraction could be a functional ingredient in order to enrich wheat-based products in fat soluble vitamins and that the toasting process could release bound bioactive compounds and led to enhance the nutritional quality of bread. (...)
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Grimmett, Mark G. "The seasonal changes in the lipophilic extractives content and composition of black spruce (Picea mariana), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), and their associated TMP-mill samples /." 2002.
Find full textBooks on the topic "Associated Milk Producers"
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Watanabe, Yasuhito. Identifying consumer characteristics associated with Japanese preferences towards milk products. Ithaca, N.Y: Dept. of Agricultural, Resource, and Managerial Economics, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 1996.
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Office, General Accounting. Food safety and quality: FDA can improve monitoring of imported cheese : statement of William E. Gahr, Associate Director, Resources, community, and Economic Development Division, before the Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade, Committtee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1992.
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Morgan, Marina. Other bacterial diseasesStreptococcosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0023.
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Many pyogenic (β -haemolytic) streptococci of clinical significance have animal connections. In the last edition of this book two species of streptococci were considered of major zoonotic interest, namely Streptococcus suis and S. zooepidemicus. Since then, numerous sporadic zoonoses due to other streptococci have been reported, and a newly recognized fish pathogen with zoonotic potential termed S. iniae has emerged. Changes in nomenclature make the terminology confusing. For example, the organism known as S. zooepidemicus — now termed S. dysgalactiae subsp. zooepidemicus — still causes pharyngitis in humans, complicated rarely by glomerulonephritis after ingestion of unpasteurized milk. Pigs remain the primary hosts of S. suis with human disease mainly affecting those who have contact with pigs or handle pork.Once a sporadic disease, several major epidemics associated with high mortality have been reported in China. The major change in reports of zoonotic streptococcal infections has been the emergence of severe skin and soft tissue infections, and an increasing prevalence of toxic shock, especially due to S. suis (Tang et al. 2006), group C (Keiser 1992) and group G β -haemolytic streptococci (Barnham et al. 2002). Penicillin remains the mainstay of treatment for most infections, although some strains of group C and G streptococci are tolerant (minimum bactericidal concentration difficult or impossible to achieve in vivo) (Portnoy et al. 1981; Rolston and LeFrock 1984) and occasionally strains with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for penicillin are reported.Agents preventing exotoxin formation, such as clindamycin and occasionally human intravenous immunoglobulin, may be used in overwhelming infection where circulating exotoxins need to be neutralized in order to damp down the massive release of cytokines generated by their production (Darenberg et al. 2003). Prevention of human disease focuses on maintaining good hygienic practice when dealing with live animals or handling raw meat or fish products, covering skin lesions, thorough cooking of meats and pasteurization of milk.
Book chapters on the topic "Associated Milk Producers"
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Charm, Stanley E. "Current Problems Associated with the Detection of Antibiotic/Drug Residues in Milk and Other Food." In Analysis of Antibiotic/Drug Residues in Food Products of Animal Origin, 31–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3356-6_4.
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Lopez, Christelle. "Dairy Lipids in Infant Formulae to Reduce the Gap with Breast Milk Fat Globules: Nutritional and Health Benefits Associated to Opportunities." In Dairy Fat Products and Functionality, 355–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41661-4_15.
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Epping, Lennard, Esther-Maria Antão, and Torsten Semmler. "Population Biology and Comparative Genomics of Campylobacter Species." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 59–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65481-8_3.
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AbstractThe zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter is the leading cause for bacterial foodborne infections in humans. Campylobacters are most commonly transmitted via the consumption of undercooked poultry meat or raw milk products. The decreasing costs of whole genome sequencing enabled large genome-based analyses of the evolution and population structure of this pathogen, as well as the development of novel high-throughput molecular typing methods. Here, we review the evolutionary development and the population diversity of the two most clinically relevant Campylobacter species; C. jejuni and C. coli. The state-of-the-art phylogenetic studies showed clustering of C. jejuni lineages into host specialists and generalists with coexisting lifestyles in chicken and livestock-associated hosts, as well as the separation of C. coli isolates of riparian origin (waterfowl, water) from C. coli isolated from clinical and farm-related samples. We will give an overview of recombination between both species and the potential impact of horizontal gene transfer on host adaptation in Campylobacter. Additionally, this review briefly places the current knowledge of the population structure of other Campylobacter species such as C. lari, C. concisus and C. upsaliensis into perspective. We also provide an overview of how molecular typing methods such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome MLST have been used to detect and trace Campylobacter outbreaks along the food chain.
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Njarui, D. M. G., M. Gatheru, and S. R. Ghimire. "Brachiaria Grass for Climate Resilient and Sustainable Livestock Production in Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 755–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_146.
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AbstractBrachiaria grass is a “climate smart” forage that produces high amount of palatable and nutritious biomass for livestock and performs well in infertile soils, sequesters carbon in soil, and provides several environmental benefits. The objective of the study was to validate the productivity of Brachiaria grass and upscale the suitable cultivars for improved livestock feed resources in Kenya. We assume integrating Brachiaria grass into mixed crop-livestock system will enhance feed availability and livestock productivity, leading to increased food and nutrition security. Farmer participatory approach was adopted to evaluate and promote four Brachiaria grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, B. brizantha cvs. Xaraes, Piata, and MG-4) in the Central Highland and Eastern Midland of Kenya. The extension/advisory approaches used to promote Brachiaria grass cultivars included field days, village knowledge centres, agricultural shows, posters, and linkages with other institutions through multi-actor platform established under the InnovAfrica project. Generally, Brachiaria grass cultivars were more productive than the control (Rhodes grass) in most harvests reaching peak of 5.1–7.7 t/ha in the fifth harvest. For Rhodes grass, DM was less than 4 t/ha in all harvest and died by sixth harvest. Similarly, based on farmers’ evaluation using phenotypic traits, the Brachiaria grass cultivars had higher score than Rhodes grass except cv. Piata. The mean score ranged from 2.75 to 3.19 for Brachiaria cultivars, while for Rhodes the mean score was 2.63. Within 2 years of intervention, over 4000 farmers in the 2 project sites and additional 1500 farmers from other parts of the country have planted the Brachiaria grass. The demand for Brachiaria grass seeds is increasing due to benefits gained, e.g., increased milk production from dairy cattle fed on the grass. Our study will quantify the associated benefits from cultivation of Brachiaria grass with respect to a set of ecological, food and nutrition security, and social-economic indicators.
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Tinoco, Cynara Mendonça Moreira, and Lays Carvalho Freitas. "Dissemination of Best Practices in Milking Associated With Better Milk Quality." In Cases on Managing Dairy Productive Chains, 1–31. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5472-5.ch001.
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In the first stage of the study a literature review was performed, along with a study of the normative instructions (NI) related to the quality of milk, as well as maximum limits of quality indicators, such as somatic cell count (SCC) or standard plate count (SPC) and total bacterial count (TBC). These all represent factors that consequently generate milk quality, as any variation in milk production will affect production costs. The case studies were performed through on site observations at the properties using interview techniques between the researcher and producer, as through the dissemination of knowledge and development of the producers in the application of tools for Quality Improvement for Process Control with milk quality parameters as SPC, SCC and TBC in line with Normative Instruction 62, in force at the time of implementation of the projects in the regions surrounding Goiânia-GO and Pontal-MG, as well as good milking practices.
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Dhankhar, Jyotika, and Preeti Kundu. "Stability Aspects of Non-Dairy Milk Alternatives." In Milk Substitutes - Selected Aspects. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96376.
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In recent years, plant-based milk products, commonly called as non-dairy milk alternatives have gained high popularity due to concerns associated with bovine milk like lactose intolerance, allergies, hypercholesterolemia, and pesticide and antibiotic residues. Important strategies for manufacture of non-dairy milk alternatives involve disintegration of plant materials in aqueous medium; its homogenization and addition of some additives to attain a consistency and appearance similar to that of bovine milk. Different range of ingredients are added to non-dairy milk alternatives such as oils, emulsifiers, thickeners, antioxidants, minerals etc. The main problem associated with non-dairy milk alternatives is generally linked with its stability. Stability is a crucial factor that governs the sensory properties and overall acceptance of non-dairy milk alternatives. Differences in processing parameters and molecular interaction mechanisms affect the stability of emulsions as well as the stability of non-dairy milk manufactured thereof. Various treatments like thermal treatment, non-thermal processing (ultra high pressure homogenization, pulsed electric field, ultrasonication), addition of emulsifiers are effective in achieving the stability of non-dairy milks. The present chapter aims to summarize the various factors contributing to the physical stability of non-dairy milk alternatives like appearance, consistency, emulsion stability, and the approaches required to maintain it.
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Albay, Zehra, and Bedia Simsek. "FOOD SUPPLEMENTS USED IN FUNCTIONAL DAIRY PRODUCTS." In Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering & Food Sciences Volume 3 Book 7, 178–90. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bcag7p1ch10.
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Functional dairy products include enhanced dairy products, low-calorie milk products, low-sodium dairy products, probiotic and/or prebiotic milk, and phenylalanine amino acids. Products that include probiotics make up the most significant group of functional dairy products. Combinations of probiotics and prebiotics have been shown to have a greater beneficial impact on human health in research on symbiotic relationships. Functional dairy products may be produced by including Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, soluble fiber, and antioxidants. Furthermore, functional dairy products with a lower calorie value, sodium, lactose, or phenylalanine amino acids are manufactured for feeding people with particular disorders. Functional dairy products are clearly important in terms of health and nutrition. The most significant aspect of incorporating these products into our everyday diet is the advancement of consumer consciousness and associated scientific investigations.
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"Enzymes in Milk, Cheese, and Associated Dairy Products." In Enzymes in Food and Beverage Processing, 341–52. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b19408-20.
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"LACTIC ACID BACTERIA AND ASSOCIATED PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN MILK FERMENTATION CH R IS TOPH ER BEER MANNANDJULIAHA RT U NG." In Fermented Milk and Dairy Products, 78–113. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18987-9.
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Desai, Pranav D. "The ICT Adoption in AMUL." In Rural Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Digital Era, 143–58. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4942-1.ch008.
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The adoption of information communication technologies (ICT) in rural regions of Gujarat by the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Limited (GCMMFL) can be considered as an iconic practice in the dairy industry in India. It is typically assumed that the efforts associated with the investment of ICT in rural area are not as effective as expected, though in the case of Amul, it was proved otherwise. Amul is a dairy farming company that produces a variety of milk products and GCMMF takes responsibility of distributing and marketing of the products of it. Amul has been a forerunner of rural India's adoption of ICT in dairy industry. This chapter shares the success story of Amul and how they utilized ICT in the dairy industry. The application of IT enabled Amul to get better control for the accumulated milk from scattered suppliers. The Amul case is a prime example for the enabling role of the technology for innovation.
Conference papers on the topic "Associated Milk Producers"
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Horoshkina, N. N., L. A. Gordeeva, and E. N. Voronina. "PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF ENDOGENOUS MICROORGANISMS FROM NATURAL SOURCES AS PRODUCERS OF BIOPESTICIDES." In I International Congress “The Latest Achievements of Medicine, Healthcare, and Health-Saving Technologies”. Kemerovo State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/-i-ic-142.
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The study of polymorphism of genes of dairy proteins of cattle allows us to objectively assess
the genetic potential of a herd of farm animals associated with milk productivity. The introduction of
DNA diagnostic methods into the practice of cheese-making enterprises can significantly improve the
quality of the product.
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Hernandez Barrueta, Tana, Ameer Taha, and Nitin Nitin. "Intact milk fat globules as a dynamic encapsulation matrix for DHA, which in situ produces DHA-derived anti-inflammatory lipids." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/lkgi4599.
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Supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is proposed as a nutritional intervention to address diseases associated with chronic inflammation, partially owing to its -enzymatically- oxidized products such as epoxydocosapentaenoic acid (EpDPE). Nevertheless, the slow in vivo turnover of DHA to EpDPE might narrow the effectiveness of this approach, leading us to speculate that delivering EpDPE directly could overcome this limitation. We hypothesized that encapsulating DHA into milk fat globules would yield EpDPE, considering the membrane surrounding the globules originates from the epithelial cells in the mammary glands, which contain the enzyme that catalyzes such reaction cytochrome P450. To test this, we first encapsulated DHA into milk fat globules isolated from raw bovine milk, via passive diffusion at room temperature or 4 °C. Then, we quantified free and total oxylipins using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. All five EpDPE targeted [19(20), 16(17), 13(14), 10(11) and 7(8)-EpDPE] were found to be produced. The most abundant one, 19(20)-EpDPE, reached 2.6-2.0 pmol/mg of milk cream after 30 min at the temperatures tested; from this, 40% was in free form and the remaining 60% esterified (i.e. bounded). To the best of our knowledge, this data is the first report of an active cytochrome P450 with epoxidase activity in the milk fat globule from raw bovine milk. Altogether, our results advocate for the use of milk fat globules as a naturally-occurring encapsulation system capable of, upon encapsulation, converting DHA into bioactive lipids with anti-inflammatory properties.
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Ahsan, Dr Syed Asif, Reem Ali Mabkhout AlSeiari, Dr Tamer Koksalan, and Yatindra Bhushan. "Assessment of Sweep Efficiency and Breakthrough Using CO2, H2O, Carbon and Hydrogen Isotope Composition in a Water Alternating with Gas EOR Project in Onshore Abu Dhabi, UAE." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208211-ms.
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Abstract Measuring sweep efficiency and understanding breakthrough are the most important parameters to assess an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) project having Water Alternating with miscible CO2 Gas (WAG) injection. The objective of this study was to use CO2, H2O and isotope compositions to assess sweep efficiency and breakthrough in producer wells in an ADNOC Onshore field in order to take the necessary actions for project optimization (e.g., injector and/or future producer well location optimization). CO2 and H2O compositions, along with their respective carbon and hydrogen isotopes, was integrated with downhole pressure gauge data to evaluate the impact of WAG operation on EOR. It was understood at the start of the project that an isotopically distinct injected CO2, compared to the oil associated CO2, would assist in the evaluation of sweep efficiency and breakthrough. The injected CO2 used in the WAG comes from a steel mill that is isotopically very distinct (i.e., significantly light) from the oil associated CO2. CO2 and H2O are injected periodically in the reservoir through designated injectors distributed over the field. The initially produced oil associated CO2, H2O, carbon and hydrogen isotope values were available as reference to measure the extent of sweep efficiency and breakthrough. Injected H2O and CO2 compositions and their respective hydrogen and carbon isotope values are measured at each injection cycle (so called campaigns). This is then followed by periodic compositional and isotopic measurements of the same components in oil and water producer wells to measure the extent of breakthrough. CO2, H2O composition and carbon and hydrogen isotope measurements in injector and producer wells indicate that the injected CO2 is preferentially breaking through in certain parts of the field. This indicates heterogeneous reservoir quality distribution throughout the field with better reservoir quality (e.g. higher permeability) between injector and producer wells having faster breakthrough. The compositional and isotopic measurements are sensitive enough to register compositional changes in the producer wells relatively faster than assessed by downhole pressure gauges.
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Jayanty, Sri Satya Kanaka Nagendra, William J. Sawaya, and Michael D. Johnson. "Sustainable Distribution Design: Contrasting Disposable, Recyclable, and Reusable Strategies for Packaging Materials Using a Total Cost Analysis With an Illustration of Milk Distribution." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28823.
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Engineers, policy makers, and managers have shown increasing interest in increasing the sustainability of products over their complete lifecycles and also from the ‘cradle to grave’ or from production to the disposal of each specific product. However, a significant amount of material is disposed of in landfills rather than being reused in some form. A sizeable proportion of the products being dumped in landfills consist of packaging materials for consumable products. Technological advances in plastics, packaging, cleaning, logistics, and new environmental awareness and understanding may have altered the cost structures surrounding the lifecycle use and disposal costs of many materials and products resulting in different cost-benefit trade-offs. An explicit and well-informed economic analysis of reusing certain containers might change current practices and results in significantly less waste disposal in landfills and in less consumption of resources for manufacturing packaging materials. This work presents a method for calculating the costs associated with a complete process of implementing a system to reuse plastic containers for food products. Specifically, the different relative costs of using a container and then either disposing of it in a landfill, recycling the material, or reconditioning the container for reuse and then reusing it are compared explicitly. Specific numbers and values are calculated for the case of plastic milk bottles to demonstrate the complicated interactions and the feasibility of such a strategy.
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Mazumder, A. K. M. Monayem, Ting Wang, and Jobaidur R. Khan. "Design and Simulation of a Hybrid Entrained-Flow and Fluidized Bed Mild Gasifier: Part 1—Design Considerations and Development of a Multiphase Model." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64473.
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A mild gasification process has been developed to provide an innovative form of clean coal technology, which can be utilized to build a new, highly efficient, and compact power plant or to retrofit an existing coal-fired power plant in order to achieve lower emissions and significantly improved thermal efficiency. The core technology of the mild gasification power plant lies on the design of a compact and effective mild gasifier that can produce synthesis gases with high energy volatiles through a hybrid system: utilizing the features of both entrained-flow and fluidized bed gasifiers. The objectives of this study are to (a) describe the features and design considerations of this mild gasifier and (b) develop a multiphase computational model to guide the design of the mild-gasifier by investigating the thermal-flow and gasification process inside a conceptual mild gasifier. Due to the involvement of a fluidized bed, the Eulerian-Eulerian method is employed to calculate both the primary phase (air) and the secondary phase (coal particles). Multiphase constitutive equations developed from kinetic theory are employed for calculating the effective shear viscosities, bulk viscosities, and effective thermal conductivities of granular flows to simulate the hydrodynamic and thermal interactions between the solid and gas phases. Multiphase Nativer-Stokes equations and seven global reaction equations with associated species transported equations are implementd to simulate the mild gasification process. Part 1 of this paper documents the design principle of the mild gasifier as well as the development of the computational model starting from single phase, then using multiple phases, and finally including all reactions in the multiphase flow.
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Larson, Eric D. "Biomass-Gasifier/Gas-Turbine Cogeneration in the Pulp and Paper Industry." In ASME 1991 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/91-gt-280.
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Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion is raising new interest in using renewable biomass for energy. Modest-scale cogeneration systems using air-blown gasifiers coupled to aeroderivative gas turbines are expected to have high efficiencies and low unit capital costs, making them well-suited for use with biomass. Biomass-gasifier/gas-turbine (BIG/GT) technology is not commercial, but efforts aimed at near-term commercialization are ongoing worldwide. Estimated performance and cost and prospects for commercial development of two BIG/GT systems are described, one using solid biomass fuel (e.g. wood chips), the other using kraft black liquor. At an energy-efficient kraft pulp mill, a BIG/GT cogeneration system could produce over three times as much electricity as is typically produced today. The mill’s on-site energy needs could be met and a large surplus of electricity would be available for export. Using in addition currently unutilized forest residues for fuel, electricity production would be nearly five times today’s level. The total cost to produce the electricity in excess of on-site needs is estimated to be below 4 cents per kWh in most cases. At projected growth rates for kraft pulp production, the associated biomass residue fuels could support up to 100 GW of BIG/GT capacity at kraft pulp mills worldwide in 2020 (30 GW in the US). The excess electricity production worldwide in 2020 would be equivalent to 10% of today’s electricity production from fossil fuels.
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Zhang, Feng, and Arif S. Malik. "Strip Flatness Mechanism Analysis in Single-Stand Cold Mills." In ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9499.
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Manufacturing high-strength and light-weight (thin gauge) sheet metals presents challenges in the cold rolling processes. Primary reasons are the difficult-to-predict effectiveness of the various flatness control mechanisms, and the associated evolution of roll stress amplitudes. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate simulations that provide insights into the behavior of various sheet flatness control mechanisms, including roll bending and roll shifting on 4-high and 6-high single stand mills. An efficient, static mathematic model is utilized to analyze mill deflections, strip thickness profiles, and roll stresses. While appropriate roll ‘sizing’ is crucial in designing mills to be competitive for intended products, this requires practical insights into flatness mechanism behavior and peak roll stress characteristics. The knowledge gained from the simulations in this work can assist in interpreting results of automated computational sizing optimization models. Further, it may provide better understanding of general mill deflection behaviors, and help identify interesting situations such as when the peak stress location changes, or wedge type strip thickness profile effects are induced incidentally by specific flatness control mechanisms.
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O’Dwyer, Paul, Athanasios Tazedakis, and Peter Boothby. "Technical Challenges of Heavy Wall HFW Pipe Production for Bord Ga´is E´ireann Pipeline Project." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31293.
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The recently constructed Bord Ga´is E´ireann, Curraleigh West to Midleton pipeline runs due north from the Midleton compressor station near the city of Cork in Southern Ireland. The 47.5 km, 610mm outside diameter pipeline, comprises over 30 km of 9.5 mm and 17 km of 19.1 mm wall thickness L450MB (X65) grade pipe. The pipe for the project was produced by Corinth Pipeworks (CPW), at its state of the art HFW pipe mill at Thisvi, Greece and represents a first in terms of the quantity of 19.1 mm L450MB (X65) HFW pipe produced by the mill for a specific project. The paper outlines the engineering approach adopted for the pipeline before describing in detail the production challenges faced by the pipe mill in successfully completing this demanding pipe order. Production of the 9.5 mm wall thickness pipe was not anticipated to present any particular difficulties. However, the principal concern associated with the manufacture of the 19.1 mm pipe was that the combination of wall thickness and strength level was toward the upper end of the commercially supplied wall thickness-strength combinations for HFW produced linepipe, particularly as the actual strength of the starting coil was well above the minimum specified level for L450MB (X65). In addition, to accommodate the demanding drop weight tear test (DWTT) toughness requirement the chemical composition of the 19.1 mm coil strip was above the permitted limits of the parent pipe standard EN 10208-2 [1] for the elements Cu & Ni, and the yield to tensile ratio was also above the 0.87 maximum level required by EN 10208-2 for L450MB (X65) grade pipe. Potential risks were therefore identified prior to production and mitigated by several methods detailed in the paper, including for example; increased initial production test frequency, close monitoring during pipe production, duplicate testing to verify mill results, identification of potential construction issues and weldability testing. A summary of production experience including statistical data for the production of both 9.5 mm and 19.1 mm pipe is presented. Also covered are the results of a supplementary investigation which makes a further assessment of the influence of the welding and heat treatment cycles on the final pipe properties. The paper concludes by referring to the overall successful construction phase of the project.
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Collins, Laurie E., Yankui Bian, Chris Penniston, and Paul Weber. "Skelp End Welding in Helical Pipe Production." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31277.
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The production of large diameter pipe by the helical welding process requires that consecutive coils be welded together to facilitate the advance of each subsequent coil through the forming section of the pipe mill. Traditionally, the skelp ends have been joined by a single-pass submerged arc weld simply designed to join the skelp ends together and provide sufficient strength and ductility to survive the pipe forming operation. Subsequent to pipe forming, the length of pipe containing the skelp end weld (SEW) has been cut off and discarded. This process results in both a substantial yield loss as well as additional processing costs as the shortened pipes are later double jointed to produce full size lengths. To overcome these inefficiencies, a process has been developed for making high quality skelp end welds which meet API and CSA requirements. In this paper, the welding process will be described and evaluation of the integrity of the skelp end weld is discussed. Of particular interest are the properties of both the weld and associated heat affected zone in the vicinity of the “T” where the skelp end weld merges with the helical weld. This paper demonstrates that skelp end welds meeting rigorous integrity specifications can be successfully produced. Incorporation of suitable skelp end welding and inspection procedures in the pipe production process significantly enhances the efficiency of helical pipe production.
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Simmons, Harold R., Klaus Brun, and Sastry Cheruvu. "Aerodynamic Instability Effects on Compressor Blade Failure: A Root Cause Failure Analysis." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-91353.
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Diagnosing the root cause of compressor blade failures by high cycle fatigue (HCF) is elusive for gas turbines with a long history of successful operation; long operating times preclude design, fabrication, and material defect issues that are usually associated with short term failures. Long exposure time might implicate erosion or corrosion issues for compressor failures. An investigation of 3rd stage stator vane and 4th stage rotor blade failure in a Frame 7 gas turbine revealed that aerodynamic excitations associated with mild compressor instability (undetected by installed sensors) was the most probable cause. A Blade Vibration Audit (BVA) approach exploits information collected and compared from independent sources: 1) Fracture mode details and expected failure stress levels estimated in metallurgical examination; 2) Aerodynamic excitations due to internal airfoil wakes, rotating stall, and flutter applied to vibratory stress response data obtained by modal testing to estimate relative operating stress levels; 3) Design margins deduced from successful operating experience, which establish a base line for comparison with the excitation sources considered likely. Diagnosis of HCF failure causes must produce results that match observations of the specific failures in three ways: 1) The airfoils must be in resonance for sufficient time for fatigue to occur, 2) The vibratory stress must be greater at the failure location than elsewhere, and 3) The causal effect must significantly increase the stress at the failure location to be more than elsewhere. The analysis showed that the 3rd stator vane failed at 2/3 span, which led to 4th blade failure due to subsequent adverse aerodynamic excitation and impact damage. The most likely cause of the 3rd stator vane failure was a combination of resonant excitation from excessive wakes of the downstream rotor blades and flutter associated with mild intermittent surge.
Reports on the topic "Associated Milk Producers"
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Dahl, Geoffrey E., Sameer Mabjeesh, Thomas B. McFadden, and Avi Shamay. Environmental manipulation during the dry period of ruminants: strategies to enhance subsequent lactation. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586544.bard.
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The project resulted from earlier observations that environmental factors, especially photoperiod and temperature, had profound effects on milk yield in dairy cattle during lactation. More recently we had determined that photoperiod manipulation during the dry period altered milk yield in the next lactation, and this was associated with shifts in circulating concentrations of prolactin; specifically exposure to short days during the dry period decreases prolactin but increases milk yield. Because prolactin is also affected by temperature, with heat stress causing an increase in prolactin similar to that of long day exposure, we focused our efforts on determining prolactin signaling provides a common pathway for generation of environmental effects on mammary growth, development and subsequent function during the dry period of dairy ruminants. Over the project period we made significant progress toward testing our hypotheses that (I): In cows, there is a discrete duration of time during the dry period in which exposure to short days will result in optimal enhancement of mammary development and milk yield in the following lactation, and that this effect is mediated through demonstrable changes in mammary gland development, prolactin signaling, and mammary gene expression; and (II): Modulation of photoperiod and temperature during the dry period will affect milk yield in goats in the subsequent lactation via shifts in nutrient and endocrine partitioning, and mammary gene expression, during the dry period and into lactation. Cows exposed to short days for only the final 21 days of the dry period did not produce more milk that those on long day or natural photoperiod when dry. However, cows on short days for the entire 60 days dry did produce more milk than the other 3 groups. This indicates that there is a duration effect of short day exposure on subsequent milk yield. Results of the second study in cows indicate that mammary growth increases differentially during the dry period under long vs. short days, and that short days drive more extensive growth which is associated with altered prolactin signaling via decreases in an suppressors of cytokine signaling that represent an inhibitory pathway to mammary growth. Evidence from the studies in Israel confirms that goats respond to short days during the dry period in a similar manner to cows. In addition, heat stress effects on during the dry period can be limited by exposure to short days. Here again, shifts in prolactin signaling, along with changes in IGF-I secretion, are associated with the observed changes in mammary function in goats. These results have a number of biological and practical implications. For dairy producers, it is clear that we can recommend that cows and goats should be on reduced light exposure during the dry period, and further, cows and goats should be cooled to avoid heat stress during that time. Environmental influences on mammary growth are apparent during the dry period, and those effects have persistent impact in the subsequent lactation. Prolactin signaling is a consistent mechanism whereby extended light exposure and heat stress may depress mammary growth and development during the dry period. Thus, the prolactin signaling system offers an opportunity for further manipulation to improve production efficiency in dairy ruminants.
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Spencer, Thomas E., Elisha Gootwine, Arieh Gertler, and Fuller W. Bazer. Placental lactogen enhances production efficiency in sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586543.bard.
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The key objectives of this BARD project were to: (1) study long-term effects of immunization of prepubertal ewes against recombinant ovine placental lactogen (roPL) on subsequent birth weights of their lambs and their milk production; (2) optimize the anti-roPL immunization protocol using adjuvant preparations acceptable to producers and regulatory agencies; and (3) determine the physiological mechanism(s) whereby immunization against oPL increases fetal growth and development and mammogenesis. These objectives were based on key findings from a previous BARD project that: (a) immunization of ewes against roPL increased lamb birth weight and ewe milk production during lactation; (b) roPL and recombinant ovine growth hormone (roGH) increased the proliferation and differentiated function of endometrial glands that, in turn, would enhance uterine secretions necessary for fetal and placental growth; and (c) exogenous roPL and roGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk production during lactation. The BARD projects address central problems in sheep production, including reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality, low birth weight of lambs especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which affect neonatal survival. The sheep placenta secretes both lactogenic (oPL) and somatogenic (oGH) hormones. The receptors for those hormones are present in the fetus and placenta as well as maternal uterus, and mammary gland. Our research has focused on determining the biological role of these placental hormones in development and differentiation of the uterus during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Studies conducted in the current BARD project indicated that the effects of anti-roPL immunization were variable in ewes and that commercially available and widely acceptable adjuvant preparations were not effective to produce high anti-roPL titers in pre-pubertal ewes. In the non-prolific Rambouillet ewe in Texas and in the Awassi and the Assaf in Israel, anti-roPL immunization increased lamb birth weight; however, the magnitude of this effect and the inherent variability precluded our ability to determine the physiological mechanism of how the immunization increases fetal growth. Collectively, our findings suggest that anti-roPL immunization is not currently feasible as an easy and efficacious tool for the producer to increase flock reproductive and production efficiency. The variability in response of individual ewes to anti-roPL immunization likely includes modifying the recombinant hormone and the type of adjuvant used for the immunization. In particular, the oPL may need to be modified to ensure maximum antigenicity in a broad range of breed types. Nonetheless, the investigators continue to collaborate on identifying fundamental mechanisms that can be improved by genetics or management to enhance the efficiency of uteroplacental function and, in turn, fetal growth and development. High prolificacy is a desirable trait in intensive sheep production systems. One of the main limitations of using prolific breeds of sheep is that increased litter size is associated with low birth weights and increased mortality of lambs. Further, low birth weight is associated with an increased propensity for adult diseases and decreased production efficiency. Indeed, our recent studies find that the birth weights of lambs born in large litters can be improved by both genetics and management. Future cooperative research will continue to focus on reproductive efficiency of sheep that have broader implications for improving production efficiency in all types of ruminant livestock.
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Poverenov, E., Philip Demokritou, Yaguang Luo, and V. Rodov. Green nature inspired nano-sanitizers for enhancing safety of ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8134145.bard.
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In this proposal, we suggest novel ways to address food safety problems in the expanding sector of fresh, ready-to-eat, fresh-cut, minimally processed fruits and vegetables. These products are becoming increasingly popular with consumers because they provide an easy way to increase consumption of phytonutrient-rich fresh foods, as recommended by health experts. However, ready-to-eat fresh fruits and vegetables may be associated with two serious health hazards. The first hazard is microbiological; human pathogens, potentially present on raw fruits and vegetables, may survive the mild interventions of minimal processing and could be further spread by cross-contamination. The second hazard is chemical; typical decontamination techniques use chlorine derivatives and strong oxidizers, which can taint food products with potentially harmful and carcinogenic byproducts. The overall goal of this work is to provide consumers with healthy and safe ready-to-eat produce that is free of microbial and chemical hazards
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Arndt, Channing. An Introduction to Systematic Sensitivity Analysis via Gaussian Quadrature. GTAP Technical Paper, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp02.
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Economists recognize that results from simulation models are dependent, sometimes highly dependent, on values employed for critical exogenous variables. To account for this, analysts sometimes conduct sensitivity analysis with respect to key exogenous variables. This paper presents a practical approach for conducting systematic sensitivity analysis, called Gaussian quadrature. The approach views key exogenous variables as random variables with associated distributions. It produces estimates of means and standard deviations of model results while requiring a limited number of solves of the model. Under mild conditions, all of which hold with respect to the GTAP model, there is strong reason to believe that the estimates of means and standard deviations will be quite accurate.
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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.
Full textAbstract:
In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.
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Lee, Richard, Moshe Bar-Joseph, K. S. Derrick, Aliza Vardi, Roland Brlansky, Yuval Eshdat, and Charles Powell. Production of Antibodies to Citrus Tristeza Virus in Transgenic Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613018.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is the most important virus disease of citrus in the world. CTV causes death of trees on sour orange rootstock and/or stem pitting of scions regardless of rootstock which results in trees of low vigor, reduced yield with reduction in size and quality of fruit. The purpose of this project was to produce monoclonal antibodies (MABs) to CTV coat protein (CP), develop single domain antibodies (dAbs) or Fab fragments which neutralize the infection by binding to the virus, and to produce transformed plants which express the dAbs. The objectives of this research have been met and putative transgenic tobacco and citrus plants have been developed. These putative transgenic plants are presently undergoing evaluation to determine the level of dAbs expression and to determine their resistance to CTV. Additionally, the CTV genome has been sequenced and the CP gene of several biologically characterized CTV strains molecular characterized. This has indicated a correlation between CP sequence homology and biological activity, and the finding of DI RNAs associated with some CTV strains. Several MABs have been produced which enable broad spectrum identification of CTV strains while other MABs enable differentiation between mild and severe strains. The use of selected MAbs and determination of the CP gene sequence has enabled predictions of biological activities of unknown CTV isolates. The epitopes of two MABs, one reacting selectively with severe CTV strains and the other reacting with all strains, have been characterized at the molecular level.
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Parkins, R. N., and R. R. Fessler. NG-18-85-R01 Line Pipe Stress Corrosion Cracking Mechanisms and Remedies. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012143.
Full textAbstract:
Stress corrosion cracking of line pipe from the soil side involves slow crack growth at stresses which may be as low as half the yield strength, this slow crack growth continuing until the crack penetrates the wall to produce a leak or until the stress intensity on the uncracked ligament reaches the value for a fast fracture to penetrate the wall thickness. The controlling parameters that contribute to the mechanism of failure, essentially involving growth by dissolution in the grain boundary regions, are, as with other systems displaying such failure, electrochemical, mechanical, and metallurgical, acting conjointly. Electrochemical influences relate to environment composition, potential, and its variation under disbonded coatings and temperature, whilst mechanical factors of significance include pressure variations, and their time dependence, as well as maximum pressure. Metallurgical parameters, whilst not yet fully understood, including those aspects of steel composition and structure that influence grain boundary composition and the microplasticity associated with load changes, as well as surface condition, e.g. the presence or otherwise of mill scale. These controlling parameters indicate the remedial measures available for control of the problem, although some, for practical or economic reasons, are not invariably applicable. Thus, control by metallurgical approaches or through coatings or manipulation of the surface conditions is only applicable to future lines, but for those already in existence lowering the temperature, limiting pressure fluctuations and more precise control of cathodic protection should help alleviate the problem.
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Semaan, Dima, and Linda Scobie. Feasibility study for in vitro analysis of infectious foodborne HEV. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wfa626.
Full textAbstract:
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a member of the Hepeviridae family capable of infecting humans producing a range of symptoms from mild disease to kidney failure. Epidemiological evidence suggests that hepatitis E genotype III and IV cases may be associated with the consumption of undercooked pork meat, offal and processed products such as sausages [1]. A study carried out by the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), found hepatitis E virus contamination in the UK pork production chain and that 10% of a small sample of retail pork sausages were contaminated with the virus [2]. Furthermore, studies have confirmed the presence of HEV in the food chain and the foodborne transmission of Hepatitis E virus to humans [reviewed in 5]. Likewise, Scottish shellfish at retail [6] have also been found positive for HEV viral nucleic acid and some preliminary studies indicate that the virus is also detectable in soft fruits (L Scobie; unpublished data). There are current misunderstandings in what this data represents, and these studies have raised further questions concerning the infectivity of the virus, the processing of these foods by industry and the cooking and/or preparation by caterers and consumers. There are significant gaps in the knowledge around viral infectivity, in particular the nature of the preparation of food matrices to isolate the virus, and also with respect to a consistent and suitable assay for confirming infectivity [1,3]. Currently, there is no suitable test for infectivity, and, in addition, we have no knowledge if specific food items would be detrimental to cells when assessing the presence of infectious virus in vitro. The FSA finalised a comprehensive critical review on the approaches to assess the infectivity of the HEV virus which is published [3] recommending that a cell culture based method should be developed for use with food. In order to proceed with the development of an infectivity culture method, there is a requirement to assess if food matrices are detrimental to cell culture cell survival. Other issues that may have affected the ability to develop a consistent method are the length of time the virally contaminated sample is exposed to the cells and the concentration of the virus present. In most cases, the sample is only exposed to the cells for around 1 hour and it has been shown that if the concentration is less that 1x103 copies then infection is not established [3,5,10,11].
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Firon, Nurit, Prem Chourey, Etan Pressman, Allen Hartwell, and Kenneth J. Boote. Molecular Identification and Characterization of Heat-Stress-Responsive Microgametogenesis Genes in Tomato and Sorghum - A Feasibility Study. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7591741.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Exposure to higher than optimal temperatures - heat-stress (HS) - is becoming increasingly common to all crop plants worldwide. Heat stress coinciding with microgametogenesis, especially during the post-meiotic phase that is marked by starch biosynthesis, is often associated with starch-deficient pollen and male sterility and ultimately, greatly reduced crop yields. The molecular basis for the high sensitivity of developing pollen grains, on one hand, and factors involved in pollen heat-tolerance, on the other, is poorly understood. The long-term goal of this project is to provide a better understanding of the genes that control pollen quality under heat-stress conditions. The specific objectives of this project were: (1) Determination of the threshold heat stress temperature(s) that affects tomato and sorghum pollen quality whether: a) Chronic mild heat stress conditions (CMHS), or b) Acute heat stress (AHS). (2) Isolation of heat-responsive, microgametogenesis-specific sequences. During our one-year feasibility project, we have accomplished the proposed objectives as follows: Objectrive 1: We have determined the threshold HS conditions in tomato and sorghum. This was essential for achieving the 2nd objective, since our accumulated experience (both Israeli and US labs) indicate that when temperature is raised too high above "threshold HS levels" it may cause massive death of the developing pollen grains. Above-threshold conditions have additional major disadvantages including the "noise" caused by induced expression of genes involved in cell death and masking of the differences between heatsensitive and heat-tolerant pollen grains. Two different types of HS conditions were determined: a) Season-long CMHS conditions: 32/26°C day/night temperatures confirmed in tomato and 36/26°C day maximum/night minimum temperatures in sorghum. b) Short-term AHS: In tomato, 2 hour exposure to 42-45°C (at 7 to 3 days before anthesis) followed by transfer to 28/22±2oC day/night temperatures until flower opening and pollen maturation, caused 50% reduced germinating pollen in the heat-sensitive 3017 cv.. In sorghum, 36/26°C day/night temperatures 10 to 5 days prior to panicle emergence, occurring at 35 days after sowing (DAS) in cv. DeKalb28E, produced starch-deficient and sterile pollen. Objective 2: We have established protocols for the high throughput transcriptomic approach, cDNA-AFLP, for identifying and isolating genes exhibiting differential expression in developing microspores exposed to either ambient or HS conditions and created a databank of HS-responsivemicrogametogenesis-expressed genes. A subset of differentially displayed Transcript-Derived Fragments (TDFs) that were cloned and sequenced (35 & 23 TDFs in tomato and sorghum, respectively) show close sequence similarities with metabolic genes, genes involved in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, genes implicated in thermotolerance (heat shock proteins), genes involved in long chain fatty acids elongation, genes involved in proteolysis, in oxidation-reduction, vesicle-mediated transport, cell division and transcription factors. T-DNA-tagged Arabidopsis mutants for part of these genes were obtained to be used for their functional analysis. These studies are planned for a continuation project. Following functional analyses of these genes under HS – a valuable resource of genes, engaged in the HS-response of developing pollen grains, that could be modulated for the improvement of pollen quality under HS in both dicots and monocots and/or used to look for natural variability of such genes for selecting heat-tolerant germplasm - is expected.