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Venkatesan, Nandakumar, Govindaraj Perumal, and Mukesh Doble. "Bacterial resistance in biofilm-associated bacteria." Future Microbiology 10, no. 11 (November 2015): 1743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.15.69.
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Manhart, Lisa E., Christine M. Khosropour, Congzhu Liu, Catherine W. Gillespie, Kevin Depner, Tina Fiedler, Jeanne M. Marrazzo, and David N. Fredricks. "Bacterial Vaginosis–Associated Bacteria in Men." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 40, no. 12 (December 2013): 944–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0000000000000054.
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Gouveia, Joao D., Jie Lian, Georg Steinert, Hauke Smidt, Detmer Sipkema, Rene H. Wijffels, and Maria J. Barbosa. "Associated bacteria of Botryococcus braunii (Chlorophyta)." PeerJ 7 (March 27, 2019): e6610. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6610.
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Botryococcus braunii (Chlorophyta) is a green microalga known for producing hydrocarbons and exopolysaccharides (EPS). Improving the biomass productivity of B. braunii and hence, the productivity of the hydrocarbons and of the EPS, will make B. braunii more attractive for industries. Microalgae usually cohabit with bacteria which leads to the formation of species-specific communities with environmental and biological advantages. Bacteria have been found and identified with a few B. braunii strains, but little is known about the bacterial community across the different strains. A better knowledge of the bacterial community of B. braunii will help to optimize the biomass productivity, hydrocarbons, and EPS accumulation. To better understand the bacterial community diversity of B. braunii, we screened 12 strains from culture collections. Using 16S rRNA gene analysis by MiSeq we described the bacterial diversity across 12 B. braunii strains and identified possible shared communities. We found three bacterial families common to all strains: Rhizobiaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, and Comamonadaceae. Additionally, the results also suggest that each strain has its own specific bacteria that may be the result of long-term isolated culture.
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Fredricks, David N., Tina L. Fiedler, and Jeanne M. Marrazzo. "Molecular Identification of Bacteria Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis." New England Journal of Medicine 353, no. 18 (November 3, 2005): 1899–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa043802.
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Venieraki, A., P. Ch Tsalgatidou, D. G. Georgakopoulos, M. Dimou, and P. Katinakis. "Swarming motility in plant-associated bacteria." Hellenic Plant Protection Journal 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hppj-2016-0002.
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Summary Plant-associated environments harbor a huge number of diverse bacteria that compete and/or cooperate for the occupation of the most nutrient-rich ecological niches. Motility, a common trait among bacteria, has long been assumed to provide a survival advantage to skilful bacteria in invading these environments. Bacterial surface motility, such as swarming, a flagella-driven type of surface movement, although mostly observed and studied on agar substrates, is emerging as a major trait involved in many functions of plant-associated bacteria in regard to their ability to colonize and spread on their host. In this review, we address some novel swarming motility strategies, which enable bacteria to colonize, disperse and compete in plant surfaces.
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Yuan, Jin, Qiuyu Zhang, Shihua Chen, Min Yan, and Lei Yue. "LC3-Associated Phagocytosis in Bacterial Infection." Pathogens 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2022): 863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080863.
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LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a noncanonical autophagy process reported in recent years and is one of the effective mechanisms of host defense against bacterial infection. During LAP, bacteria are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), enter the body, and then recruit LC3 onto a single-membrane phagosome to form a LAPosome. LC3 conjugation can promote the fusion of the LAPosomes with lysosomes, resulting in their maturation into phagolysosomes, which can effectively kill the identified pathogens. However, to survive in host cells, bacteria have also evolved strategies to evade killing by LAP. In this review, we summarized the mechanism of LAP in resistance to bacterial infection and the ways in which bacteria escape LAP. We aim to provide new clues for developing novel therapeutic strategies for bacterial infectious diseases.
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Nwachukwu, Blessing Chidinma, Ayansina Segun Ayangbenro, and Olubukola Oluranti Babalola. "Elucidating the Rhizosphere Associated Bacteria for Environmental Sustainability." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 18, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010075.
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The abundance of nutrient accumulation in rhizosphere soils has placed the rhizosphere as an “epicenter” of bacterial concentrations. Nonetheless, over the years, little attention has been given to bacterial inoculants and soil-like substrates. The reason is that many farmers and experiments have focused on chemical fertilizers as an approach to improve plant growth and yield. Therefore, we focused on assessing the application of rhizosphere soil and its associated bacteria for biotechnological applications. This review has been structured into major subunits: rhizosphere soil as a treasure trove for bacterial community concentration, biodegradation of lignocellulose for biofuel production, rhizosphere soil and its bacteria as soil amendments, and the role of rhizosphere soil and its bacteria for bioremediation and biofiltration. Hence, the efficient use of rhizosphere soil and its bacteria in an environmentally friendly way can contribute to healthy and sustainable environments.
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Haynes, S., A. C. Darby, T. J. Daniell, G. Webster, F. J. F. van Veen, H. C. J. Godfray, J. I. Prosser, and A. E. Douglas. "Diversity of Bacteria Associated with Natural Aphid Populations." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 12 (December 2003): 7216–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.12.7216-7223.2003.
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ABSTRACT The bacterial communities of aphids were investigated by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments generated by PCR with general eubacterial primers. By both methods, theγ -proteobacterium Buchnera was detected in laboratory cultures of six parthenogenetic lines of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and one line of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae, and one or more of four previously described bacterial taxa were also detected in all aphid lines except one of A. pisum. These latter bacteria, collectively known as secondary symbionts or accessory bacteria, comprised three taxa of γ-proteobacteria (R-type [PASS], T-type [PABS], and U-type [PAUS]) and a rickettsia (S-type [PAR]). Complementary analysis of aphids from natural populations of four aphid species (A. pisum [n= 74], Amphorophora rubi [n= 109], Aphis sarothamni [n= 42], and Microlophium carnosum [n= 101]) from a single geographical location revealed Buchnera and up to three taxa of accessory bacteria, but no other bacterial taxa, in each aphid. The prevalence of accessory bacterial taxa varied significantly among aphid species but not with the sampling month (between June and August 2000). These results indicate that the accessory bacterial taxa are distributed across multiple aphid species, although with variable prevalence, and that laboratory culture does not generally result in a shift in the bacterial community in aphids. Both the transmission patterns of the accessory bacteria between individual aphids and their impact on aphid fitness are suggested to influence the prevalence of accessory bacterial taxa in natural aphid populations.
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S, Nisy, Vishnu N, Megha M, and Amitha C. "Endophytes Associated with Macrophyte Ceratophyllum Demersum." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 2075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41055.
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Abstract: Endophytes are microorganisms living inside plants which have various types of symbiotic relations and non-symbiotic relations with host plant. The endophytes reside inside a plant without any signs or symptoms in living tissues of their host. Plants without any endophytes are rare, bacteria and fungi have been seen residing inside plants. Endophytes inside fossilized tissues and stems of plants indicates this relationship started during the evolution or formation of higher plants. The Bacterial and fungal endophytes reach the plant tissues from the rhizosphere, phyllosphere or seed of the plant. Endophytes of Ceratophyllum demersum, were isolated by two methods. Endophytic bacteria and fungi were found to reside in the leaves of macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum. Four fungal isolates and three bacterial isolates were obtained. Results indicates that fungal endophytes were predominant than bacterial endophytes in Ceratophyllum demersum. Keywords: Ceratophyllum demersum, Macrophytes, Endophytic Bacteria, Endophytic Fungi.
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Anteneh, Yitayal S., Qi Yang, Melissa H. Brown, and Christopher M. M. Franco. "Antimicrobial Activities of Marine Sponge-Associated Bacteria." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010171.
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The misuse and overuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, which decreases the chance of treating those infected with existing antibiotics. This resistance calls for the search of new antimicrobials from prolific producers of novel natural products including marine sponges. Many of the novel active compounds reported from sponges have originated from their microbial symbionts. Therefore, this study aims to screen for bioactive metabolites from bacteria isolated from sponges. Twelve sponge samples were collected from South Australian marine environments and grown on seven isolation media under four incubation conditions; a total of 1234 bacterial isolates were obtained. Of these, 169 bacteria were tested in media optimized for production of antimicrobial metabolites and screened against eleven human pathogens. Seventy bacteria were found to be active against at least one test bacterial or fungal pathogen, while 37% of the tested bacteria showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains and antifungal activity was produced by 21% the isolates. A potential novel active compound was purified possessing inhibitory activity against S. aureus. Using 16S rRNA, the strain was identified as Streptomyces sp. Our study highlights that the marine sponges of South Australia are a rich source of abundant and diverse bacteria producing metabolites with antimicrobial activities against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
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Ahmed, Tasnia, Rajib Dey, and Rashed Noor. "Drug Resistance Associated with Blood Borne Bacteria in Dhaka Metropolis." Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 35, no. 2 (August 18, 2019): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v35i2.42642.
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Blood borne infections are easy to contract during hospital procedures and can easily be transferred to other personnel in a healthcare setting. Bacteremia has become a common incidence and treatment is by administration of antibiotics. But this is not a simple task any more, since the pathogenic bacteria causing bacteremia are becoming resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. Blood samples were collected from outdoor patients seeking laboratory tests in Dhaka city. Blood samples were inoculated onto blood agar medium and after incubation for 37oC for 24 hours, bacterial isolates were identified and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test by following the Kirby-Bauer method. The current present study deals with 100 patients of bacteremia from whom 150 isolates of 15 different bacterial genera have been collected among which the most prominent bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (51 isolates), Pseudomonas spp. (19 isolates) and Escherichia spp. (19 isolates). After the antibiotic susceptibility test it was found that all isolates were resistant to a number of commonly used antibiotics. Twenty eight different antibiotics were used for this study. All isolates showed resistance to CAR, ATM, TOB, CXM, FD, CL, CAZ, AMC. NET and CN showed the most effective results (can effectively clear 9 and 10 types of isolates respectively found in this study). New discovery of drugs to fight these resistant pathogens is needed. In the meantime, safe administration of drugs, handling patients with appropriate protective personal clothing and apparatus, proper waste disposal managements in the hospital should be maintained strictly.
Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 35 Number 2 December 2018, pp 134-140
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Adams, A. S., C. R. Currie, Y. Cardoza, K. D. Klepzig, and K. F. Raffa. "Effects of symbiotic bacteria and tree chemistry on the growth and reproduction of bark beetle fungal symbionts." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 6 (June 2009): 1133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-034.
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Bark beetles are associated with diverse assemblages of microorganisms, many of which affect their interactions with host plants and natural enemies. We tested how bacterial associates of three bark beetles with various types of host relationships affect growth and reproduction of their symbiotic fungi. Fungi were exposed to volatiles from bacteria in an arena that imposed physical separation but shared airspace. We also exposed fungi to vapors of the host compound, α-pinene, and to combinations of bacterial volatiles and α-pinene. Bacterial volatiles commonly stimulated growth of Leptographium procerum (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf. and Grosmannia clavigera (Rob.-Jeffr. & R.W. Davidson) Zipfel, Z.W. de Beer & Wingf., which are symbiotic fungi of Dendroctonus valens LeConte and Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, respectively. They less commonly stimulated growth of Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf., which is associated with Ips grandicollis Eichhoff. Some bacteria inhibited L. procerum, Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx (another associate of D. ponderosae), and O. ips. Bacteria greatly stimulated spore production of symbionts of D. valens and D. ponderosae. α-Pinene strongly affected some of these relationships, causing amplification, reduction, or reversal of the interactions among the bacteria and fungi. Our results show that some bacteria associated with bark beetles directly affect fungal symbionts and interact with tree chemistry to affect fungal growth and sporulation. The strongest effects were induced by bacteria associated with beetles adapted to attacking living trees with vigorous defenses, and on fungal reproductive structures.
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Acosta, Kenneth, Shawn Sorrels, William Chrisler, Weijuan Huang, Sarah Gilbert, Thomas Brinkman, Todd P. Michael, Sarah L. Lebeis, and Eric Lam. "Optimization of Molecular Methods for Detecting Duckweed-Associated Bacteria." Plants 12, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12040872.
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The bacterial colonization dynamics of plants can differ between phylogenetically similar bacterial strains and in the context of complex bacterial communities. Quantitative methods that can resolve closely related bacteria within complex communities can lead to a better understanding of plant–microbe interactions. However, current methods often lack the specificity to differentiate phylogenetically similar bacterial strains. In this study, we describe molecular strategies to study duckweed–associated bacteria. We first systematically optimized a bead-beating protocol to co-isolate nucleic acids simultaneously from duckweed and bacteria. We then developed a generic fingerprinting assay to detect bacteria present in duckweed samples. To detect specific duckweed–bacterium associations, we developed a genomics-based computational pipeline to generate bacterial strain-specific primers. These strain-specific primers differentiated bacterial strains from the same genus and enabled the detection of specific duckweed–bacterium associations present in a community context. Moreover, we used these strain-specific primers to quantify the bacterial colonization of duckweed by normalization to a plant reference gene and revealed differences in colonization levels between strains from the same genus. Lastly, confocal microscopy of inoculated duckweed further supported our PCR results and showed bacterial colonization of the duckweed root–frond interface and root interior. The molecular methods introduced in this work should enable the tracking and quantification of specific plant-microbe associations within plant-microbial communities.
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Megala, B., and P. Thirumalai Vasan. "Diversity of Endophytic Bacteria from Marine Associated Plant Leaves." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 16, no. 23 (June 21, 2023): 1726–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v16i23.88.
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Mohammed, Nyan J. "Bacterial Contamination Associated with Mobile Phones." Pharmacy and Applied Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.59480/phahs.v1i1.3.
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Bacterial cells adhere to mobile phone surfaces and could form organized colonies. Once the bacteria move to the mobile phone they can live well because these surfaces are hard to clean. This research, included isolation of pathogenic bacteria from mobile phones of Knowledge University students. A total of 100 mobile phones of Knowledge university staff and students were selected for this study. The single sterile swab stick was moistened with sterile normal saline solution and moved over the surfaces of mobile phones. The swab sticks were immediately transported to the laboratory. All swabs were cultured in (Nutrient agar), Then incubated for 24 hours. The obtained bacterial colonies were subjected to Gram stain, and colonial characteristics for their identification. Biochemical Examination for selected colonies has been done. From a total 100 mobile phone swabs. A total of 138 bacterial isolates were recognized as: 47 bacterial colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, 33 bacterial colonies of Staphylococcus epidermidis, 23 bacterial colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 19 bacterial colonies of Escherichia coli, 7 bacterial colonies of Streptococcus spp., 6 bacterial colonies of Bacillus subtilis, 2 bacterial colonies of Neisseria and 1 bacterial colonies of Enterobacter aerogene. The study revealed that bacteria can survive on mobile phones of students and the contaminated mobile phones are able to transport microbes that may be able to produce disease. There is a need for preventive care to reduce the impact of contaminated mobile phones on the spread of microbes and control measures should be applicable for this reason.
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H. S, Naher, and F. K. Ktab. "Bacterial Species associated with appendicitis." AL-QADISIYAH MEDICAL JOURNAL 7, no. 12 (August 6, 2017): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.28922/qmj.2011.7.12.66-75.
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The study included the detection of bacterial species in 110 excised appendix being taken from 110 patients having acute appendicitis who were referred to Al-Kufa Teaching Hospital, department of urology whose ages ranged from 4 to 60 years old. The patients were 69 (62.7%) males and 41(37.3%) females. The clinical features of patients being observed by surgeons were recorded. Those were right iliac fosse pain, generalized abdominal pain, fever, loss of appetite and nausea. White blood cells count, C-reactive protein and general urine analysis were also studied, in addition to abdominal ultra-sonography and computer tomography (C.T.). The age group of both sexes being more susceptible for appendicitis ranged from 11 to 20 years old. The ratio of males to females' infections was 1.7:1. A total of 111 bacterial isolates were isolated from inflamed appendicitis of 110 patients with acute appendicitis. Positive bacterial cultures were detected in 90 (81.8%) patients while 20 (18.2%) patients showed no growth. The aerobic bacteria accounted for 87 (78.4%) isolates whereas anaerobic were only 24(21.6%) isolates. Gram-negative bacteria were presented in 107 (96.4%) while gram-positive bacteria were accounted for 4 (3.6%). Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogens, since it accounted for 36 (32.4%) of all isolates followed by Bacteroides spp. 21 (18.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 18 (16.2 % ), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 11 (9.9%), Citrobacter freundii 7 (6.3%), Salmonella typhi 5 (4.5%), Proteus mirabilis 5 (4.5%), Enterobacter aerogenesa 4 (3.6%), Peptodtreptococcus 2 (1.8%), Staphylococcus aureus 1 (0.9%) and Clostridium perfringns 1 (0.9%). Mixed cultures were detected in 21 cases*, in which more than one organism were detected. Most of mixed bacterial isolates were aerobic with anaerobic bacteria 13 (61.9%) in which Escherichia coli was the common, since it accounted for 15 (71.4%).
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Haggerty, Catherine L., Sharon L. Hillier, Debra C. Bass, and Roberta B. Ness. "Bacterial Vaginosis and Anaerobic Bacteria Are Associated with Endometritis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 39, no. 7 (October 2004): 990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/423963.
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Almendras, Katerin, Jaime García, Margarita Carú, and Julieta Orlando. "Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Associated with Peltigera Cyanolichens and Cladonia Chlorolichens." Molecules 23, no. 12 (November 25, 2018): 3077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123077.
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Lichens have been extensively studied and described; however, recent evidence suggests that members of the bacterial community associated with them could contribute new functions to the symbiotic interaction. In this work, we compare the nitrogen-fixing guild associated with bipartite terricolous lichens with different types of photobiont: Peltigera cyanolichens and Cladonia chlorolichens. Since cyanobacteria contribute nitrogen to the symbiosis, we propose that chlorolichens have more diverse bacteria with the ability to fix nitrogen compared to cyanolichens. In addition, since part of these bacteria could be recruited from the substrate where lichens grow, we propose that thalli and substrates share some bacteria in common. The structure of the nitrogen-fixing guild in the lichen and substrate bacterial communities of both lichens was determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) of the nifH gene. Multivariate analyses showed that the nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with both types of lichen were distinguishable from those present in their substrates. Likewise, the structure of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria present in the cyanolichens was different from that of chlorolichens. Finally, the diversity of this bacterial guild calculated using the Shannon index confirms the hypothesis that chlorolichens have a higher diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria than cyanolichens.
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Pinn, E. H., A. Rogerson, and R. J. A. Atkinson. "Microbial Flora Associated with the Digestive System ofUpogebia Stellata(Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77, no. 4 (November 1997): 1083–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400038649.
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The digestive system of the thalassinidean mud-shrimpUpogebia stellatawas investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Within the lumen of the midgut both filamentous and rod-shaped bacteria were observed. The hindgut microbial populations were dominated by dense mats of epimural rod-shaped bacteria. The gut contents were often dominated by diatoms but also contained bacteria, dinoflagellates, plant and algal fragments. Direct bacterial counts by epifluorescence microscopy along the length of the gut revealed a slight decrease in numbers within the midgut moving from the anterior to the posterior regions, and then a dramatic rise in numbers within the hindgut. Numbers decreased again in the posterior regions of the hindgut. Common in the transient / resident samples (bacterial population when gut contents were present) were enterobacteria and an unidentified fermenter conforming to an isolate named X-ferm. However, nearly 30% of the bacterial isolates remained unidentified. The resident-only bacterial isolates from the gut (determined when the gut was empty) were dominated by the X-ferm bacteria and to a lesser extent by the generaVibrioandAeromonas. With respect to the enzyme capabilities of the gut bacteria, the resident-only collection of bacterial isolates showed much higher levels of amylase, cellulase, chitinase, protease and lipase activity than the transient/resident bacterial isolate collections, suggesting that the indigenous bacteria are likely to play a significant role in the digestion of the gut contents. Thalassinidean shrimps are likely to play an important role in the breakdown of plant and detrital material, and the recycling of nutrients in marine benthic systems.
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Zhang, Yongzhi, Sen Feng, Fan Gao, Hao Wen, Lingyun Zhu, Meng Li, Yilong Xi, and Xianling Xiang. "The Relationship between Brachionus calyciflorus-Associated Bacterial and Bacterioplankton Communities in a Subtropical Freshwater Lake." Animals 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 3201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223201.
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Zooplankton bodies are organic-rich micro-environments that support fast bacterial growth. Therefore, the abundance of zooplankton-associated bacteria is much higher than that of free-living bacteria, which has profound effects on the nutrient cycling of freshwater ecosystems. However, a detailed analysis of associated bacteria is still less known, especially the relationship between those bacteria and bacterioplankton. In this study, we analyzed the relationships between Brachionus calyciflorus-associated bacterial and bacterioplankton communities in freshwater using high-throughput sequencing. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the two bacterial communities, with only 29.47% sharing OTUs. The alpha diversity of the bacterioplankton community was significantly higher than that of B. calyciflorus-associated bacteria. PCoA analysis showed that the bacterioplankton community gathered deeply, while the B. calyciflorus-associated bacterial community was far away from the whole bacterioplankton community, and the distribution was relatively discrete. CCA analysis suggested that many environmental factors (T, DO, pH, TP, PO43-, NH4+, and NO3-) regulated the community composition of B. calyciflorus-associated bacteria, but the explanatory degree of variability was only 37.80%. High-throughput sequencing revealed that Raoultella and Delftia in Proteobacteria were the dominant genus in the B. calyciflorus-associated bacterial community, and closely related to the biodegradation function. Moreover, several abundant bacterial members participating in carbon and nitrogen cycles were found in the associated bacterial community by network analysis. Predictive results from FAPROTAX showed that the predominant biogeochemical cycle functions of the B. calyciflorus-associated bacterial community were plastic degradation, chemoheterotrophy, and aerobic chemoheterotrophy. Overall, our study expands the current understanding of zooplankton–bacteria interaction and promotes the combination of two different research fields.
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SS Narina, Satya. "Bacteria Associated with Food." Acta Scientific Microbiology 3, no. 4 (March 16, 2020): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31080/asmi.2020.03.0557.
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Bitew, Adane, Yeshiwork Abebaw, Delayehu Bekele, and Amete Mihret. "Prevalence of Bacterial Vaginosis and Associated Risk Factors among Women Complaining of Genital Tract Infection." International Journal of Microbiology 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4919404.
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Background. Bacterial vaginosis is a global concern due to the increased risk of acquisition of sexually transmitted infections.Objectives. To determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and bacteria causing aerobic vaginitis.Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 patients between September 2015 and July 2016 at St. Paul’s Hospital. Gram-stained vaginal swabs were examined microscopically and graded as per Nugent’s procedure. Bacteria causing aerobic vaginitis were characterized, and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined.Results. The overall prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was 48.6%. Bacterial vaginosis was significantly associated with number of pants used per day (p=0.001) and frequency of vaginal bathing (p=0.045). Of 151 bacterial isolates, 69.5% were Gram-negative and 30.5% were Gram-positive bacteria. The overall drug resistance level of Gram-positive bacteria was high against penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Cefoxitin and tobramycin were the most active drugs against Gram-positive bacteria. The overall drug resistance level of Gram-negative bacteria was high against tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin. Amikacin and tobramycin were the most active drugs against Gram-negative bacteria.Conclusions. The prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was high and was affected by individual hygiene. Routine culture of vaginal samples should be performed on patients with vaginitis and the drug susceptibility pattern of each isolate should be determined.
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Clerissi, Camille, Camille Huot, Anaïs Portet, Benjamin Gourbal, and Eve Toulza. "Covariation between microeukaryotes and bacteria associated with Planorbidae snails." PeerJ 11 (December 19, 2023): e16639. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16639.
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Background Microbial communities associated with macroorganisms might affect host physiology and homeostasis. Bacteria are well studied in this context, but the diversity of microeukaryotes, as well as covariations with bacterial communities, remains almost unknown. Methods To study microeukaryotic communities associated with Planorbidae snails, we developed a blocking primer to reduce amplification of host DNA during metabarcoding analyses. Analyses of alpha and beta diversities were computed to describe microeukaryotes and bacteria using metabarcoding of 18S and 16S rRNA genes, respectively. Results Only three phyla (Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta and Alveolata) were dominant for microeukaryotes. Bacteria were more diverse with five dominant phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, Planctomycetes and Actinobacteria). The composition of microeukaryotes and bacteria were correlated for the Biomphalaria glabrata species, but not for Planorbarius metidjensis. Network analysis highlighted clusters of covarying taxa. Among them, several links might reflect top-down control of bacterial populations by microeukaryotes, but also possible competition between microeukaryotes having opposite distributions (Lobosa and Ichthyosporea). The role of these taxa remains unknown, but we believe that the blocking primer developed herein offers new possibilities to study the hidden diversity of microeukaryotes within snail microbiota, and to shed light on their underestimated interactions with bacteria and hosts.
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Sylvia Yahumin, Grace Joy Wei Lie Chin, and Kenneth Francis Rodrigues. "Amplification of Genes Associated with Saxitoxin Biosynthesis in Bacteria Associated with Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum Using Primers Designed from Other Saxitoxin-Producing Organisms." Borneo International Journal of Biotechnology (BIJB) 3 (December 1, 2023): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/bijb.v3i.3125.
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Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum, the primary producer of saxitoxin (STX) in tropical water, poses a palpable threat to public health and safety. Seafood and aquaculture products contaminated with lethal concentrations of the principal neurotoxin, saxitoxin, have been implicated in mortality and morbidity. Previous research revealed that the relationship between bacteria and algae may contribute directly or indirectly to the synthesis of saxitoxin. This study investigates the potential relationship between the dinoflagellate and its associated bacteria; hence the initial step is to determine whether the genes responsible for the STX production in P. bahamense can be found in the associated bacteria. A total of six bacterial species associated with P. bahamense were successfully identified in a previous study. The presence of the sxt genes in the associated bacterial genome was determined using primers that have previously been utilized in other saxitoxin-producing species, such as in dinoflagellates (Alexandrium fundyense) and cyanobacteria (Anabaena and Aphanizomenon gracile). This study showed that the utilized primers were unsuitable as the primers produced non-specific amplification in the bacterial genome. We suggest that specific primers targeting the sxt homolog genes in bacterial species should be designed to obtain the desired genes from the associated bacteria in a future study.
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Lattwein, Kirby R., Inés Beekers, Joop J. P. Kouijzer, Mariël Leon-Grooters, Simone A. G. Langeveld, Tom van Rooij, Antonius F. W. van der Steen, Nico de Jong, Willem J. B. van Wamel, and Klazina Kooiman. "Dispersing and Sonoporating Biofilm-Associated Bacteria with Sonobactericide." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14061164.
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Bacteria encased in a biofilm poses significant challenges to successful treatment, since both the immune system and antibiotics are ineffective. Sonobactericide, which uses ultrasound and microbubbles, is a potential new strategy for increasing antimicrobial effectiveness or directly killing bacteria. Several studies suggest that sonobactericide can lead to bacterial dispersion or sonoporation (i.e., cell membrane permeabilization); however, real-time observations distinguishing individual bacteria during and directly after insonification are missing. Therefore, in this study, we investigated, in real-time and at high-resolution, the effects of ultrasound-induced microbubble oscillation on Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, without or with an antibiotic (oxacillin, 1 μg/mL). Biofilms were exposed to ultrasound (2 MHz, 100–400 kPa, 100–1000 cycles, every second for 30 s) during time-lapse confocal microscopy recordings of 10 min. Bacterial responses were quantified using post hoc image analysis with particle counting. Bacterial dispersion was observed as the dominant effect over sonoporation, resulting from oscillating microbubbles. Increasing pressure and cycles both led to significantly more dispersion, with the highest pressure leading to the most biofilm removal (up to 83.7%). Antibiotic presence led to more variable treatment responses, yet did not significantly impact the therapeutic efficacy of sonobactericide, suggesting synergism is not an immediate effect. These findings elucidate the direct effects induced by sonobactericide to best utilize its potential as a biofilm treatment strategy.
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Presley, Laura L., Bo Wei, Jonathan Braun, and James Borneman. "Bacteria Associated with Immunoregulatory Cells in Mice." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 3 (December 11, 2009): 936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01561-09.
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ABSTRACT This study examined bacteria-immune interactions in a mouse model possessing microbiota-dependent immune regulatory features similar to those occurring in human atopy, colitis, and immune regulation. Associations between the abundance of several bacterial phylotypes and immunoregulatory target cell types were identified, suggesting that they may play a role in these phenotypes.
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Naher, Akhtarun, Sadia Afroz, and Shahida Hamid. "Cockroach Associated Foodborne Pathogens: Distribution and Antibiogram." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 44, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v44i1.36802.
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Cockroaches are among the most common pests in public dwellings and health facilities. Owing to their close association with man and all his surroundings they are consideredas potential carrier and transmitter of human diseases. In hospital, cockroaches are the possible vector of nosocomial infection, specially for the transmission of drug resistant bacteria. The aim of the present study was to identify the major cockroach species, to isolate common foodborne pathogens from cockroach and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated bacteria. This casecontrol study was conducted on cockroaches captured from hospital, restaurants and houses in Dhaka city, from a period of July to December 2014. A total of 450 cockroaches were collected. Among these 300 cockroaches (150 from hospital and 150 from restaurants) were considered as case and 150 cockroaches from houses were enrolled as control group. All (100%) cockroaches were identified as Blattellagermanica. Examination of external surface and gut homogenates showed that all (100%) cockroaches carried bacteria, while carriage rate of fungi and parasites were 28.2% and 3.7% respectively. Of 1901 isolated bacteria, Escherichia coli (15.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.4%) and Salmonella spp.(12.9%) were the predominant bacteria. Other bacteria of medical relevance included,Shigella spp. (6.4%), Klebsiella spp. (8.8%), Proteus spp. (9.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus (4.3%). Antibiotic resistance pattern showed high resistance rate (62.4%) of bacterial isolates to different antibiotics. Additionally, 1051(55.3%) of the isolates were multi drug resistant (MDR) strains, which were resistant to 5-14 antibiotics. The findings of this study revealed that, cockroaches are potential source of pathogenic microorganisms including multi drug resistant bacterial strains, which could be a major threat to public health. Hence, effective preventive and control measures are required to minimize cockroach related infections.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2018; 44(1):30-38
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Locke, Andrea, Sean Fitzgerald, and Anita Mahadevan-Jansen. "Advances in Optical Detection of Human-Associated Pathogenic Bacteria." Molecules 25, no. 22 (November 11, 2020): 5256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225256.
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Bacterial infection is a global burden that results in numerous hospital visits and deaths annually. The rise of multi-drug resistant bacteria has dramatically increased this burden. Therefore, there is a clinical need to detect and identify bacteria rapidly and accurately in their native state or a culture-free environment. Current diagnostic techniques lack speed and effectiveness in detecting bacteria that are culture-negative, as well as options for in vivo detection. The optical detection of bacteria offers the potential to overcome these obstacles by providing various platforms that can detect bacteria rapidly, with minimum sample preparation, and, in some cases, culture-free directly from patient fluids or even in vivo. These modalities include infrared, Raman, and fluorescence spectroscopy, along with optical coherence tomography, interference, polarization, and laser speckle. However, these techniques are not without their own set of limitations. This review summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of utilizing each of these optical tools for rapid bacteria detection and identification.
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Namikawa, Hiroki, Yasuhiko Takemoto, Sakurako Umeda, Masanori Kobayashi, Shigeki Kinuhata, Noriko Kamata, Mina Morimura, et al. "Recurrent High Fever due to Intestinal Bacteria-Associated Bacteremia." Clinical Infectious Diseases 65, no. 10 (October 30, 2017): 1764–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix584.
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Walczak, Natalia, Krzysztof Puk, and Leszek Guz. "Bacterial flora associated with diseased freshwater ornamental fish." Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2017-0070.
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AbstractIntroduction:Ornamental fish can suffer from different bacterial diseases. Among them the most prevalent are infections caused byAeromonas, Shewanella, Citrobacter, Plesiomonas, Edwardsiella, andPseudomonas.But there is a broad spectrum of rarely identified bacteria which may be causative agents of diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the species of bacteria pathogenic for fish which are prevalent in aquariums.Material and Methods:Bacteria were isolated from infected ornamental fish from pet shops and private aquariums in the Lublin region in 2015 and classified to species using MALDI-TOF MS.Results:A total of 182 isolates from ornamental fish were identified. The most frequent bacteria found in diseased fish wereAeromonas veronii(30.8% of total number of strains),A. hydrophila(18.7%),Shewanella putrefaciens(7.1%),Citrobacter freundii(7.1%),Pseudomonas spp. (7.1%),Shewanella baltica(4.9%), andPlesiomonas shigelloides(3.3%).Conclusion:Isolated bacterial species are facultative pathogens for fish and humans and may be isolated from fish without apparent symptoms of the disease.
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Bowman, John P., Mark V. Brown, and David S. Nichols. "Biodiversity and ecophysiology of bacteria associated with Antarctic sea ice." Antarctic Science 9, no. 2 (June 1997): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102097000175.
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A total of 135 bacterial strains were isolated from congelation (land fast) sea ice samples and ice algae biomass samples obtained from the coastal areas of the Vestfold Hills in East Antarctica (68°S, 78°E) during the summers of 1992–95. The sea ice isolates, along with reference strains. were analysed by numerical taxonomy and for DNA base composition in order to determine the biodiversity of sea ice bacteria. From these analyses 22 clusters of strains (phena) were obtained with most phena apparently representing novel bacterial taxa. The sea ice isolates could be categorized into three groups based on their ecophysiology: 1) slightly halophilic, psychrophilic bacteria often possessing fastidious growth requirements and which were predominantly isolated from sea ice algae biomass or from algae-rich ice samples; 2) halotolerant and psychrotolerant bacteria; and 3) non-halophilic bacteria isolated primarily from upper sections of congelation ice and other ice samples with low levcls of algal biomass.
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Tokgöz, Serkan, Dilip K. Lakshman, Mahmoud H. Ghozlan, Hasan Pinar, Daniel P. Roberts, and Amitava Mitra. "Soybean Nodule-Associated Non-Rhizobial Bacteria Inhibit Plant Pathogens and Induce Growth Promotion in Tomato." Plants 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111494.
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The root nodules are a unique environment formed on legume roots through a highly specific symbiotic relationship between leguminous plants and nodule-inducing bacteria. Previously, Rhizobia were presumed to be the only group of bacteria residing within nodules. However, recent studies discovered diverse groups of bacteria within the legume nodules. In this report soybean nodule-associated bacteria were studied in an effort to identify beneficial bacteria for plant disease control and growth promotion. Analysis of surface-sterilized single nodules showed bacterial diversity of the nodule microbiome. Five hundred non-rhizobial colonies from 10 nodules, 50 colonies per nodule, were tested individually against the tomato wilt causing bacterial pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) for inhibition of pathogen growth. From the initial screening, 54 isolates were selected based on significant growth inhibition of Cmm. These isolates were further tested in vitro on another bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and two fungal pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Bacterial metabolites were extracted from 15 selected isolates with ethanol and tested against pathogen Cmm and Pst. These isolates were identified by using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Pseudomonas spp. were the dominant soybean nodule-associated non-rhizobial bacterial group. Several isolates imparted significant protection against pathogens and/or plant growth promotion on tomato seedlings. The most promising nodule-associated bacterial isolate that suppressed both Cmm and Pst in vitro and Pst in tomato seedlings was identified as a Proteus species. Isolation and identification of beneficial nodule-associated bacteria established the foundation for further exploration of potential nodule-associated bacteria for plant protection and growth promotion.
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Garren, Melissa, and Farooq Azam. "New Method for Counting Bacteria Associated with Coral Mucus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 18 (July 23, 2010): 6128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01100-10.
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ABSTRACT The ability to count bacteria associated with reef-building corals in a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective manner has been hindered by the viscous and highly autofluorescent nature of the coral mucus layer (CML) in which they live. We present a new method that disperses bacterial cells by trypsinization prior to 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and quantification by epifluorescence microscopy. We sampled seawater and coral mucus from Porites lobata from 6 reef sites influenced by wastewater intrusion and 2 reef sites unaffected by wastewater in Hawaii. Bacterial and zooxanthella abundances and cell sizes were quantified for each sample. Bacteria were more abundant in coral mucus (ranging from 5.3 × 105 ± 1.0 × 105 cells ml−1 to 1.8 × 106 ± 0.2 × 106 cells ml−1) than in the surrounding seawater (1.9 × 105 ± 0.1 × 105 cells ml−1 to 4.2 × 105 ± 0.2 × 105 cells ml−1), and the mucus-associated cells were significantly smaller than their seawater counterparts at all sites (P < 0.0001). The difference in cell size between mucus- and seawater-associated bacteria decreased at wastewater-influenced sites, where simultaneously mucus bacteria were larger and seawater bacteria were smaller than those at uninfluenced sites. The abundance of zooxanthellae in mucus ranged from 1.1 × 105 ± 0.1 × 105 cells ml−1 to 3.4 × 105 ± 0.3 × 105 cells ml−1. The frequency of dividing cells (FDC) was higher in the surrounding seawater than in mucus, despite finding that a 1,000-fold-higher zooxanthella biovolume than bacterial biovolume existed in the CML. Establishment of a standardized protocol for enumeration will provide the field of coral microbial ecology with the urgently needed ability to compare observations across studies and regions.
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Colmegna, Inés, Raquel Cuchacovich, and Luis R. Espinoza. "HLA-B27-Associated Reactive Arthritis: Pathogenetic and Clinical Considerations." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 17, no. 2 (April 2004): 348–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.17.2.348-369.2004.
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SUMMARY Current evidence supports the concept that reactive arthritis (ReA) is an immune-mediated synovitis resulting from slow bacterial infections and showing intra-articular persistence of viable, nonculturable bacteria and/or immunogenetic bacterial antigens synthesized by metabolically active bacteria residing in the joint and/or elsewhere in the body. The mechanisms that lead to the development of ReA are complex and basically involve an interaction between an arthritogenic agent and a predisposed host. The way in which a host accommodates to invasive facultative intracellular bacteria is the key to the development of ReA. The details of the molecular pathways that explain the articular and extra-articular manifestations of the disease are still under investigation. Several studies have been done to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of ReA; these constitute the basis for a more rational therapeutic approach to this disease.
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Buckley, Patricia M., and Barbara M. Reed. "045 ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PLANT-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 434c—434. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.434c.
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Most bacteria isolated from persistently contaminated micropropagated mint plants were Gram-negative rods identified as xanthomonads, pseudomonads, and agrobacteria based on their cultural characteristics. A few Gram-positive, non-sporeforming bacteria were also found. Inhibition of bacterial growth by gentamicin and streptomycin was greater at pH 6.5 and pH 7.5 than at pH 5.5. Inhibition by rifampicin and Timentin was less affected by pH change. Pseudomonads were uniformly resistant to Timentin at all pH's and at levels up to 1000 μg/ml. Streptomycin at 500 μg/ml was bactericidal for the pseudomonads and Gram-positive bacteria while 1000 μg/ml was required to kill xanthomonads and agrobacteria. Minimal bactericidal concentrations for gentamicin varied widely, even within groups, and ranged from 10 μg/ml to >80 μg/ml for agrobacteria. These results emphasize a need to acquire basic information about the identities and antibiotic susceptibilities of microbial contaminants before attempting treatment of infected plant cultures.
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Wang, Qianhong, Zheng Hao, Ruirui Ding, Huabing Li, Xiangming Tang, and Feizhou Chen. "Host Dependence of Zooplankton-Associated Microbes and Their Ecological Implications in Freshwater Lakes." Water 13, no. 21 (October 20, 2021): 2949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13212949.
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Zooplankton is colonized by quite different microbes compared with free-living and particle-associated bacteria, serving as a non-negligible niche of bacteria in aquatic ecosystems. Yet detailed analysis of these bacterial groups is still less known, especially in freshwater lakes. To widen our knowledge of host-microbe interaction and bacterial ecosystem functions, we chose two specific populations of zooplankton, i.e., cladoceran Moina and copepod Calanoids, as hosts from five natural lakes, and illustrated detailed features of their associated bacteria. Through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we found microbes colonized on Calanoids presented significantly higher α-diversity, stronger bacterial interaction and metabolic function potentials than for Moina. It was also notable that zooplankton-associated bacteria showed a high potential of fatty acid metabolism, which is beneficial for host’s development. Moreover, we found that zooplankton-associated microbes may exert profound effects on biogeochemical cycles in freshwater lakes, since several bacterial members able to participate in carbon and nitrogen cycles were found abundant. Overall, our study expands current understanding of the host-microbe interaction and underlying ecological dynamics in freshwater ecosystem.
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Holm, Claus, and Lene Jespersen. "A Flow-Cytometric Gram-Staining Technique for Milk-Associated Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 5 (May 2003): 2857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.5.2857-2863.2003.
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ABSTRACT A Gram-staining technique combining staining with two fluorescent stains, Oregon Green-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and hexidium iodide (HI) followed by flow-cytometric detection is described. WGA stains gram-positive bacteria while HI binds to the DNA of all bacteria after permeabilization by EDTA and incubation at 50°C for 15 min. For WGA to bind to gram-positive bacteria, a 3 M potassium chloride solution was found to give the highest fluorescence intensity. A total of 12 strains representing some of the predominant bacterial species in bulk tank milk and mixtures of these were stained and analyzed by flow cytometry. Overall, the staining method showed a clear differentiation between gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial populations. For stationary-stage cultures of seven gram-positive bacteria and five gram-negative bacteria, an average of 99% of the cells were correctly interpreted. The method was only slightly influenced by the growth phase of the bacteria or conditions such as freezing at −18°C for 24 h. For any of these conditions, an average of at least 95% of the cells were correctly interpreted. When stationary-stage cultures were stored at 5°C for 14 days, an average of 86% of the cells were correctly interpreted. The Gram-staining technique was applied to the flow cytometry analysis of bulk tank milk inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. These results demonstrate that the technique is suitable for analyzing milk samples without precultivation.
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Wolmarans, E., H. H. du Preez, C. M. E. de Wet, and S. N. Venter. "Significance of bacteria associated with invertebrates in drinking water distribution networks." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (October 1, 2005): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0255.
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The implication of invertebrates found in drinking water distribution networks to public health is of concern to water utilities. Previous studies have shown that the bacteria associated with the invertebrates could be potentially pathogenic to humans. This study investigated the level and identity of bacteria commonly associated with invertebrates collected from the drinking water treatment systems as well as from the main pipelines leaving the treatment works. On all sampling occasions bacteria were isolated from the invertebrate samples collected. The highest bacterial counts were observed for the samples taken before filtration as was expected. There were, however, indications that optimal removal of invertebrates from water did not always occur. During the investigation, 116 colonies were sampled for further identification. The isolates represent several bacterial genera and species that are pathogenic or opportunistic pathogens of humans. Diarrhoea, meningitis, septicaemia and skin infections are among the diseases associated with these organisms. The estimated number of bacteria that could be associated with a single invertebrate (as based on average invertebrate numbers) could range from 10 to 4000 bacteria per organism. It can, therefore, be concluded that bacteria associated with invertebrates might under the worst case scenario pose a potential health risk to water users. In the light of the above findings it is clear that invertebrates in drinking water should be controlled at levels as low as technically and economically feasible.
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Foti, Maria, Maria Teresa Spena, Vittorio Fisichella, Antonietta Mascetti, Marco Colnaghi, Maria Grasso, Chiara Piraino, Franco Sciurba, and Rosario Grasso. "Cultivable Bacteria Associated with the Microbiota of Troglophile Bats." Animals 12, no. 19 (October 6, 2022): 2684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192684.
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Background: The study of bats is of significant interest from a systematic, zoogeographic, ecological, and physiological point of view. The aim of this study is to investigate the culturable aerobic enteric, conjunctival, and oral bacterial flora of bats to determine their physiological microbiome and to investigate the possible occurrence of pathogenic bacteria. Methods: Five hundred and sixty-seven samples were collected from 189 individuals of four species of troglophile bats (Myotis myotis, Myotis capaccinii, Miniopterus schreibersii, and Rhinolophus hipposideros) living in Sicilian and Calabrian territory (Italy). All samples were tested for Gram-negative bacteria; conjunctival and oral swabs were also submitted to bacteriological examination for Gram-positive bacteria. Results: Four hundred thirteen Gram-negative strains were isolated. Of these, 377 belonged to 17 different genera of the family Enterobacteriaceae and 30 to five other families. One hundred eighty-three Gram-positive strains were isolated. Of these, 73 belonged to the Staphylococcaceae family, 72 to the Bacillaceae family and 36 to four other families. Besides some potentially pathogenic strains, several bacterial species have been found that are common to all the bat species studied. These could perhaps play a physiological or nutritional role. Conclusion: A great variety of bacterial species were identified in the cultivable microbiota of southern-Italian troglophile bats, including several potentially pathogenic strains and numerous putatively symbiotic species.
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Xue, Qi, Yang Xiang, Xiao-Qin Wu, and Ming-Jie Li. "Bacterial Communities and Virulence Associated with Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus from Different Pinus spp." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (July 7, 2019): 3342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133342.
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Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease, is a destructive threat to pine forests. The role of bacteria associated with B. xylophilus in pine wilt disease has attracted widespread attention. This study investigated variation in bacterial communities and the virulence of surface-sterilized B. xylophilus from different Pinus spp. The predominant culturable bacteria of nematodes from different pines were Stenotrophomonas and Pseudomonas. Biolog EcoPlate analysis showed that metabolic diversity of bacteria in B. xylophilus from P. massoniana was the highest, followed by P. thunbergii and P. densiflora. High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that bacterial diversity and community structure in nematodes from the different pine species varied, and the dominant bacteria were Stenotrophomonas and Elizabethkingia. The virulence determination of B. xylophilus showed that the nematodes from P. massoniana had the greatest virulence, followed by the nematodes from P. thunbergii and P. densiflora. After the nematodes were inoculated onto P. thunbergii, the relative abundance of the predominant bacteria changed greatly, and some new bacterial species emerged. Meanwhile, the virulence of all the nematode isolates increased after passage through P. thunbergii. These inferred that some bacteria associated with B. xylophilus isolated from different pine species might be helpful to adjust the PWN’s parasitic adaptability.
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Carrasco-Acosta, Marina, Marta Santos-Garcia, and Pilar Garcia-Jimenez. "Marine Bacteria Associated with Colonization and Alteration of Plastic Polymers." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 11093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111093.
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The aim of this work was molecular identification of bacteria associated with marine sand at the drift line, where most plastic debris is deposited, and evaluation of the alteration of plastic polymers by them. Bacterial communities growing on plastic polymer surfaces may differentially cause surface alteration through exopolysaccharide production. This alteration can be analyzed by changes in spectra regions of colonized polymers compared to uncolonized polymers using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). In this study, bacteria located in sand at the drift line above sea water, where microplastics are most abundant, were isolated and identified through 16S rRNA. Six of the identified species produced exopolysaccharides, namely Bacillus thuringiensis, B. cereus, Bacillus sp. Proteus penneri, Alcaligenes faecalis and Myroides gitamensis. These bacteria species were inoculated into plates, each containing two frequently reported types of polymers at the drift line. Specifically, the two types of plastic polymers used were polypropylene and polystyrene spheres in whole and mechanically crushed states. Differences in bacterial growth were reported as inferred from weight increase of polypropylene and polystyrene spheres after 1-year long culture. Results also showed that Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus cereus and Proteus penneri colonized polypropylene spheres and modified spectra regions of FTIR. It is concluded that bacteria located in sand can be considered plastic-altering bacteria as changes in FTIR-spectra of polymers can be related to bioalteration.
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Mendes, Beatriz Garcia, and Bernd Schnabl. "From intestinal dysbiosis to alcohol-associated liver disease." Clinical and Molecular Hepatology 26, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2020.0086.
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Alcohol-associated intestinal dysbiosis and bacterial overgrowth can lead to a dysregulation of tryptophan metabolism and lower production of indoles. Several of these indole derivatives are aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands that, in turn, are involved in antimicrobial defense via induction of interleukin-22 (IL-22). IL-22 increases the expression of intestinal regenerating islet-derived 3 (Reg3) lectins, which maintain low bacterial colonization of the inner mucus layer and reduce bacterial translocation to the liver. Chronic alcohol consumption is associated with reduced intestinal expression of Reg3β and Reg3γ, increased numbers of mucosa-associated bacteria and bacterial translocation. Translocated microbial products and viable bacteria reach the liver and activate the innate immune system. Release of inflammatory molecules promotes inflammation, contributes to hepatocyte death and results in a fibrotic response. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which chronic alcohol intake changes the gut microbiota and contributes to alcohol-associated liver disease by changing microbial-derived metabolites.
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Amalia, Rosa, Diah Ayuningrum, Agus Sabdono, and Ocky Karna Radjasa. "Antipathogenic Activity of Acroporid Bacterial Symbionts Against Brown Band Disease-Associated Bacteria." Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology 16, no. 2 (August 21, 2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/squalen.536.
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The coral reefs’ condition in most regions in Indonesia has been declining due to coral diseases, such as Brown Band Disease (BrBD). A treatment for BrBD involves the use of biological control agents that have antagonistic properties against disease-causing agents. This study aimed to isolate bacteria from healthy hard coral, those associated with BrBD, and those that had bioactivities against BrBD. Sampling and identification of corals and BrBD were carried out in March 2015 at the Marine National Park of Karimunjawa. Bacteria from healthy and infected corals were isolated and purified. The isolates were subjected to antipathogenic assay using overlay and agar diffusion methods. Finally, molecular identification of active bacteria was carried out using the 16S rRNA gene amplification. As many as 57 bacterial isolates were obtained from healthy coral, as well as four bacterial isolates from coral with BrBD symptoms. A total of 15 bacterial isolates (26%) showed antipathogenic activity against BrBD-associated bacteria. Three isolates with the strongest antipathogenic activities, i.e., GAMSH 3, KASH 6, and TAPSH 1 were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results showed that they were aligned to Virgibacillus marismortui (97%), Oceanobacillus iheyensis (97%), and Bacillus cereus (96%), respectively.
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Sumbodo, Yoshua Mario, Fiona Aqhila Dewi, Okti Hajeng Kristiadi, Annisa Nur Ayuningtyas, Heksa Raihan, Muhammad Zainuri, and Hermin Pancasakti Kusumaningrum. "Isolation and Morphological Characterization of Lead Tolerant Bacteria Associated with Perna viridis." Buletin Oseanografi Marina 12, no. 3 (September 27, 2023): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/buloma.v12i3.59350.
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Lead is a heavy metal contamination that is released into sea waters and cannot be decomposed so it accumulation and magnification along the food chain. Efforts to explore bacteria that have tolerance and have the potential to become lead reduction agents are a strategic step in remediating lead contamination. One mechanism for lead bioremediation by bioaccumulation is to utilize metallothionein protein which can potentially be obtained from isolates of green mussel associated bacteria. Bacterial isolates associated with green mussels were obtained by isolating the bacteria and testing the tolerance of the bacterial isolates using Luria Bertani media which was added with Pb(NO3)2 at a concentration of 100 ppm and its multiples to determine their tolerance to lead. The bacterial isolates obtained were characterized based on colony and cell morphology. The results of the lead resistance test carried out showed that 11 bacterial isolates were obtained and 3 bacterial isolates had tolerance to lead with a lead concentration of 400 ppm. Bacterial isolates that are tolerant to lead show changes in cell morphology to reduce the impact of exposure to lead which has a lethal effect, because the resulting decrease in cell surface area can reduce lead absorption.
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Roberts, Joseph A., Bangya Ma, Lane P. Tredway, David F. Ritchie, and James P. Kerns. "Identification and Pathogenicity of Bacteria Associated with Etiolation and Decline of Creeping Bentgrass Golf Course Putting Greens." Phytopathology® 108, no. 1 (January 2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-01-17-0015-r.
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Bacterial etiolation and decline has developed into a widespread issue with creeping bentgrass (CBG) (Agrostis stolonifera) putting green turf. The condition is characterized by an abnormal elongation of turfgrass stems and leaves that in rare cases progresses into a rapid and widespread necrosis and decline. Recent reports have cited bacteria, Acidovorax avenae and Xanthomonas translucens, as causal agents; however, few cases exist where either bacterium were isolated in conjunction with turf exhibiting bacterial disease symptoms. From 2010 to 2014, turfgrass from 62 locations submitted to the NC State Turf Diagnostic Clinic exhibiting bacterial etiolation and/or decline symptoms were sampled for the presence of bacterial pathogens. Isolated bacteria were identified using rRNA sequencing of the 16S subunit and internal transcribed spacer region (16S-23S or ITS). Results showed diverse bacteria isolated from symptomatic turf and A. avenae and X. translucens were only isolated in 26% of samples. Frequently isolated bacterial species were examined for pathogenicity to 4-week-old ‘G2’ CBG seedlings and 8-week-old ‘A-1’ CBG turfgrass stands in the greenhouse. While results confirmed pathogenicity of A. avenae and X. translucens, Pantoea ananatis was also shown to infect CBG turf; although pathogenicity varied among isolated strains. These results illustrate that multiple bacteria are associated with bacterial disease and shed new light on culturable bacteria living in CBG turfgrass putting greens. Future research to evaluate additional microorganisms (i.e., bacteria and fungi) could provide new information on host−microbe interactions and possibly develop ideas for management tactics to reduce turfgrass pests.
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Widyananto, Prastyo Abi, Sakti Imam Muchlissin, Agus Sabdono, Bambang Yulianto, Fauziah Shahul Hamid, and Ocky Karna Radjasa. "Biodegradation of Polyethylene Microplastic using Culturable Coral-Associated Bacteria Isolated from Corals of Karimunjawa National Park." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 26, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.26.4.237-246.
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Polyethylene is a plastic material that was globally produced and is well known as a non-degradable pollutant product. Plastic pollution, primarily microplastics, have been distributed to coral reef ecosystems, where these areas are ecosystems with high productivity. Karimunjawa National Park in Indonesia is one of the protected areas for coral reef ecosystem habitat in Central Java, threatened by microplastic contamination. Recent studies have shown that coral-associated bacteria have an adequate ability to degrade marine pollutant materials. No one has reported that the use of indigenous coral-associated bacteria has the potential for microplastic biodegradation, especially low-density polyethylene microplastic materials. Hence, the objective of this study was to find the potential of microplastic biodegradation agents derived from coral-associated bacteria in Karimunjawa National Park area. Various coral life-forms were isolated in July 2020 from conservation areas and areas with anthropogenic influences. Bacterial isolates were screened using tributyrin and polycaprolactone as substrates to reveal potential microplastic degradation enzymes. The total isolation results obtained 92 bacterial isolates, and then from the result of enzyme screening, there were 7 active bacteria and only 1 bacteria that potential to degrade polyethylene. LBC 1 showed that strain could degrade by 2.25±0.0684 % low-density polyethylene microplastic pellet by incubating bacterial growth until the stationary phase. Identification of LBC 1 strain was carried out by extracting DNA and bacterial 16S rRNA sequences. Bacterial gene identification refers to Bacillus paramycoides with a similarity level in the National Center Biotechnology Information database of 99.44%. These results prove that hard coral association bacteria can degrade low-density polyethylene microplastics.
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Embacher, Julia, Sigrid Neuhauser, Susanne Zeilinger, and Martin Kirchmair. "Microbiota Associated with Different Developmental Stages of the Dry Rot Fungus Serpula lacrymans." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7050354.
Full textAbstract:
The dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans causes significant structural damage by decaying construction timber, resulting in costly restoration procedures. Dry rot fungi decompose cellulose and hemicellulose and are often accompanied by a succession of bacteria and other fungi. Bacterial–fungal interactions (BFI) have a considerable impact on all the partners, ranging from antagonistic to beneficial relationships. Using a cultivation-based approach, we show that S. lacrymans has many co-existing, mainly Gram-positive, bacteria and demonstrate differences in the communities associated with distinct fungal parts. Bacteria isolated from the fruiting bodies and mycelia were dominated by Firmicutes, while bacteria isolated from rhizomorphs were dominated by Proteobacteria. Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were less abundant. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed that bacteria were not present biofilm-like, but occurred as independent cells scattered across and within tissues, sometimes also attached to fungal spores. In co-culture, some bacterial isolates caused growth inhibition of S. lacrymans, and vice versa, and some induced fungal pigment production. It was found that 25% of the isolates could degrade pectin, 43% xylan, 17% carboxymethylcellulose, and 66% were able to depolymerize starch. Our results provide first insights for a better understanding of the holobiont S. lacrymans and give hints that bacteria influence the behavior of S. lacrymans in culture.
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Guzman, Juan, and Andreas Vilcinskas. "Bacteria associated with cockroaches: health risk or biotechnological opportunity?" Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, no. 24 (October 31, 2020): 10369–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10973-6.
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Abstract Cockroaches have existed for 300 million years and more than 4600 extant species have been described. Throughout their evolution, cockroaches have been associated with bacteria, and today Blattabacterium species flourish within specialized bacteriocytes, recycling nitrogen from host waste products. Cockroaches can disseminate potentially pathogenic bacteria via feces and other deposits, particularly members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, but also Staphylococcus and Mycobacterium species, and thus, they should be cleared from sites where hygiene is essential, such as hospitals and kitchens. On the other hand, cockroaches also carry bacteria that may produce metabolites or proteins with potential industrial applications. For example, an antibiotic-producing Streptomyces strain was isolated from the gut of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Other cockroach-associated bacteria, including but not limited to Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Pseudomonas species, can also produce bioactive metabolites that may be suitable for development as pharmaceuticals or plant protection products. Enzymes that degrade industrially relevant substrates, or that convert biomasses into useful chemical precursors, are also expressed in cockroach-derived bacteria and could be deployed for use in the food/feed, paper, oil, or cosmetics industries. The analysis of cockroach gut microbiomes has revealed a number of lesser-studied bacteria that may form the basis of novel taxonomic groups. Bacteria associated with cockroaches can therefore be dangerous or useful, and this review explores the bacterial clades that may provide opportunities for biotechnological exploitation. Key points • Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are the most frequently cultivated bacteria from cockroaches. • Cultivation-independent studies have revealed a diverse community, led by the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. • Although cockroaches may carry pathogenic bacteria, most strains are innocuous and may be useful for biotechnological applications.
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Tangestani, Mehrnoush, Paul Broady, and Arvind Varsani. "An investigation of antibacterial activity of New Zealand seaweed-associated marine bacteria." Future Microbiology 16, no. 15 (October 2021): 1167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2021-0023.
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Aim: To explore seaweed-associated bacteria as prospective producers of bioactive material with antibacterial properties. Materials & methods: 143 bacterial species were isolated from the surface of 15 New Zealand marine macroalgae. Bacterial extracts obtained using dimethyl sulfoxide and ethyl acetate were screened for antagonistic activities against three antimicrobial susceptibility indicators: Kocuria rhizophila, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli, using well-diffusion method. For selected species, minimum inhibitory concentration was determined, followed by a phylogenetic identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results: Among all bacteria screened, seven that belonged to the genera Vibrio, Pseudoalteromonas, Psychromonas and Cobetia, showed antagonistic activity against all three indicators. Conclusion: Seaweed-associated bacteria produce bioactive compounds with antimicrobial potential and possible biomedical application in aquatic habitats.
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Luna, Emily, Leon van Eck, Tony Campillo, Margaret Weinroth, Jessica Metcalf, Alvaro L. Perez-Quintero, Anna-Maria Botha, et al. "Bacteria Associated with Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia) Enhance Aphid Virulence to Wheat." Phytobiomes Journal 2, no. 3 (January 2018): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-06-18-0027-r.
Full textAbstract:
Phenotypic responses to biotic stresses are often studied as the interactions between two species; however, in the phytobiome, these responses frequently result from complex interactions involving several organisms. Here, we show that variation in chlorosis caused by Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) feeding is determined, in part, by aphid-associated bacteria. Proteomic analysis of fluids injected into a sterile medium by the aphid during feeding indicate that 99% of the proteins are of bacterial origin. Of these, the greatest proportion are produced by bacteria in the order Enterobacteriales. Bacteria from five genera in four families that have the capacity to produce these proteins were isolated directly from aphids as well as from wheat leaves only after D. noxia feeding. By themselves or in combination, these bacteria were not virulent to wheat, even at high inoculum levels. Metagenomic analysis showed that the same five D. noxia-associated genera dominated the non-Buchnera component of the aphid microbiome, and that representation of these genera was reduced in aphids from colonies established after isolation of newborn nymphs from their mothers prior to feeding (isolated aphids). Isolation or treatment with antibiotics reduced bacterial numbers, and these aphids caused less feeding damage on wheat than non-isolated or non-antibiotic-treated aphids. Our data show that bacterial proteins are a significant component of Russian wheat aphid saliva, that the bacteria producing these proteins are associated with aphids and plants fed upon by aphids, and that these aphid-associated bacteria facilitate aphid virulence to wheat.