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Journal articles on the topic 'Assisted suicide Psychological aspects'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Saxena, A., V. Sharma, A. Walia, and P. Sharma. "Over, but not out-recognition and preventing aircraft-assisted murder-suicide by Aircrew." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S604—S605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2261.

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Context and introductionThe recent crash of Germanwings Flight 4U9525 appears to be the latest act of aircraft-assisted murder-suicide. The psychiatric preventive aspects of the murder-suicide need to be discussed, and effective measures for recognition and prevention of this murder-suicide are needed. Aircrew health is biased towards the physical ailments, and evaluation manuals have not discussed the mental health aspects, especially preventive strategies. These strategies involve multifactorial interventions, their applicability and usefulness are not globally validated.Objectives and methodsThanatology has since long, focused on early detection of mental distress and elucidating behavioural and psychological factors that predispose towards attempts at self-harm. Aircrew forms a different group from the general population. The recognition and preventive strategies in this special group, must, therefore, be tailored to this group with its special characteristics.Data sources, study selection and data synthesis publications were identified via electronic searches using multiple search terms related to suicide prevention. The available effective preventive measures were juxtaposed on the current concepts in aerospace psychiatry.ConclusionsMurder-suicide by aircrew is an event that is the culmination of undetected, ignored or even condoned discrete events that gradually progress and insidiously escalate. The importance of psychological factors in this catastrophic event needs to be disseminated amongst psychiatrists, and aircrew medical examiners. Ascertaining which components of suicide prevention programmes are effective in early recognition of aircrew who may attempt or complete the murder-suicide and putting into practice these to optimize the use of limited resources, is therefore essential and necessary.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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2

Post, Stephen G. "Dementia in Our Midst: The Moral Community." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 4, no. 2 (1995): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100005818.

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This article focuses on the elderly patient with a progressive and irreversible dementia, most often of the Alzheimer type. However dementia, the decline in mental function from a previous state, can occur in all ages. For example, if Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the dementia of the elderly, increasingly AIDS is the dementia of many who are relatively young. I will not present the major ethical issues relating to dementia care following the progression of disease from the mild to the severe stages, for I have done this elsewhere. Among the issues included are: presymptomatic testing, both psychological and genetic; responsible diag- nostic disclosure and use of support groups; restrictions on driving and other activities; preemptive assisted suicide; advance directives for research and treatment; quality of life in relation to the use of life-extending technologies; and euthanasia.

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3

Ostapenko, V. N., I. V. Lantukh, and A. P. Lantukh. "Euthanasia and suicide: a medical and social discourse." Reports of Vinnytsia National Medical University 25, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31393/reports-vnmedical-2021-25(1)-20.

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Annotation. The problem of suicide and euthanasia has been particularly updated with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused a strong explosion of suicide, because medicine was not ready for it, and the man was too weak in front of its pressure. The article considers the issue of euthanasia and suicide based on philosophical messages from the position of a doctor, which today goes beyond medicine and medical ethics and becomes one of the important aspects of society. Medicine has achieved success in the continuation of human life, but it is unable to ensure the quality of life of those who are forced to continue it. In these circumstances, the admission of suicide or euthanasia pursues the refusal of the subject to achieve an adequate quality of life; an end to suffering for those who find their lives unacceptable. The reasoning that banned suicide: no one should harm or destroy the basic virtues of human nature; deliberate suicide is an attempt to harm a person or destroy human life; no one should kill himself. The criterion may be that suicide should not take place when it is committed at the request of the subject when he devalues his own life. According to supporters of euthanasia, in the conditions of the progress of modern science, many come to the erroneous opinion that medicine can have total control over human life and death. But people have the right to determine the end of their lives while using the achievements of medicine, as well as the right to demand an extension of life with the help of the same medicine. They believe that in the era of a civilized state, the right to die with medical help should be as natural as the right to receive medical care. At the same time, the patient cannot demand death as a solution to the problem, even if all means of relieving him from suffering have been exhausted. In defense of his claims, he turns to the principle of beneficence. The task of medicine is to alleviate the suffering of the patient. But if physician-assisted suicide and active euthanasia become part of health care, theoretical and practical medicine will be deprived of advances in palliative and supportive therapies. Lack of adequate palliative care is a medical, ethical, psychological, and social problem that needs to be addressed before resorting to such radical methods as legalizing euthanasia.

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4

de Castro, Michelle Herminia Mesquita, Carolina Rodrigues Mendonça, Matias Noll, Fernanda Sardinha de Abreu Tacon, and Waldemar Naves do Amaral. "Psychosocial Aspects of Gestational Grief in Women Undergoing Infertility Treatment: A Systematic Review of Qualitative and Quantitative Evidence." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 13143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413143.

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Women undergoing assisted reproduction treatment without being able to become pregnant, and experiencing pregnancy loss after assisted reproduction, are triggering factors for prolonged grief and mourning. This review aims to investigate the psychosocial aspects of gestational grief among women who have undergone infertility treatment. We searched the databases of MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Lilacs for works published up to 5 March 2021. The outcomes analyzed were negative and positive psychosocial responses to gestational grief among women suffering from infertility and undergoing assisted human reproduction treatment. Eleven studies were included, which yielded 316 women experiencing infertility who were undergoing treatment. The most frequently reported negative psychosocial manifestations of grief response were depression (6/11, 54.5%), despair or loss of hope/guilt/anger (5/11, 45.5%), anxiety (4/11, 36.4%), frustration (3/11, 27.3%), and anguish/shock/suicidal thoughts/isolation (2/11, 18.2%). Positive psychosocial manifestations included the hope of becoming pregnant (4/6, 66.6%) and acceptance of infertility after attempting infertility treatment (2/6, 33.3%). We identified several negative and positive psychosocial responses to gestational grief in women experiencing infertility. Psychological support before, during, and after assisted human reproduction treatment is crucial for the management of psychosocial aspects that characterize the grief process of women experiencing infertility who become pregnant and who lose their pregnancy. Our results may help raise awareness of the area of grief among infertile women and promote policy development for the mental health of bereaved women.

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5

Corbo Crehan, Anna, and Michael Absalom. "Watching out for the watchers." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 2, no. 3 (September 19, 2016): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-08-2015-0038.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to enhance the understanding of the situational vulnerabilities faced by police qua police, with a view to identifying the best ways of addressing those vulnerabilities. Design/methodology/approach The “theoretical vocabulary for analysing vulnerability” developed by Mackenzie et al. (2014) provides the framework for most of the discussion. Discussions of self-care as developed for other professions have informed the discussion on self-care for police officers. Findings The paper draws two key conclusions: that a fuller understanding of police officers’ vulnerability qua police needs to extend to a consideration of officers’ off-duty time, and that police officers need to be better apprised of the situational vulnerabilities they will face qua police officers so that subjective experiences of those vulnerabilities are not unnecessarily traumatic. Finally the paper identifies the need for the professional obligation to engage in efficacious self-care practices to be applied to police officers to ensure responsibility for their situational vulnerabilities is fairly distributed between themselves and their organisation. Practical implications The insights identified in the paper have implications for better addressing the ways in which police officers cope, and are assisted to cope, with the distressing and disturbing aspects of their work. Originality/value A clear need for better understanding of, and responses to, the vulnerabilities to which police work gives rise is required, given current rates of suicide, and mental and psychological injury amongst police officers.

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6

Lester, David. "Psychological Issues in Euthanasia, Suicide, and Assisted Suicide." Journal of Social Issues 52, no. 2 (July 1996): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1996.tb01567.x.

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7

Епанчинцева, Галина, Нонна Волосова, and Татьяна Козловская. "Suicide: legislative, psychological and criminological aspects." Криминологический журнал Байкальского государственного университета экономики и права 9, no. 2 (2015): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/1996-7756.2015.9(2).234-247.

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8

FIESTA, JANINE. "Legal Aspects of Physician-Assisted Suicide." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 28, no. 5 (May 1997): 17???21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-199705010-00003.

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9

Clare, Anthony W., and Janette Tyrrell. "Psychiatric aspects of abortion." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 11, no. 2 (June 1994): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700012428.

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AbstractObjective: To examine the evidence concerning the psychological consequences of abortion, the risk of suicide in pregnancy and the psychological consequences for the mother and the child in cases of refused abortion. Method: An extensive literature search was undertaken and key relevant papers were examined and analysed. Results: Legal abortion has become more widely available throughout the western world and the actual reported incidence of cases of refused abortion is low. The majority of studies indicate that the psychological consequences of abortion itself are in the main mild and transient but there is evidence that women who have strong religious or cultural attitudes negative to abortion do experience high levels of psychological stress following abortion. The risk of suicide is low in pregnancy and suicide is a rare outcome of refused abortion. There is evidence of psychological and social difficulties experienced by mothers of unwanted pregnancies forced to proceed to term and by many offspring of such unwanted pregnancies. Conclusions: Definitive conclusions are difficult to draw from the published studies of refused abortion and many studies are over thirty years old.

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10

Voinov, A. "On contemporary aspects of assisted suicide at plato." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S447—S448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1195.

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IntroductionUsually, Plato is not considered a philosopher that comprehensively treated the matter of suicide. By studying Plato’s work (especially Crito, Phaedo, the Republic and the Laws), we observe that Plato was concerned with the problem of suicide and that he gave an elaborate answer regarding the problem of suicide, laws against its practice as well as exceptions from them, customs and punishments.ObjectivesThis paper, in the light of a trial to overcome the monistic approaches of the matter of suicide, proposes the modest but fundamental goal to point out the resemblance between Plato’s position (especially from the Laws and the Republic) regarding the matter of suicide and the nowadays reasons invoked by the patients requesting assisted suicide.MethodsLooking at the patients from the United States of America which requested assisted suicide, by analyzing the available annual reports (at the time of writing this abstract, only 6 out of 9 states that have a legal status that permits assisted suicide are publishing annual reports regarding the patients and their assisted suicide requests), we compare them with Plato’s attitude towards suicide.ResultsWe observe that the most invoked reasons (concerns and underlying illnesses), by the patients wich request assisted suicide, are also the cases in which Plato permitted suicide.ConclusionsThis comparison and insight into Plato’s philosophy does not resolve any particular issues of the medical praxis but is binging out the utility of a multidisciplinary, especially philosophical and ethical, approach to the practice of assisted suicide.

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11

Sprung, Charles L., Margaret A. Somerville, Lukas Radbruch, Nathalie Steiner Collet, Gunnar Duttge, Jefferson P. Piva, Massimo Antonelli, Daniel P. Sulmasy, Willem Lemmens, and E. Wesley Ely. "Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia." Journal of Palliative Care 33, no. 4 (June 1, 2018): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0825859718777325.

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Medical professional societies have traditionally opposed physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia (PAS-E), but this opposition may be shifting. We present 5 reasons why physicians shouldn’t be involved in PAS-E. 1. Slippery slopes: There is evidence that safeguards in the Netherlands and Belgium are ineffective and violated, including administering lethal drugs without patient consent, absence of terminal illness, untreated psychiatric diagnoses, and nonreporting; 2. Lack of self-determination: Psychological and social motives characterize requests for PAS-E more than physical symptoms or rational choices; many requests disappear with improved symptom control and psychological support; 3. Inadequate palliative care: Better palliative care makes most patients physically comfortable. Many individuals requesting PAS-E don’t want to die but to escape their suffering. Adequate treatment for depression and pain decreases the desire for death; 4. Medical professionalism: PAS-E transgresses the inviolable rule that physicians heal and palliate suffering but never intentionally inflict death; 5. Differences between means and ends: Proeuthanasia advocates look to the ends (the patient’s death) and say the ends justify the means; opponents disagree and believe that killing patients to relieve suffering is different from allowing natural death and is not acceptable. Conclusions: Physicians have a duty to eliminate pain and suffering, not the person with the pain and suffering. Solutions for suffering lie in improving palliative care and social conditions and addressing the reasons for PAS-E requests. They should not include changing medical practice to allow PAS-E.

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12

Shand, J. "Physician-assisted Suicide." Journal of Medical Ethics 24, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.24.3.208.

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13

Benedict, Susan, Anne Griswold Pierce, and Sharon Sweeney. "Historical, ethical, and legal aspects of assisted suicide." Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 9, no. 2 (March 1998): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1055-3290(98)80059-9.

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14

Tamayo-Velázquez, María-Isabel, Pablo Simón-Lorda, and Maite Cruz-Piqueras. "Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide." Nursing Ethics 19, no. 5 (September 2012): 677–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733011436203.

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The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes and experiences of Spanish nurses in relation to euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. In an online questionnaire completed by 390 nurses from Andalusia, 59.1% adequately identified a euthanasia situation and 64.1% a situation involving physician-assisted suicide. Around 69% were aware that both practices were illegal in Spain, while 21.4% had received requests for euthanasia and a further 7.8% for assisted suicide. A total of 22.6% believed that cases of euthanasia had occurred in Spain and 11.4% believed the same for assisted suicide. There was greater support (70%) for legalisation of euthanasia than for assisted suicide (65%), combined with a greater predisposition towards carrying out euthanasia (54%), if it were to be legalised, than participating in assisted suicide (47.3%). Nurses in Andalusia should be offered more education about issues pertaining to the end of life, and extensive research into this area should be undertaken.

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15

Salem, Tania. "Physician-Assisted Suicide: Promoting Autonomy or Medicalizing Suicide?" Hastings Center Report 29, no. 3 (May 1999): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3528193.

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16

Annas, George J. "The Promised End — Constitutional Aspects of Physician-Assisted Suicide." New England Journal of Medicine 335, no. 9 (August 29, 1996): 683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm199608293350924.

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17

Canick, Simon M. "Constitutional Aspects of Physician-Assisted Suicide After Lee v. Oregon." American Journal of Law & Medicine 23, no. 1 (1997): 69–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800010613.

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Dying is personal. And it is profound. For many, the thought of an ignoble end, steeped in decay, is abhorrent. A quiet, proud death, bodily integrity intact, is a matter of extreme consequence.—Justice William BrennanTwo recent circuit court decisions have reinvigorated the debate over the constitutional, practical and ethical ramifications of physician-assisted suicide. In Compassion in Dying v. Washington, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that a liberty interest exists in choosing the time and manner of one’s death. The court found this right to outweigh all asserted state interests, and concluded that, with respect to competent, terminally ill adults, Washington’s prohibition of assisted suicide violates the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The ruling effectively strikes down laws against assisted suicide in all of the states in the Ninth Circuit.In April 1996, in Quill v. Vacco, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals held that New York’s prohibition of assisted suicide violates the U.S. Constitution’s Equal Protection Clause.

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18

McNicholl, Declan, and Julian Street. "Two structured models of suicide in adults: Content, synthesis, utility and critique." Clinical Psychology Forum 1, no. 169 (January 2007): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpf.2007.1.169.20.

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This paper considers psychological aspects of suicide. A review of the literature identifies two main psychological models. The utility, limitations and predictive power of these models are explored. Suggestions are made for further understanding of suicide.

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19

Shevchenko, O. M. "SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SUICIDE AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE IN UKRAINE." Habitus, no. 11 (2020): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32843/2663-5208.2020.11.17.

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20

Vargas-Medrano, Javier, Valeria Diaz-Pacheco, Christopher Castaneda, Manuel Miranda-Arango, Melanie O. Longhurst, Sarah L. Martin, Usman Ghumman, et al. "Psychological and neurobiological aspects of suicide in adolescents: Current outlooks." Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health 7 (August 2020): 100124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100124.

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21

ANDORNO, ROBERTO. "Nonphysician-Assisted Suicide in Switzerland." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 22, no. 3 (April 30, 2013): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180113000054.

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22

Domino, George, Marisa Domino, and Annie Su. "Psychosocial Aspects of Suicide in Young Chinese Rural Women." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 44, no. 3 (May 2002): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/7hec-9pjm-exnr-ur5a.

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A sample of 90 rural Chinese women were interviewed and tested to assess a theoretical model that assumes suicide ideation is a function of four broad theoretical variables: 1) psychological aspects such as self-esteem and personal adjustment; 2) coping aspects; 3) environmental aspects, specifically the degree of support found in the family and in the community; and 4) attitudes toward suicide. The data were analyzed first for reliability, which was found to be adequate, and then from a covariance structure modeling approach—i.e., LISREL. The results are complex, but do suggest a relative fit between theoretical model and observed data, though the fit is limited by a number of necessary assumptions in covariance structural modeling that may not reflect psychological and psychometric reality.

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23

Paris, John J. "Why Involve Physicians in Assisted Suicide?" American Journal of Bioethics 9, no. 3 (March 3, 2009): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265160802668988.

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24

Gagnon, James D., and Thomas A. Preston. "Autonomy in Physician-Assisted Suicide." Hastings Center Report 30, no. 3 (May 2000): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3528036.

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25

Moskowitz, Ellen, Kathleen Foley, Herbert Hendin, Lois Snyder, and Arthur Caplan. "The Consensus on Assisted Suicide." Hastings Center Report 33, no. 4 (July 2003): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3528382.

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26

Achille, Marie A., and James R. P. Ogloff. "Attitudes Toward and Desire for Assisted Suicide among Persons with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 48, no. 1 (February 2004): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/g5ta-9kv0-mt3g-rwm0.

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This study aimed at investigating attitudes toward assisted suicide among individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the differences in health status (illness severity and functional disability) and psychosocial adjustment (depression, perceived stress, social support, and coping) between those in favor of and those against assisted suicide. This study also aimed at describing the characteristics of terminally-ill individuals who acknowledge contemplating assisted suicide. Forty-four individuals diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were surveyed about their attitudes and the circumstances that would make them contemplate assisted suicide and filled out standardized measures of mood, stress, social support, coping, and illness status. Seventy percent of the sample found assisted suicide morally acceptable and 60% thought it should be legalized. In addition, 60% of patients agreed they could foresee circumstances that would make them contemplate assisted suicide, but only three (7%) indicated they would have requested it already if it had been legal. Willingness to contemplate assisted suicide was associated with reports of elevated levels of depressive symptoms and reports of hopelessness. Results highlight the need to assess psychological status carefully when terminally ill individuals begin contemplating assisted suicide or voice a request for it.

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27

Butt, Zeeshan A., James C. Overholser, and Carla Kmett Danielson. "Predictors of Attitudes Towards Physician-Assisted Suicide." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 47, no. 2 (October 2003): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/dy9y-ya97-wg3n-cqth.

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Psychological factors may influence an individual's acceptance of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (PAS). The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate predictors of attitudes towards PAS. Data were collected from 136 college students at a private Midwestern university. In addition to demographic and family history information, respondents completed measures of attitudes towards seeking mental health services, depression, hopelessness, and PAS attitudes. Respondent age, race, and hopelessness scores emerged as the only significant predictors ( R2 = .20) in a multiple regression model used to identify potential predictors of PAS attitudes. Younger, non-minority respondents, and those endorsing more hopelessness reported more accepting attitudes towards PAS. Data from a three month follow-up assessment supported the stability of this pattern. The findings highlight the important role that mental health professionals should play in PAS decision making. Implications for the evaluation of medically ill considering PAS and their caregivers are discussed.

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28

Kopala, Beverly, and Susan Lorraine Kennedy. "Requests for Assisted Suicide: a nursing issue." Nursing Ethics 5, no. 1 (January 1998): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309800500103.

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At the heart of the debate over assisted suicide is the recognition that not all persons can be healed and not all suffering can be relieved. This article addresses the ethical, professional and legal issues to be considered by the nurses in the United States who are facing patients’ requests for assisted suicide. Both personal and professional risks, and the consequences of an action must be evaluated. Ultimately, a decision is based on some ranking of: patient values; personal values and beliefs; professional codes, standards and other guidelines; and societal laws and regulations.

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29

Cioffi, Andrea, Giuseppe Bersani, and Raffaella Rinaldi. "Medico-legal and bioethical perspectives following the constitutional legitimacy of assisted suicide in Italy." Medico-Legal Journal 88, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025817220923687.

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Assisted suicide is the subject of much debate throughout the world. In Italy, on 24 September 2019, the Italian Constitutional Court legitimised assisted suicide under certain conditions: self-determination capacity, irreversible illness and intense physical/psychological suffering of the patient. This historic judgement surely paved the way for an evolution of the Italian legal framework on the matter but also raised some challenging medico-legal and bioethical questions. This study aims at analysing two of the most controversial among them: the inclusion of psychiatric patients among eligible patients for assisted suicide and the position of physicians related to their right to conscientious objection.

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30

James, D. S. "An Examination of the Medical Aspects of Cremation Certification: Are the Medical Certificates Required under the Cremation Act Effective or Necessary?" Medical Law International 2, no. 1 (September 1995): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096853329500200104.

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Assisted suicide is a topical issue which has been brought to public attention recently through international cases and legislation. In particular, a recent case in the Netherlands concerning the assisted suicide of a depressed patient, and the pro assisted suicide legislation in Oregon, raise disturbing issues especially for advocates representing people with mental or terminal illness. The justifications for assisted suicide for both groups appear similar since both are vulnerable. Their vulnerability stems either from physical and emotional exhaustion caused by disease or mental distress and depression (J. Griffiths, 1994), which is often concomitant with physical disease (J. Billings, S. Block, 1994). Therefore, it is valuable to analyse the issues raised by assisted suicide for people with depression in either group. The arguments for assisted suicide are manifold, but the way in which society responds highlights inherent assumptions regarding the quality of life of people with depression. The limited rights and protections for people with mental disabilities in Britain emphasise the necessity for ethical inquiry and advocacy on behalf of these individuals. However, a conflict may arise for the advocate who opposes the ultimate outcome, death, yet values legal representation of the stated desires of the client.

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31

Szołtek, Agnieszka. "Cognitive and Utilitarian Aspects of Psychological Support for Police Oﬃcers." Internal Security 9, no. 2 (July 9, 2018): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1716.

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Psychological support for police officers and civilian police staff is among key factors capable of preventing negative effects of work-related stress. The need for such support is especially significant in crisis situations, when psychological assistance is provided to police officers and civilian police staff. Comprehensive psychological support is offered by police psychologists, who are responsible for psychological care and psychoeducation, psychology of human resources management and applied police psychology. This paper presents statistical figures as regards forms of psychological assistance provided by psychologists in 2016. As the most common of psychological specialisations, psychological care involves providing psychological assistance or emotional first aid to police officers and civilian police staff; doing psychotherapy; offering psychoeducation to a police officer or a civilian employee; preparing a psychological analysis of suicide or a suicide attempt by a police officer or civilian police worker. In 2016 police psychologists specialising in psychological care and psychoeducation targeted for assistance almost 2,000 police officers and civilian police staff and provided nearly 3,500 pieces of psychological advice. In addition, the psychologists’ work consisted in offering psychotherapy to individuals and support groups. The vast majority of therapeutic activities were targeted at police officers and civilian police staff in crisis situations. An important aspect of psychological support is broadly understood psychoeducation, which makes it possible to cope with mental stress. Police officers cannot avoid work-related stress or traumatic experiences when performing their official duties, but they can and should take advantage of police psychologists’ professional assistance. Statistical data quoted in the report summarising police psychologists’ activity in 2016 clearly shows that their work is necessary.

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32

Hartley, J. R. "Some Psychological Aspects of Computer‐Assisted Learning and Teaching." PLET: Programmed Learning & Educational Technology 22, no. 2 (May 1985): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1355800850220206.

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33

Martin, Angela K., Alex Mauron, and Samia A. Hurst. "Assisted Suicide is Compatible with Medical Ethos." American Journal of Bioethics 11, no. 6 (June 2011): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2011.577519.

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34

Kamisar, Yale. "Are Laws against Assisted Suicide Unconstitutional?" Hastings Center Report 23, no. 3 (May 1993): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3563366.

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35

Buchan, Janet. "Book Review: Physician assisted suicide: expanding the debate." Nursing Ethics 6, no. 6 (November 1999): 548–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309900600612.

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36

Coleman, Carl H., and Tracy E. Miller. "Stemming the Tide: Assisted Suicide and the Constitution." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 23, no. 4 (1995): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1995.tb01384.x.

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On November 8, 1994, Oregon became the first state in the nation to legalize assisted suicide. Passage of Proposition 16 was a milestone in the campaign to make assisted suicide a legal option. The culmination of years of effort, the Oregon vote followed on the heels of failed referenda in California and Washington, and other unsuccessful attempts to enact state laws guaranteeing the right to suicide assistance. Indeed, in 1993, four states passed laws strengthening or clarifying their ban against assisted suicide. No doubt, Proposition 16 is likely to renew the effort to legalize assisted suicide at the state level.The battle over assisted suicide is also unfolding in the courts. Litigation challenging Proposition 16 on the grounds that it violates the equal protection clause is ongoing in Oregon. More significantly, three cases, two in federal courts and one in Michigan state court, have been brought to establish assisted suicide as a constitutionally protected right.

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Banerjee, A., and D. Birenbaum-Carmeli. "Ordering suicide: media reporting of family assisted suicide in Britain." Journal of Medical Ethics 33, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2007.020776.

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Widyaningsih, Rindha, and K. Kuntarto. "Family Suicide Bombing: A Psychological Analysis of Contemporary Terrorism." Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 26, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ws.26.2.3111.

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<p>Terrorist organizations are now transforming into small cells and spreading their ideology to various parts of the world. The acts of terrorism in the Surabaya bomb case provide a new paradigm of the involvement of family members or an inner circle in their actions. The involvement of family members is considerably related to some psychological aspects. This study aims to provide a psychological analysis of suicide bombing terrors involving family members. The data obtained were analyzed using the perspective of Moghaddam’s theory, ‘staircases to terrorism’. The result indicates that the suicide bomber who has brought their family members in the action has gone through these six stages of psychological aspects: (1) Search for meaning. Actors seeking self and social meaning and finding reasons from the radical ideology adopted; (2) Presenting the ideology. The idea arises to fight those who are considered to do injustice, and the desire to change the system of government and politics is legitimate; (3) Cultivation stage. The process of ideology processing justification for resistance to those who are considered to be doing injustices; (4) Control over members. The stages of correct or wrong assessment based on the fatwa of the leader; (5) Moral engagement. The stage of identity confirmation and the process of polarization of groups of friends and opponents; (6) Recruitment, which is the stage of active involvement in acts of terrorism ranging from planning, targeting, techniques used, time and location of targets to implementing recruitment.</p>

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Linville, John E. "Physician-Assisted Suicide as a Constitutional Right." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 3 (1996): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01853.x.

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The legal treatment of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) is in flux. Reform has been impelled by several forces, including the recent success of novel constitutional arguments in the Ninth and Second Circuit Courts of Appeals. I will review and discuss Compassion in Dying v. State of Washington and Quill v. Vacco, addressing the constitutional arguments, and then briefly considering the attractions and difficulties of these new constitutional theories.Before 1990, state criminal laws dealing with assisted suicide had reached a remarkably stable consensus: suicide was not illegal, but assisting suicide was a criminal action with no distinction typically made between physicians and others who assisted. The details of the relevant criminal law varied from state to state. Some states had criminal statutes specifically addressing assisted suicide, while others treated the practice under more general homicide statutes. But in no state was it clearly legal for a physician to prescribe a lethal medication at the request of a dying patient. While remarkable legal developments took place during the 1970s and 1980s regarding other aspects of the rights of dying patients (including the right to refuse resuscitation and other life-sustaining treatments and the right to withdraw from life-sustaining treatment including nutrition and hydration), there was relative quiescence regarding the law of PAS.

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Miller, Franklin G., Howard Brody, and Timothy E. Quill. "Can Physician-Assisted Suicide Be Regulated Effectively?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 3 (1996): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01856.x.

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With breathtalung speed, traditional criminal prohibitions against assisted suicide have been declared unconstitutional in twelve states, including California and New York. This poses great promise and great peril. The promise is that competent terminally ill patients, as a compassionate measure of last resort, will have the option of putting an end to their suffering by physician-assisted suicide (PAS). More sigmficant, legally permitting this controversial option may be a catalyst for doctors, health care institutions, and society to improve the care of the dying. PAS should be limited only to those relatively few competent patients who continue to suffer intolerably despite unrestrained efforts to palliate and who face a continued existence that they regard as worse than death. When dying patients know they will not be abandoned to miserable and pointless suffering if palliative care fails, they will be fortified to cope better with the process of dying.The immediate peril is that PAS will become a quick fix, available on demand to any patient diagnosed as terminally ill, thus bypassing palliative care and producing premature deaths.

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Henry, Melissa, and Brian J. Greenfield. "Therapeutic Effects of Psychological Autopsies." Crisis 30, no. 1 (January 2009): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.30.1.20.

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Background. Several authors have observed a therapeutic impact of the psychological autopsy on the interviewee, although they do not explicitly define what aspects of the process were helpful. Aims. This article aims to identify these therapeutic effects and to discuss their potential impact on participants narratives. Methods. This article derives from 35 psychological autopsy interviews that were conducted to better understand adolescent and young adult suicide. Interviews lasted approximately 6 to 8 h each and consisted of both a battery of questionnaires and open-ended questions. They were mostly conducted with the families of the deceased, including parents and siblings, and on occasion were done with a single family member or friend. The time elapsed since the suicide ranged from 6 to 18 months. Results. Psychological autopsies were helpful to interviewees in allowing them to find meaning in the suicide, to find purpose through their altruistic participation, to obtain psychological support, to experience connectedness with others, to accept the loss as real, and to gain insight into their functioning. Negative reactions to the interviews, albeit uncommon, are also briefly described. Conclusions. We recommend that interviewers receive preparatory training and ongoing supervision while conducting interviews, to assure a reflective and professional stance.

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Vogelstein, Eric. "Evaluating the American Nurses Association’s arguments against nurse participation in assisted suicide." Nursing Ethics 26, no. 1 (May 23, 2017): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733017694619.

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This discussion paper critically assesses the American Nurses Association’s stated arguments against nurse participation in assisted suicide, as found in its current (2013) position statement. Seven distinct arguments can be gleaned from the American Nurses Association’s statement, based on (1) the American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics with Interpretive Statements and its injunction against nurses acting with the sole intent to end life, (2) the risks of abuse and misuse of assisted suicide, (3) nursing’s social contract or covenant with society, (4) the contention that nurses must not harm their patients, (5) the sanctity of life, (6) the traditions of nursing, and (7) the fundamental goals of nursing. Each of these arguments is evaluated, and none are found to be convincing. This is crucial because the American Nurses Association’s official stance on nurse participation in assisted suicide can have significant consequences for the well-being of nurses who care for patients in jurisdictions in which assisted suicide is legally available. The American Nurses Association should therefore have a strong and convincing justification for opposing the practice, if it is to take such a position. That it fails to evince such a justification in its official statement on the matter places a burden on the American Nurses Association to more strongly justify its position, or else abandon its stance against nurse participation in assisted suicide.

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Tulsky, James A., Ann Alpers, and Bernard Lo. "A Middle Ground on Physician-Assisted Suicide." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 5, no. 1 (1996): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100006708.

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“[A] murder prosecution is a poor way to design an ethical and moral code for doctors,” observed the California Court of Appeal in 1983. Yet, physicians who have chosen to help terminally ill patients to commit suicide have trespassed on illegal ground. When skilled medical care fails to relieve the pain of terminally ill patients, some people believe that physicians may assist in these suicides. Others reject any kind of physician involvement. The debate on assisted suiczide and active euthanasia has focused on whether these acts can ever be acceptable. We propose to shift the debate to a less divisive issue: whether a caring physician who provides a suffering and ill patient with a prescription for a lethal dose of medication should be prosecuted as a felon. Even assisted suicide's opponents may object to such criminal prosecution. We propose to modify existing criminal laws to give physicians who assist their terminally ill patients in suicide, under carefully defined circumstances, a legal defense against criminal charges.

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Gevers, J. K. M. "Physician-Assisted Suicide and the Dutch Courts." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 5, no. 1 (1996): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100006757.

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Over the last two decades, Dutch courts have left room for euthanasia (i.e., the deliberate termination of the life of a person on his request by another person). Although a crime under the Penal Code, euthanasia will usually not result in prosecution and conviction if it is committed by a physician according to rules of careful medical practice (including consultation of another physician); if the patient's request is voluntary, well-considered, and enduring; and if there is unacceptable and hopeless suffering and there are no other solutions to the patient's situation.

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van Bruchem-van de Scheur, Ada, Arie van der Arend, Frans van Wijmen, Huda Huijer Abu-Saad, and Ruud ter Meulen. "Dutch Nurses' Attitudes Towards Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide." Nursing Ethics 15, no. 2 (March 2008): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733007086016.

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This article presents the attitudes of nurses towards three issues concerning their role in euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 1509 nurses who were employed in hospitals, home care organizations and nursing homes. The study was conducted in the Netherlands between January 2001 and August 2004. The results show that less than half (45%) of nurses would be willing to serve on committees reviewing cases of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. More than half of the nurses (58.2%) found it too far-reaching to oblige physicians to consult a nurse in the decision-making process. The majority of the nurses stated that preparing euthanatics (62.9%) and inserting an infusion needle to administer the euthanatics (54.1%) should not be accepted as nursing tasks. The findings are discussed in the context of common practices and policies in the Netherlands, and a recommendation is made not to include these three issues in new regulations on the role of nurses in euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.

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Miles, Steven H. "Physician-Assisted Suicide and the Profession's Gyrocompass." Hastings Center Report 25, no. 3 (May 1995): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562108.

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Fins, Joseph J., Milton Viederman, and James Lindemann Nelson. "Case Study: But Is It Assisted Suicide?" Hastings Center Report 25, no. 3 (May 1995): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562110.

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Campbell, Courtney S., Jan Hare, and Pam Matthews. "Conflicts of Conscience Hospice and Assisted Suicide." Hastings Center Report 25, no. 3 (May 1995): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562113.

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Battin, Margaret P. "Assisted Suicide: Can We Learn from Germany?" Hastings Center Report 22, no. 2 (March 1992): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3562565.

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Gielen, Joris, Stef van den Branden, and Bert Broeckaert. "Religion and Nurses' Attitudes To Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide." Nursing Ethics 16, no. 3 (May 2009): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733009102692.

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In this review of empirical studies we aimed to assess the influence of religion and world view on nurses' attitudes towards euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. We searched PubMed for articles published before August 2008 using combinations of search terms. Most identified studies showed a clear relationship between religion or world view and nurses' attitudes towards euthanasia or physician assisted suicide. Differences in attitude were found to be influenced by religious or ideological affiliation, observance of religious practices, religious doctrines, and personal importance attributed to religion or world view. Nevertheless, a coherent comparative interpretation of the results of the identified studies was difficult. We concluded that no study has so far exhaustively investigated the relationship between religion or world view and nurses' attitudes towards euthanasia or physician assisted suicide and that further research is required.

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