Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Assistance in emergencies – Europe'
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Tsunekawa, Hitomi. "The interaction between humanitarian assistance and politics in complex humanitarian emergencies /." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33939.
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This thesis examines how humanitarian assistance and political aspects interact in complex humanitarian emergencies (CHEs) in both negative and positive ways, how to minimize negative outcomes, and how humanitarian assistance can contribute to conflict resolution. Although humanitarian assistance has long been considered to be separate from politics, the division between the two has posed serious difficulties for humanitarian aid agencies responding to disasters and even has resulted in negative impacts on political and humanitarian aspects. In order to confront CHEs today, humanitarians need to collaborate conceptually and practically with political actors, while political actors need to be sensitive to humanitarian needs. A priority is considered the minimalist position, aiming at "doing no harm." Under the right circumstances, the maximalist approach can be viewed as an opportunity for maximizing the effects of humanitarian efforts to alleviate people's suffering and contributing to conflict resolution by employing humanitarian assistance as a powerful instrument.
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Ford, Todd D. Hogan James L. Perry Michael W. "Communication during complex humanitarian emergencies : using technology to bridge the gap /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02sep%5FFord.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2002.Thesis advisor(s): Nancy Roberts, Alex Bordetsky. Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-162). Also available online.
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Abele, Christine. "Civil society assistance in Central and Eastern Europe." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15749.
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Die Arbeit stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit es externen Akteuren möglich ist, zivilgesellschaftli-che Strukturen eines in der Transformation befindlichen Staates zu stärken, um damit einen Beitrag zur Konsolidierung nachkommunistischer Gesellschaften zu leisten. Resultiert die externe Förderung tatsächlich in eine „zivilere“ Gesellschaft, welche sich auf mündige und aktive Bürger stützt, oder führt sie zu einem bloßen Transfer von Strukturen in Form von Nicht-Regierungsorganisationen (NRO), welche jedoch keine gesellschaftliche Anbindung haben und bloße Zuarbeiter westlicher Geberorganisationen sind? // Um diese Frage zu beantworten, werden im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit ausgehend vom akteurszentrierten Institutionalismus zwei wesentliche Mechanismen identifiziert, durch wel-che die Aktivitäten der Geber Veränderungen bei den Nehmern erzielen: Ermächtigung und Lernen. Während Ersteres die Einsatzmöglichkeiten und Ressourcen einiger Akteure stärkt und damit vorhandene Akteurskonstellationen ändert, führt Letzteres dazu, dass neue Ideen Eingang in die politische Arena finden. // Die Arbeit stellt die Aktivitäten vier verschiedener Geberländer und –organisationen in Polen und der Slowakei in den 1990er Jahren vor; der Europäischen Union, Deutschlands, der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und dem privaten Netzwerk der Soros Stiftungen; und un-tersucht deren Beitrag zur zivilgesellschaftlichen Entwicklung beider Länder. Hierzu werden lokale NROs in den Blick genommen, welche maßgeblich von westlichen Gebern unterstützt werden und untersucht, inwieweit diese als Träger der Zivilgesellschaft fungieren, welche Legitimität sie bei der Bevölkerung besitzen und ob sie nach Rückzug der Geber weiter exis-tieren. // Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluss, dass westliche Zivilgesellschaftsförderung in beiden un-tersuchten Ländern einen positiven Effekt hatte in dem Sinne, dass maßgeblich geförderte NROs tatsächlich als Träger der Zivilgesellschaft fungierten. Sie bemühten sich um die Un-terstützung anderer NROs, erweitern gesellschaftliche Partizipationsmöglichkeiten und sind soweit in nationale Strukturen und in der Gesellschaft verankert, dass auch ein Fortbestand ohne westliche Gelder möglich ist.With the end of the communist bloc and the transformations taking place in Central and Eastern Europe the promotion and protection of democracy from abroad became a major field of assistance. Especially civil society assistance, understood as direct support granted to non-governmental actors of the target state with the explicit aim to promote the consolida-tion of democracy, became a major pillar of democracy aid. The dissertation analyzes civil society assistance and aims to tackle the question whether it is feasible to promote and strengthen civil society from abroad. Does civil society assistance result in more civil society or does it result in nothing more than the establishment of donor driven NGOs which are nei-ther voluntary nor independent but solely function as puppets of donors? // In order to answer this question and following the insights of actor-centered institutionalism, the dissertation identifies to modes of external intervention labeled „empowerment” and “learning. In the first case, donors may increase the action resources of chosen domestic actors, thus altering domestic actor constellations, by providing finances, technical equip-ment, information and know-how. In the latter case, external actors may impact upon the ori-entations, that is, the perceptions and preferences, of domestic actors. // The dissertation analyses the contribution of the activities of four different donors; the Euro-pean Union, the USA, Germany and the private network of Soros Foundations; to the devel-opment of civil society in Poland and Slovakia. In order to pinpoint outcomes of civil society assistance the dissertation focuses on recipients and their activities. The dissertation thus clarifies to what extent main recipient organizations act as carriers of civil society, whether they transmit the interests of their constituency into politics, whether they fulfill a watch-dog function and democratic functions attributed to civil society. It therefore analyzes main recipi-ents, their sustainability, legitimacy and effectiveness as carriers of civil society. // The dissertation jumps to the conclusion that externally driven civil society assistance had positive effects in both countries under investigation as supported NGOs acted as carriers of civil society.
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Lalioti, Varvara. "Social assistance outcomes in Southern Europe : an actor-centred approach." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b1fecf25-27bc-4fec-9c21-b7640031962d.
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This study analyses the evolution of social assistance in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece, and closely examines the four countries’ different experiences with Guaranteed Minimum Income (GMI) schemes. A process-tracing methodology uses data from secondary sources, archival material, and 46 interviews to construct an actor-centred model and pursue a multiple-causality, historical approach. Outcomes are shown to result from interactions among central governments, religious organizations, secular organizations and territorial actors; and also from destabilizing forces. It is assumed that social assistance beneficiaries are forced to rely on these actors, whose attitudes are found to vary significantly due to their different interests, subjective perceptions of fairness, and preferences. Case histories of the four countries show that the periods prior to the 1970s were marked by minimal central government interest; indifferent, hostile, and/or divided secular organizations; and governmental partnerships with religious organizations. In the post-1970s periods, destabilizing forces co-occurring with centre-left governments resulted in new policies and changes, with relevant actors/organizations gradually welcoming pluralistic social assistance systems. The existence and extent of GMI schemes has been the principal factor differentiating social assistance developments among the four countries in more recent decades: Portugal is the only country with a national GMI, Italy and Spain have solely regional schemes, and Greece has no GMI at all. Because GMIs cut across traditional social assistance categories and are often linked with overall welfare system restructuring, establishment of GMIs and their subsequent maintenance require the co-occurrence of destabilizing forces and strong pro-GMI coalitions. Portugal exhibits the highest level of pro-GMI consensus nationwide, Greece the lowest,while Italy and Spain occupy intermediate positions. The institutional empowerment of territorial actors in the latter two countries was a precondition to emergence of local schemes, while destabilizing forces and strong local pro-GMI coalitions greatly increased the odds for establishing and maintaining them.
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Montas, Arnaud. "Le quasi-contrat dʹassistance : essai sur le droit maritime comme source de droit /." Paris : L.G.D.J, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/530561026.pdf.
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McMaster, Rosalie. "Bystander inhibition and facilitation of helping responses: An interactional analysis." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1985. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/206.
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Aneja, Urvashi. "Contesting the humanitarian regime in political emergencies : international NGO policies and practices in Sri Lanka & Afghanistan, 1990-2010." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:305234b5-d2dd-4675-bb70-d7345f06813a.
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The legal humanitarian regime, set out in the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols, strives to alleviate human suffering through the provision of emergency goods and services, such as food supplies, water, temporary shelter, and medical treatment. This thesis examines how international non-government organizations (INGOs) contribute to the contestation of this regime in political emergencies, the effects of this contestation, and the factors driving INGO contestation. The thesis develops an analytical framework for understanding the nature and functioning of the legal humanitarian regime, and argues that INGO contestation occurs through the two processes of regime interpretation and regime implementation. It then goes on to identify the substantive content and effects of contestation, and the factors driving INGO contestation of the regime, through a detailed study of the policies and practices of CARE, Médecins Sans Frontiers, Oxfam, and World Vision, in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka, from 1990-2010. The thesis argues that contestation has constitutive effects, as it re-defines the meaning of the formal humanitarian regime, and the underlying rules and norms that specify the regime’s function, scope, and operating principles. Contestation also has causal effects, as it can make INGOs participants in the conflict, eroding thereby the basis on which they negotiate access and their ability to respond to humanitarian needs, and the security of their staff. It has also facilitated the subordination of humanitarian assistance by donor states and combatants to their political and security objectives. INGO identity - expressed in terms of the constituent rules and norms that define INGO membership, their mandate and goals, and the manner in which they distinguish themselves from other actors - is argued to be a necessary factor for explaining INGO contestation. The focus on identity highlights the agency of INGOs in shaping the humanitarian regime and demonstrates that INGOs are not simply at the mercy of more powerful actors or external constraints.
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SIQUEIRA, PAULO CESAR. "La recherche sous contrat en europe. L'action des societes francaise et leur environnement." Paris, CNAM, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CNAM0351.
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Les societes de recherche sous contrat (src), en tant qu'agences de liaison rechercheindustrie, offrent a l'industriel des competences techniques pour resoudre leurs problemes et devenir plus competitif. L'etude examine la question du transfert de technologie a l'industrie a partir des src en europe. Centree sur une recherche par questionnaire aupres de trente societes francaises, elle permet d'evaluer la capacite des src a satisfaire les besoins des clients dans un marche concurrentiel. Appuiee aussi sur des entretiens realises avec leurs cadres, l'etude trace un profil des src europeennes, expliquant leur typologie, leur methode d'action, leur role dans le systeme d'innovation et leurs relations avec les agences financieres, les cherheurs et les clients. L'etat des lieux des src en europe aide a situer la recherche sous contrat dans la region. On verifie si l'environnement favorise le developpement de leurs activites en france. Cela permet d'etablir un bilan realiste de societes locales et de l'etat de la concurrence. L'etude identifie encore leurs moyens d'exploitation et de transfert de resultats techniques et leur contribution a son evolution. L'etude montre une dynamique favorable de conciliation des interets entre le chercheur et l'entrepreneur industriel. Les src, par ses qualites et professionnalisme, donnent une reponse efficace aux besoins du client. L'analyse des avantages et des inconvenients du modele permet de confirmer son adequation et efficacite. L'action des src europeennes et l'adoption du modele par d'autres pays l'atteste. Les caracteristiques de pme privees a faible chiffre d'affaires rendent les src francaises fragiles, dans un contexte de concurrence pour des ressources financieres. Par rapport aux societes americaines, elles gardent une dependance vis-a-vis de l'etat qui renforce leur vulnerabilite. Cela contredit l'image d'entreprises ouvertes a la concurrence et suggere le perfectionnement d'une politique d'appui a leur evolution.
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Walker, John Andrew. "Implementing an integrated multijurisdictional emergency management system: a case study at the Savannah River Plant." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94493.
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The combination of modern, technological hazards and overlapping government jurisdictions requires coordinated, multijurisdictional emergency management. The Three Mile Island incident clearly demonstrated the impact of technical hazards and the importance of intergovernmental cooperation. A method is required to understand intergovernmental considerations in emergency management. This thesis derives such a method by proposing a three component model.
The first component considers that all intergovernmental relationships are dynamic. Efforts to describe intergovernmental systems in terms of fixed relationships are not accurate. Rather intergovernmental systems are better described by the concept of movement along a scale between relationships that are separate and distinct and relationships that overlap and are interdependent. Relationships change along the scale depending on the strength of case-specific influencing variables.
Identification and use of windows of opportunity describes the second component of the model. Institutional opportunists in favor of cooperative, intergovernmental programs must be able to identify and act when opportunities exist. Understanding this second component improves the chances of implementing lasting, cooperative intergovernmental results.
The final component of the model emphasizes that by taking advantage of system change at the optimal time, linkages can be established between multiple jurisdictions. In multi-jurisdictional emergency management these linkages are made by integrating emergency plans and procedures.
Applying the model by utilizing a case study in multijurisdictional emergency management completes this thesis. The case study documented is an intergovernmental cooperative planning effort between the Department of Energys Savannah River Operations Office and the states of South Carolina and Georgia.M.A.
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Brasset, Danielle. "Comprendre le passé pour mieux vivre le présent : les réactions des intervenants psychosociaux à la suite de l'application des mesures d'urgence /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1999. http://theses.uqac.ca.
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Carpi, Estella. "Adhocratic Humanitarianisms and Ageing Emergencies in Lebanon: from the July 2006 War in Beirut’s Southern Suburbs to the Syrian Refugee Influx in Akkar’s Villages." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/13599.
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This thesis explores the ways in which humanitarianism transforms social space through case studies of Beirut’s southern suburbs (Dahiye) in response to 2006 July war and the Syrian refugee influx in Akkar (North Lebanon) from war in Syria during 2011-2014. Through the investigation of humanitarian practices, it identifies the (un)declared states of emergency in which the short-term displacement of the Lebanese population cyclically exists alongside ageing refugeehood of Iraqis, Palestinians, and Sudanese in Lebanon. It also explores how humanitarian practice becomes articulated with forms of welfare and development in the form of long-term humanitarianism. Official states of emergency in Lebanon cyclically stimulate the flow of greater amounts of social and economic resources to local citizens through the increasing internationalisation of local welfare. This thesis investigates how transnational humanitarian interventions have produced different macro-political outcomes in Lebanon. In Dahiye, international humanitarian organisations upgraded services from the local to the international through financial support but without wielding de facto power and, therefore, remaining largely technocratic. In Akkar’s villages, the practical rescaling of power from the local to the international has paradoxically reinforced fragmented statehoods through their cooperation with the international humanitarian apparatus in the context of a wavering and lax Lebanese state. This phenomenon has been called moralisation of local authorities. In this environment, international humanitarianism ends up functioning as an arm of ethical governance which aims to maintain state and regional order, and avoids confronting the human security of refugees, whose political dimension is constantly tamed by humanitarian policies. This thesis also raises epistemological queries with regards to the ethnographic fluctuation between what humanitarianism actually is on the ground, and how humanitarianism is rather perceived by aid providers and aid (non)recipients in the field. Ultimately, the chronic emergencisation of Lebanese society becomes leverage for preserving international security. The humanitarian strategy of continuously preventing further catastrophes and meeting immediate needs as a way of governing, in an environment of political nihilism, consigns the local as well as the refugee communities in Lebanon to an aprioristic abdication of radical social change.
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Templeton, Douglas R. "Assessing the utility of work team theory in a unified command environment at catastrophic incidents." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5F.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Maria Rasmussen. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-88). Also available online.
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Thusi, Thokozani. "Mission impossible? Linking humanitarian assistance and development aid in political emergencies in Southern Africa: The case of Mozambique between 1975-1995." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2001. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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The aim of this research is to highlight both the conceptual and practical factors that constrain attempts to link humanitarian assistance and development aid in political emergencies in Southern Africa by using the case study of Mozambique in the period between 1975-1995. Extensive use and reference to Norwegian relief and development aid during the above-mentioned period is made. Although cross-reference is made to other donor countries such as the Like-minded Group (comprising of Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Switzerland) and UN agencies that supported Mozambique's transition from war to peace, the major focus is on Norway as she has traditionally been the sixth largest bilateral donor by the early 1990's and incorporated long-term development priorities in her programs.
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Ben, Ali Ridha. "Les limites à l'harmonisation européenne : cas de la filiation après assistance médicale à la procréation." Paris 8, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA082293.
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Le sujet se résume en la tentative législative des institutions européennes et des ses Etats membres, de contrôler une technique médicale et de la filiation qui en est issue. Cette méthode comparative a mis en clair les divergences qui peuvent surgir et la diversité des situations dans les pays membres, qui se prête plutôt à une interprétation pluraliste des configurations familiales. Cette diversité est aussi interne à chaque pays selon les régions et les catégories sociales. . . Etc, un modèle de comportement familial européen s'imposera t-il au détriment d'un autre ? Pour l'effectivité du droit communautaire cela suppose que les pays membres consentent à des limitations de souveraineté et l'aspiration à la connaissance de ses origines, reflets de tendances contradictoires, qui en tentant de s'exprimer engendrent des conflits et des tensions. Cette image reflétée par les parlements nationaux se répercute sur le parlement européen. Enfin notre énoncé du sujet ne retrouve sa compréhension effective que dans la convergence des divergencesThe main ideas of the topic are the legislative tentative of the European institutions and its states members to control a medical technic and the children issue. The comparative method clarifies the divergences which can surge, the diversity of the situations in the countries members of the European Union are alredy ready for plural interpretation of configurations family. This diversity is aslo international for every country, and this dependant not only on the region and on the social categories, but also it dependent on religious conviction, and on ethnic characteristic. The members of the European Union are found confront several similar problems about the family. The effective right of the commity and the defence of the specialty suggest that the states should consent for the limitation of the severeignity which must go on. Infact, this aspiration for the knowledge of their origins, and the reflection of the contradictory tendency, gather the conflicts and the tension. Therefore, this image which was reflected by the national delegates affect the European gathering. Moreover, the thing which is virtually true for any sample of family of European countries is that as for as the European macro-family are concerned. Eventually, our analysis of the topic can not find other once their field of application, only in to the converge of the divergence
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KHADAR, Lamin. "Expanding access to justice : an exploration of large firm pro bono practice across Europe." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/63004.
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Defence date: 24 May 2019Examining Board: Professor Claire Kilpatrick, European University Institute; Professor Scott Cummings, UCLA; Professor Louise Trubek, University of Wisconsin; Professor Joanne Scott, European University Institute
Awarded the Mauro Cappelletti Prize 2020 for Best Doctoral Thesis in Comparative Law defended in 2019
This PhD thesis explores pro bono practice among large, international law firms in Europe. The central question addressed by the thesis is: does “Big Law Pro Bono” contribute to access to justice in Europe? The thesis commences with a review of the literature which both contextualizes and situates the thesis. This review also identifies gaps in the existing literature particularly related to the globalization and localization of law firm pro bono and its practice beyond the United States (i.e. its practice in other parts of the world such as Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America). After identifying issues with the current definition of access to justice, used throughout much of the existing literature, the thesis proposes a new definition which is then used throughout the thesis to evaluate pro bono practice in Europe. Towards this end, the thesis first provides historical context to law firm pro bono practice by exploring the history of pro bono, legal aid and other models of progressive lawyering across Europe. Following this, the thesis closely explores the process by which large firm pro bono practice arrived in Europe (i.e. globalization), the contemporary practice and the process by which it adapted to the European legal, social and political ecosystem (i.e. localization). Ultimately, it is suggested that large firm pro bono does not contribute to access to justice in Europe insofar as access to justice is defined narrowly - in the way that it has been conceived of in much of the existing literature. However, by embracing a broader definition of access to justice, it is possible to perceive the actual (and possible) social and political impact of large firm pro bono practice in Europe.
Chapter 6 ‘Does Big Law Pro Bono contribute to access to justice in Europe? Can it?' of the PhD thesis draws upon an earlier version published as chapter 'The EU public interest clinic and the case for EU law clinics' (2018) in the book ‘Reinventing legal education : how clinical education is reforming the teaching and practice of law in Europe’
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Heil, Juliane. "Die Folgen der unterlassenen Hilfeleistung gemäß 323 c StGB : zur Begründung der Hilfeleistungspflicht und der Bewertung der Unterlassensfolgen bei der Strafzumessung /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/334153417.pdf.
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Abele, Christine [Verfasser], Claus [Gutachter] Offe, and Wolfgang [Gutachter] Merkel. "Civil society assistance in Central and Eastern Europe / Christine Abele ; Gutachter: Claus Offe, Wolfgang Merkel." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2008. http://d-nb.info/1208074083/34.
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Gawaran, Edmond J. "Financial analysis of hastily-formed networks." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2585.
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One of the common lessons learned from the 11 September Terrorist Attacks in 2001, Southeast Asia Tsunami in 2004 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, was there were major command and control (C2) and information challenges during the crisis response efforts. The Department of Defense (DoD) is currently transitioning to face these global threats of terrorism and natural disasters, as well as support the goals of the new National Strategy, by developing new plans and procedures to improve the coordination, communications and operations between DoD and other entities when responding simultaneously to such complex humanitarian disasters (CHD). In searching for a mobile and adoptable communication solution for military operations, the DoD should consider a C2 system that utilizes advanced commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technology. Hastilyformed networks (HFN) could provide a global broadband network node with internet, voice, video and data capability in a rapidly deployable manner, which offer significant advantages to military and other crisis response activities. The focus of this thesis concentrates on the financial aspects of HFNs in support of humanitarian assistance and/or disaster relief (HA/DR) efforts by U.S. armed forces. This research and analysis of HFNs could present prospective benefits to DoD, which include cost-savings, enhanced emergency response capabilities and improved interagency/international relations. Additionally, this study will provide a recommended model methodology and iterations for future military-use of HFNs in support of the DoD's vision of "transformation."
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Karpinska, Zuzanna. "Educational planning for situations of instability : standardization and advocacy in humanitarian aid practice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:68ae5c8e-8c5f-4e01-a4dc-039d07c72a7b.
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This thesis examines the role and relationship of standardization and advocacy in humanitarian aid planning processes within the emergent field of education and instability. Standardization refers to the aid industry’s increasing emphasis on establishing ‘universal’ principles and normative frameworks. Advocacy refers to transnational-policy-network activities that move forward the global standardization agenda. The study focuses on the purposes and practices of knowledge creation by an education-and-instability ‘epistemic community’: the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE). Drawing on global-level interviews with key figures, participant observations, and documentary analysis, the research explores how this epistemic community promotes its core tenets: that education is an inherent human right and that educational provision should be a frontline humanitarian response on par with food distribution and shelter construction. The thesis analyzes the consensus-making process that resulted in the publication of the 2004 INEE Minimum Standards handbook, the then-epitome of the epistemic community’s knowledge. Next, the thesis examines the local application and adaptation of such global standardization processes in post-conflict Uganda. The case study presents the relationships among international and local ‘development partner’ institutions concerned with educational planning as a complex and contradictory story of power dynamics and knowledge circulation. These ‘partnerships’ are characterized by a shared quest for adherence to the knowledge encapsulated within standardized global frameworks and their normative principles. For Ugandan institutions, fluency in this discourse is a powerful tool to appropriate for their own ends. For international institutions, the knowledge is at once a technical resource and a means to bring ever more stakeholders into the wider epistemic community concerned with humanitarian aid. I argue that, through judicious use of standardization and advocacy mechanisms, INEE seeks to legitimize the education sector’s existence within the humanitarian aid industry and expand support for (or ‘conversion’ to) the education-and-instability epistemic community’s core beliefs.
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Scott-Smith, Tom. "Defining hunger, redefining food : humanitarianism in the twentieth century." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a19a116e-21b6-4cac-aef1-1a1feb642ba2.
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This thesis concerns the history of humanitarian nutrition and its political implications. Drawing on aid agency archives and other historical sources, it examines how food has been delivered in emergencies, from the First World War to the present day. The approach is ethnographic: this is a study of the micro-level practices of relief, examining the objects distributed, the plans made, the techniques used. It is also historical: examining how such practices have changed over time. This thesis makes five interlocking arguments. First, I make a political point: that humanitarian action is always political, and that it is impossible to adhere to ‘classical’ humanitarian principles such as neutrality, impartiality and independence. Second, I make a sociological argument: that the activities of humanitarian nutrition have been shaped by a number of themes, which include militarism, medicine, modernity, and markets. Third, I make a historical argument: that the main features of humanitarian nutrition were solidified between the 1930s and the 1970s, and were largely in place by the time of the Biafran war. Fourth, I make a sociological argument: that these mid-century changes involved a profound redefinition of hunger and food (with hunger conceived as a biochemical deficiency, and food as a collection of nutrients). Finally, I make a normative argument, suggesting that this redefinition has not necessarily benefited the starving: the provision of food in emergencies, I argue, is often concerned with control and efficiency rather than the suffering individuals themselves.
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Milova, Hélène. "L' autonomie et les éducateurs de foyer : pratiques professionnelles et évolutions du métier en France, en Russie et en Allemagne." Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082445.
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A partir d’enquêtes ethnographiques menées dans des établissements de suppléance familiale en France, en Russie et en Allemagne, on compare les pratiques professionnelles des éducateurs en s’intéressant à l’autonomie des adolescents comme partie et comme finalité de leur socialisation. On trace les liens entre l’autonomie des adolescents dans le foyer, et l’autonomie des éducateurs dans leur travail, ainsi qu’entre les relations hiérarchiques dans les foyers et les modèles hiérarchiques sous-jacents aux systèmes de protection des mineurs. L’interprétation de la notion d’autonomie varie entre les pays, mais aussi entre le niveau des orientations officielles, celui des discours des professionnels, et celui des pratiques. En Russie des normes traditionnelles marquent les trois niveaux, en France l’évolution des groupes professionnels est accompagnée d’une évolution des discours, en Allemagne la reconnaissance acquise par la pédagogie sociale entraîne de plus, une évolution des pratiquesBased on qualitative surveys in children’s homes in France, Russia and Germany, this study focuses on the youth workers’ practice, especially on how young peoples’ autonomy is achieved as a part of their socialisation and as its final goal. This research identifies the links between the autonomy of the young people in their everyday life, and the autonomy of the youth workers in their work, as well as between the hierarchical structures in the homes and the hierarchical organisation of the child protection systems. The meaning given to autonomy not only varies between countries, but it is also different at the level of official orientation given to social work, at the level of youth worker discourse, and at the practical level. In Russia, traditional values are still dominating; in France, the evolution of the youth workers’ occupation has led to an evolution of their discourse; in Germany the recognition of social pedagogy as a science has even led to an evolution of the practice
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Kashefi, Esmaeil Zadeh Hassan. "La protection des mineurs au sein du Conseil de l'Europe." Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010328.
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En Europe, la protection des mineurs délinquants est le fruit d'un travail complexe et très dispersé englobant, d'une part, les sources normatives et organiques du Conseil de l'Europe et, d'autre part, lesdites sources des systèmes internes qui se manifestent tantôt à travers le rassemblement autour de certains principes (harmonisation), tantôt à travers l'éloignement de ces principes (résistance). En fait, les normes européennes de la politique criminelle des mineurs peuvent être édictées non seulement par les instances européennes (mouvement descendants), mais également par les instances internes (mouvements ascendants). Or, les normes européennes ont deux inconvénients: d'un côté, elles sont incomplètes et, d'un autre côté, leur valeur juridique est souvent faible. La protection plus ou moins intégrale des mineurs au sein du Conseil de l'Europe doit confronter les mouvements répressifs qui constituent un défi pour le droit pénal des mineurs car ils visent à réprimer la délinquance juvénile par, notamment, la réduction de la différence entre le droit pénal des mineurs et celui des adultes. Dans ce chemin hypermédiatisé, le droit américain sert de modèle incontournable.
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Leitch, Duncan. "International assistance and the reform of public administration in Ukraine : fiscal decentralisation and regional policy 2000-2012." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6382/.
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The thesis examines the influence of external advice on domestic reform in a post-communist state following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. As an example of this, the research analyses the role of international assistance in the reform of public administration in Ukraine in the period 2000 to 2012, with particular reference to the relationship between the national and sub-national tiers of government. Two empirical case studies, on fiscal decentralisation and regional policy, are employed to provide an in-depth analysis of reform programmes introduced by the Government of Ukraine and an examination of the contribution of external advice to each. The thesis draws on concepts from Institutional Theory, Comparative Politics and Development Studies to explain the interaction between external donors and the domestic recipients of their advice. It is argued that international assistance to public administrative reform in Ukraine is a form of normative institutional isomorphism involving the deliberate transfer of models of state institutions from donor countries where they are regarded as good practice. The findings of the case studies indicate the narrow circumstances in which this transaction may lead to short-term progress with reform, through the establishment of a policy transfer network linking domestic and external actors. However the case studies also demonstrate that in the longer term both these attempts at reform, and the international advice which contributed to them, failed to achieve a sustained outcome. Employing the political economy analysis of development aid the thesis argues that the international community bears a large share of the responsibility for this owing to the technocratic nature of assistance programmes and their limited engagement with the political realities of reform processes.
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Bradley, Miriam. "Protecting civilians in internal armed conflict : the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:99b7b4ce-38c6-472c-9fcb-c4be82ed9371.
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This thesis examines the approaches taken by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to the protection of civilians during internal armed conflict, both at the level of global policy and at the level of implementation in the Colombian context. The thesis explains how the ICRC and UNHCR approach protection, why each has adopted its particular approach, and how and why the effectiveness of each approach is limited. In doing so, it offers a theoretical framework for explaining the approaches taken by international organizations (IOs) to new tasks within their mandates as well as policy implications for the ICRC, UNHCR and other humanitarian agencies. From a theoretical perspective, this research shows that factors internal to the IO carry greater explanatory power than external factors. Most significantly, when an IO expands into a new issue-area, it frames the new task in terms of the existing tasks within its mandate, replicating the specific goals and the means of pursuing those goals. The extent to which the approach is then adapted to the specificities of the new issue-area depends on the ‘bureaucratic personality’ of the IO, and specifically the extent to which decisions are informed by field-level experience. Internal conflicts by definition include armed non-state actors, and the analysis in this thesis emphasises both their significance in determining civilian security and their neglect in existing approaches to protection. While the ICRC seeks to reduce the threat posed by all armed actors (state and non-state) in its work at the field level, it relies heavily on an international legal framework which prioritises states and this partially undermines its attention to non-state actors at the field level. UNHCR retains a state-centric focus at both the field level and the level of global policy. From a policy perspective, therefore, the thesis advocates greater attention to armed non-state actors both at the level of practice and in the development of protection norms.
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Mazur, Virginie. "Psychopathologie des demandeurs d'asile en Europe : facteurs de vulnérabilité et de protection psychiques." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOL004.
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Cette recherche porte sur la psychopathologie des requérants d’asile accueillis en Slovaquie, en France et en Norvège et sur les facteurs de vulnérabilité ou de protection susceptibles d’influencer le développement des troubles. Nous avons illustré, auprès de 120 requérants d’asile, une fragilité psychologique à travers une prévalence et une intensité importantes de l’état de stress post-traumatique, de la dépression et de l’anxiété ainsi qu’une comorbidité majeure. A l’aide des notions de vulnérabilité et de résilience, nous avons identifié une vulnérabilité psychique résultant de l’interaction de différents facteurs, illustrant la dynamique de la relation sujet-environnement. Nous avons pu observer le rôle de facteurs tels que le sexe féminin ; le vécu d’expériences traumatiques, notamment des traumatismes interpersonnels particulièrement destructeurs pour les victimes, leurs liens avec autrui et leur système de croyances ; ainsi que l’impact des évènements négatifs notamment liés aux pertes et aux séparations de l’exil et à l’incertitude de l’asile. Un tel vécu interroge les capacités des individus à faire face et nous avons pu constater une vulnérabilité liée à un fonctionnement défensif faiblement adaptatif et à un style d’attachement interpersonnel insécure, auprès des sujets en détresse psychique. L’origine de ces aménagements intrapsychiques et interpersonnels n’est toutefois pas établie. Nos observations soulignent la nécessité d’accompagner les requérants d’asile afin d’instaurer, dans le cadre du travail psychothérapeutique, un espace favorisant l’élaboration mentale des traumatismes et le développement des facteurs de protection encourageant l’adaptationThis research focuses on the psychopathology of asylum seekers in Slovakia, France and Norway, as well as on vulnerability and protection factors which may influence the development of certain disorders. We were able to shed light on the psychological fragility of 120 asylum seekers, by identifying the prevalence and high intensity of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety, as well as major comorbidity. Basing our work on the notions of vulnerability and resilience, we identified psychological vulnerability resulting from the interaction of various factors that illustrate the dynamic within the subject-environment relation. We were able to observe the role of such factors as the female sex; a history of traumatic experiences, especially interpersonal traumas that are particularly destructive to their victims, their links with others and their belief system; and the impact of negative events, especially those concerning loss, separation due to exile and the uncertainty of asylum. Such experiences challenge the individual's ability to face events, and we were able to notice, in subjects with psychological distress, a certain vulnerability linked to the weak adaptability of defensive functioning and to a kind of insecure interpersonal attachment style. However, the origin of such inner psychological and interpersonal developments has not been established as of yet. Our observations underline the necessity to assist asylum seekers, in order to establish, within the framework of psychotherapeutic work, a space to encourage the mental elaboration of traumas and the development of protection factors fostering adaptive abilities
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Pubert, Laure. "La protection des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de l'enfant en Europe : une mise en perspective des instruments européens." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA4022.
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En dépit d’une prise de conscience au niveau international et européen et d’un réveil de l’opinion publique par rapport aux problèmes de pédophilie et de maltraitance, la protection des enfants et la reconnaissance de leurs droits, dans des domaines aussi délicats que l’exploitation du travail de l’enfant ou la lutte contre les violences sexuelles ou physiques, restent des problèmes majeurs à l’aube du XXIe siècle. Ce constat invite à mettre cette dimension concrète en relation avec les potentialités matérielles et formelles de protection des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de l’enfant par les systèmes normatifs européens. Il ne s’agit pas de nier les apports normatifs des instruments internationaux mais d’évaluer l’intérêt particulier de normes européennes au regard de la protection des droits de l’enfant. A l’échelle universelle, les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de l’enfant doivent s’accorder avec son droit premier, à savoir le droit à la vie et au développement dont sont tirés le droit à la santé et le droit à un niveau de vie suffisant. Prenant inspiration de la Convention des Nations Unies relative aux droits de l’enfant de 1989, les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de l’enfant sont abordés par les instruments européens sous l’angle du droit à l’instruction et sous celui de la protection contre l’exploitation du travail de l’enfant et de la lutte contre toutes les formes de violence, y compris sexuelle, qui portent atteinte au développement et à la survie de l’enfant. Plusieurs conventions fournissent ces normes européennes en matière de protection des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de l’enfant. La Charte sociale européenne constitue, en particulier, l'instrument le plus complet de reconnaissance juridique des droits de l'enfant au niveau européen. Elle fait de la protection de l'enfant un droit individuel qui s'applique à l'égard du travail (article 7, paragraphes 1 à 10 de la Charte) et sans lien avec le monde du travail (article 7, paragraphe 10 sur le droit de l'enfant à une protection spéciale contre les dangers physiques et moraux auxquels il est exposé ; article 17 sur le droit de la mère et de l'enfant à une protection sociale et économique). La protection de l'enfant ne passe plus seulement par le filtre familial (article 16 sur le droit de la famille à la protection sociale, juridique et économique) mais le concerne directement en tant que sujet de droits. A ce titre, il a droit à la santé (article 11), à bénéficier des services sociaux de base (article 14), à l'orientation et à la formation professionnelles (article 9 et 10). Le texte révisé de la Charte sociale européenne de 1996 améliore la protection juridique de l'enfant en renforçant les dispositions existantes et en étoffant les droits garantis grâce à l'introduction d'une nouvelle disposition, l'article 17, lequel accorde aux enfants un droit à une protection sociale, juridique et économique appropriée. La réalité des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels des enfants est considérée comme entièrement transposable en règles juridiques contraignantes. En parallèle, et de manière complémentaire, les articles 3 et 8 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme garantissent à l’enfant une protection contre les actes de maltraitance et contre les châtiments corporels tandis que l’article 4 offre à l’enfant les ressources d’une protection contre l’exploitation domestique. À l’échelle de l’Union européenne, la protection des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de l’enfant est abordée par le biais de mentions expresses dans la Charte des droits fondamentaux et les traités constitutifs, de même que dans les actes du droit dérivé, auxquels viennent s’ajouter les rares développements jurisprudentiels de la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes portant directement sur ce thème. [. . . ]
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Jung, Francis. "La cartographie assistee par ordinateur du reseau de transport d'electricite de france." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066108.
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Høgseth, Henning. "Norges engasjement i Afghanistan - demokratibygging eller symbolpolitikk? : en studie av norsk bistand til den afghanske politireformen /." Bergen : Institutt for sammenliknende politikk, Universitet i Bergen, 2008. http://brage.bibsys.no/politihs/bitstream/URN:NBN:no-bibsys_brage_8738/1/Norges+engasjement+i+Afghanistan.pdf.
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Alfsen, Therese Berg. "Norwegian development aid to civil society : the Norwegian Bar Association's legal aid project in Nepal /." Oslo : Det humanistiske fakultet, Universitetet i Oslo, 2008. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/IAKH/2008/74231/ThereseAlfsen_MasterThesis.pdf.
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Clark, Christina R. "Beyond borders : political marginalisation and lived experiences of Congolese young people in Uganda." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:82b25c81-b6ee-4cf4-ad6c-d0dc889eb49e.
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This thesis combines ethnographic methods with feminist political analysis to examine Congolese young people’s decision-making roles in families, households, communities and policy spaces in Kampala and Kyaka II refugee settlement, Uganda. As refugees and young people, research subjects face many structural constraints. However, their diverse experiences defy homogenising discourses of marginality as an inherent, fixed characteristic. Instead, this thesis develops and applies a conceptual framework of political marginalisation as a dynamic process in multiple spaces. Research findings show that young people’s decision-making roles vis-à-vis resource distribution and division of labour are relational and contextual. Their multiple subject positions and relationships in overlapping networks affect differential decision-making roles. In particular, social age and gender are major axes of decision-making processes. Analyses of inter-linkages across patterns of relationships reveal that research subjects in peer networks and intergenerational household networks with independent resources have more decision-making opportunities at household, community and policy levels than their counterparts in intergenerational family networks. This contradicts assumptions that young people without their biological parents are inherently ‘marginalised’, and highlights the political importance of decision-making processes in perceived ‘private’ spaces, such as families and households. Structure and power relationships thus situate decision-making processes and affect available choices, but they cannot solely explain political roles and behaviour. This thesis also stresses the importance of agentic beliefs, intentions and aspirations. As actors in dynamic marginalisation processes, some young people attempt to access central spaces through education, remunerated formal employment and physical mobility. Others use marginal and transitional spaces to provide alternatives to the status quo. Such creativity and productivity occasion possibilities of political change. However, UNHCR’s protection and assistance responses do not facilitate these transformative processes because of their focus on perceived essentialist characteristics of monolithic ‘marginals’. This thesis offers an alternative approach that recognises refugee young people’s political agency, as well as the structural and power dynamics that constrain their decision-making opportunities.
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Seeberg, Rouven. "Aufgedrängte Nothilfe, Notwehr und Notwehrexzess /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/483620300.pdf.
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Datoo, Aqeela Amirali. "Coping with 'ethnic' conflict : an analysis of teacher responses in Kenya." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5cf25015-baea-4dc2-abdf-5f6d37d2eec2.
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During post-conflict reconstruction, various roles are bestowed on teachers to manage the effects of violence such as peace educator, conflict resolution expert, counsellor and so on. However, there are no empirical studies that examine what teachers actually do when faced with the challenges of post-conflict schooling. More importantly, most policies often neglect the fact that teachers are not necessarily neutral in conflict. Whilst being professionals, many are also political and social beings that come from the community they serve. Surely the tension between their personal beliefs and professional practice has some impact on how teachers deal with the effects of conflict. This research investigates how teachers, who maintain a reflexive relationship with their community, feel about transforming their role to manage the effects of ethnic conflict. The case of Kenya offers a suitable context in which to research this particular phenomenon because of its continuous association with conflict, consequent corrosion in ethnic relations, and increasing ethnic segregation in education systems. Employing a case study strategy, data was collected using semi-structured interviews and document analysis. The sample size consisted of twenty head teachers and seventy teachers and counsellors from government secondary schools in Nakuru and Kericho. Analysis of the data suggests that ethnic tensions have seeped into schools affecting not only peer relationships but also teacher-student interactions. These tensions and fears continue to impair teachers from actively participating in schools and assuming the role of managing the effects of the conflict. Aside from this, various other factors in their classroots realities shape the manner in which they deal with the effects of the conflict. Some of these factors include external support, professional capacity, their purpose and motivation as well as the school culture. This research concludes that teachers require adequate support and guidance from their head teacher in order to conceptualise their role in relation to managing the effects of violence. While the focus of external institutions is on relaying concepts of ‘peace’ and ‘conflict resolution’ to the students, there is merit in taking a more gradual approach and equipping teachers with the necessary skills and knowledge to teach these concepts. Moreover, teachers too require space to confront their own biases and prejudices towards other groups in order to assume these new roles. Finally, the creation of support networks is essential during post-conflict reconstruction as it ensures that teachers and students are provided with the necessary guidance, knowledge, and assistance in the absence of support from the state.
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Grøndahl, Stine Ellingsen. "Fredsbyggere? : et studie av norske NGOer på Sri Lanka /." Oslo : Institutt for Statsvitenskap, Universitetet i Oslo, 2008. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/statsvitenskap/2008/87458/StinexEllingsenxGrxndahl.pdf.
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Hall, Nina W. T. "Moving beyond their mandates? : how international organizations are responding to climate change." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:314bd087-30a1-454b-a67a-7270b8544b93.
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Inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) are given mandates by states to perform particular tasks: from refugee protection to the management of migration to promoting development. As new global challenges arise, such as climate change, these organisations must decide whether to ignore them or change in response. But what drives inter-governmental organisations to move beyond their mandates, if it is not their member states? International Relations offers a limited account of if and how they will respond to new issue areas. Principal-agent theory treats IGOs as units with fixed preferences to expand and maximise their tasks and scope (Hawkins et al. 2006; Nielson and Tierney 2003; Pollack 2003). Meanwhile, sociological institutionalism argues that IOs are driven by a logic of appropriateness and staff will only support expansion if it fits coherently with their organisational identity and culture (Barnett and Coleman 2005). I build on these two theories and propose that IGO behaviour should be explained by organisational type. IGOs exist along a spectrum from normative to functional ideal-types. Normative IGOs have supervisory status over a body of international law, seek moral legitimacy and follow a logic of appropriateness. Functional IGOs are projectised organisations which seek pragmatic legitimacy and adopt a logic of consequences. I illustrate how IGO type interacts with the status of the new issue area to determine the timing, nature and extent of organisational change. I focus on the responses to climate change of three inter-governmental organisations: the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, a normative organisation; the International Organisation for Migration, a functional organisation; and the United Nations Development Programme, a hybrid organisation. IGO type has important implications for IR scholars and policy-makers as we look to these institutions to provide global solutions to global issues such as climate change, migration, refugees and development.
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Gandois, H. N. A. "The emergence of regional security organisations : a comparative study on ECOWAS and SADC." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:82c09a8b-6a13-45dc-b017-a89ceaaea7f8.
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The emergence of regional security organisations during the 1990s in Africa proved to be of great significance for the lives of many Africans, including those living in conflict-torn countries such as Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire or the Democratic Republic of Congo, but, at the same time, this phenomenon has been understudied. This dissertation explores why regional security organisations with an agenda of democratic governance emerged in Africa in the 1990s. This question is answered with two in-depth case studies on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Driven by an empirical puzzle, this study is both hypothesis-testing and hypothesis generating. The study starts by laying out the different possible factors put forward by several bodies of theory in international relations to explain the emergence of ECOWAS and SADC as security organisations. These hypotheses are then tested throughout the history and the evolution of ECOWAS and SADC in order to highlight the circumstances of their creation and their qualified failure as economic communities. This is followed by a comparative analysis of the security and democracy mandates entrusted to ECOWAS and SADC by its member states based on the study of the legal texts that outline the specific objectives of each regional security organisation and the tools they were given to implement their mandates. The study finally analyses the implementation records of ECOWAS and SADC in order to assess the commitment of their member states to their new democracy and security mandate. The research concludes with the two following hypotheses: 1) A security agenda cannot emerge without the involvement of the regional hegemon. 2) What the regional hegemon can do, including affecting the speed of the transformation, is constrained by the acceptance of its leadership by its neighbours (legitimacy) and by state weakness (capability).
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Reike, Ruben. "The 'responsibility to prevent' : an international crimes approach to the prevention of mass atrocities." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:16fdad2d-d295-4904-b730-bc7fe58d96c5.
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Paragraphs 138 to 140 of the Outcome Document of the 2005 UN World Summit not only elevated the element of prevention to a prominent place within the principle of “responsibility to protect” (R2P), but also restricted the scope of R2P to four specific crimes under international law: genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. This thesis explores the conceptual and practical consequences of linking R2P to the concept of international crimes, with a particular focus on the preventive dimension of R2P, the socalled “responsibility to prevent”. To date, much of what has been written about the “responsibility to prevent” borrows primarily from conflict prevention theory and practice. Such conflict prevention inspired accounts of the “responsibility to prevent” tend to depict the principle as a long-term agenda that seeks to build societies resilient to atrocity crimes; that rests primarily on pillars one (state responsibility) and two (international assistance and capacity-building); that is supportive rather than undermining of state sovereignty; and that can largely adhere to the traditional conflict prevention principles of impartiality, consent, and minimal coercion should more direct prevention efforts become necessary. Drawing on literature from criminology, this thesis develops an international crimes framework for operationalizing the preventive dimension of R2P. The framework, combined with three case studies of international crime prevention (Bosnia 1991-1995; Kenya 2007-08; and Libya 2011), challenges key assumptions of the conflict prevention accounts, arguing that linking R2P to the concept of international crimes turns the “responsibility to prevent” into a principle that is more focused on the short-term, rather than on so-called root causes of atrocity crimes; more focused on individuals, rather than on state structures and capacity; more partial regarding perpetrators and victims; and more coercive, intrusive, and controversial than is commonly acknowledged in academic writing and policy debates on the subject. More broadly, the thesis concludes that taking R2P’s focus on the prevention of international crimes seriously requires re-rethinking the “responsibility to prevent” in important respects.
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Frederick, John (John William) 1952. ""The help I need is more than the help they can give me" : a study of the life circumstances of emergency relief clients." Monash University, Dept. of Social Work, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5151.
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Virk, Kudrat. "Developing countries and humanitarian intervention in international society after the Cold War." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:60fbdfeb-341c-430c-91c7-5071397a0e47.
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This thesis examines the policies, positions, and perspectives of developing countries on the emerging norm of humanitarian intervention after the Cold War, focusing on the period between 1991 and 2001. In doing so, it questions the role of opposition that conventional wisdom has allotted to them as parochial defenders of sovereignty. Instead, the thesis reveals variation and complexity, which militates against defining the South, or the issues that humanitarian intervention raises, in simplistic either-or terms. Part I draws on insights about ‘sovereignty as what states make of it’ to break the classic pluralism-solidarism impasse that has otherwise stymied the conversation on humanitarian intervention and confined the South as a whole to a ‘black box’ labelled rejectionism. It reconstructs the empirical record of developing countries at large on six cases of military intervention (northern Iraq, Somalia, Haiti, Sierra Leone, Kosovo, and East Timor), revealing variation that defies easy categorization. It also charts a cumulative and dynamic trend within the South towards a grey area between pluralism and solidarism that shows how these were not diametrically opposed positions. Following from that, Part II looks in-depth at India and Argentina. Whereas Argentina accepted the idea of humanitarian intervention, India remained reluctant to countenance it and persistently objected to the development of a new rule in its favour. Part II argues that the level of congruence between the emerging norm and the two countries’ prevailing values, aspirations, and historically constructed ways of thinking played a key role in determining the different levels of acceptance that the idea found with them. Part III delves deeper into the substance of their views. It shows how neither country constructed mutually exclusive choices between pluralism and solidarism, sovereignty and human rights, and intervention and non-intervention. Rather, both exhibited an acute awareness of the dilemmas of protecting human rights in a society of states, and a wariness of yes-no answers. Cumulatively, this thesis thus points away from thinking about the South itself as a given category with clear, shared or pre-determined ideas, and towards a more nuanced and inclusive conversation on humanitarian intervention.
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Neumann, Cora Lockwood. "Examining the role of traditional health networks in the Karen self determination movement along the Thai-Burma border : examining indigenous medical systems and practice among displaced populations along the Thai-Burma border." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e9a5b7a1-5b9c-43ba-9dcb-250f53b33128.
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According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), by 2012 there were 15.4 million refugees and 28.8 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) forced to flee their homes due to war or violent conflict across the globe. Upon arrival in their host settings, forced migrants struggle with acute health and material needs, as well as issues related to identity, politics, power and place. The Karen ethnic minority of Burma (also known as Myanmar) has been involved in a prolonged civil conflict with the Burmese military government for nearly six decades. This fighting has resulted in massive internal displacement and refugee flight, and although a ceasefire was signed in 2012, continued violence has been reported. This study among the displaced Karen population along the Thai-Burma border examines the relationships between traditional – or indigenous – medicine, the population's health needs, and the broader social and political context. Research was conducted using an ethnographic case-study approach among 170 participants along the Thai-Burma border between 2003 and 2011. Research findings document the rapid evolution and formalisation of the Karen traditional medical system. Findings show how the evolutionary process was influenced by social needs, an existing base medical knowledge among traditional health practitioners, and a dynamic social and political environment. Evidence suggests that that Karen traditional medicine practitioners, under the leadership of the Karen National Union (KNU) Department of Health and Welfare, are serving neglected and culturally-specific health needs among border populations. Moreover, this research also provides evidence that Karen authorities are revitalising their traditional medicine, as part of a larger effort to strengthen their social infrastructure including the Karen self-determination movement. In particular, these Karen authorities are focused on building a sustainable health infrastructure that can serve Karen State in the long term. From the perspectives of both refugee health and development studies, the revival of Karen traditional medicine within a refugee and IDP setting represents an adaptive response by otherwise medically under-served populations. This case offers a model of healthcare self-sufficiency that breaks with the dependency relationships characteristic of most conventional refugee and IDP health services. And, through the mobilisation of tradition for contemporary needs, it offers a dimension of cultural continuity in a context where discontinuity and loss of culture are hallmarks of the forced migration experience.
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Miller, Sarah Ann Deardorff. "IO power from within? : UNHCR's surrogate statehood in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e714c092-c127-4c1a-a28c-8d9496443bc2.
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This thesis examines the role of international organizations (IOs) at the domestic level. While International Relations (IR) offers an extensive literature on IOs, with understandings of IOs ranging from instruments of states to autonomous actors, it tends to ignore the role of IOs working at the domestic level, with an 'on-the-ground' presence of their own, and what this means for the IO's relationship with the state. The thesis develops a heuristic framework for understanding what is called IO 'domestication', which outlines a range of ways an IO can work domestically. It then focuses on one type domestication in particular: surrogate statehood, or cases where an IO substitutes for the state by providing services, executing functions of governance, and assuming authority in a given locale. The framework identifies indicators of surrogacy, the conditions for IO surrogacy, and reasons why it is sustained. It also considers the various types of relationship that can emerge from IO surrogacy between the IO and the state, ranging from states that willingly choose to abdicate responsibility to the IO, to states that partner with the IO. Empirically, the thesis examines these relationships through the case studies of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, which present a spectrum of UNHCR’s surrogacy over time. Ultimately, the thesis puts forth a counterintuitive claim: IOs that take on surrogate state properties actually have less influence on the states in which they are working. The analysis draws on two mechanisms to help explain this outcome: marginalisation of the state, and responsibility shifting.
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Kevonian, Dzovinar. "Réfugiés et diplomatie humanitaire : les acteurs européens et la scène proche-orientale pendant l'entre-deux-guerres." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010514.
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En quoi la mutation de la question des réfugiés au début du xxe siècle provoque-t-elle son entrée dans le champ des relations internationales ? En quoi peut-on alors parler des débuts d'une diplomatie humanitaire en temps de paix en ce qui concerne les réfugiés ? En quoi l'étude de la scène proche-orientale et des plans d'établissement de la société des nations permet-elle de saisir sur le terrain la nature et les limites de cette diplomatie ? Ce sont là les questions posées par cette étude. La première partie est consacrée au proche-orient des années 1918-1923. Les réfugiés en Cilicie, Syrie et Liban s'intégrent dans la politique orientale de la france comme éléments de la stratégie de guerre, puis des rivalites territoriales et enfin apres 1921, du jeu minoritaire. Dans la seconde partie, centrée sur l'europe et genève, l'analyse de la mutation de la question des refugiés (mouvements de masse, apatridie, dénationalisations forcées, nationalisation des sociétés, revolution identitaire) et des évolutions du domaine humanitaire précède un tableau des structures coopératives nouvelles : haut-commissariat de la S. D. N. Pour les réfugiés, comité consultatif des organisations privées, service des réfugiés du bureau international du travail). Dans la dernière partie, l'analyse porte sur la mise en pratique des plans internationaux d'établissement des réfugiés armeniens puis assyriens en syrie et au liban entre 1927 et 1938, sur l'intervention du comite international de la croix-rouge lors de la révolte druze (1925-1926) et sur les lignes de force qui traversent le réseau humanitaire (missions protestantes, comite international de la croix-rouge, bureau international du travail, S. D. N. , Service francais de la S. D. N. ), en insistant sur le rôle de F. Nansen et d'A. Thomas. La conclusion souligne l'apport d'une socio-histoire des relations internationales, l'analyse des reseaux apparaissant comme déterminants dans l'étude des structures coopérativesHow the development of the refugees issue at the beginning of the xxth century emerges in the field of international relationships ? Can we say that it starts a humanitarian diplomacy by peace time about refugees ? How the study of the middle-east and the plans settled by the league of nations explain the nature and the limits of this diplomacy ? The first part of our study is about the middle-east in 1918-1923. Refugees in cilicia, syria and lebanon take part in the french eastern diplomacy as an element in the military strategy, territorial rivalries, and the minorities "game" after 1921. In the second part, we are studying europe and geneva, and we are trying to analyse the evolution of the refugees issue (massive exodus, stateless persons, forced denationalisations, obligation of passeport) and the development of the humanitarian action. We describe the framework of the humanitarian diplomacy : high-commissionner of the l. O. N. , advisory committee of private organisations, and refugees service of the i. L. O. The third part studies the international settlement plans of armenian and assyrian refugees in syria and lebanon between 1927 and 1938, the intervention of the international red cross committee during the revolt of druzes (1925-1926), and the main elements of humanitarian network (protestant missions. International red cross committee, i. L. O. , l. O. N. , french office of l. O. N. ), with a special attention to fridtjof nansen and albert thomas. The conclusion underlines contributions of socio-history of international relationships, the study of networks appears as an important element in the analysis of international cooperation structures
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Gill, Glenda A. "Will a twenty-first century logistics management system improve Federal Emergency Management Agency's capability to deliver supplies to critical areas, during future catastrophic disaster relief operations?" Fort Leavenworth, KS : US Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA471327.
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Thesis (M. of Military Art and Science)--U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2007."A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Military Art and Science, General Studies." Title from cover page of PDF file (viewed: May 29, 2008).
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Silva, Patrícia Alexandra Semedo da. "A estratégia Europa 2020 à luz da austeridade : efeito directo nas metas de pobreza e exclusão social." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11436.
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Mestrado em Economia e Políticas PúblicasAo longo do processo de construção europeia houve uma preocupação com as questões sociais, mas nunca se lhes conseguiu atribuir um papel que fosse mais do que subalterno. Apesar das várias tentativas a Política Social continua nos dias de hoje a estar subalternizada. Em 2010, foi lançada a Estratégia Europa 2020, com intuito de ajudar a Europa a sair da crise em que estava mergulhada, mas passados que estão cerca de três anos a estratégia parece estar a ser condicionada pela crise que visava ajudar a combater.
Throughout the process of European integration was a concern with social issues, but they never managed to assign a role that was more than a subordinate. Despite several attempts Social Policy continues today to be subalternized. In 2010, was launched the Europe 2020 Strategy, in order to help Europe getting out of the crisis, but past that are about three years the strategy seems to be conditioned by the crisis which aimed to help fight.
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Jones, Lee C. "ASEAN, social conflict and intervention in Southeast Asia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c17c8000-e2f2-46c2-a421-5a94a94bea0d.
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This thesis challenges the prevailing academic and journalistic consensus that ASEAN states, bound by a cast-iron norm of non-interference, do not intervene in other states’ internal affairs. It argues that ASEAN states have frequently engaged in acts of intervention, often with very serious, negative consequences. Using methods of critical historical sociology, the thesis reconstructs the history of ASEAN’s non-interference principle and interventions from ASEAN’s inception onwards, drawing on sources including ASEAN and UN documents, US and UK archives, and policymaker interviews. It focuses especially on three case studies: East Timor, Cambodia, and Myanmar. The thesis argues that both the emergence of ideologies of non-intervention and their violation can be explained by the social conflicts animating state policies. Non-interference was developed by embattled, authoritarian, capitalist elites in an attempt to bolster their defence of capitalist social order from radical challenges. Where adherence to non-intervention failed to serve this purpose, it was discarded or manipulated to permit cross-border ‘containment’ operations. After communism was defeated in the ASEAN states, foreign policy continued to promote the interests of dominant, state-linked business groups and oligarchic factions. Non-interference shifted to defend domestic power structures from the West’s liberalising agenda. However, ASEAN elites continued meddling in neighbouring states even as containment operations were discarded. This contributed to the collapse of Cambodia’s ruling coalition in 1997, and ASEAN subsequently intervened to restore it. The 1997 Asian financial crisis dealt a crippling blow to ASEAN. To contain domestic unrest in Indonesia, core ASEAN states joined a humanitarian intervention in East Timor in 1999. In the decade since, non-interference has been progressively weakened as the core members struggle to regain domestic legitimacy and lost international political and economic space. This is expressed most clearly in ASEAN’s attempts to insert itself into Myanmar’s democratisation process after decades of failed ‘constructive engagement’.
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Newlon, Christine Mae. "The effect of shared dynamic understanding on willingness to contribute information| Design and analysis of a mega-collaborative interface." Thesis, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10159859.
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Collaborative helping via social networking conversation threads can pose serious challenges in emergency situations. Interfaces that support complex group interaction and sense-making can help. This research applies human-computer interaction (HCI), computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), and collaboration engineering in developing an interactive design, the Mega-Collaboration Tool (MCT). The goal is to reduce the cognitive load of a group’s growing mental model, thus increasing the general public’s ability to organize spontaneous collaborative helping.
The specific aims of this research include understanding the dynamics of mental model negotiation and determining whether MCT can assist the group’s sense-making ability without increasing net cognitive load.
The proposed HCI theory is that interfaces supporting collaborative cognition motivate contribution and reduce information bias, thus increasing the information shared. These research questions are addressed: 1. Does MCT support better collaborative cognition? 2. Does increasing the size of the shared data repository increase the amount of information shared? 3. Does this happen because group members experience 1) a greater sense of strategic commitment to the knowledge structure, 2) increased intrinsic motivation to contribute, and 3) reduced resistance to sharing information?
These questions were affirmed to varying degrees, giving insight into the collaborative process. Greater content did not motive group members directly; instead, half of their motivation came from awareness of their contribution’s relevance. Greater content and organization improved this awareness, and also encouraged sharing through increased enthusiasm and reduced bias. Increased commitment was a result of this process, rather than a cause. Also, MCT increased collaborative cognition but was significantly hampered by Internet performance. This challenge indicates MCT’s system components should be redesigned to allow asynchronous interaction. These results should contribute to the development of MCT, other collaboration engineering applications, and HCI and information science theory.
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Papastathopoulos, Stavros. "Expanding the European Union's Petersberg tasks : requirements and capabilities /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FPapastathopoulos.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making and Planning)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.Thesis advisor(s): David S. Yost. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-64). Also available online.
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Viennet, Carole. "Des droits sociaux pour l'intégration des réfugiés en Europe : les droits à la santé, au logement, à l’éducation et au travail des personnes ayant besoin d’une protection internationale, dans les Droits de l’homme et le Droit des réfugiés." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAA022/document.
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L’intégration des réfugiés requiert l’accès aux soins et au logement, la scolarisation, la formation professionnelle et l’entrée sur le marché du travail. La question est, en somme, celle de la garantie de leurs droits sociaux. Pour y répondre, cette thèse pose les jalons de la protection des droits à la santé, au logement, à l’éducation et au travail de chacune des catégories de personnes ayant besoin d’une protection internationale. Les principales normes des Droits de l’homme et du Droit des réfugiés adoptées dans le cadre des Nations unies, du Conseil de l’Europe et de l’Union européenne sont ainsi, pour la première fois sur ce sujet, confrontées, lues en combinaison et mises en perspective avec les réformes à venir. Il en ressort, en particulier, une cartographie des garanties offertes en fonction des statuts migratoires et situations personnelles, la définition des critères généraux déterminants émergés de la comparaison des systèmes, ou encore des arguments juridiques innovantsThe integration of refugees includes providing access to healthcare and housing, schooling, vocational training and entry into the labour market. In short, it is about guaranteeing their social rights. Examining these issues, this thesis paves the way for the protection of rights to health, housing, education and work of every category of person in need of international protection. The main human rights and refugee norms adopted under the respective frameworks of the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the European Union are, for the very first time in this field, challenged, read in conjunction and put in to perspective in light of forthcoming reforms. The results are, in particular, a mapping of the various guarantees available according to one’s migration status and personal circumstances, the definitions of general determinative criteria which emerge from a comparison of respective systems, as well as innovative legal arguments
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Eminoğlu, Nihal. "Évolution de la prise en compte et du traitement des anciennes et nouvelles minorités dans le cadre des systèmes de l'OSCE et du Conseil de l'Europe : "nouvelles minorités" : nouveaux concepts, nouveaux enjeux de la nouvelle Europe." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA029.
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Ce travail s’intéresse à la notion de « nouvelle minorité » surgie dans les années 2000 et traitée initialement par l’OSCE. Ce nouveau concept repose sur deux notions : celle de minorité et celle d’immigré. Ces deux concepts sont à l’origine de la naissance d’une nouvelle catégorie : la « nouvelle minorité issue de l’immigration », incluant les immigrés, leurs descendants et les réfugiés en Europe. Cependant notre travail se concentre sur les deux premiers groupes, c’est-à-dire les immigrés et leurs descendants et sur la relation de ces groupes avec la société d’accueil ainsi que avec l’Etat dans lequel ils vivent. Pour ce faire, après clarification du concept de minorité et comparaison entre nouvelles minorités et minorités nationales, en passant par un aperçu historique pour montrer l’évolution de la notion de minorité, nous arriverons à la question de la protection des « nouvelles minorités » et à celle de son intégrationThis work focuses on the concept of « new minority » which surfaced in the 2000s and wasinitially analysed by the OSCE. It is a new concept hinging on two notions, minorities and immigrant, which are the factors driving the emergence of this new category: the « new minority from immigrant backgrounds », which includes immigrants, their descendants and refugees in Europe. Our study concentrates more specifically on the first two of these groups, immigrants and their descendants, and on these groups' relationship with the host society as well as the State in which they live. After clarifying the notion of minority and drawing comparisons between new minorities and national minorities, then tracing out a historical overview showing how the notion of minority has evolved, we will arrive at the questions of the protection of the « new minorities » and their integration
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Antoche, Emanuel Constantin. "Guerre et diplomatie en Europe orientale au XVIIe siècle : le cas de la principauté de Moldavie (1606-1621) : édition critique de l'Histoire sommaire des choses plus mémorables advenues aux derniers troubles de Moldavie. Où sont décrites plusieurs batailles gagnées tant par les Princes Polonois, que par les Turcs, et Tartares : Ensemble l'évasion admirable du Prince Correcki des Tours noires du Grand Turc, par l'invention et assistance d'un Parisien. Composée par M. Jacques Baret Avocat en Parlement sur les mémoires de Charles de Joppecourt Gentilhomme Lorrain, qui portait les armes durant ces troubles à la suite des Princes Polonois. A Paris, chez Toussainct du Bray, MDCXX." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0170.
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Nous avons réédité et introduit pour la première fois dans le circuit scientifique, un ouvrage publié à Paris chez Toussainct du Bray en 1620 : Histoire sommaire des choses plus mémorables advenues aux derniers troubles de Moldavie. Où sont décrites plusieurs batailles gagnées tant par les Princes Polonois, que par les Turcs, et Tartares : Ensemble l'évasion admirable du Prince Correcki des Tours noires du Grand Turc, par l'invention et assistance d'un Parisien. Composée par M. Jacques Baret Avocat en Parlament sur les mémoires de Charles de Joppecourt Gentilhomme Lorrain, qui portoit les armes durant ces troubles à la suite des Princes Polonois. Il s'agit d'un livre inconnu dans l'historiographie occidentale qui apporte de nombreuses informations inédites sur les relations diplomatiques et militaires de la Porte ottomane avec la Pologne et la France dans la seconde décennie du XVIIe siècle. Notre édition annotée est accompagnée d'une introduction ainsi que de deux études complémentaires, en rapport avec les événements racontés dans l'Histoire sommaire : « L'évasion du prince Samuel Korecki de la prison de Rumeli Hisar (28 novembre 1617), un épisode des relations franco-ottomanes » et « Gaspar Gratiani, prince de Moldavie (février 1619 - septembre 1620) et l'expédition polonaise de Cecora ». Les annexes comprennent une trentaine de lettres inédites sur l'ambassade d'Achille de Harlay, baron de Sancy et de la Mole (1611-1619) à Constantinople, pièces que nous avons copiées dans les archives de Bibliothèque Nationale et de la Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal.
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Cayo, Durand de Geist Getsiva. "Les relations économiques et financières entre la France et le Pérou : diplomatie économique, coopération technique et stratégies des entreprises françaises (1945-1975)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL011.
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La Seconde Guerre mondiale avait complétement interrompu les échanges entre la France et le Pérou. En revanche, au cours des Trente Glorieuses, la France réussit à rétablir une position appréciable au sein de l’économie péruvienne. Grâce à une diplomatie économique active et un engagement diversifié des entreprises privées et publiques, la France devint un partenaire notable de la coopération technique. Ce pays joua un rôle important dans les programmes d’industrialisation et de modernisation du Pérou. Cette thèse s’interroge sur l’évolution et la structure des relations économiques franco-péruviennes entre 1945 et 1975. L’étude se penche sur les échanges commerciaux ainsi que sur les domaines des échanges financiers, de l’industrie et de la coopération technique, combinant des analyses macro et micro-économiques. Il s’agira d’analyser les stratégies et performances des entreprises françaises au sein des grands projets au Pérou en considérant les succès et les limites de leurs engagements. Ainsi, la thèse présente une étude nuancée à propos d’un sujet jamais étudié auparavant et cherche à contribuer d’une manière novatrice aux recherches sur l’histoire des relations entre l’Europe et les pays latino-américains ainsi que sur les rapports Nord-SudThe Second World War had completely severed the relations between France and Peru. Throughout the Golden Age of Capitalism, however, France managed to re-establish a considerable position within the Peruvian economy. Thanks to an active economic diplomacy and the various efforts of private and public companies, France became a notable partner in technical cooperation and played, henceforth, an important role in the Peruvian programmes of industrialisation and modernisation. This thesis deals with the evolution and structure of the economic relations between France and Peru from 1945 to 1975. Combining macro- and microeconomic methods, it equally investigates the bilateral trade relations as well as the domains of finance, industry and technical cooperation. The study analyses the strategies and performances of French companies in Peruvian large-scale projects considering their successes as well as their limits. In this way, the thesis presents a nuanced view on a subject, which has never been studied before. It contributes in an innovative way to the research on the relations between Europe and Latin America and between the Global North and South