Journal articles on the topic 'Assimilation colonization'
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Gouzy, Alexandre, Gérald Larrouy-Maumus, Ting-Di Wu, Antonio Peixoto, Florence Levillain, Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino, Jean-Luc Guerquin-Kern, Luiz Pedro Sório de Carvalho, Yannick Poquet, and Olivier Neyrolles. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis nitrogen assimilation and host colonization require aspartate." Nature Chemical Biology 9, no. 11 (September 29, 2013): 674–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.1355.
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Beck, David R. M. "American Indians Higher Education Before 1974: From Colonization to Self-Determination." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 27, no. 2 (December 1999): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1326011100600534.
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Although Europeans and Americans involved American Indians in their educational systems almost from first contact, it was only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that the United States government made a full scale assault and took control of virtually all aspects of American Indian education, with the purpose of forcing or encouraging assimilation. This assault began with treaty-based support for education in government schools run by both federally hired schoolteachers and missionaries, paid for directly with money the tribes received for their lands. By the late nineteenth century the federal government, recognizing the failure of day schools in the assimilation process, turned to the use of boarding schools, on-reservation and off, through which Indians were trained in vocational and domestic skills and which were intended to sever children’s ties to their cultures. During this time few Indians were educated at a college level. The English and later Americans expected those who were educated to use their educations to help in the assimilation process. These educational systems, while disrupting (though not destroying) reservation life and culture, focussed almost exclusively on industrial and domestic, not intellectual, training. The quality of education provided was so low that even Indian students wishing to attend college were often academically ineligible for entrance.
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Gouzy, Alexandre, Gérald Larrouy-Maumus, Ting-Di Wu, Antonio Peixoto, Florence Levillain, Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino, Jean-Luc Gerquin-Kern, Luiz Pedro Sório de Carvalho, Yannick Poquet, and Olivier Neyrolles. "Erratum: Corrigendum: Mycobacterium tuberculosis nitrogen assimilation and host colonization require aspartate." Nature Chemical Biology 10, no. 2 (January 17, 2014): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio0214-164a.
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Di Martino, Catello, Valentina Torino, Pasqualino Minotti, Laura Pietrantonio, Carmine Del Grosso, Davide Palmieri, Giuseppe Palumbo, Thomas W. Crawford, and Simona Carfagna. "Mycorrhized Wheat Plants and Nitrogen Assimilation in Coexistence and Antagonism with Spontaneous Colonization of Pathogenic and Saprophytic Fungi in a Soil of Low Fertility." Plants 11, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11070924.
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The aim of the work was to study the biological interference of the spontaneous colonization of pathogenic and saprophytic endophytes on the nitrogen assimilation of mycorrhized wheat plants cultivated in soils deficient in N and P. The nitrogen assimilation efficiency of mycorrhized plants was determined by measuring the activities of nitrate reductase assimilatory and glutamine synthetase enzymes and free amino acid patterns. Mycorrhizal plants at two different sites showed an assimilative activity of nitrate and ammonium approximately 30% greater than control plants. This activity was associated with significant increases in the amino acids Arg, Glu Gln and Orn in the roots where those amino acids are part of the inorganic nitrogen assimilation of mycorrhizal fungi. The nutrient supply of mycorrhizal fungi at the root guaranteed the increased growth of the plant that was about 40% greater in fresh weight and 25% greater in productive yield than the controls. To better understand the biological interaction between plant and fungus, microbiological screening was carried out to identify colonies of radicular endophytic fungi. Fourteen fungal strains belonging to nine different species were classified. Among pathogenic fungi, the genus Fusarium was present in all the examined roots with different frequencies, depending on the site and the fungal population present in the roots, providing useful clues regarding the principle of spatial conflict and fungal spread within the root system.
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Spada, Piero A., Beth Ann A. Workmaster, and Kevin R. Kosola. "(371) Hydroponic Inoculation of Cranberry with Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungus." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1058D—1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1058d.
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Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) plants colonized with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi are capable of utilizing organic nitrogen sources that are unavailable to non-mycorrhizal plants. Despite the importance of mycorrhizal colonization in the nitrogen nutrition of wild cranberry, almost all measurements of cranberry nitrogen uptake and assimilation have been carried out with non-mycorrhizal plants. We have found that cranberry can be inoculated directly in solution culture. We cultured the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphusericaein liquid culture, harvested and rinsed hyphae, and added ≈200 mg fresh weight hyphae per rooted cranberry cutting (cv. Stevens) growing in a modified Johnson's solution. After 6 weeks, newly developed roots were most heavily colonized. We examined the effects of NH4+ concentration (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 μm NH4+) in solution on colonization rates. Colonization (% root length) increased with increasing ammonium concentration in solution, with maximum colonization at 50 and 100 μm NH4+; colonization was much lower at 500 μm NH4+. Cranberry inoculated with H. ericaein solution culture will be used for analysis of the effects of mycorrhizal colonization on uptake kinetics of NH4+, NO3-, and amino acids.
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Dalsing, B. L., and C. Allen. "Nitrate Assimilation Contributes to Ralstonia solanacearum Root Attachment, Stem Colonization, and Virulence." Journal of Bacteriology 196, no. 5 (December 20, 2013): 949–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01378-13.
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Kim, Yeon-Soo. "(Book Review) Modern History of Colonization and Assimilation from the Perspective of Ainu." Chongramsahak 31 (June 30, 2020): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36492/crsh.31.7.
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Josephson, Paul R. "EMPIRE-BUILDING AND FRONTIER OF SOVIET AND POST-SOVIET TIMES." Ural Historical Journal 73, no. 4 (2021): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-4(73)-88-96.
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The paper deals with the strategies of colonization and assimilation of frontier in Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia in relation to, Siberia and the Far East. These frontier spaces were disturbing the Soviet leadership for they were both vulnerable for an external invasion and unsupportive of the new socialist order. Thus, countryside of Soviet Russia was also seen as frontier of its own kind. The conquest of frontier and its integration into the socialist, industrial economy was implemented by Stalinist leadership through the violent collectivization, which was accompanied by colonization in the periphery strengthened by the flow of exiles and labor camp prisoners from the collectivized western areas. From the point of view of Soviet leaders, the frontier territories were both resource pantry and “empty spaces” to settle. To stimulate colonization Soviet government was establishing the “corridors of modernization”, a network of infrastructure, connecting the newly constructed “company towns”, the outposts of frontier conquest. Such politics was simultaneously integrating indigenous peoples of frontier into the socialist economy and destroying their way of life. In spite of efforts of Soviet rulers from Stalin to Brezhnev, the assimilation of frontier did not succeed. However, in the 21st century Russian leadership continues to treat Arctic, Siberia and the Far East along the Soviet lines, as frontier spaces of economic and symbolic conquest and military-political contestation. Unlike the Soviet era, though, nowadays the concept of frontier had found its way into Russian historical and political thought.
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Yang, Xuan, Kathleen A. Hill, Ryan S. Austin, and Lining Tian. "Differential Gene Expression of Brachypodium distachyon Roots Colonized by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and the Role of BdCESA8 in the Colonization." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 34, no. 10 (October 2021): 1143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-06-20-0170-r.
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Alternatives to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer are needed to reduce the costs of crop production and offset environmental damage. Nitrogen-fixing bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus has been proposed as a possible biofertilizer for monocot crop production. However, the colonization of G. diazotrophicus in most monocot crops is limited and deep understanding of the response of host plants to G. diazotrophicus colonization is still lacking. In this study, the molecular response of the monocot plant model Brachypodium distachyon was studied during G. diazotrophicus root colonization. The gene expression profiles of B. distachyon root tissues colonized by G. diazotrophicus were generated via next-generation RNA sequencing, and investigated through gene ontology and metabolic pathway analysis. The RNA sequencing results indicated that Brachypodium is actively involved in G. diazotrophicus colonization via cell wall synthesis. Jasmonic acid, ethylene, gibberellin biosynthesis. nitrogen assimilation, and primary and secondary metabolite pathways are also modulated to accommodate and control the extent of G. diazotrophicus colonization. Cellulose synthesis is significantly downregulated during colonization. The loss of function mutant for Brachypodium cellulose synthase 8 (BdCESA8) showed decreased cellulose content in xylem and increased resistance to G. diazotrophicus colonization. This result suggested that the cellulose synthesis of the secondary cell wall is involved in G. diazotrophicus colonization. The results of this study provide insights for future research in regard to gene manipulation for efficient colonization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Brachypodium and monocot crops. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Stabler, Linda, Chris Martin, and Jean Stutz. "Effect of Urban Expansion on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Mediation of Landscape Tree Growth." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 27, no. 4 (July 1, 2001): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.021.
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Field and glasshouse pot studies were conducted to determine effects of urban expansion on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) populations and AMF impact on landscape tree growth. Soil and root segments were collected and evaluated for root colonization by AMF of trees at remnant Sonoran Desert sites and nearby, formerly desert, drip-irrigated residential landscape sites in the Phoenix, Arizona, USA, metropolitan area. Native desert trees had greater colonization by AMF than residential landscape trees, and AMF species composition differed at the two site types. A glasshouse pot experiment using AMF inocula from the desert or residential sites was used to evaluate AMF effects on growth and carbon fluxes of three landscape trees in 12-L (3-gal) polyethylene containers relative to non-AMF controls. Growth and P nutrition of Acacia smallii and Fraxinus uhdei were increased by AMF colonization. Acacia carbon assimilation was increased by AMF root colonization. Soil respiration by Acacia and Fraxinus tree roots was decreased by AMF root colonization. Growth and carbon fluxes of Parkinsonia microphylla were not affected by AMF. We conclude that AMF might significantly increase landscape tree carbon storage potential depending on tree species, AMF population characteristics, soil water availability, and improved P uptake.
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Narayan, Om Prakash, Nidhi Verma, Abhimanyu Jogawat, Meenakshi Dua, and Atul Kumar Johri. "Sulfur transfer from the endophytic fungus Serendipita indica improves maize growth and requires the sulfate transporter SiSulT." Plant Cell 33, no. 4 (January 21, 2021): 1268–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab006.
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Abstract A deficiency of the essential macronutrient sulfur leads to stunted plant growth and yield loss; however, an association with a symbiotic fungus can greatly improve nutrient uptake by the host plant. Here, we identified and functionally characterized a high-affinity sulfate transporter from the endophytic fungus Serendipita indica. SiSulT fulfills all the criteria expected of a functional sulfate transporter responding to sulfur limitation: SiSulT expression was induced when S. indica was grown under low-sulfate conditions, and heterologous expression of SiSulT complemented a yeast mutant lacking sulfate transport. We generated a knockdown strain of SiSulT by RNA interference to investigate the consequences of the partial loss of this transporter for the fungus and the host plant (maize, Zea mays) during colonization. Wild-type (WT) S. indica, but not the knockdown strain (kd-SiSulT), largely compensated for low-sulfate availability and supported plant growth. Colonization by WT S. indica also allowed maize roots to allocate precious resources away from sulfate assimilation under low-sulfur conditions, as evidenced by the reduction in expression of most sulfate assimilation genes. Our study illustrates the utility of the endophyte S. indica in sulfur nutrition research and offers potential avenues for agronomically sound amelioration of plant growth in low-sulfate environments.
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Майоров and Anatoliy Mayorov. "SLAVIC COLONIZATION OF THE TERRITORY OF VERKHOVSKY HISTORICAL-GEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCE." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 5 (October 20, 2015): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14353.
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Settlement of the territory of Ancient Russia was implemented by the various Eastern Slavic tribes, which retained their own specific features of historical development for a long time caused by underlying problems of ethnogenesis, and specificity of military and strategic position of their territories, by opportunities of the development of transit trade. Vyatiches had differences from their neighbours longer than others, who had settled in the Upper Oka basin called Verkhovsky historical geographical province. In the VIIIth – XIIth centuries that region was characterized by the presence of a common set of political, economical, social and geographical features that were the reasons of prolonged existence of the autonomous tribal vyatich’s ethno-political union. The appearance of specific features of that territory was due to the forms and methods of its Slavic colonization, during which the rapid assimilation of the local original population took place.
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Jonkers, Wilfried, Christopher D. Andrade Rodrigues, and Martijn Rep. "Impaired Colonization and Infection of Tomato Roots by the Δfrp1 Mutant of Fusarium oxysporum Correlates with Reduced CWDE Gene Expression." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 5 (May 2009): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-5-0507.
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The vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici efficiently invades roots and colonizes vascular tissues of its host tomato. For these processes, the F-box protein Frp1 is required. The Fusarium oxysporum Δfrp1 mutant was characterized in detail to uncover the cause of its colonization defect. Using growth assays, we could attribute poor root colonization to reduced assimilation of organic acids, amino acids (except proline), or polysaccharides, singly or in combination. External root colonization by the Δfrp1 mutant is restored by the addition of 0.1% glucose or proline but infection still does not occur. This is due to the inability of the Δfrp1 mutant to penetrate the roots, as demonstrated by the lack of expression of SIX1 in the Δfrp1 strain, which is a gene exclusively expressed inside roots, and loss of cell wall–degrading enzyme (CWDE) gene expression. Many of the metabolic defects of the Δfrp1 strain can be attributed to reduced expression of the ICL1 (isocitrate lyase) gene. Strikingly, an Δicl1 mutant is still fully pathogenic and capable of external root colonization. We conclude that the inability of the Δfrp1 strain to colonize and invade roots is not primarily due to metabolic defects but can be attributed to reduced expression of several CWDE genes.
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MacDonald, Cathy, and Audrey Steenbeek. "The Impact of Colonization and Western Assimilation on Health and Wellbeing of Canadian Aboriginal People." International Journal of Regional and Local History 10, no. 1 (May 2015): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2051453015z.00000000023.
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Cudd, Ann E. "Missionary Positions." Hypatia 20, no. 4 (2005): 164–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2005.tb00542.x.
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Postcolonial feminist scholars have described some Western feminist activism as imperialistic, drawing a comparison to the work of Christian missionaries from the West, who aided in the project of colonization and assimilation of non-Western cultures to Western ideas and practices. This comparison challenges feminists who advocate global human rights ideals or objective appraisals of social practices, in effect charging them with neocolonialism. This essay defends work on behalf of universal human rights, while granting that activists should recognize their limitations in local cultural knowledge.
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Allawi Saddam, Widad, Wan Roselezam Wan Yahya, Hardev Kaur A/P Jujar Singh, and Manimangai Mani. "Disturbance of Native Americans as Reflected in Selected Folkloric Poems of Luci Tapahonso, Joy Harjo and Simon Ortiz." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 5, no. 7 (December 10, 2016): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/iac.ijalel.v.5n.7p.248.
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As a result of colonialization and assimilation, the natives were disturbed between past and present. Adopting the colonizer culture, style of life, language and changing home place come together in the mind of Native American people and lead them to be confused; they intermingle between past and present. They want to be themselves but the colonizer wants them to be the others. This feeling of disturbance affected Native American people, especially the chosen poets for this study. This paper shows how Native American people reflect their disturbance toward the colonization in their folkloric poetry. It explains how each element of folklore represents their disturbance towards the colonizer’s dominant culture. This paper will be done under postcolonial framework utilizing Frantz Fanon’s second views about the natives. Disturbance follows assimilation and they together forced Native Americans to present fighting literature which shows the third phase of Fanon.
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Waller, Spenser, Stacy L. Wilder, Michael J. Schueller, Alexandra B. Housh, and Richard A. Ferrieri. "Quantifying Plant-Borne Carbon Assimilation by Root-Associating Bacteria." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (May 10, 2020): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050700.
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Herbaspirillum seropedicae is a rhizobacteria that occupies a specialized ecological niche in agriculture. As an endophyte and prolific grass root colonizer it has the potential to promote plant growth, enhancing crop yield in many cereal crops. While the mechanisms for plant growth promotion are controversial, the one irrefutable fact is these microorganisms rely heavily on plant-borne carbon as their main energy source in support of their biological functions. Unfortunately, the tools and technology enabling researchers to trace carbon exchange between plants and the microorganisms associating with them has been limiting. Here, we demonstrate that radioactive 11CO2 administered to intact maize leaves with translocation of 11C-photosynthates to roots can provide a ‘traceable’ source of carbon whose assimilation by microbial organisms can be quantified with enormous sensitivity. Fluorescence root imaging of RAM10, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporting strain of H. seropedicae, was used to identify regions of high microbial colonization. Microbes were mechanically removed from these regions via sonication in saline solution and extracts were subjected to fluorescence measurement and gamma counting to correlate carbon-11 atoms with numbers of colony forming units. The method has potential to translate to other microorganisms provided they possess an optical reporting trait.
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Pasternak, Shiri. "Assimilation and Partition: How Settler Colonialism and Racial Capitalism Co-produce the Borders of Indigenous Economies." South Atlantic Quarterly 119, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 301–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-8177771.
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The history of colonialism in Canada has meant both the partition of Indigenous peoples from participating (physically, politically, legally) in the economy and a relentless demand to become assimilated as liberal capitalist citizens. Assimilation and segregation are both tendencies of colonization that protect the interests of white capital. But their respective prevalence seems to depend on the regime of racial capitalism at play. This paper examines the intersection of settler colonization and racial capitalism to shed light on the status of Indigenous economic rights in Canada. I ask, to what extent are Indigenous peoples understood to have economic rights—defined here as the governing authority to manage their lands and resources—and, how we can we analyze these rights to better understand the conjoined meanings of colonialism and capitalism as systems of power today? In this paper, I look at two sites to address this problem: first, I examine how the Supreme Court of Canada has defined the “Aboriginal right” to commercial economies since the patriation of Aboriginal rights into the Constitution in 1982; and, second, I examine how these rights are configured through state resource revenue-sharing schemes with First Nations, in particular from extractive projects, over the past few years. Each case study provides critical material for analyzing the economic opportunities available to First Nations through democratic channels of state “recognition,” as well as when and why tensions between state policies of segregation and assimilation emerge.
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Geneva, M., G. Zehirov, E. Djonova, N. Kaloyanova, G. Georgiev, and I. Stancheva. "The effect of inoculation of pea plants with mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium on nitrogen and phosphorus assimilation." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 10 (November 17, 2011): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3463-pse.
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The study evaluated the response of pea (Pisum sativum cv. Avola) to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) species Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae, strain D 293, regarding the growth, photosynthesis, nodulation and nitrogen fixation activity. Pea plants were grown in a glasshouse until the flowering stage (35 days), in 4 kg plastic pots using leached cinnamonic forest soil (Chromic Luvisols – FAO) at P levels 13.2 (P1) and 39.8 (P2) mg P/kg soil. The obtained results demonstrated that the dual inoculation of pea plants significantly increased the plant biomass, photosynthetic rate, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation activity in comparison with single inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae strain D 293. On the other hand, coinoculation significantly increased the total phosphorus content in plant tissue, acid phosphatase activity and percentage of root colonization. The effectiveness of coinoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum and Glomus mosseae was higher at the low phosphorus level while the coinoculation with Glomus intraradices appeared to be the most effective at higher phosphorus level.
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Hamel, C., F. Morin, A. Fortin, R. L. Granger, and D. L. Smith. "Mycorrhizal Colonization Increases Herbicide Toxicity in Apple." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 6 (November 1994): 1255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.6.1255.
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Herbicides are increasingly used in orchards. Since apple trees strongly depend on mycorrhizae, the effects of three commonly used herbicides on the host plant and endophyte were examined. Symbiosis between tissue-cultured P16 apple rootstocks and Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch was established under greenhouse conditions. Simazine (1, 2, 10, and 20 μg a.i./g), dichlobenil (1, 5, 10, and 25 μg a.i./g), paraquat (0.5, 1, 10, and 100 μg a.i./g), or water was applied to mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants as a soil drench. The response of mycorrhizal plants to herbicide was greater, and the relative elongation rate was more sharply reduced in mycorrhizal (76%) than in nonmycorrhizal plants (33%). Six weeks after herbicide application, dry mass reduction due to herbicides was similar (39% and 36%) for mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plant shoots, respectively, while root dry mass reduction was larger for mycorrhizal (63%) than nonmycorrhizal plants (46%). None of the herbicide treatments affected root colonization. However, an in vitro hyphal elongation test with G. intraradices Schenck & Smith and herbicide-amended (0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg a.i./g) gellan gum solidified water showed that either dichlobenil or paraquat, even at the lowest concentrations, could significantly reduce hyphal elongation. Simazine did not affect hyphal elongation in vitro, a result suggesting that improved absorption capacity of mycorrhizae explains, at least in part, the increased phytotoxicity of some herbicides. It was found that plant mortality was higher among mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal apple trees for all herbicide treatments. The increased CO2 assimilation rates of dichlobenil-treated mycorrhizal plants contrasted with the decreased rates of control plants measured 1 week after dichlobenil treatment. This indicates a physiological interaction between mycorrhizal colonization and dichlobenil in the toxic response of apple plants. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-4,6-bis-ethylamino-s-triazine (simazine), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'bipyridinium (paraquat).
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Maleva, Maria, Galina Borisova, Nadezhda Chukina, Olga Sinenko, Elena Filimonova, Natalia Lukina, and Margarita Glazyrina. "Adaptive Morphophysiological Features of Neottia ovata (Orchidaceae) Contributing to Its Natural Colonization on Fly Ash Deposits." Horticulturae 7, no. 5 (May 11, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7050109.
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In previous decades, some species of the Orchidaceae family have been found growing in man-made habitats. Neottia ovata is one of the most widespread orchids in Europe, however it is quite rare in Russia and is included in several regional Red Data Books. The purpose of this study was to compare the chemical composition and morphophysiological parameters of N. ovata from two forest communities of the Middle Urals, Russia: natural and transformed (fly ash dump of Verkhnetagil’skaya Thermal Power Station) for determining orchid adaptive features. The content of most of the studied metals in the underground parts (rhizome + roots) of N. ovata was considerably higher than in the leaves, which diminished the harmful effect of toxic metals on the aboveground organs. The adaptive changes in the leaf mesostructure of N. ovata such as an increase in epidermis thickness, the number of chloroplasts in the cell, and the internal assimilating surface were found for the first time. The orchids from the fly ash deposits were characterized by a higher content of chlorophyll b and carotenoids than plants from the natural forest community that evidenced the compensatory response on the decrease in chlorophyll a. The ability of N. ovata from the transformed habitat to maintain a relatively favorable water balance and stable assimilation indexes further contribute to its high viability. The study of orchid adaptive responses to unfavorable factors is necessary for their successful naturalization and introduction into a new environment.
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Webster, Rebecca M. "The Wisconsin Oneida and the WPA: Stories of Corn, Colonialism, and Revitalization." Ethnohistory 68, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 407–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00141801-8940508.
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Abstract Colonization efforts over time have changed Oneida relationships with corn drastically. This study examines that history through a collection of stories told by Oneida people for the Work Progress Administration (WPA) between 1938 and 1942. Furthermore, the people’s changing relationship with corn over time highlights the effects of removal, allotment, and assimilation on the Oneida within the American context. Finally, while change occurred, the WPA interviews uncover continuity in Oneida Country as members struggled to maintain their relationship with corn and other traditional foodways in the wake of colonialism.
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Gribsholt, B., E. Struyf, A. Tramper, L. De Brabandere, and N. Brion. "Nitrogen assimilation and short term retention in a nutrient-rich tidal freshwater marsh – a whole ecosystem <sup>15</sup>N enrichment study." Biogeosciences Discussions 3, no. 4 (July 24, 2006): 1081–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-3-1081-2006.
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Abstract. We conducted two (May 2002 and September 2003) pulse additions of 15NH4+ to the flood water inundating a tidal freshwater marsh fringing the nutrient-rich Scheldt River (Belgium) and traced the fate of ammonium in the intact ecosystem. Here we report in detail the 15N uptake into the various marsh components (leaves, roots, sediment, leaf litter and invertebrate fauna), and the 15N retention on a scale of 15 days. We particularly focus on the contributions of the rooted macrophytes and the microbial community in the sediment and on plant litter. Assimilation and short term retention of 15NH4+ was low on both occasions. Only 4–9% of the added 15N trace was assimilated, corresponding to 13–22% and 8–18% of the processed 15N (i.e. not exported as 15NH4+ in May and September, respectively. In May nitrogen assimilation rate (per hour inundated) was >3 times faster than in September. Macrophytes (above- and below ground) were of limited importance for short term 15N retention accounting for <6% of the total 15NH4+ processed by the marsh. The less dominant herbaceous species were more important (on an area basis) than the dominant reed (Phragmites australis). The microbial community colonizing the sediment and litter surfaces were responsible for most nitrogen assimilation and short-term retention in the marsh. The large reactive surface area available for microbial colonization together with direct plant uptake, are the crucial components for nitrogen assimilation, retention and transformation in nutrient-rich tidal freshwater marshes.
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Seyferth, Giralda. "The diverse understandings of foreign migration to the South of Brazil (1818-1950)." Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 10, no. 2 (December 2013): 118–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1809-43412013000200005.
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In this text I analyze some of the conceptual and subjective meanings of the notion of immigration, observing how these are appropriated in the debates on foreign colonization that influenced immigration policy in Brazil during the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. I also discuss everyday representations of immigration contained in writings by German immigrants sent to colonize areas of southern Brazil, exploring the liminal identity that emerges as a result of the difficulty experienced settling in still untamed areas of Brazil. The text examines understandings of immigration more directly associated with the colonization process promoted by the Brazilian state, still included in the 1945 Law of Foreigners, through which large areas of uncultivated lands in the south of the country were occupied by European immigrants (and their descendants) in the form of family smallholdings. Under these circumstances, German immigration preceded other flows of migrants, despite Brazilian nationalistic concerns over assimilation.
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Cavagnaro, T. R., and L. E. Jackson. "Isotopic fractionation of zinc in field grown tomato." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 2 (January 2007): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-006.
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Many of the world’s soils are deficient in zinc (Zn), and this has implications for plant and human nutrition. Consequently, there is a need to better understand plant uptake and allocation of Zn. Natural abundances of stable isotopes have been used to gain insight into uptake, assimilation, and allocation of various elements by plants. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to study the fractionation of Zn isotopes in the shoots and fruits of mature tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown on an organic farm. Effects of mycorrhizal colonization of roots on Zn fractionation were studied by growing a tomato mutant with reduced mycorrhizal colonization, and its mycorrhizal wild-type progenitor. Fruits of both genotypes were enriched in 64Zn and 66Zn and depleted in 67Zn and 68Zn isotopes, based on calculations that expressed the concentration of each isotope as a percentage of total Zn. The reverse was true of the shoots. Furthermore, shoots of the mycorrhizal genotype were very slightly enriched in 64Zn and 66Zn isotopes relative to those of the reduced mycorrhizal colonization genotype. Possible explanations for fractionation of Zn between shoots and fruits, including differential bonding of Zn to cellular components, processes affecting Zn–phytate–protein complexes, and Zn transport and translocation processes are discussed.
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Fast, Elizabeth, and Delphine Collin-Vézina. "Historical Trauma, Race-Based Trauma, and Resilience of Indigenous Peoples: A Literature Review1." First Peoples Child & Family Review 14, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1071294ar.
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This literature review examines the various responses to trauma suffered by Indigenous peoples as a result of governmental policies geared toward assimilation. Both traumatic and resilient responses are demonstrated at the individual, family, and community levels. Much of the research that has been done in the United States to develop theories around historical trauma and race-based traumatic stress may also be applied to Canada’s First Nations due to similar histories of oppression and colonization. Overall, the research finds that self-government and a connection to culture and spirituality result in better outcomes for Indigenous peoples.
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Fast, Elizabeth, and Delphine Collin-Vézina. "Historical Trauma, Race-based Trauma and Resilience of Indigenous Peoples: A Literature Review." First Peoples Child & Family Review 5, no. 1 (May 7, 2020): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069069ar.
Full textAbstract:
This literature review examines the various responses to trauma suffered by Indigenous peoples as a result of governmental policies geared towards assimilation. Both traumatic and resilient responses are demonstrated at the individual, family and community levels. Much of the research that has been done in the United States to develop theories around historical trauma and race-based traumatic stress may also be applied to Canada’s First Nations due to similar histories of oppression and colonization. Overall, the research finds that self government and a connection to culture and spirituality result in better outcomes for Indigenous peoples.
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Jain, Shalini, Hariom Yadav, and Pushpalata Ravindra Sinha. "Antioxidant and cholesterol assimilation activities of selected lactobacilli and lactococci cultures." Journal of Dairy Research 76, no. 4 (July 29, 2009): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029909990094.
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In present study, three strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) viz.Lactobacillus casei,Lactobacillus acidophilusandLactococcus lactisand milk fermented with these strains have been studied for antioxidant and cholesterol assimilation activities in-vitro and in-vivo, in addition to the effect on total lactobacilli, lactococci and coliform counts into the gut of mice fed with diets supplemented by fermented milk. All three selected strains exhibited potent 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, malonaldialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging abilities as well as inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation activity. These activities were highest inLb. caseias followed byLb. acidophilusandLc. lactis. In addition, these bacterial cultures also exhibited good in-vitro cholesterol assimilation potential. Oral administration to mice of milk fermented with selected LAB strains, slightly decreased blood cholesterol, increased colonization of total lactobacilli and lactococci, and decreased coliforms in the intestinal tissues as well as faecal samples. These results indicate that, selected LAB strains have good antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and coliform removal activities. It may suggest that, a novel functional food can be obtained by supplementation of selected LAB in milk, which may have various health beneficial properties such as antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic activities.
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Collingwood-Whittick, Sheila. "Settler Colonial Biopolitics and Indigenous Resistance: The Refusal of Australia's First Peoples “to fade away or assimilate or just die”." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 42, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicrj.42.2.collingwood-whittick.
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During the first century of Australia's colonization, settler thanatopolitics meant both casual killing of individual Natives and organized massacres of Aboriginal clans. From the mid-nineteenth century, however, Aboriginal Protection Boards sought to disappear their charges by more covert means. Thus, biopolitics of biological absorption, cultural assimilation, and child removal, designed to bring about the destruction of Aboriginal peoples, came to be represented as being in the victims' best interests. Even today, coercive assimilation is framed in the now-threadbare terms of welfare discourse. Yet, Australia's Indigenous peoples have survived the genocidal practices of the frontier era and continue to resist the relentless succession of normative policies deployed to eradicate their “recalcitrant” lifeways. This essay presents a brief historical overview of settler Australia's biopolitics and analyzes the sociocultural factors enabling Aboriginal Australians both to survive the devastating impact of settler biopower and to resist the siren call of assimilationist rhetoric. Drawing on Kim Scott's Benang and Alexis Wright's Plains of Promise, I discuss how that resistance is reflected in contemporary Indigenous life-writing and fiction.
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Béreau, Moïse, Damien Bonal, Eliane Louisanna, and Jean Garbaye. "Do mycorrhizas improve tropical tree seedling performance under water stress and low light conditions? A case study with Dicorynia guianensis (Caesalpiniaceae)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, no. 4 (June 27, 2005): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467405002348.
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We tested the response of seedlings of Dicorynia guianensis, a major timber tree species of French Guiana, to mycorrhizal symbiosis and water limitation in a semi-controlled experiment under natural light conditions. Under well-watered conditions, mycorrhizal colonization resulted in an increase of net photosynthesis, growth and phosphorus uptake. When submitted to water stress, no growth reduction of mycorrhizal seedlings was observed. Mycorrhizal seedlings were more sensitive to drought than non-mycorrhizal ones in terms of carbon assimilation, but not with regard to stomatal closure. In contrast to previous studies on temperate tree seedlings, this result precludes a mycorrhizal effect on the hydraulic properties of this species. Furthermore, our results suggest that below a specific threshold of soil moisture, carbon assimilation of D. guianensis seedlings was decreased by the mycorrhizal symbiosis. This is probably related to the competition between the plant and its host fungus for carbon allocation under low light intensity, even though it did not seem to have a significant effect on mortality in our experiment.
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Srikantha, Thyagarajan, Rui Zhao, Karla Daniels, Josh Radke, and David R. Soll. "Phenotypic Switching in Candida glabrata Accompanied by Changes in Expression of Genes with Deduced Functions in Copper Detoxification and Stress." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 8 (August 2005): 1434–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.8.1434-1445.2005.
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ABSTRACTMost strains ofCandida glabrataswitch spontaneously between a number of phenotypes distinguishable by graded brown coloration on agar containing 1 mM CuSO4, a phenomenon referred to as “core switching.”C. glabrataalso switches spontaneously and reversibly from core phenotypes to an irregular wrinkle (IWr) phenotype, a phenomenon referred to as “irregular wrinkle switching.” To identify genes differentially expressed in the core phenotypes white (Wh) and dark brown (DB), a cDNA subtraction strategy was employed. Twenty-three genes were identified as up-regulated in DB, four in Wh, and six in IWr. Up-regulation was verified in two unrelated strains, oneaand one α strain. The functions of these genes were deduced from the functions of theirSaccharomyces cerevisiaeorthologs. The majority of genes up-regulated in DB (78%) played deduced roles in copper assimilation, sulfur assimilation, and stress responses. These genes were differentially up-regulated in DB even though the conditions of growth for Wh and DB, including CuSO4concentration, were identical. Hence, the regulation of these genes, normally regulated by environmental cues, has been usurped by switching, presumably as an adaptation to the challenging host environment. These results are consistent with the suggestion that switching provides colonizing populations with a minority of cells expressing a phenotype that allows them to enrich in response to an environmental challenge, a form of rapid adaptation. However, DB is the most commonly expressed phenotype at sites of host colonization, in the apparent absence of elevated copper levels. Hence, up-regulation of these genes by switching suggests that in some cases they may play roles in colonization and virulence not immediately obvious from the roles played by their orthologs inS. cerevisiae.
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suharno, Suharno, Verena Agustini, and Supeni Sufaati. "Fungi Mikoriza arbuskula (FMA) yang berasosiasi dengan Durio zibethinus di Kabupaten manokwari, Papua Barat, Indonesia." Jurnal Pemuliaan Tanaman hutan 13, no. 2 (June 30, 1996): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpth.2019.13.2.61-69.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a symbiosis between fungi and plants. This association is mutualism, AMF contributes to increased plant growth while fungi obtain energy sources from plant assimilation. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of AMF with durian plants (Durio zibethinus) in Manokwari, West Papua. The survey was conducted in 10 villages located in 4 districts known as the center for producing durian. Observation of the presence of AMF spores in the plant's rhizosphere was carried out by the wet sieving method. Furthermore, to find out the association between the two symbionts is done by observing AMF colonization in plant roots. The types of AMF found in the plant's rhizosphere are morphologically identified based on spore characteristics. The results showed that durian was associated with AMF. The percentage of AMF colonization ranged from 39.29 to 80.00%, while the number of spores was 112-336 spores per 100 grams of soil sample. Based on the spore morphological characteristics, AMF found is dominated by the genus Glomus, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora.
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suharno, Suharno, Verena Agustini, Rosye H.R. Tanjung, and Supeni Sufaati. "Fungi Mikoriza arbuskula (FMA) yang berasosiasi dengan Durio zibethinus di Kabupaten manokwari, Papua Barat, Indonesia." Jurnal Pemuliaan Tanaman hutan 13, no. 2 (June 30, 1996): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpth.2020.13.2.61-69.
Full textAbstract:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a symbiosis between fungi and plants. This association is mutualism,AMF contributes to increased plant growth while fungi obtain energy sources from plant assimilation. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of AMF with durian plants (Durio zibethinus) in Manokwari, West Papua. The survey was conducted in 10 villages located in 4 districts known as the center for producing durian. Observation of the presence of AMF spores in the plant's rhizosphere was carried out by the wet sieving method. Furthermore, to find out the association between the two symbionts is done by observing AMF colonization in plant roots. The types of AMF found in the plant's rhizosphere are morphologically identified based on spore characteristics. The results showed that durian was associated with AMF. The percentage of AMF colonization ranged from 39.29 to 80.00%, while the number of spores was 112-336 spores per 100 grams of soil sample. Based on the spore morphological characteristics, AMF found is dominated bythe genus Glomus, Scutellospora, and Acaulospora.
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Blackstock, Cindy. "Same Country; Same Lands; 78 Countries Away." First Peoples Child & Family Review 2, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 130–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1069542ar.
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As the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child (2003) noted, Aboriginal children face more discrimination and increased risk factors than other Canadian children. Their lived experiences are shaped by the policies of assimilation and colonization that aimed to eliminate Aboriginal cultures through repression of fundamental freedoms, denial of ownership and the operation of residential schools (RCAP, 1996; Milloy, 1999). First Nations child and family service agencies have expressed concern about the lack of resources available to support families in redressing the significant impacts of colonization. The voluntary sector provides a myriad of important social supports to Canadians off reserve and this research project sought to determine how accessible voluntary sector resources were for First Nations children, youth and families resident on reserve in British Columbia. Results of a provincial survey of First Nations child and family service agencies and child, youth and family voluntary sector organizations indicate very limited access to voluntary sector services. Possible rationales for this social exclusion are examined and recommendations for improvement are discussed.
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Shalgimbekov, A. B., and G. A. Shotanova. "MILITARY-FORTRESS LINES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN THE SOUTHERN URALS AT THE TURN OF THE XVIII-XIX CENTURIES." History of the Homeland 98, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/1814-6961_2022_2_114.
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This article is devoted to one of the topical issues of Kazakhstan’s colonization by the Russian Empire. At the first stage of colonization, the northern region of Kazakhstan became Russia's interest. Military factor was the leading one in the implementation of colonial policy. At the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, military fortification lines were erected along the northwestern borders, additional regular troops and Cossacks were sentthere, and a part of the civilian population was relegated to the military-cossack ranks. It was a starting point for the further advancement of the empire in the east. As a result of military reforms and reorganization of troops, thegarrisons were significantly strengthened, and the defense capacity of fortresseswas increased. Orenburg authorities pursued a policy of disunion, separation of indigenous peoples of the Southern Urals: Kazakhs, Bashkirs, and Nogais. The disunion policy and social assimilation of the ruling clan by various means were carried out. The issue of transferring military lines deep into the steppes by the beginning of the 19th century was practically resolved.
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Martin, Chris A., Sean A. Whitcomb, and Jean C. Stutz. "Effects of Frequent Shearing on Root Growth and Mycorrhizal Colonization of Two Landscape Shrubs." HortScience 45, no. 10 (October 2010): 1573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.10.1573.
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Leucophyllum frutescens I. M. Johnst. (Texas sage) and Nerium oleander L. (oleander) shrubs grown for 2 years in the southwest United States under well-watered conditions in outdoor field plots were either sheared every 6 weeks or not pruned (control) to determine if frequent shearing had an effect on root growth and mycorrhizal colonization. During February and June of the second year after transplanting, leaf gas exchange, shoot and root growth, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization of shrubs were studied. Shearing reduced shrub volume of Texas sage and oleander by 84% and 82%, respectively. Leaf carbon assimilation (A) and conductance of both shrub taxa were stimulated by frequent shearing, especially during June. Shearing decreased root mass density (RMD) and root length density (RLD) of Texas sage but had no impact on RMD or RLD of oleander. Shearing decreased the length of Texas sage roots colonized by AMF but increased AMF colonization of oleander roots. Soil respiration and temperatures were less under all shrubs that were frequently sheared than those that were not pruned and were higher under all shrubs in June than in February. From these data we conclude that under well-watered conditions, the rejuvenative capacity and resilience of oleander to the practice of frequent shearing is greater than Texas sage and recommend that Texas sage shrubs not be frequently sheared in southwest landscapes.
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Surendirakumar, K., R. R. Pandey, and T. Muthukumar. "Influence of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and bacterial bioinoculants on growth and yield of Capsicum chinense cultivated in non-sterilized soil." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 1 (January 2019): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000261.
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AbstractDespite the global importance of Capsicum species, there is limited information on the indigenous endomycorrhizal fungal association in this crop. Therefore, the diversity and colonization patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in roots of Naga King chilli (Capsicum chinense) were assessed during pre-flowering, flowering and fruit ripening growth stages under a sub-tropical shifting cultivation system of North Eastern India. All the roots examined had AMF colonization and the presence of Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhizal morphology is reported for the first time in C. chinense. A total of 11 AMF spore morphotypes were isolated from both field and trap culture soils. Maximum AMF spore density and root colonization were recorded during the pre-flowering and flowering stages, respectively. The influence of Funneliformis geosporum, individually or in combination with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azotobacter chroococcum, on growth and yield of C. chinense, was evaluated in a pot experiment using sterilized and non-sterilized soils. The application of AMF and P. fluorescens to sterilized soil significantly increased the growth, flower and fruit production, and nutrient content of C. chinense. The highest growth rates and yields of C. chinense in non-sterilized soils were achieved when AMF was combined with both P. fluorescens and A. chroococcum. The results of the current study indicate the value of applying microorganisms to improve plant growth and performance in chillies. One of the mechanisms for this could be the facilitated assimilation of nutrients promoted by AMF and bacterial bioinoculants.
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Szabadi, Ernő-Loránd. "Dobruja’s Public Administration and Its Role in the Romanian Nation- and State-Building Process (1878–1926)." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2021-0013.
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Abstract The paper is devoted to providing a schematic presentation of the evolution of Dobruja’s administrative-territorial system as part of Romania, presenting and highlighting the factors that contributed to the Romanian nation- and state-building process. As its primary objective, the study describes the evolution and conscious development of the abovementioned region as part of Romania between the years 1878 and 1926. Also, it formulates as a secondary goal the impact of Dobruja’s numerous administrative-territorial reorganizations on the fate of the multicultural community living in the region. At the same time, the aim is also to list and emphasize the strategies, procedures of assimilation, integration, and colonization of the region.
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Tokala, Ranjeet K., Janice L. Strap, Carina M. Jung, Don L. Crawford, Michelle Hamby Salove, Lee A. Deobald, J. Franklin Bailey, and M. J. Morra. "Novel Plant-Microbe Rhizosphere Interaction Involving Streptomyces lydicus WYEC108 and the Pea Plant (Pisum sativum)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 5 (May 2002): 2161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.5.2161-2171.2002.
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ABSTRACT A previously undescribed plant-microbe interaction between a root-colonizing Streptomyces species, S. lydicus WYEC108, and the legume Pisum sativum is described. The interaction is potentially of great importance to the health and growth in nature of this nodulating legume. The root-colonizing soil actinomycete S. lydicus WYEC108 influences pea root nodulation by increasing root nodulation frequency, possibly at the level of infection by Rhizobium spp. S. lydicus also colonizes and then sporulates within the surface cell layers of the nodules. Colonization leads to an increase in the average size of the nodules that form and improves the vigor of bacteroids within the nodules by enhancing nodular assimilation of iron and possibly other soil nutrients. Bacteroid accumulation of the carbon storage polymer, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate, is reduced in colonized nodules. Root nodules of peas taken from agricultural fields in the Palouse hills of northern Idaho were also found to be colonized by actinomycete hyphae. We hypothesize that root and nodule colonization is one of several mechanisms by which Streptomyces acts as a naturally occurring plant growth-promoting bacterium in pea and possibly other leguminous plants.
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Ivanova, Alina, and Andrey Kovalevsky. "Architectural landscape in the Jewish autonomous region." проект байкал, no. 65 (January 5, 2021): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.65.1686.
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The article is based on the field studies carried out in 2018-2019. The authors tried to find assimilation of Jewish culture inside the experimental space of the Soviet period. However, after coming to the conclusion that the development of the settlements of the Jewish autonomous region had ‘international’ features, they turned their focus on the description of vernacular architecture (individual low-storey housing, customized governmental accommodation facilities in the form of barracks, etc.). The attempt to comprehend the specific features of the development of the artificially designed territory of the settlements with national Jewish colour in the context of Soviet industrial colonization of the Far East is an important key to understanding the regional identity and preservation of cultural heritage.
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Kinsinger, Rebecca F., Daniel B. Kearns, Marina Hale, and Ray Fall. "Genetic Requirements for Potassium Ion-Dependent Colony Spreading in Bacillus subtilis." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 24 (December 15, 2005): 8462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.24.8462-8469.2005.
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ABSTRACT Undomesticated strains of Bacillus subtilis exhibit extensive colony spreading on certain soft agarose media: first the formation of dendritic clusters of cells, followed by spreading (pellicle-like) growth to cover the entire surface. These phases of colonization are dependent on the level of potassium ion (K+) but independent of flagella, as verified with a mutant with a hag gene replacement; this latter finding highlights the importance of sliding motility in colony spreading. Exploring the K+ requirement, directed mutagenesis of the higher-affinity K+ transporter KtrAB, but not the lower-affinity transporter KtrCD, was found to inhibit surface colonization unless sufficient KCl was added. To identify other genes involved in K+-dependent colony spreading, transposon insertion mutants in wild-type strain 3610 were screened. Disruption of genes for pyrimidine (pyrB) or purine (purD, purF, purH, purL, purM) biosynthetic pathways abolished the K+-dependent spreading phase. Consistent with a requirement for functional nucleic acid biosynthesis, disruption of purine synthesis with the folic acid antagonist sulfamethoxazole also inhibited spreading. Other transposon insertions disrupted acetoin biosynthesis (the alsS gene), acidifying the growth medium, glutamine synthetase (the glnA gene), and two surfactin biosynthetic genes (srfAA, srfAB). This work identified four classes of surface colonization mutants with defective (i) potassium transport, (ii) surfactin formation, (iii) growth rate or yield, or (iv) pH control. Overall, the ability of B. subtilis to colonize surfaces by spreading is highly dependent on balanced nucleotide biosynthesis and nutrient assimilation, which require sufficient K+ ions, as well as growth conditions that promote sliding motility.
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Eissenstat, David M., James H. Graham, James P. Syvertsen, and Diana L. Drouillard. "CARBON ECONOMY IN SOUR ORANGE IN RELATION TO MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION AND PHOSPHORUS STATUS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 579d—579. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.579d.
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The effects of phosphorus (P) and of the mycorrhizal (M) fungus, Glomus intraradix, on the carbon (C) economy of sour orange (citrus aurantium L.) were determined during and following active M colonization. There were four treatments: mycorrhizal seedlings grown at standard-strength P (M1) and nonmycorrhizal (NM) plants grown at 1, 2 and 5 times standard-strength P (NM1, NM2 and NM5). Mycorrhizal colonization, tissue dry mass, P content, root length, leaf area, 14C partitioning and rate of c assimilation (A) were determined in five whole-plant harvests from 6 to 15 wks of age. In contrast to the effects of P nutrition on C economy in sour orange, M effects were generally subtle. Mycorrhizae increased the root biomass fraction, the root length/leaf area ratio, and the percent of 14C recovered from belowground components. Mycorrhizal plants had a higher percentage of belowground 14C in the respiration and soil fractions than did NM plants of equivalent P status. Mycorrhizal plants tended to have enhanced A at 8 wks but not at 7 or 12 wks. This temporarily enhanced A of M plants did not fully compensate for their greater belowground C expenditure, as suggested by apparently lower relative growth rates of M than NM plants of equivalent P status. Problems of interpreting the dynamic effects of mycorrhizae on C economy that are independent of p nutrition are discussed.
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Markova, M. V. "An enlightened beauty and a natural beast. A dialogue of epochs in a fairy-tale dimension." Voprosy literatury, no. 6 (February 7, 2019): 226–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2018-6-226-253.
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The article analyses the dialogue happening between two historical periods inside the fairy-tale context of Beauty and the Beast: a story with its origins in the late days of the ‘gallant’ age and on the cusp of the Age of Enlightenment. A product of the conflict between the two, the fairy-tale provides ample inspiration for contemporary re-tellers of classical stories. The original work by Madame de Villeneuve centres on the idea of assimilation of a territory, its colonization and its integration into the political and economic context of the inhabited world. The same idea is taken up and reinforced by the American author M. Lackey, who considered the French original and its origination period through the concept of a national idea, in particular, the notion of the ‘hearth’. The article demonstrates how this idea, reaching its peak during the American Enlightenment, helped Lackey to transform the original’s colonization motifs and endow the classical plot with new prospects. In her ‘domestication’ of the fairy-tale world, Lackey delivers it a paradoxical blow at the end of the story, and turns de Villeneuve’s triumph of civilization into a more relevant ideal of freedom and unlimited opportunities, where the female protagonist enjoys emancipation and is invested with her rights.
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Perga, T. "Australian Policy Regarding the Indigenous Population (End of the XIXth Century – the First Third of the XXth Century)." Problems of World History, no. 11 (March 26, 2020): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-11-3.
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An analysis of Australia’s governmental policy towards indigenous peoples has been done. The negative consequences of the colonization of the Australian continent have been revealed, in particular, a significant reduction in the number of aborigines due to the spread of alcohol and epidemics, the seizure of their territories. It is concluded that the colonization of Australia was based on the idea of the hierarchy of human society, the superiority and inferiority of different races and groups of people, and accordingly - the supremacy of European culture and civilization. It is demonstrated in the creation of reservations for aborigines and the adoption of legislation aimed at segregating the country's white and colored populations and assimilating certain indigenous peoples into European society, primarily children from mixed marriages. It has been proven that, considering the aborigines an endangered people and seeking to protect them from themselves, Europeans saw the way to their salvation in miscegenation - interracial marriages and the isolation of aboriginal children from their parents. This policy has been pursued since the end of the XIX century by the 1970s and had disrupted cultural and family ties and destroyed aboriginal communities, although government circles positioned it as a policy of caring for indigenous Australians. As a result, the generation of aborigines taken from their parents and raised in boarding schools or families of white Europeans has been dubbed the “lost generation”. The activity of A.O. Neville who for more than two decades held the position of chief defender of the aborigines in Western Australia and in fact became the ideologist of the aborigines’ assimilation policy has been analyzed. He substantiated the idea of the biological absorption of the indigenous Australian race as a key condition for its preservation and extremely harshly implemented the policy of separating Aboriginal children from their parents. It is concluded that the policy towards the indigenous population of Australia in the late XIX – first third of the XX century was based on the principle of discrimination on racial grounds.
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Rico, Arantza, and Gail M. Preston. "Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 Uses Constitutive and Apoplast-Induced Nutrient Assimilation Pathways to Catabolize Nutrients That Are Abundant in the Tomato Apoplast." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 21, no. 2 (February 2008): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-21-2-0269.
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The plant apoplast is the intercellular space that surrounds plant cells, in which metabolic and physiological processes relating to cell wall biosynthesis, nutrient transport, and stress responses occur. The apoplast is also the primary site of infection for hemibiotrophic pathogens such as P. syringae, which obtain nutrients directly from apoplastic fluid. We have used apoplastic fluid extracted from healthy tomato leaves as a growth medium for Pseudomonas spp. in order to investigate the role of apoplastic nutrients in plant colonization by Pseudomonas syringae. We have confirmed that apoplast extracts mimic some of the environmental and nutritional conditions that bacteria encounter during apoplast colonization by demonstrating that expression of the plant-induced type III protein secretion pathway is upregulated during bacterial growth in apoplast extracts. We used a modified phenoarray technique to show that apoplast-adapted P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 expresses nutrient utilization pathways that allow it to use sugars, organic acids, and amino acids that are highly abundant in the tomato apoplast. Comparative analyses of the nutrient utilization profiles of the genome-sequenced strains P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, P. syringae pv. syringae B728a, P. syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A, and the unsequenced strain P. syringae pv. tabaci 11528 with nine other genome-sequenced strains of Pseudomonas provide further evidence that P. syringae strains are adapted to use nutrients that are abundant in the leaf apoplast. Interestingly, P. syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A lacks many of the nutrient utilization abilities that are present in three other P. syringae strains tested, which can be directly linked to differences in the P. syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A genome.
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Churkin, Mikhail K. "“Subalterns” of Colonization in the Scholarly, Journalistic and Literary Heritage of Nikolai Yadrintsev." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 15 (2021): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/15/14.
Full textAbstract:
Modern postcolonial studies have developed the definition of internal colonization as a system of regular practices of colonial government and knowledge within the political boundaries of the state. On this scale, relations are formed between the state and its subjects, in which the state treats its subjects as subdued in the course of the conquest, and its own territory as conquered, mysterious, and requiring settlement and “inculturation” from the center. At the same time, the main elements of imperial domination, implemented through coercion, are cultural expansion, hegemony of power, ethnic assimilation within the state borders. The Russian culture of the 19th century formed the plot of internal colonization. It was built around the conflict between the “Man of Power and Culture” and the “Man from the People”. The latter is positioned in the article as a “colonial subaltern” – a disadvantaged, marginalized individual (group) with limited subjectivity. The concept of the subaltern, which is based on A. Gramsci’s idea of hegemony as a variant of voluntary acceptance of relations of domination, suggests that the dominance of the “Man of Power and Culture” is based on the consent of the governed rather than on the methods of violence and genocide. The assertion of the fact that Russia is created through self-colonization and self-sacrifice, and Russian identity is both that of the sovereign and of the subaltern, requires adequate argumentation through rereading and interpreting the plots of internal colonization. In the center of internal colonization are the well-known events of Siberian history: exile and katorga, resettlement, non-Russian question, social life of the borderland, etc. The literary heritage of Nikolai Yadrintsev (articles, poems, feuilletons) provides an opportunity not only to reconstruct the images of “colonial subalternity”, to reconstruct significant episodes of the collective biography of subalterns or to rank them as the indigenous population, old-timers of the region, resettlers from European Russia, but also to hear the voices of the “subalterns” themselves. The postcolonial perspective of the study of the literary works of Yadrintsev, a representative of the liberal segment of the Russian sociopolitical discourse, opens up prospects for identifying the practices and forms of resistance of the voiceless subalterns, the mechanisms of their oppression by both the colonialists and the traditional patriarchal power. When formulating the key findings of the study, the author takes into account that “subalterns”, as a category of the internal colonization process, are initially in double exclusion: their “invisibility” and “inaudibility” is replaced by the right of competing political actors to represent the interests of the subaltern. This invariably creates the danger of perceiving subalterns as coherent political subjects.
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Martin, Christopher H., Jacob E. Crawford, Bruce J. Turner, and Lee H. Simons. "Diabolical survival in Death Valley: recent pupfish colonization, gene flow and genetic assimilation in the smallest species range on earth." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1823 (January 27, 2016): 20152334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2334.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most endangered vertebrates, the Devils Hole pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis , survives in a nearly impossible environment: a narrow subterranean fissure in the hottest desert on earth, Death Valley. This species became a conservation icon after a landmark 1976 US Supreme Court case affirming federal groundwater rights to its unique habitat. However, one outstanding question about this species remains unresolved: how long has diabolis persisted in this hellish environment? We used next-generation sequencing of over 13 000 loci to infer the demographic history of pupfishes in Death Valley. Instead of relicts isolated 2–3 Myr ago throughout repeated flooding of the entire region by inland seas as currently believed, we present evidence for frequent gene flow among Death Valley pupfish species and divergence after the most recent flooding 13 kyr ago. We estimate that Devils Hole was colonized by pupfish between 105 and 830 years ago, followed by genetic assimilation of pelvic fin loss and recent gene flow into neighbouring spring systems. Our results provide a new perspective on an iconic endangered species using the latest population genomic methods and support an emerging consensus that timescales for speciation are overestimated in many groups of rapidly evolving species.
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Farinelli, Marcel A. "The impeded archipelago of Corsica and Sardinia." Island Studies Journal 16, no. 1 (May 2021): 325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.142.
Full textAbstract:
Sardinia (Italy) and Corsica (France) are two islands divided by a strait that is 13 km wide. Their inhabitants have had commercial and cultural links at least since the Bronze Age, facing similar historical processes such as colonization from mainland powers during Middle Ages and a problematic assimilation within the nation-states to which the islands are nowadays associated. Nevertheless, they are generally perceived and analyzed as separate and distant islands. This is a consequence of the geopolitical context of the last three centuries, during which Corsica and Sardinia have become part of two separate states marked by a troubled relationship. This study has two main purposes: explaining the case of the two islands through a historical analysis of the island-to-island relationship between the 17th and 21st Centuries and proposing the concept of ‘impeded archipelago’ to describe analogous situations.
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Zachrisson, Torun. "A Review of Archaeological Research on Saami Prehistory in Sweden." Current Swedish Archaeology 1, no. 1 (December 28, 1993): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1993.17.
Full textAbstract:
The prehistoric remains of the largest part of Sweden as we know it today belonged to the circumpolar culture, out of which the Saami culture grew. Swedish archaeology has, however, concentrated on south Scandinavian culture, later to become what we call Germanic. This article mainly deals with the Saami Iron Age. Recent research on northern Sweden deals with settlement pattern and resource utilization, iron production and forest reindeer hearding. The material from central Sweden, on the other hand is much more difficult to interpret ethnically because of the Saamis' near contact with and partial assimilation into the growing Germanic culture here —mainly a result of internal development, not of "colonization". The dominating view among archaeologists that the late hunter-gatherer culture here was synonymous with the Saami culture is supported by information from contemporary written sources.
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Frankenhuyzen, K. van, and G. H. Geen. "Microbe-mediated effects of low pH on availability of detrital energy to a shredder, Clistoronia magnifica (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-065.
Full textAbstract:
We tested the hypothesis that microbe-mediated changes in nutritional quality of leaf litter conditioned at low pH enhanced larval growth of the caddisfly shredder Clistoronia magnifica. Alder leaves conditioned for more than 3 weeks at pH 4 had greater fungal biomass and bacterial abundance than leaves conditioned at pH 6. Differential microbial colonization did not affect ingestion rates. Radioisotope experiments indicated that late-instar larvae assimilated microbe-derived energy from leaves conditioned at pH 4 with a 10–15% higher efficiency than microbial energy from leaves conditioned at pH 6 and suggested a concomitant 5% increase in assimilation of leaf-derived energy. Enhanced growth of C. magnifica at low pH could be accounted for by increased fungal biomass on leaves conditioned at low pH and increased availability of leaf energy, presumably due to additional modification of the leaf substrate by fungal enzymes.