Dissertations / Theses: 'Assessment bias'

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Ataya, Alia. "Assessment of cognitive bias in social alcohol users." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.555655.

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Aims: The presence of cognitive bias towards drug-related cues is thought to play a pivotal role in the maintenance of substance use related psychopathologies. The aims of this thesis were to investigate 1) the presence of cognitive bias; 2) the effects of acute alcohol consumption (0.0 g/kg, 0.13 g/kg, 0.40 glkg) on the presence of cognitive bias; 3) whether lexical or pictorial cues are more effective in eliciting cognitive bias 4) whether the pictorial cue (active, passive) employed influences the presence of cognitive bias; 5) the psychometric properties of cognitive bias measurements (modified Stroop task, visual probe task). Methods: Healthy, heavier and lighter social alcohol users (n = 412) were examined in a series of between-and-within subjects designs examining the presence of cognitive bias among social alcohol users. Results: A priming dose of alcohol influences the presence of cognitive bias on the modified Stroop task but not on the visual probe task contradictory to prior research. Cognitive bias was observed among passive stimuli in the pictorial version of the modified Stroop task only; tentatively suggesting that the presence of cognitive bias varies according to task (modified Stroop task, visual probe task), stimuli (lexical, pictorial) and pictorial cue (active, passive). Our data are also the first to indicate that the modified Stroop task is preferable to the visual probe task as a measure of alcohol-related cognitive bias, on the basis of its psychometric properties. Conclusions: Our data suggest the presence of cognitive bias varies according to the task employed (modified Stroop task, visual probe task), task design (presentation time, blocked or unblocked designs, and stimuli) and the psychometric properties of cognitive bias tasks (internal, test-retest reliability). Future research needs to focus on ensuring the construct validity of cognitive bias measurements. Studies using cognitive bias tasks should not assume they are reliable, and should routinely report reliability estimates where possible.

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Swafford, Marshall. "Assessment of references to agriculture in a middle grade science textbook." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4316.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (July 11, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.

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Hall, Ritchie V. II. "The Role of Racial Bias in Family Assessment Measures." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1243369253.

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Randall, Chelsea V. "An Assessment of Therapist Attitudes Toward Polyamorous People." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1624528180682492.

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Mergelsberg, Enrique Laurent Paul. "An Investigation in Attention Bias Modification Training: Attention Bias Assessment, Acquisition and Change with the Dot-Probe Task." Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/77426.

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Attention bias change can reduce anxiety vulnerability. The mechanisms that underlie attention bias assessment and training with the dot-probe task are unclear. This research project investigated the main stimulus-probe associative learning mechanism within the dot-probe task. It compared the attentional engagement and disengagement processes that underlie attention bias change using the dot-probe task and a gamified attention training task. The current work aids the understanding of successful attention bias assessment, acquisition and change.

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Dippenaar, Andre. "The Dangers of Speaking a Second Language: An Investigation of Lie Bias and Cognitive Load." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32623.

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Today's world is an interconnected global village. Communication and business transactions are increasingly conducted in non-native languages. Literature suggests that biases are present when communicating in non-native languages; that a truth bias is present in first language communication, and a lie bias in second language communication. Less than 10% of South Africa's population identifies with English, the lingua franca of the country, as a first language. Not much research in the presence of bias in second language communication has been published in the South African multi-lingual context. This study evaluated the presences of bias within deception frameworks such as the Truth Default State and the veracity effect. This study investigated whether deception detection can be improved by modifying the conditions under which statements are given by placing statement providers under cognitive load. The accuracy of veracity judgment language profiling software, LIWC2015, using published deception language profiles was compared against the results of the participating veracity judges. Results of the study were mixed. It was consistent with extant literature in a presence of a truth bias overall, but mixed in terms of a lie bias. The results supported the Truth Default Theory and veracity effect frameworks. LIWC2015 performed marginally better than human judges in evaluating veracity.

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Batistatou, Evridiki. "Optimal designs for cost-efficient assessment of exposure subject to measurement error." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:223498.

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In epidemiological studies of an exposure-response association, often only a mismeasured exposure is taken on each individual of the population under study. If ignored, exposure measurement error can bias the estimated exposure-response association in question. A reliability study may be carried out to estimate the relation between the mismeasured and true exposure, which could then be used to adjust for measurement error in the attenuated exposure-response relationship. However, taking repeated exposure measurements may be expensive. Given a fixed total study cost, a two-stage design may be a more efficient approach for regression parameter estimation compared to the traditional single-stage design since, in the second-stage, repeated measurement is restricted to a sample of first-stage subjects. Sampling the extremes of the first-stage exposure distribution has been shown to be more efficient than random sampling.

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Shaw, Pamela. "Estimation methods for Cox regression with nonclassical covariate measurement error /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9544.

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De, Beer Este. "The influence of introversion/extraversion bias on leadership assessment with behaviour observation." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23650.

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‘Survival of the fittest’ aptly describes the work environment. Employees and the organisations for which they work are therefore required to have various skills sets to afford them a competitive advantage in the job market. This is one of the many reasons why private and public organisations make use of the assessment center, and specifically the behaviour observation exercise to evaluate and select future personnel. Although the behaviour observation exercise provides the rater with rich information regarding a candidate’s skills, rater errors that are often inadvertent can result from a rater’s inherent subjectivity. One such error, central to this study, is Introversion/Extraversion bias. This type of bias plays out when raters rate candidates with personality types similar to their own more favorably than other candidates when the candidate’s degree of introversion or extraversion should not be considered relevant to the selection criteria. This study aims to explore the effect of Introversion/Extraversion bias on the scores of behaviour observation exercises performed during a leadership assessment center in a security environment. The sample consists of 103 participants (14 raters and 89 candidates) all belonging to the same security organisation. The researcher conducts a cross-sectional, non-experimental field study. Candidate as well as rater Introversion/Extraversion preferences are measured by the Jung Personality Questionnaire (JPQ). The scores of two behaviour observation exercises are used to explore the interaction effect between rater Introversion/Extraversion and candidate Introversion/Extraversion. Point-biserial correlations, independent t-tests as well as a one-way ANOVA are used to test the hypotheses. No interaction effect is identified between rater Introversion/Extraversion and candidate Introversion/Extraversion, indicating that raters did not score candidates with similar personality types to their own more favorably. However, the results indicate that extraverted candidates were rated higher by both introverted and extraverted raters and are consequently perceived to have performed better in both behaviour observation exercises. The study postulates that the nature of the exercises, which require high levels of engagement with fellow team members (a typical strength of extraverts), is one of the main contributors to the perception that extraverted individuals are better performers. The results of this study not only contribute to the lacuna in research on the topic, but also to the development of an unbiased behaviour observation exercise within this security organisation. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: De Beer, E 2011, The influence of introversion/extraversion bias on leadership assessment with behaviour observation, MCom dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03302012-154446 / > C12/4/136/gm
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Human Resource Management
unrestricted

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Rohrbacher, Heike. "Interpretation Bias in the Context of Depressed Mood: Assessment Strategies and the Role of Self-Generation in Cognitive Bias Modification." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-207298.

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Negatively biased interpretation has been hypothesized as an important factor in the aetiology and maintenance of depression. Recently developed cognitive bias modification paradigms, intending to change these biases towards a more optimistic interpretation tendency (CBM-I), seem to offer new promising implications for cognitive therapy innovation. Surprisingly, the increasing interest in the modifiability of interpretation bias is contrasted by a severe lack of methodological and measurement development studies. A review of current research revealed 1) a severe lack of psychometrically evaluated measures for depressionrelated interpretation bias and its modification, 2) inconsistent findings for the existence of depression-related interpretation bias depending on the (direct or indirect) assessment paradigm, 3) a demand for profound knowledge about the underlying work mechanisms and best ingredients for CBM-I procedures, and 4) a lack of measures and CBM-I training materials in the German language. With these considerations in mind, the objectives of this dissertation were 1) to develop and evaluate an internally consistent and valid measure for the assessment of depression-related interpretation bias and its modification, 2) to validate an indirect priming task to assess interpretation bias and to further examine the interrelations of four different direct and indirect assessment paradigms, 3) to evaluate a new and more active CBM-I variant and test its effectiveness in comparison with guided CBM-I and a control group, and 4) to provide valid test and CBM-I training materials in German. The aim of study 1 was to develop and evaluate a pragmatic assessment instrument, consisting of a 30-item questionnaire (long version) and two 15-item parallel short versions (A and B). Items were generated as ambiguous sentences, reflecting three relevant content areas based on Beck’s cognitive triad (Beck et al., 1979). All three versions of the instrument were found to be structurally stable, internally consistent and valid. In line with Beck’s cognitive triad (Beck et al., 1979) in depression, confirmatory factor analyses determined a three factor solution (self, experiences, future). Significant correlations were found between all scales and depressive mood. The two short versions represent the same underlying constructs, share identical psychometric properties and possess high parallel-test reliability. The study was the first to evaluate and confirm the factorial validity as well as the parallel-test reliability, and therefore suitability to measure modification of interpretation bias measure in the context of depressed mood. The aim of study 2 was to evaluate an indirect affective priming task using homophones as ambiguous material and to compare this task to three different already established interpretation bias paradigms, namely an ambiguous scenarios test, a scrambled sentences test under cognitive load, as well as a homophone paradigm. No empirical support for mood-related interpretation bias was found for the newly developed affective priming task as well as the homophone task, which both did not differentiate between dysphoric and non-dysphoric individuals. The ambiguous scenarios test and the scrambled sentences test under cognitive load were shown to be internally consistent and valid instruments that were also highly intercorrelated. These findings emphasize the challenge to create valid ambiguous test stimuli for the measure of depression-related interpretation bias as well as the inequality of different assessment paradigms. Study 2 was the first study to examine the relatedness of four different direct and indirect assessment paradigms for the measure of depression-related interpretation bias in one sample. The aim of study 3 was to compare the efficacy of CBM-I requiring participants to imagine standardized positive resolutions to a novel, more active training version that required participants to generate the positive interpretations themselves. Participants were randomly allocated to (1) standardized CBM-I, (2) self-generation CBM-I or (3) a control group. Outcome measures included self-report mood measures and a depression-related interpretation bias measure. Both positive training variants significantly increased the tendency to interpret fresh ambiguous material in an optimistic manner. However, only the standardized imagery CBM-I paradigm positively influenced mood. Study 3 successfully evaluated a new CBM-I variant, gained insights about the role of self-generation and added further support to the potential therapeutic significance of imagery-based cognitive bias modification strategies. Altogether, this dissertation significantly contributed to the research field of depressionrelated interpretation bias by 1) filling a gap in measure development studies, 2) increasing the knowledge of the relatedness of different assessment paradigms, 3) increasing the knowledge about the working mechanisms and optimal ingredients of successful CBM-I, and 4) evaluating and providing assessment as well as CBM-I training materials for the German language context
Ein negativer Interpretationsbias bezieht sich auf die Tendenz, mehrdeutige Reize (z.B. Situationen, Gesichtsausdrücke, Rückmeldung von anderen Personen) in einer pessimistischen Art und Weise zu interpretieren. Diese kognitive Verzerrung im Rahmen der Informationsverarbeitung wird als wichtiger Faktor für die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von depressiven Störungen diskutiert. Insbesondere die Modifikation dieser Tendenz zu einem positiveren Interpretationsstil (Cognitive bias modification targeting interpretation; CBM-I) erweckte in den vergangenen Jahren großes Forschungsinteresse, da diese innovativen, computergestützten Techniken wirkungsvolle Behandlungsansätze für die Therapie von Depressionen bedeuten könnten. Nach aktuellem Forschungsstand besteht jedoch 1.) ein Mangel an hinreichend evaluierten Instrumenten für die Erhebung von depressionsbedingten Interpretationsverzerrungen und insbesondere deren Veränderbarkeit, 2.) eine inkonsistente Befundlage für die Existenz von depressionsbedingten Interpretationsverzerrungen in Abhängigkeit von der (direkten oder indirekten) Erhebungsmethode, 3.) ein Bedarf an genaueren Erkenntnissen über die zugrunde liegenden Wirkmechanismen und effektivsten Komponenten von CBM-I und 4.) ein Fehlen von CBM-I Materialien und Erhebungsmethoden in deutscher Sprache. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurden die Ziele dieser Dissertation formuliert, die neben einer kurzen Einführung in das Themengebiet und einer abschließenden Diskussion aus drei Studien besteht. Das Ziel der ersten Studie war die Entwicklung und Validierung eines pragmatischen Erhebungsinstrumentes zur Messung von depressionsbedingten Interpretationsverzerrungen, bestehend aus einem Fragebogen (Langfassung, 30 Items) und zwei Kurz- bzw. Parallelversionen (A und B, jeweils 15 Items). In den Items werden emotional mehrdeutig interpretierbare Szenarien beschrieben, deren Inhalte Beck‘s kognitive Triade (Beck et al., 1979) widerspiegeln. Den Ergebnissen zufolge können alle drei Versionen des Instruments als strukturell stabil, internal konsistent und valide bewertet werden. In Übereinstimmung mit der Theorie der kognitiven Triade (Beck et al., 1979) wurde mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse eine Dreifaktorenlösung (Selbst, Erfahrungen, Zukunft) festgestellt. Signifikante Korrelationen wurden zwischen allen Skalenwerten und depressiver Symptomatik gefunden. Die beiden Parallelversionen weisen ähnliche psychometrische Eigenschaften sowie eine hohe Paralleltest-Konsistenz auf. Das Ziel der zweiten Studie war die Validierung eines indirekten, affektiven Priming- Verfahrens, in dem homophone Wörter als emotional zweideutige Stimuli eingesetzt wurden. Dieser Test wurde zusätzlich mit drei bereits etablierten Erhebungsparadigmen (Ambiguous Scenarios Test; Scrambled Sentences Test, Homophone-Test) verglichen. Hinsichtlich der Ergebnisse konnte keine empirische Unterstützung für den affektiven Priming-Test sowie für den Homophone-Test gefunden werden; beide Tests zeigten keinen Zusammenhang mit depressiven Symptomen. Der Ambiguous Scenarios Test und der Scrambled Sentences Test erwiesen sich als internal konsistent und valide und wiesen außerdem eine hohe Interkorrelation auf. Die Ergebnisse geben Aufschluss über die Vergleichbarkeit der unterschiedlichen Erhebungsparadigmen. Das Ziel der dritten Studie war die Entwicklung und Evaluation einer neuen, aktiveren CBM-I Variante, in der die Teilnehmer mittels eines computergestützten Trainings aufgefordert wurden, positive Interpretationen auf emotional mehrdeutige Szenarien eigenständig zu generieren. Die Ergebnisse der neuen CBM-I-Variante wurden mit den Ergebnissen einer herkömmlichen CBM-I-Variante (Standard-CBM-I) sowie den Ergebnissen einer Kontrollgruppe verglichen. Es zeigte sich, dass sowohl die neue CBM-I-Variante als auch Standard-CBM-I die Interpretationstendenz signifikant in eine positive Richtung verbesserten. Darüber hinaus konnte durch Standard-CBM-I eine stimmungsaufhellende Wirkung erzielt werden

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Barboza, Marina. "The usefulness of the poreh nonverbal memory test for the assessment of response bias." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1529689005934252.

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Marshall, Matthew David Maceina Michael J. "Assessment of electofishing bias, angler exploitation, and a creel survey, and flathead catfish population assessment in Lake Wilson, Alabama." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Fisheries_and_Allied_Aquacultures/Thesis/Marshall_Matthew_55.pdf.

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Wang, Dandan. "Bias assessment and reduction for limited information estimation in general dynamic simultaneous equations models." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2017. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/98538/.

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Most of the literature which has considered the small sample bias of limited information estimators in simultaneous equation models has done so in the context of the static rather than the dynamic simultaneous equations model (DSEM). Therefore, an analysis of the performance of estimators in the general dynamic simultaneous equations case is timely and this is what is provided in this paper. By introducing an asymptotic expansion for the estimation errors of estimators, we are able to obtain bias approximations to order T−1. Following this we constructed bias corrected estimators by using the estimated bias approximation to reduce the bias. As an alternative, the use of the non-parametric bootstrap as a bias correction procedure was also examined. In Chapter 2, we analyse the Two Stage Least Squares ( 2SLS ) Estimator in the general DSEM. Based on the result in Chapter 2, Chapter 3 compared the Fuller modification of the limited information maximum likelihood estimator (FLIML) with the 2SLS estimator. The bias approximation and reduction in the pth-order dynamic reduced form are analysed in Chapter 4. The results indicate that FLIML gives much less biased estimates than the 2SLS estimation in the general DSEM. We have also observed that the bias correction method based on the estimated bias approximation to order T−1 provides almost unbiased estimates and it does not lead to an inflation of the mean squared errors compared with the associated uncorrected estimators. We suggest that the corrected estimators, based upon the O(T−1), should be used to reduce the bias of the original estimators in small samples. Alternatively, the numerical results show that the bootstrap method leads to an effective reduction of the bias and an inflation of MSE, however this reduction is not as effective as the first one.

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Soliday, Sharon Elise. "Cultural Bias in the Assessment of Phonological Processes in Conjunction with the APP-R." PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4671.

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Normal phonological development is characterized by phonological processes in preschool children. These processes are sound error patterns, in relation to the adult target, that are expected within the speech of normally developing children. As children grow older, they "outgrow" these developmental errors. Within the black English dialect, speakers may use a combination of these processes and not be considered phonologically impaired within their linguistic community. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare phonological process usage in the speech of lower socioeconomic black and white preschoolers. The APP-R in conjunction with the CAPP was administered to two groups of 15 children to determine if significant differences exist in the usage of phonological processes between the two groups. Group 1 was comprised of 15 black preschoolers from an inner-city preschool program. Group 2 was comprised of 15 white preschoolers from a Headstart program. All children were identified by their respective speech-language pathologist as having normally developing speech for their linguistic community. Data analysis revealed black preschoolers used phonological processes with a higher frequency than white preschoolers. The phonological process usage mean for the black preschoolers was 4.26% (SD = 1.94) and the mean for the white preschoolers was 1.71% (SD = 2.86). Three of the ten basic processes were determined to be significantly different between the two groups, including: consonant sequence omission, strident deviation, and velar deviation. The results were further examined to determine if either group of preschoolers was identified as needing phonological remediation based on their performance on the APP-R. None of the subjects in either group was identified as needing phonological remediation. In conclusion, results indicated black English speaking preschoolers did use significantly more phonological processes in their speech, however, the APP-R did not identify these children as needing phonological remediation. These results demonstrate the APP-R to be an appropriate assessment tool when evaluating the speech of this Portland black English speaking sample.

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Ballion, Tatiana. "THE EFFECT OF GENDER, CONFIRMATION BIAS, AND METACOGNITIVE SELF ASSESSMENT OVER VARYING LEVELS OF EXPERTISE IN A VISUOSPATIAL TA." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3658.

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It has been shown that there exists a relationship between levels of metacognitive ability and estimation of personal ability for largely verbally-based tasks, where those with lessened facility for the task tend toward overestimation of their aptitude relative to their peers (Kruger and Dunning, 1999). This study examines this effect for a task of mechanical ability for volunteer participants (n = 69), where participants were given an abbreviated form of the Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test (BMCT) to establish a level of competency. Following the administration of the BMCT, the participants were then asked to speculate on the hypothetical grade for their performance, as well as the relationship between their hypothetical grade, and the grades of others. Participants then "tutored" a hypothetical student on the solution to one of the problems found on the BMCT, and their explanations were coded for degree of bias towards confirmation versus disconfirmation that was utilized in the problem solving. It was found that females' basic ability had a greater range than males', and females on the high and low ends of competency made greater use of confirming strategies in their problem solving. This is indicative of the overall observed interaction effect between Gender, Perceived Relative Competence, and Actual Competence observed in this study.
M.A.
Office of Liberal and Interdisciplinary Studies
Arts and Sciences
Liberal Studies

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Son, Min Hye. "Examining Rater Bias in Elicited Imitation Scoring: Influence of Rater's L1 and L2 Background to the Ratings." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2263.

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Elicited Imitation (EI), which is a way of assessing language learners' speaking, has been used for years. Furthermore, there have been many studies done showing rater bias (variance in test ratings associated with a specific rater and attributable to the attributes of a test taker) in language assessment. In this project, I evaluated possible rater bias, focusing mostly on bias attributable to raters' and test takers' language backgrounds, as seen in EI ratings. I reviewed literature on test rater bias, participated in a study of language background and rater bias, and produced recommendations for reducing bias in EI administration. Also, based on possible rater bias effects discussed in the literature I reviewed and on results of the research study I participated in, I created a registration tool to collect raters' background information that might be helpful in evaluating and reducing rater bias in future EI testing. My project also involved producing a co-authored research paper. In that paper we found no bias effect based on rater first or second language background.

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Lindeman, Suzanna Alison. "Assessment of Model Forecast Temperature Bias During Cold Air Damming in the Central Appalachian Mountains." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83476.

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Cold-air damming (CAD) is a prevalent Mid-Atlantic United States weather phenomenon that occurs when cold, dense air is dammed alongside the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains. Lower-than-normal maximum temperatures, increased and prolonged cloud cover, and precipitation that produces hazardous impacts are common features of this weather event, which are well known for presenting difficulties to both human forecasters and weather prediction models. This study explores CAD events between 2007 and 2016 archived in a Blacksburg National Weather Service ‘bust’ database – instances when forecasters erred by at least 8°F (4.4°C) on either maximum or minimum daily air temperature. The database includes the temperature error within Model Output Statistics (MOS) guidance in association with these forecast ‘busts.’ During the 10-year study period, MOS guidance produced warm-biased maximum temperatures and cold-biased minimum temperatures for most of the problematic CAD events, suggesting MOS guidance tended to underestimate the strength of CAD in these cases, seeming to struggle with weaker CAD events. During CAD erosion, MOS tended to prematurely erode CAD scenarios at night and predicted them to persist for too long during the day. Hourly surface meteorological and synoptic atmosphere composites during these ‘busted’ CAD events failed to reveal obvious differences from what is expected for central Appalachian CAD. However, a comparison to well-forecast classic cold-season CAD events suggest that busted cases of this same type of CAD may be drier than is typical. As the atmospheric patterns associated with busted CAD events are typical of the phenomenon, but a bit weaker or more marginal, forecast errors appear to stem from subtle model errors rather than forecaster error. It is possible that the models may inadequately characterize low-level moisture, but further research is needed to isolate the source of model forecast error. Nonetheless, the results of this research serve as guidance for operational forecasters as they consider model guidance during weak CAD events.
Master of Science

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Sun, Weimin. "Empirical comparison on performance of Ryan and Ritchken bound theories and assessment on pricing bias." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0019/MQ48184.pdf.

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Neave, Heather Whittaker. "Cognitive bias as a method of pain assessment following hot-iron dehorning of dairy calves." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45249.

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Pain is one of the most highly studied emotions in animals, and the interaction between pain and cognitive processes is well documented in humans. Recent research has attempted to use changes in cognitive processes as a method of assessing emotions of animals. This approach is based on the influence of mood states on attention to and interpretation of information. Studies with humans have shown that depressed or anxious people interpret ambiguous stimuli more negatively, while people in positive states have more optimistic interpretations. These judgement bias tasks have been applied in different animal species, but none have investigated how pain affects emotional states. Here I present the first report of cognitive bias in cattle and the first evidence of a bias in response to pain in any non-human species. I assessed cognitive bias in dairy calves before and after hot-iron dehorning. Previous work has shown that calves experience pain for at least 24 h after this procedure. Calves (n=17) were trained in a go/no-go task to expect positive (milk reward) or negative (time-out with no opportunity to access milk) outcomes following nose contact with a video screen that was either white or red; calves were alternatively assigned white or red as the positive training stimulus, and the opposite colour as the negative training stimulus. Once calves had learned to discriminate between these two training stimuli, they were tested with unreinforced ambiguous probes (screen colours at 25%, 50%, and 75% red) introduced randomly within training sessions. Probes were presented in sessions 1 d before and 1 d after dehorning. Calves approached the ambiguous probe screens less frequently after dehorning (88±5, 55±5, 11±5 % for the near-positive probe, the halfway probe, and the near-negative probe, respectively) compared to before dehorning (92±5, 68±5, 23±5 %), a difference that was numerically most pronounced for the halfway and near-negative probes. These results indicate that calves experiencing pain during the hours after hot-iron dehorning exhibit a negative "pessimistic" bias and support the use of judgement bias tasks in the assessment of animal emotions.

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Pokhrel, Indira. "ANALYZING THE STREAMFLOW FOR FUTURE FLOODING AND RISK ASSESSMENT UNDER CMIP6 CLIMATE PROJECTION." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2785.

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Hydrological extremes associated with climate change are becoming an increasing concern all over the world. Frequent flooding, one of the extremes, needs to be analyzed while considering climate change to mitigate flood risk. This study forecasted streamflow and evaluated the risk of flooding in the Neuse River, North Carolina considering future climatic scenarios, and comparing them with an existing Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood insurance study (FIS) report. The cumulative distribution function transformation (CDF-t) method was adopted for bias correction to reduce the uncertainty present in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) streamflow data. To calculate 100-year and 500-year flood discharges, the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) (L-Moment) was utilized on bias-corrected multimodel ensemble data with different climate projections. The delta change method was applied for the quantification of flows, utilizing the future 100-year peak flow and FEMA 100-year peak flows. Out of all projections, shared socio-economic pathways (SSP)5-8.5 exhibited the maximum design streamflow, which was routed through a hydraulic model, the Hydrological Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), to generate flood inundation and risk maps. The result indicates an increase in flood inundation extent compared to the existing study, depicting a higher flood hazard and risk in the future. This study highlights the importance of forecasting future flood risk and utilizing the projected climate data to obtain essential information to determine effective strategic plans for future floodplain management.

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Kelly, Jeremy MacLaren. "Exploring Retrospective Biases In Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: An Experience-Sampling Study." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2212.

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Standard methods of assessment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involve retrospective report of symptoms over a prior period of interest (e.g., a week, a month, etc.). However, such accounts may be subject to recall biases, leading to inaccurate assessments of symptoms. Recall biases present in two domains of symptom severity (distress and interference) were examined. The following study applied experience-sampling methods (ESM) to OCD symptom assessment. Using a modified form of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, twenty-one adults with a primary diagnosis of OCD rated distress and interference of their principle obsession and compulsion four times daily for approximately one week. At the end of the experience-sampling period, participants provided retrospective estimates of distress and interference of principle obsessions and compulsions experienced during the course of the ESM period. Results found that participants retrospectively overestimated OCD ratings, compared to their real-time ratings. Two proposed reasons for such overestimates (peak-end evaluation and symptom variability) were examined though not supported based on current study results. Implications and future directions are discussed.

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Haupt, Genevieve Ruth. "The evaluation of the group differences and item bias of the English version of a standardised test of academic language proficiency for use across English and Xhosa first-language speakers." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9489_1297764429.

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South Africa&rsquo
s Language-in-Education Policy is one of additive multilingualism, but in reality this policy is not adhered to, in that most black children are being educated through the medium of English from Grade 4. This type of instruction affects the development of academic language proficiency in their primary language, as these children are not engaging in cognitively demanding tasks in their primary or first language. The Woodcock Muñ
oz Language Survey (WMLS) is a test to assess academic language proficiency in Additive Bilingual Education, and is extensively used in the United States of America (USA) for this purpose. It is important to note that the proposed study is a sub-study of a larger study, in which the original WMLS (American-English version) was adapted into English and Xhosa, to be used in South Africa to assess additive bilingual programmes. For this sub-study, the researcher was interested in examining the overall equivalence of the adapted English version of the WMLS. Owing to insufficient tests evaluating academic language proficiency in the South African context, the significance, as well as the overall aim, of the study is to ensure that the issues of group difference and item bias have been assessed to ensure that the adapted English version of the WMLS is suitable to be used across English first-language and Xhosa first-language speakers. Because this is a sub-study, the researcher (of the sub-study) has conducted an exploratory quantitative study with the use of Secondary Data. The researcher has used the framework of equivalence as a theoretical framework in order to examine the research question. Given the use of existing data, the procedures of the collection of the data by the researcher of the larger study have been outlined in the Methodology section of the present study. The sample consisted of 198 English and 197 Xhosa first-language speakers...

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Gilabert, Gallart Alba. "Assessment of the bias introduced by the automatisation of climate records combining climatological and metrological approaches." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401591.

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Des de l’últim terç del segle XX, les estacions meteorològiques automàtiques (AWS) han anat reemplaçant gradualment els sistemes d’observació manuals a nivell global. Aquesta transició té el potencial d’introduir biaixos sistemàtics (AWS biax) a les series climàtiques quan aquestes estan combinades amb mesuraments fets amb sistemes de mesura manuals (MAN) i constitueix un dels problemes més importants als quals s’enfronta la comunitat climàtica, ja que la qualitat i homogeneïtat de la majoria de registres globals es veu compromesa. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és la descripció estadística del biaix y la seva minimització. Aquest estudi es pot dividir en quatre parts. En la primera part s’examina gràcies als inusualment llargs mesuraments paral·lels (AWS-MAN) de l’Observatori de l’Ebre (Roquetes, Espanya), de l’Observatori Fabra (Barcelona, Espanya) i de l’Observatori de Murcia (Murcia, Espanya) a l’escala diària. D’aquesta part, es conclou que la principal característica del AWS biaix és que aquest depèn de l’AWS instal·lada. La segona part mostra com la introducció dels procediments metrològics de calibració redueixen o almenys suavitzen la transició a les AWS i donen traçabilitat a les dades, millorant la qualitat i la fiabilitat de les series de temperatura. Per analitzar aquestes hipòtesis, és van instal·lar tres experiments de camp. Concloent que la introducció d’aquests procediments redueix el biaix i millora la qualitat de les series temporals de temperatura. La tercera part, analitza el biaix a escala horària. S’observa que en aquest cas l’AWS calibrada (AWSc) a aquesta escala també redueix el biaix, però d’altres factors com el diferent temps de resposta dels sistemes té un efecte important en les diferències AWSc-MAN. A la quarta part, s’aconsegueix donar traçabilitat a les series de temperatura ajustades mitjançant l’estimació combinada de la incertesa instrumental més la de l’homogeneïtzació. Aquest estudi mostra com la consideració d’aquesta incertesa combinada també té un efecte sobre la tendència de les series de temperatura llargues. Com s’ha descrit, aquesta tesi doctoral intenta combinar tres disciplines – la climatologia, la metrologia i la meteorologia – per fer front a un problema complex, la transició a les AWS, és una contribució a la comunitat climàtica global.
Des del último tercio del siglo XX, las estaciones meteorológicas automáticas (AWS) han ido sustituyendo gradualmente los sistemas de observación manual a nivel global. Esta transición tiene el potencial de introducir sesgos sistemáticos (sesgo AWS) a las series climáticas cuando estas están combinadas con medidas tomadas con sistemas de medida manuales (MAN) y constituye uno de los problemas más importantes a los que se enfrenta la comunidad climática, ya que la calidad y la homogeneidad de la mayoría de registros globales se ven comprometidos. El objetivo de este trabajo es la descripción estadística del sesgo y su minimización. Este estudio se puede dividir en cuatro partes. En la primera se examina gracias a las inusualmente largas series paralelas (AWS-MAN) del Observatorio del Ebro (Roquetes, España), del Observatorio Fabra (Barcelona, España) y del Observatorio de Murcia (Murcia, España) a escala diaria. De esta parte, se concluye que la principal característica del sesgo AWS es que este depende de la AWS instalada. La segunda parte muestra cómo la introducción de los procedimientos metrológicos de calibración reduce o cómo mínimo suaviza la transición a las AWS i da trazabilidad a los datos, mejorando la calidad y la fiabilidad de las series de temperatura. Para analizar estas hipótesis, se instalaron tres experimentos de campo. Con lo que se concluye que la introducción de estos procedimientos reduce el sesgo y mejora la calidad de las series temporales de temperatura. La tercera parte, analiza a escala horaria. Se observa que en esta la AWS calibrada (AWSc) también reduce el sesgo, pero otros factores cómo el distinto tiempo de respuesta de los sistemas tienen un efecto importante sobre las diferencias AWS-MAN. A la cuarta parte, se consigue dar trazabilidad a las series de temperatura ajustadas mediante la estimación combinada de la incertidumbre instrumental más la de la homogeneización. Este estudio muestra como la consideración de esta incertidumbre combinada también tiene un efecto sobre la tendencia de las series de temperatura largas. Como se ha descrito, esta tesis doctoral intenta combinar tres disciplinas – la climatología, la metrología y la meteorología – para hacer frente a un problema complejo, la transición a las AWS, es una contribución a la comunidad climática global.
During the last third of the 20th century, Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) have gradually replaced manual observations systems in many places around the world. This transition has the potential to introduce a systematic bias (AWS bias) into climate time-series when combined with measurements taken from manual (MAN) observing systems and constitutes one of the most striking problems which the climate community faces, as the quality and homogeneity of most global records is compromised. The objective of this work is the statistical description bias and its minimisation from derived climate series. This study can be divided into four parts. In the first parts the transition to AWS is examined with the exceptionally long parallel records of Ebro Observatory (Roquetes, Spain), Fabra Observatory (Barcelona, Spain) and Murcia Observatory (Murcia, Spain) at the daily scale. For this part is found that the main characteristic of the AWS bias is highly dependent on the AWS installed. The second part demonstrates how the introduction of metrological calibration procedures can reduce or smooth the transition to AWS and give traceability and improve the quality and reliability of the temperature time-series. To achieve this, three field trials are installed. As result is concluded that the introduction of these procedures reduces the bias and improves the quality of the temperature time-series. In the third part, the bias is analysed at the hourly scale. Here it is noted that the calibrated AWS (AWSc) reduces the bias at this scale, but other factors like the different response time of both sensors has a high effect on the differences AWSc – MAN. In the fourth part, the traceability of the adjusted temperature series by estimating the combined homogenisation plus instrumental uncertainty is estimated. This study shows that the consideration of these uncertainties also has an effect on the long-term temperature trend. As described in the previous paragraphs, this PhD thesis attempts to combine three disciplines -metrology, climatology and meteorology- to deal with the complex problem of automatic weather station transition, as a contribution to the global climate community.

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Greenberg, Ariela Caren. "Fighting Bias with Statistics: Detecting Gender Differences in Responses on Items on a Preschool Science Assessment." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/665.

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Differential item functioning (DIF) and differential distractor functioning (DDF) are methods used to screen for item bias (Camilli && Shepard, 1994; Penfield, 2008). Using an applied empirical example, this mixed-methods study examined the congruency and relationship of DIF and DDF methods in screening multiple-choice items. Data for Study I were drawn from item responses of 271 female and 236 male low-income children on a preschool science assessment. Item analyses employed a common statistical approach of the Mantel-Haenszel log-odds ratio (MH-LOR) to detect DIF in dichotomously scored items (Holland & Thayer, 1988), and extended the approach to identify DDF (Penfield, 2008). Findings demonstrated that the using MH-LOR to detect DIF and DDF supported the theoretical relationship that the magnitude and form of DIF and are dependent on the DDF effects, and demonstrated the advantages of studying DIF and DDF in multiple-choice items. A total of 4 items with DIF and DDF and 5 items with only DDF were detected. Study II incorporated an item content review, an important but often overlooked and under-published step of DIF and DDF studies (Camilli & Shepard). Interviews with 25 female and 22 male low-income preschool children and an expert review helped to interpret the DIF and DDF results and their comparison, and determined that a content review process of studied items can reveal reasons for potential item bias that are often congruent with the statistical results. Patterns emerged and are discussed in detail. The quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted in an applied framework of examining the validity of the preschool science assessment scores for evaluating science programs serving low-income children, however, the techniques can be generalized for use with measures across various disciplines of research.

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Federer, Meghan Rector. "Investigating Assessment Bias for Constructed Response Explanation Tasks| Implications for Evaluating Performance Expectations for Scientific Practice." Thesis, The Ohio State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3731329.

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Assessment is a key element in the process of science education teaching and research. Understanding sources of performance bias in science assessment is a major challenge for science education reforms. Prior research has documented several limitations of instrument types on the measurement of students' scientific knowledge (Liu et al., 2011; Messick, 1995; Popham, 2010). Furthermore, a large body of work has been devoted to reducing assessment biases that distort inferences about students' science understanding, particularly in multiple-choice [MC] instruments. Despite the above documented biases, much has yet to be determined for constructed response [CR] assessments in biology and their use for evaluating students' conceptual understanding of scientific practices (such as explanation). Understanding differences in science achievement provides important insights into whether science curricula and/or assessments are valid representations of student abilities.

Using the integrative framework put forth by the National Research Council (2012), this dissertation aimed to explore whether assessment biases occur for assessment practices intended to measure students' conceptual understanding and proficiency in scientific practices. Using a large corpus of undergraduate biology students' explanations, three studies were conducted to examine whether known biases of MC instruments were also apparent in a CR instrument designed to assess students' explanatory practice and understanding of evolutionary change (ACORNS: Assessment of COntextual Reasoning about Natural Selection).

The first study investigated the challenge of interpreting and scoring lexically ambiguous language in CR answers. The incorporation of 'multivalent' terms into scientific discourse practices often results in statements or explanations that are difficult to interpret and can produce faulty inferences about student knowledge. The results of this study indicate that many undergraduate biology majors frequently incorporate multivalent concepts into explanations of change, resulting in explanatory practices that were scientifically non-normative. However, use of follow-up question approaches was found to resolve this source of bias and thereby increase the validity of inferences about student understanding.

The second study focused on issues of item and instrument structure, specifically item feature effects and item position effects, which have been shown to influence measures of student performance across assessment tasks. Results indicated that, along the instrument item sequence, items with similar surface features produced greater sequencing effects than sequences of items with dissimilar surface features. This bias could be addressed by use of a counterbalanced design (i.e., Latin Square) at the population level of analysis. Explanation scores were also highly correlated with student verbosity, despite verbosity being an intrinsically trivial aspect of explanation quality. Attempting to standardize student response length was one proposed solution to the verbosity bias.

The third study explored gender differences in students' performance on constructed-response explanation tasks using impact (i.e., mean raw scores) and differential item function (i.e., item difficulties) patterns. While prior research in science education has suggested that females tend to perform better on constructed-response items, the results of this study revealed no overall differences in gender achievement. However, evaluation of specific item features patterns suggested that female respondents have a slight advantage on unfamiliar explanation tasks. That is, male students tended to incorporate fewer scientifically normative concepts (i.e., key concepts) than females for unfamiliar taxa. Conversely, females tended to incorporate more scientifically non-normative ideas (i.e., naive ideas) than males for familiar taxa. Together these results indicate that gender achievement differences for this CR instrument may be a result of differences in how males and females interpret and respond to combinations of item features.

Overall, the results presented in the subsequent chapters suggest that as science education shifts toward the evaluation of fused scientific knowledge and practice (e.g., explanation), it is essential that educators and researchers investigate potential sources of bias inherent to specific assessment practices. This dissertation revealed significant sources of CR assessment bias, and provided solutions to address these problems.

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Erler, Antje. "Bias in retrospective assessment of perceived dental treatment effects when using the Oral Health Impact Profile." Springer International Publishing AG, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35213.

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Abstract Purpose Aim of this exploratory study was to investigate whether a retrospective assessment of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) is susceptible to bias such as implicit theory of change and cognitive dissonance. Methods In this prospective clinical study, a sample of 126 adult patients (age 17–83 years, 49% women) requiring prosthodontic treatment was consecutively recruited. The OHRQoL was assessed using the 49-item OHIP at baseline and at follow-up. Additionally, patients were asked at followup to retrospectively rate their oral health status at baseline (retrospective pretest or then-test) and the change in oral health status using a global transition question. Furthermore, patients’ ratings of overall oral health and general health were used as validity criteria for the OHRQoL assessments. Response shift was calculated as the difference between the initial and retrospective baseline assessments. Results Baseline and retrospective pretest did not differ substantially in terms of internal consistency and convergent validity. Response shift was more pronounced when patients perceived a large change in OHRQoL during treatment. Retrospective pretests were more highly correlated with the baseline than with the follow-up assessment. Conclusion Findings suggest that retrospective assessments of OHRQoL using the OHIP-49 are susceptible to bias. Cognitive dissonance is more likely to appear as a source of bias than implicit theory of change.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einführung in die Thematik…………………………………………………2 2. Formatierte Publikation……………………………………………………..11 3. Zusammenfassung…………………………………………………………. 19 4. Literaturverzeichnis……………………………………………………….... 24 5. Anlagen 5.1. Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags……………………………………. 27 5.2. Selbstständigkeitserklärung…………………………………………... 28 5.3. Lebenslauf……………………………………………………………… 29 5.4. Publikationen…………………………………………………………… 30 5.5. Danksagung……………………………………………………………. 31

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Heery, Eliza Crenshaw. "The impact of bias in length frequency data on an age structured fisheries stock assessment model." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32865.

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Statistical age-structured models are widely used in fisheries stock assessment. These models have been become increasingly complex over recent decades, allowing them to incorporate a larger variety of fisheries data. These typically include information regarding annual fishery yields, indices of abundance and catch composition data, which reflect the distribution of ages in the harvested population each year. In some fisheries, age composition can be determined annually through the examination of annuli on hard parts, such as otoliths or scales. These methods are, however, costly, time consuming and require a relatively high level of expertise on the part of data collectors. Alternatively, length frequency distributions within the annual catch are relatively simple and inexpensive to acquire, and can be employed to extrapolate age structure given that some information regarding age length relationships in the population is known. This type of data is therefore critical for many age-structured fisheries models. Length frequency data are compiled from length measurements of a sub-sample of the commercial catch. Even when they derive from a relatively large sample size, however, these data depend on a number of biological, economic and logistical factors. In some fisheries, for example, larger, more valuable fish may be separated from the overall catch and sold quickly, before port samplers have chance to gather sub-samples (Burns et al. 1983). This can reduce the relative frequency of large individuals in length frequency data. Alternatively, fish may become stratified in holding bins or storage containers according to size, due to their slippery texture and body shape (Hilborn and Walters 1992). With smaller, shorter individuals falling to the bottom where they are less likely to be picked up and measured, length frequency data may contain a disproportionately high frequency of large fish. This study used simulations to examine the impact of these two types of bias in length frequency data on a statistical age-structured model. The model, which was similar to those used in stock assessments for black sea bass (Centropristis striata) and gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) in the southeastern United States, produced erroneous population estimates when given biased data. Length frequency data that contained too many small fish caused stock status estimates to became overly pessimistic, indicating that populations were more heavily depleted than was actually the case. This type of bias supported overly conservative management measures, which posed an unnecessary cost to fishermen. Conversely, when the data included too many large fish, estimates of stock status were overly optimistic, and supported management actions that did not effectively protect the stock from overfishing. These results indicate that the quantity of length frequency data alone does not protect against bias when using complex age-structured models. The likelihood and magnitude of bias in these must also be examined in order to determine whether results are likely to be biased. For a given fishery, it is therefore critical that potential sources of bias in length frequency data be thoroughly inspected, and that the modeling approach used to assess the stock be appropriate based on the availability and accuracy of the data.
Master of Science

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Federer, Meghan Rector. "Investigating Assessment Bias for Constructed Response Explanation Tasks: Implications for Evaluating Performance Expectations for Scientific Practice." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374058610.

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Herrick, Laura Kathryn. "Same-sex schooling versus co-educational schooling and their effects on achievement, assessment and gender bias." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2009. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession89-10MIT/Herrick_LMITthesis2009.pdf.

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Locker, Taylor. "Testing a model of counselor bias in the assessment of and planning treatment for overweight clients." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025103.

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Gaasedelen, Owen J. "The development and initial validation of the cognitive response bias scale for the personality assessment inventory." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3225.

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The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is a commonly used instrument in neuropsychological assessment; however, it lacks a symptom validity test (SVT) that is sensitive to cognitive response bias (also referred to as non-credible responding), as defined by performance on cognitive performance validity tests (PVT). Therefore the purpose of the present study was to derive from the PAI item pool a new SVT, named the Cognitive Response Bias Scale (CRBS), that is sensitive to non-credible responding, and to provide initial validation evidence supporting the use of the CRBS in a clinical setting. The current study utilized an existing neuropsychological outpatient clinical database consisting of 306 consecutive participants who completed the PAI and PVTs and met inclusion criteria. The CRBS was empirically derived from this database utilizing primarily an Item Response Theory (IRT) framework. Out of 40 items initially examined, 10 items were ultimately retained based on their empirical properties to form the CRBS. An examination of the internal structure of the CRBS indicated that 8 items on the CRBS demonstrated good fit to the graded response IRT model. Overall scale reliability was good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77) and commensurate with other SVTs. Examination of item content revealed the CRBS consisted of items related to somatic complaints, psychological distress, and denial of fault. Items endorsed by participants exhibiting lower levels of non-credible responding consisted of vague and non-specific complaints, while participants with high levels of non-credible responding endorsed items indicating ongoing active pain and distress. The CRBS displayed expected relationships with other measures, including high positive correlations with negative impression management (r = 0.73), depression (r = 0.78), anxiety (r = 0.78), and schizophrenia (r = 0.71). Moderate negative correlations were observed with positive impression management (r = -0.31), and treatment rejection (r = -0.42). Two hierarchical logistic regression models showed the CRBS has significant predictive power above and beyond existing PAI SVTs and clinical scales in accurately predicting PVT failure. The overall classification accuracy of the CRBS in detecting failure on multiple PVTs was comparable to other SVTs (area under the curve = 0.72), and it displayed moderate sensitivity (i.e., 0.31) when specificity was high (i.e., 0.96). These operating characteristics suggest that the CRBS is effective at ruling in the possibility of non-credible responding, but not for ruling it out. The conservative recommended cut score was robust to effects of differential prediction due to gender and education. Given the extremely small sample subsets of forensic-only and non-Caucasian participants, future validation is required to establish reliable cut-offs when inferences based on comparisons to similar populations are desired. Results of the current study indicate the CRBS has comparable psychometric properties and clinical utility to analogous SVTs in similar personality inventories to the PAI. Furthermore, item content of the CRBS is consistent with and corroborates existing theory on non-credible responding and cognitive response bias. This study also demonstrated that a graded response IRT model can be useful in deriving and validating SVTs in the PAI, and that the graded response model provides unique and novel information into the nature of non-credible responding.

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Handsel, Vanessa A. "Psychological variables in battered women's stay/leave decisions : risk-taking perceived control, and optimistic bias /." Electronic version (PDF), 2007. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2007-1/handselv/vanessahandsel.pdf.

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Johnston, Kathleen. "The Actor's Self Serving Bias: An Exploration of Various Acting Techniques in the Creation of the Role of Kate in Dancing at Lughnasa." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/521.

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In psychology, the self-serving bias refers to a person's tendency to claim responsibility for his or her successes rather than failures. In acting, it takes on new meaning. The study of acting requires that the student use any source that will lead to his or her growth. The bias refers to this tendency towards self-betterment in the artistic process. This study is an attempt to document this process in my creation of the role of Kate in Dancing at Lughnasa. Included in the experiment are outlines of my basic process and the techniques I used to supplement it, how the creation of Kate fit into that process and an assessment of my performance and the usefulness of the various techniques in strengthening my abilities as an actor.

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Toan, Duong Duc. "Assessment of river discharge changes in the Indochina Peninsula region under a changing climate." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/195976.

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De, Villiers Christine Marguerite. "Demographic similarity effects in assessment centre ratings : an investigation of assessor bias in the South African context." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20411.

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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Assessor bias remains an interesting and important topic for Assessment Centre (AC) practitioners, candidates and clients, but it has received relatively little research attention. By using social identity theory, this research project studied the effects of demographic characteristics (gender, age and race) on ratings in assessment centres. We studied main and interaction effects of assessor and assessee demographic variables on ratings in a national sample of managers (N = 220). Descriptive statistics (means, SD) and inferential statistical analysis (moderated multiple regression) were used to test for both main and interaction effects (between assessor and assessee characteristics) of demographic variables on ratings. The regression analysis revealed a highly statistically significant (p < .001.) gender main effect (for assessor) — male assessors consistently rated assessees higher that female assessors did. Neither assessor nor assessee race had a main effect on ratings (p > .05). Age showed no main or interaction effects, although evidence of possible interaction effects was seen in descriptive statistics. Demographic similarity did not seem to affect assessment centre ratings in the present study. Recommendations for future research and AC practice are made.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Assessorsydigheid het tot dusver betreklik min navorsingsaandag ontvang, alhoewel dit steeds 'n interessante en belangrike onderwerp vir alle takseersentrumbelanghebbendes verteenwoordig. Vanuit ‘n sosiale identiteitsteorieraamwerk, het hierdie navorsingsprojek die invloed van demografiese kenmerke (geslag, ouderdom en ras) op takseersentrumbeoordelings ondersoek. Beide die hoofeffekte en interaksie-effekte van assessors en assessees se demografiese veranderlikes op beoordelings is ondersoek. Die studie het ‘n nasionale steekproef van bestuurders (N = 220) gebruik om die hipoteses te toets. Beskrywende statistiek (gemiddelde en standaardafwykings) en inferensiële analises (gemodereerde meervoudige regressie-analise) is gebruik om beide hoofen interaksie-effekte (tussen die assessor en assessee se demografiese veranderlikes) op beoordelings te toets. Die regressie-analise het hoogs statisties betekenisvolle (p < .001) geslagshoofeffekte (assessor) aan die lig gebring - manlike assessors het konsekwent hoër tellings as vroulike assessors aan assessees toegeken het. Rasgroep (van beide assessor en assessee) het geen hoofeffek op beoordelingstellings gehad nie (p > .05). Ouderdom het nie hoof- of interaksieeffekte getoon nie, alhoewel bewyse van moontlike interaksie-effekte bespeur is in beskrywende statistiek. Die resultate van die studie toon dat demografiese gelyksoortigheid tussen die assessee en assessor nie ‘n beduidende effek op takseersentrumbeoordelings het nie. Aanbevelings vir toekomstige navorsing en takseersentrumpraktyk word gemaak.

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Zhang, Feng. "Climate change assessment for the southeastern United States." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45770.

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Water resource planning and management practices in the southeastern United States may be vulnerable to climate change. This vulnerability has not been quantified, and decision makers, although generally concerned, are unable to appreciate the extent of the possible impact of climate change nor formulate and adopt mitigating management strategies. Thus, this dissertation aims to fulfill this need by generating decision worthy data and information using an integrated climate change assessment framework. To begin this work, we develop a new joint variable spatial downscaling technique for statistically downscaling gridded climatic variables to generate high-resolution, gridded datasets for regional watershed modeling and assessment. The approach differs from previous statistical downscaling methods in that multiple climatic variables are downscaled simultaneously and consistently to produce realistic climate projections. In the bias correction step, JVSD uses a differencing process to create stationary joint cumulative frequency statistics of the variables being downscaled. The functional relationship between these statistics and those of the historical observation period is subsequently used to remove GCM bias. The original variables are recovered through summation of bias corrected differenced sequences. In the spatial disaggregation step, JVSD uses a historical analogue approach, with historical analogues identified simultaneously for all atmospheric fields and over all areas of the basin under study. In the second component of the integrated assessment framework, we develop a data-driven, downward hydrological watershed model for transforming the climate variables obtained from the downscaling procedures to hydrological variables. The watershed model includes several water balance elements with nonlinear storage-release functions. The release functions and parameters are data driven and estimated using a recursive identification methodology suitable for multiple, inter-linked modeling components. The model evolves from larger spatial/temporal scales down to smaller spatial/temporal scales with increasing model structure complexity. For ungauged or poorly-gauged watersheds, we developed and applied regionalization hydrologic models based on stepwise regressions to relate the parameters of the hydrological models to observed watershed responses at specific scales. Finally, we present the climate change assessment results for six river basins in the southeastern United States. The historical (baseline) assessment is based on climatic data for the period 1901 through 2009. The future assessment consists of running the assessment models under all IPCC A1B and A2 climate scenarios for the period from 2000 through 2099. The climate assessment includes temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration; the hydrology assessment includes primary hydrologic variables (i.e., soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and runoff) for each watershed.

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Meltzer, Shelly Tracy. "Sources of error and bias in the assessment of dietary intake : 24-hour recalls and food records." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26735.

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The first aim of this dissertation was to validate the 24-hour recall method of dietary assessment and to identify possible sources of error and bias in a cross-cultural sample of South African women. The second aim of this dissertation was to determine the source and extent of inter-researcher variability associated with the interpretation of food intake records. The first study was designed to consider whether reporting error is dependent on individual subject characteristics such as ethnicity, body mass, body fatness, age and education, or whether it is due to the dietary assessment tool (i.e., the 24-hour recall). In this study 118 women (25-55 years old) representing different ethnic and language groups (51 Xhosa-speaking, 31 Afrikaans-speaking, 36 English-speaking), different job types ( 25 unemployed, 25 general assistants, 52 medics and para-medics and 16 administrative personnel) and different levels of education (5 with 6-7 years of schooling, 35 with 8-10 years of formal schooling, 43 with 11-12 years of formal schooling and 35 with post high school diploma or degree) consumed a meal that was based on what they reported to habitually eat. All food and beverages consumed were covertly weighed and this was compared to a 24- hour dietary recall performed on the following day. Results of this study showed that the overall variance in reporting error was low. The error was, however, nutrient specific and was related to certain subject characteristics. Under-reporting was greater for subjects with a higher percentage body fat mass and a greater body mass index. Subjects with a lower level of education were more likely to under-report absolute carbohydrate (g) intake, whereas subjects with a higher level of education tended to under-report dietary fat. Subjects with a greater knowledge of food and nutrition were more likely to under-estimate protein intake and overestimate carbohydrate intake. 'Seasonality' (fluctuations in food purchases due to income) affected body mass, socio-economic status and dietary reporting error. Under-reporting of fat intake (g) was greatest in subjects that experienced the most fluctuations in income. In the second study of this dissertation, three post graduate students in dietetics independently assessed and analyzed ten, 3-day food records. The specific areas of variability that were studied related to (i) the selecting of food names/codes on the computer dietary analysis program, (ii) the keying of data from the written dietary records (clerical errors) to the data storage file and, (iii) the conversion of food consumption quantities to gram weights (judgment errors). There were no systematic differences in the variability amongst dietitians in interpreting and analyzing dietary data in this study. The mean coefficient of variation for added sugar was 14.8 ± 12.6 (g) and for fat 7.1± 5.2 (g). In one subject, the range of difference in fat (kJ) intake assessed by the dietitians was as high as 1313 kJ. Conclusions: 1) Adiposity is a universal predictor for under-reporting of dietary intake. 2) Inaccuracies in dietary reporting are nutrient specific and may be influenced by social desirability bias (through education or knowledge of food), language, familiarity with certain foods and 'seasonality' in food purchases. 3) These same factors influence the choices of food and beverages that subjects make in a 'test meal' that is used to validate dietary intake 4) The variations in interpretation of the quality and quantity of reported food intake by the measurer is a source of experimental error that cannot be ignored and which may account, at least partially, for the difference between true and reported intake.

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Jones, Peggy K. "A comparability analysis of the National Nurse Aide Assessment Program." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001752.

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Wandall, Birgitte. "Influences on toxicological risk assessments." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Filosofi och teknikhistoria, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4365.

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Hartman, Jennifer S. "ARE CLINICIANS BIASED? THE ROLE OF CLIENT VARIABLES IN CLINICIAN ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin998321388.

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Jefferies-Sewell, Kiri. "An exploration of barriers and facilitators to risk assessment in mental health professionals." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17109.

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The decisions made by Mental Health Professionals (MHPs) are of utmost significance for providing the highest quality care to service users. The assessment of risk is one of the pivotal processes that MHPs undertake frequently, as per government policy guidelines, and in order to safeguard patients and the public. Although Risk Assessment Proformas (RAPs) consume a proportion of MHP time and resources, very little research has been undertaken to address factors that might affect their most optimal utilisation in practice. Previous literature suggests that medical decisions, like decision making of other kinds, is fraught with difficulty including being susceptible to the influence of cognitive biases, pre-decisional affect, overconfidence, and subjectively held attitudes towards organisational policies and regulations. Specifically, the presentation of risk information can influence decisions. It has also been suggested that anxiety has the capacity to elicit risk aversive responses, and that overconfidence and negative attitude may lead to complacency in undertaking policy-led responsibilities and produce non-compliance for the same. However, much of what is known about medical decision making has been gleaned from outside of context of mental health. As such, the current programme of research aimed to explore decision making in mental health settings and with a view to raise awareness of the complexity of decision making amongst MHPs. The implementation of quantitative and qualitative techniques (studies 1 and 2) revealed negative attitudes from psychiatrists towards Risk Assessment Proformas (RAPs), which are essentially structured decision making aids. Psychiatrist, compared to other MHPs, spent less time completing RAPs, which may reflect their differing attitudes towards their usefulness, something that was consistently emphasised during in-depth qualitative exploration. It was also found that experience was an additional differentiating factor between MHPs. Relationships between experience and other factors such as anxiety, confidence and complacency were found via conversations with MPHs, experience members of staff being less inclined to provide comprehensive and detailed accounts of service user risk in RAPs. This is problematic since although there is, in the UK, a policy led requirement that RAPs are completed for each service user, it is clear that there are inter-professional variations in how RAPs are being used and this acts to inhibit the best information sharing between all those involved in patient care. Following previous work in the area of cognitive bias and its influence upon general and medical decisions, a clinical vignette was also developed (study 3) to establish whether the presentation of risk information influences psychiatric admission decisions. The current findings supported previous work in that decisions were susceptible to the framing effect. The findings here, and previously in the literature, reveal a necessity for MHPs to be informed of bias in decision making in an attempt to improve objectivity in risk assessment practices. The unearthing of the framing effect also further signals the need for proper use of RAPs, where many MHPs may not be using them to their full potential - i.e. an aid to the systematic consideration of a range of information about a service user. The final part of the thesis (study 4) turned to the piloting of an educational module incorporating content around the factors affecting decision making in an attempt to raise awareness amongst MHPs. The rationale being better awareness of the complexity of decision making may act to enhance decision making processes. Pre and post intervention analyses revealed an improvement of baseline to follow-up knowledge of decision making bias and statistical concepts and this knowledge was maintained to a moderate level at four weeks follow-up. Although individuals maintained their susceptibility to the framing effect, the bias was less prevalent in those who knew of its presence before taking part in the study. Overall the findings give some support to the use of education as an approach to raising awareness about decision making processes in MHPs, although what remains to be seen is whether such education acts to bring about changes in behaviour - for example, different use of RAPs. The PhD programme suggests that MHPs are just as susceptible to cognitive biases, such as the framing effect, as has been demonstrated in both general population and other groups of health practitioners. At the same time, attitudes to RAPs differ depending on exact job role, which psychiatrist being least likely to spend time on their completion and reporting them as a tool for noting decisions reached as opposed to an aid to the process. This acts reduce the quality and quantity of reported information shared with colleagues about a service user. It is possible that MHP behaviour aligns with general attitude-behaviour models, such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour. As such, whilst the current work has demonstrated that educational interventions may act to improve awareness of decision making processes and their influences, further research would benefit from considering if these types of approach affect actual behaviour. For example, improved used of RAPs as decision-aids, reduced susceptibility to framing effects, consciousness around how information is represented in RAPs given knowledge of how the information may be used by others.

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Grubb, Henry Jefferson. "Intellectual assessment and prediction: an analysis of cultural involvement based on the culutrual-distance hypothesis." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52294.

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This paper explores socio-cultural factors which lead to group performance differences on IQ tests and learning tasks in an attempt to determine empirically if the Cultural-Distance Approach hypothesis is useful in accounting for these differences. The Cultural-Distance Approach, briefly stated, suggests that a sub-culture's distance from the major culture on which questions of a test are based and validated will determine that sub-culture's sub-score pattern. Results of the present study indicate that although Blacks and Whites perform similarly on-learning tasks, they perform differently on standardized IQ tests, possibly because of the loading of cultural influences on the latter measures. When cultural influences are controlled for, differences in IQ performance are minimized (i.e., statistically non-significant). The present investigation was a follow-up of the author's previous work in this area (Master‘s thesis; Grubb, 1983), and consisted of two studies. One was a reanalysis of the data obtained in the original study with the addition of college entrance exam scores (SAT) and college grade point averages on the 80 original students. The second study consisted of a replication of the original work with 40-Black and 40-White undergraduates at Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University. New variables, and their correlation to intelligence, were investigated and included; personality characteristics, racial/ethnic identification, and social adjustment to college. In addition to the previously stated relationships between intelligence, race, and cultural-distance, new information was obtained which indicates: (1) a positive correlation between a conservative, compliant personality and academic ascendancy; (2) a significant correspondence between college involvement (social adaptation or the reduction of cultural-distance) and grade-rated academic performance; and (3) a hypothesized process of supra-cultural (university) adaptation for both Black and White students which has a limiting effect on their sub-culturally based self-esteem. In all, and from all the various sources, this paper tends to support the Cultural-Distance Hypothesis and its influence on group IQ performance.
Ph. D.

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Zimmermann, Johannes, Simon Schindler, Geraldine Klaus, and Daniel Leising. "The Effect of Dislike on Accuracy and Bias in Person Perception." Sage, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35395.

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The present work explores how accuracy and bias in person perception change with the level of liking that the perceiver holds toward the target person. Specifically, we studied whether dislike affects (a) the social desirability of judgments (positivity bias), (b) the extent to which the target is described like an average person (normative accuracy), and (c) the extent to which the judgment reflects the given target’s characteristics in particular (distinctive accuracy). Eighty-four participants watched four target persons on video, after receiving bogus feedback on how positively or negatively those targets had supposedly evaluated them. The participants reciprocated negative bogus evaluations showing a marked decrease in reported liking for the respective target. Most important, dislike was consistently associated with lower positivity bias, greater normative accuracy, and lower distinctive accuracy across two validation measures (i.e., self-reports and informant reports of target persons).

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Huston, Chloe Ann. "Validation of the Tri-Choice Naming and Response Bias Measure." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu16194338067807.

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Rohrbacher, Heike [Verfasser], Stephan [Akademischer Betreuer] Mühlig, Stephan [Gutachter] Mühlig, and Mike [Gutachter] Rinck. "Interpretation Bias in the Context of Depressed Mood: Assessment Strategies and the Role of Self-Generation in Cognitive Bias Modification : Interpretation Bias in the Context of Depressed Mood:Assessment Strategies and the Role of Self-Generation in Cognitive Bias Modification / Heike Rohrbacher ; Gutachter: Stephan Mühlig, Mike Rinck ; Betreuer: Stephan Mühlig." Chemnitz : Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1214648606/34.

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Uschner, Diane [Verfasser], Ralf-Dieter Akademischer Betreuer] Hilgers, and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] [Willmes. "The assessment of bias in randomized controlled clinical trials / Diane Uschner ; Ralf-Dieter Hilgers, Klaus Willmes-von Hinckeldey." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1186069406/34.

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Nishikawa, Haruo. "Influence of verification bias on the assessment of MRI in the diagnosis of meniscus and cruciate ligament tears." Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/189636.

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Uschner, Diane Verfasser], Ralf-Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Hilgers, and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] [Willmes. "The assessment of bias in randomized controlled clinical trials / Diane Uschner ; Ralf-Dieter Hilgers, Klaus Willmes-von Hinckeldey." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1186069406/34.

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Refsland, Lucie Tuckwiller. "The use of attitudinal variables to reduce potential prediction bais [i.e. bias] of ACT mathematics test scores for non traditional-age students." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40144.

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Hoque, Jawad Mahmud. "An Assessment of Historical Traffic Forecast Accuracy and Sources of Forecast Error." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/79.

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Transportation infrastructure improvement projects are typically huge and have significant economic and environmental effects. Forecasts of demand of the facility in the form of traffic level help size the project as well as choose between several alternatives. Inaccuracy in these forecasts can thus have a great impact on the efficiency of the operational design and the benefits accrued from the project against the cost. Despite this understanding, evaluation of traffic forecast inaccuracy has been too few, especially for un-tolled roads in the United States. This study, part of a National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) funded project, bridges this gap in knowledge by analyzing the historical inaccuracy of the traffic forecasts based on a database created as part of the project. The results show a general over-prediction of traffic with actual traffic deviating from forecast by about 17.29% on an average. The study also compares the relative accuracy of forecasts on several categorical variables. Besides enumerating the error in forecasts, this exploration presents the potential factors influencing accuracy. The results from this analysis can help create an uncertainty window around the forecast based on the explanatory variables, which can be an alternate risk analysis technique to sensitivity testing.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Assessment bias'

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