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1

Bagheri, Mehran. "Intrinsically Disordered Proteins: Mechanics, Assemblies, and Structural Transitions." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36576.

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Proteins are essential parts of living organisms that initiate and control almost all cellular processes. Despite the widely accepted belief that all functional proteins fold into stable and well-defined three-dimensional (3D) structures mandatory for protein activity, the existence of biologically functional disordered proteins has been increasingly recognized during past two decades. Proteins with inherent structural disorder, commonly known as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), play many roles in a biological context. However, in contrast to their folded counterparts, they are dynamically unstructured and typically fluctuate among many conformations even while performing biological functions. In fact, it is this dynamical structural heterogeneity that that allows for IDPs to interact with other biological macromolecules in unique ways. Moreover, while a majority of proteins in eukaryotic proteomes have been found to have intrinsically disordered regions (IDR), the mechanisms by which protein disorder fives rise to biological functionality is still not well understood. Through a series of simulation studies on specific systems, this thesis probes several aspects of the emerging structure-function paradygm of IDPs, namely the mechanics, intermolecular assembly, and structural transitions occurring in these proteins. The lack of well-defined 3D structure in IDPs gives rise to distinct mechanical properties, the subject of the first study in the thesis on the elasticity of a elastomeric gluten-mimetic polypeptide with an intrinsically disordered character. This disordered polypeptide was shown to exhibit distinctively variable elastic response to a wide range of tensions, which a classical worm-like chain model failed to accurately describe, thus requiring a molecular-level analysis. IDPs frequently are frequently involved in protein-protein interactions, the focus of the second study on the propensity of an IDR, the B domain in dynamin-related protein 1 (Dpr1), to self-assemble into dimer structures while remaining disordered in all solution conditions. Despite a hypothesized auto-inhibitory role for this domain in Dpr1 that was assumed to be triggered by an disordered-to-order transition, the B domains in solution showed no tendency to form ordered structures even in the presence of order promoting osmolytes. Instead, self-association in the presence of osmolyte was found to occur by favorable intermolecular intereactions between specific region on the surface of the B-domains. Other IDPs do undergo a disorder-to-order transition in response to environmental cues, in ways that are unique disordered proteins, the focus of the last study on intermolecular ordering transitions in silk-like proteins. Factors such as protein sequence and physical tension were investigated, and results suggested that tyrosine residues in the key silk sequence motifs promote templating of beta structure from disordered precursors and that elongational stresses preferentialy stabilize antiparallel beta-sheet order. Together, these three computational studies provide insight into the nature of the structure-function mechanisms of IDPs.
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2

Purdy, John Gerard Craven Rebecca C. "To assemble, or not to assemble the initiation of retroviral capsid assembly /." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4649/index.html.

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3

Jamot, Didier. "Le Parlement et les relations internationales." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1005.

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Le Parlement est généralement considéré comme un acteur institutionnel ne pouvant s'impliquer dans les relations internationales. Seul, le pouvoir exécutif disposerait de la capacité à agir dans ce domaine. En réalité, cet état de choses qui était vrai à l'aube de la Vème République n'est plus d'actualité. L'évolution du monde au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale avec la décolonisation, la fin de la guerre froide, la mondialisation, mais aussi l'accélération de la construction européenne, a été à l'origine de l'attrait des parlementaires pour les questions de politique étrangère. Les révisions constitutionnelles successives, les modifications des règlements des assemblées et l'adoption de plusieurs lois leur ont alors fourni les moyens d'agir.Désormais, les députés et les sénateurs exercent une influence sur la politique étrangère de la France ; ils disposent d'outils parlementaires leur assurant une information et un contrôle des activités internationales du Gouvernement ; et ils sont parvenus à mettre en place une véritable diplomatie parlementaire tant bilatérale, comme dans le cadre des groupes d'amitié, que multilatérale, comme dans celui des assemblées parlementaires internationales
Parliament is generally thought to be an institution which is incapable of influencing international relations. The Executive Power alone is said to be capable of acting in this sphere.In reality, while this was true at the dawn of the Fifth Republic, it is no longer the case. The way the world changed after World War II – decolonization, the end of the Cold War, globalization, but also the rapid European integration – was the fundamental appeal of foreign policy for members of Parliament. The constitutional changes which then occurred, changes to Rules of Procedure of the assemblies and the adoption of several laws, afforded them the ability to act. Ever since, deputies and senators have influenced French foreign affairs. They have access to tools which assure them information and a certain control of the Government's international activities. They have likewise succeeded in establishing a parliamentary diplomacy equally bilateral – like Friendship groups – as multilateral, as is found in international parliaments
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4

Wagh, Vaishali D. "Assembling form and space : ceramics as an assemblage." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1355258.

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This project examines the relationship between form and the resultant space that it encloses, through a process of assembly. The process consists of assembling materials in Phase 1, and assembling parts cut-out from a homogenous ceramic form in Phase 2. Embedded in the act of assembly is the designer's ability to construct the object in multiple formal configurations. Manipulating the form (solid) results in mutation of the space (void) held within and in-between the solid, and vice-versa. Four formal concepts guide the process of assembly in this study: interplay of solid and void, manipulation of the material skin, dynamic visual motion, and light as a building materialThe research in this paper consists of literature survey, precedent studies on two ceramic artists, and analysis of art exhibits.The significance of this project lies in its ability to blur the boundaries between academic disciplines of metalsmithing and ceramics, art and architecture. Design resulting from the overlap between disciplines has vast potential and can lead to dynamic possibilities.
Department of Art
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5

Shin, Du Hyun. "Host-Guest Assemblies for Functional Interfaces via Langmuir-Blodgett and Self-Assembly Technique." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54573.

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Various technologies depend on interfacial events that are influenced by various molecular interactions at a solid-liquid interface. The functionality of a surface plays an important role in many applications such as catalysis, sensing, and bio-compatibility, which can benefit from distinctive chemical and physical surface properties. To create tailor-made functional surfaces, surface host-guest assemblies based on Langmuir-Blodgett and self-assembly technique have been employed as a model system as they may offer the potential ability to regenerate surface properties via intercalation of various functional guest molecules. This thesis ranges over the development and characterization of host-guest assemblies and their feasibilities for the regeneration of surface properties via intercalation of functional guests. In our work, 3-dimensional host structures with cavities are constructed on a targeted solid substrate using Langmuir-Blodgett and self-assembly techniques. In particular, by adopting the fundamental concept of host-guest interaction in supramolecular chemistry, we expect that structurally homologous guest molecules where functional groups are anchored can be intercalated into the cavities between hydrophobe arrays at the liquid-solid interface from solution under well-controlled conditions. This approach offers the potential of separating the functional of the monolayer from the inherent structure of the host. The first part of this thesis details two-dimensional host-guest assemblies consisting of guanidinium (G), octadecylsulfonate (S) and various functional alkane guests at the air-aqueous interface and following deposition onto solid substrates via the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. In particular, we evaluated the stability of the host-guest assemblies and the feasibility of exchanging molecular guests under exposure to various organic solvent environments. Analysis of X-ray reflectivity measurements of the thin films showed that good stability of the host-guest assembly could not be achieved due to weak interactions between the host monoalyer and the solid surface. In addition, no evidence of intercalation of guest molecules into guest-free host-cavities was observed. The second part of this thesis discusses the effective methodologies to prepare low-density self-assembled monolayers (LDSAMs) with cavities on silicon substrates. We employed a step-wise reaction based on hydrolytic or silane chemistry: integral spacer molecules such as anthracene-derivatives were anchored to the Si substrate and then long alkane chains were appended to the spacer molecules. The results showed that LDSAMs using an anthryl spacer are attached at the SAM/Si interface via a Si-O-C linkage, and the films do not exhibit a densely packed monolayer quality as would be expected for a non-sterically hindered alkyltrichlorosilane on Si. Thus, the resulting LDSAMs (with cavities) may be capable of accommodating other guest molecules with hydrocarbon chains through intercalation in order to form host-guest assemblies. The third part of this thesis demonstrates the ability of LDSAMs to produce functional surfaces via the intercalation of various functional guest molecules. Self-assembled monolayers of (10-octadecyl)-9-anthracenethiol (host-SAMs) on Au substrates were prepared. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) measurements was used to demonstrate the capacity of LDSAMs to confine guest molecules in the cavities and to probe the structural changes of the host-guest assembly during guest intercalation from ethanol solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were then used to probe host-guest monolayers formed by immersing the host monolayer in solutions in a variety of other solvents. A combined study of QCM-D and XPS showed that guest molecules were intercalated into host-cavities. The reversibility of the intercalation process allows a guest already situated in a host-cavity to be replaced with second guest under well-regulated solvent conditions.
Ph. D.
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6

Beckerich-Davilma, Stéphanie. "Constitution et assemblée régionales : Étude comparée des expériences française, italienne et espagnole." Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0098.

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Dans les Constitutions française, italienne et espagnole, les mentions expresses relatives au droit des assemblées régionales sont rares, mais elles sont déterminantes. L’autonomie régionale a, en effet, pour composante organique l’existence d’une assemblée, dotée d’une nature représentative et d’un caractère délibérant, que l’État soit de forme décentralisée ou régionale. Or, la reconnaissance constitutionnelle d’un organe délibérant propre à chaque région conditionne nécessairement sa nature ainsi que les règles relatives à son organisation et à son fonctionnement. L’étude comparée du droit des assemblées régionales à travers le prisme du droit constitutionnel révèle que l’action des auteurs de ce droit est encadrée par la Constitution. Quelle que soit la valeur des normes qui les consacrent, différents principes issus du droit parlementaire s’imposent ainsi comme des garanties des exigences constitutionnelles en la matière et permettent d’assurer l’autonomie statutaire et fonctionnelle de l’organe. Il existe, dès lors, un degré minimum d’harmonisation du droit des assemblées régionales et parlementaires, qui découle des prescriptions constitutionnelles. Pour autant, ces deux types d’assemblées ne peuvent être confondus dans un État unitaire, ce qui implique que cette transposition ne vise pas les principes liés à leur nature propre. Il existe donc également un degré maximum d’harmonisation qui ne peut pas être dépassé. Par ailleurs, le droit des assemblées régionales peut s’éloigner du droit parlementaire et prendre une forme innovante, pour mieux garantir les fonctions de ces assemblées en prenant en compte leurs spécificités. Donner les moyens aux assemblées régionales d’exercer leurs fonctions, que ce soit en leur appliquant des règles issues du droit parlementaire ou en créant des règles propres à cet échelon, c’est garantir l’autonomie de la région, telle qu’elle est définie par la Constitution
Within the French, Italian and Spanish Constitutions, the direct references to laws regulating regional assemblies are rare, yet determining. Regional autonomy in any of the three countries entails the existence of an assembly, having a representative nature and a deliberative character, regardless of whether the national state of the given country exists in a decentralized or regional form. The nature and internal rules of the regional assemblies are conditioned by the extent to which they are recognized in the constitutions of their respective countries. This comparative study examines the laws governing the regional assemblies, through the prism of constitutional law, and shows that their normative sources are structured by the Constitutions. Different principles of parliamentary law protect the assemblies' structural and functional autonomy, and serve as guarantees for the constitutional exigencies they are submitted to, no matter the value of the normative sources. The constitutions prescribe the minimum threshold for the level of harmonization between parliamentary and regional assembly laws. Yet, a regional assembly cannot be equated with the parliament of a unitary state, and as a consequence, the transposition of laws does not target the inherent principles of each assembly’s particular nature. Hence, there is also a maximum threshold of harmonization that cannot be exceeded. Further, regional assembly law may deviate from parliamentary law and take an innovative form in order to secure the assemblies' functions through the accommodation of their specificities.To give regional assemblies the means to exercise their functions, either through the application of rules governed by parliamentary law or by the creation of particular rules at the regional level, is to guarantee the regions' autonomy as defined by the Constitutions
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7

Stevens, Marryat. "Exploiting the assembly of designed self-assembling protein structures." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426313.

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8

Karoui, Badreddine. "Active force-controlled part assembling for a robotic assembly cell." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5462.

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9

Sahin, Erinc. "Coiled-coils as assembly-directing domains in self-assembling structures." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 199 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654492231&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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10

Morris, Kyle. "The assembly and structure of self-assembling peptides : molecular to supramolecular." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/39707/.

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Self-assembling molecules are central to a plethora of processes found in nature, biotechnology and even disease. The importance of the non-covalent interaction of monomers to the formation of fibrillar assemblies is evident in the repeated use of this mechanism throughout nature, from essential cellular processes such as the formation of the cytoskeleton to the production of silk. Further, it has been recognised in the last two decades that a self-assembly mechanism, that is the formation of amyloid, underpins the pathology of protein misfolding diseases; it is therefore essential to dissect these mechanisms. Despite recent technological and model system developments, self-assembling molecules remain challenging to investigate. Using combined structural and biophysical characterisations of penta- and hexa-peptide self-assembling model systems these investigations shed further light on the structure of amyloid-like fibrils. The elucidation of the structures of these fibrillar systems not only has implications for disease but also makes them well placed for consideration for biotechnological applications. In reflecting upon how cross-ß structural architectures can be organised in the fibrillar state, a molecular and supramolecular model of fibrils formed by a fragment of !-synuclein is reported. The fibrils are found to consist of a novel and elaborate cross-ß architecture that leads to a helical supramolecular assembly spanning length scales previously unobserved for such a system. Where self-assembly is a useful route to supramolecular structure formation, the use of low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) peptides to create fibrillar structures with defined material properties is also explored. The complex link between molecular structure, self-assembled architecture, fibril formation, fibril interaction and ultimately bulk material properties is described. It is found that the determinants of self-assembly are distinct from the determinants of gelation and so future LMWG design will have to consider both individually. This work presents methodological advances in the characterisation of self-assembled structures. The investigations presented here have relevance for disease related processes but also to the technological use of these systems as materials. Finally, this work emphasises the beauty of the extravagant, yet elegant connection between molecular interaction and supramolecular selfassembly.
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11

Stockton, William B. (William Blake). "Structure and electrical properties of assemblies of polyaniline : from blends to self-assembled multilayers." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32660.

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12

Algaba, Hugo. "Étude de la formation de structures complexes auto-organisées par séchage confiné de solutions dans des milieux poreux microtexturés en 2D." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S102/document.

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L'auto-assemblage est une technique de structuration qui permet de contrôler la forme et la construction de systèmes organisés à différentes échelles de longueur. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'auto-organisation de films de savon formés dans des milieux confinés et structurés. Les supports de séchage sont constitués d'un réseau de plots cylindriques en PDMS dont les positions peuvent varier et ainsi permettre le contrôle de la structure finale. Nous avons étendu une étude préexistante en réseaux carrés à des réseaux rectangulaires pour créer une anisotropie de manière à orienter les films dans des directions préférentielles. Nous avons pu montrer que les films de savon s'alignaient toujours dans la direction pour laquelle la distance entre les plots était la plus courte, et ce pour seulement 5 à 10% de différence de distance entre les axes. En outre, l'augmentation de l'épaisseur des plots permet de rendre plus brusque la transition (2%) entre désordre et alignement des films. Ces résultats ont été complétés par des simulations numériques permettant de modéliser l'ensemble des séchages. Nous avons enfin pu effectuer des expériences de séchage complémentaires dans des réseaux en losanges et dans des réseaux quasicristallins. La forme des plots a également été modifiée de façon à créer un contraste visuel du dépôt de séchage
Self-assembly is a structuration technique which allows to control the shape and to build organized systems at different length scales. In this Thesis, we have studied the self-assembly of soap films formed in confined and structured media. Surfaces are composed of a grid of cylindrical pillars in PDMS which positions can vary allowing to control the final structure. We have expanded a previous study performed with square grids, using rectangular grids to create an anisotropy in order to guide the orientation of films. We showed that films always aligned in the shortest direction, even with only 5 to 10% difference between axes. Furthermore, the increase of pillar thickness allows to sharpen this transition (2%) between disorder and films alignment. These results have been completed by numerical simulations allowing to model all the grids. Finally, we made additional drying experiments in diamond and quasicrystalline grids. The shape of the pillars has also been changed in order to create a visual contrast of the drying deposit
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Rhee, Stephen J. (Stephen Jisoo). "Sub-assembly partitioning choice for complex assemblies based on an action-count-closure criterion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39770.

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Barrière, Maxime. "Assemblages de puissance innovants haute température - haute tension pour composants Si dédiés aux applications embarquées aéronautiques, automobiles et ferroviaires." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0748/document.

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L’électronique de puissance est un domaine en mutation. Les environnements et les conditions de fonctionnement des modules de puissance sont de plus en plus sévères : hautes températures, tension et courant élevés. De plus, le frittage d’argent a été introduit dans les modules, en remplacement des joints brasés principalement composés de plomb. C’est la combinaison de ces évolutions qui ont motivés nos travaux. Dans l’objectif d’améliorer la conception des modules de puissance, ces travaux proposent d’augmenter la dissipation des modules grâce aux structures verticales-3D. Un onduleur triphasé vertical-3D a été conçut avec des puces Si reportées par frittage d’argent. Des caractérisations électriques et thermiques ont été réalisées et ont permis de montrer l’apport de cette technologie. Cette étude est couplée à des simulations numériques thermiques et électrostatiques permettant de mettre en lumière les enjeux de cette méthode d’assemblage
Power electronics is a changing field. The environments and operating conditions of power modules are more severe: higher temperature, higher voltage and higher current. In addition, silver sintering was introduced in power modules to replace solders composed by lead. The combinations of these developments have motivated our work. In order to improve the design of the power modules our researches purpose to increase the dissipation of power modules with a3D-vertical structure. A three-phase inverter with3D-vertical structure has been designed with a Si dice sintered. Thermal and electrical characterizations were performed and allowed to show the contribution of this technology. This study is coupled to thermal and electrostatic Finite Element Method simulations to highlight and improve the possible issues of this assembly
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Costa, Eduardo Mariz Corrêa da. "Foto-assemblage." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4924.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
FOTO-ASSEMBLAGE consiste em nomenclatura sugestionada para definir os trabalhos que tenho produzido a partir da junção de fotografias digitais. As elaborações e fundamentações desses trabalhos representam também o cerne das pesquisas que resultaram na presente dissertação. Em princípio, o termo foto-assemblage haveria de referir-se a questões técnicas ou formais dessa prática. Contudo, ao desenvolver as pesquisas alguns procedimentos acabaram por determinar certas nuances que revelaram aspectos comuns também em seus e conteúdos. Como resultado de construções artísticas juntando fotografias desde 2009, cheguei às composições sintéticas aqui apresentadas, construídas a partir de duas fotografias. Aventei o nome foto-assemblage por observar nas imagens resultantes ressalvas que as distinguiriam de certas convenções atribuídas à ideia de fotografia. Ao mesmo tempo, as referidas imagens proporiam um possível desdobramento ao entendimento de assemblage enquanto técnica artística. Ainda que não seja uma regra, fotografias revelam imagens de momentos. Em sua relação com a compreensão humana de tempo ou espaço, fotografias quase sempre contêm instâncias mínimas. Fotografias, contudo, podem ser também compreendidas como uma contração de um percurso de tempo. Toda imagem fotográfica pode ser assimilada como resultante de determinados acontecimentos anteriores e mesmo tida como elemento gerador de conseqüências futuras. Seguindo esse entendimento, o que proponho com a foto-assemblage é que essa lide com segmentos de tempo ou de espaço contidos numa mesma imagem. Essas fotografias originárias ganhariam uma nova atribuição, sendo retiradas de seu contexto original, serviriam de balizas do percurso de tempo ou espaço suprimido e subjetivado entre elas. Poeticamente, eventos ocorridos entre as fotografias originárias estariam contidos nas imagens produzidas. O termo assemblage foi incorporado às artes a partir de 1953, por Jean Dubuffet, para descrever trabalhos que seriam algo mais do que simples colagem. A ideia de assemblage se baseia no princípio de que todo e qualquer material ou objeto colhido de nosso mundo cotidiano pode ser incorporado a uma obra de arte, criando um novo conjunto, sem que perca seu sentido original. Esse objeto é arrancado de seu uso habitual e inserido num novo contexto, tecendo laços de relação com os demais elementos, construindo narrativas num novo ambiente, o da obra. Na ideia da foto-assemblage, entretanto, é sugerido uso das imagens fotográficas originárias não como objetos que estariam em um mundo cotidiano, mas sim como imagem na concepção do que seria uma entidade mental. Adoto como que uma visão mágica onde as imagens originárias e básicas estariam numa outra dimensão, num plano bidimensional, não manipulável por nós habitantes da tridimensionalidade. Nesse ambiente imaginário ou não, as fotografias são assentadas consolidando a foto-assemblage. Quando a foto-assemblage se concretiza, se corporifica numa mídia, sendo impressa para uma contemplação, ai então, passaria a integrar nosso mundo tridimensional. O resultado poderia ser admitido como um híbrido, uma terceira coisa, a partir de duas que já não se dissociam mais no ensejo de uma compreensão estética. Ao final da dissertação, apresento experiências práticas que resultaram em quatro séries de imagens em foto-assemblage. Cada série enfatiza aspectos peculiares do que denomino paisagem expandida, representando percursos de tempo, espaço ou trajetos entre o mundo concreto e mundos do inconsciente.
PHOTO-ASSEMBLAGE consists on nomenclature to define the work that I have produced from the junction of digital photographs. The elaboration and justification of these works also represent the core of the research that resulted in this dissertation. In principle, the term photo-assemblage would refer to formal or technical issues this practice. However, research to develop some procedures ultimately determine certain nuances that reveal common aspects and also in their content. As a result of joining constructions artistic photographs since 2009, I came to the synthetic compositions presented here, constructed from two photographs. I suggested name photo-assemblage by observing the resulting images caveats that distinguish certain conventions attributed to the idea of photography. At the same time, these images would propose a possible unfolding to the understanding of assemblage as artistic technique. Although it is not a rule, photographs show images of times. In its relation to the human understanding of time and space, photographs almost always contain instances minimal. Photographs, however, can also be understood as a contraction of a course of time. Every photographic image can be assimilated as a result of certain events before and even seen as an element that generates future consequences. Following this understanding, what I propose with the photo-assemblage is that it deals with segments of time or space contained in the same picture. These photographs originating win a new award, being removed from their original context, serve as beacons of travel time or space and deleted subjectivizing between them. Poetically, events originating from the photographs would be contained in the images produced. The term assemblage to the arts was built as from 1953 by Jean Dubuffet to describe works that would be something more than simple collage. The idea of assemblage is based on the principle that any material or object drawn from our everyday world can be incorporated into a work of art, creating a new set without losing its original meaning. This object is torn from its habitual use and placed in a new context, weaving bonds of relationship with the other elements, constructing narratives in a new environment, the work. In view of photo-assemblage, however, is suggested use of photographic images as objects originating not they would be in an everyday world, but as the design image of what a mental entity. I adopt it as a magical sight where the images originate, basic, would be in another dimension, a two-dimensional plane, we can not be manipulated by the inhabitants of three-dimensionality. In this "environment" imaginary or not, pictures are settled consolidating photo-assemblage. When the photo-assemblage materializes, is embodied in media, being printed for contemplation there would then integrate our three-dimensional world. The result could be admitted as a hybrid, a third thing from two no longer dissociate more opportunity in an aesthetic understanding. In the concluding stages of dissertation, practical experiences that resulted in four sets of images in photo-assemblage. Each one emphasizing peculiar aspects of what I title "expanded landscape", reproducing images that contain paths of time, space or paths between the concrete world and unconscious worlds
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Zhang, Yuan. "MST Based Ab Initio Assembler of Expressed Sequence Tags." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1273245641.

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17

Berre, Stefano. "Characterization of the late phase of the HIV-1 life cycle in primary macrophages." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T002.

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Les macrophages et les lymphocytes T sont les deux cibles cellulaires du VIH-1 in vivo. Les macrophages sont des cellules à vie longue, résistantes à l'effet cytopathique du VIH-1. Les macrophages sont présents dans de nombreux tissus où ils semblent être relativement résistants aux médicaments antiviraux. Le cycle viral se déroule plus lentement dans les macrophages que dans les lymphocytes T et abouti à l’accumulation de stocks intracellulaires de virions. L'infection des macrophages est considérée comme un élément important pour le développement de la pathogenèse associée à l’infection par le VIH-1 et pour la mise en place d'un réservoir viral. Dans les macrophages les particules virales s’assemblent dans des compartiments intracellulaires méconnus appelés Virus Containing Compartments (VCCs). Pendant mon doctorat, j'ai caractérisé les phases tardives du cycle viral du VIH-1 dans les macrophages infectés. J'ai montré que le scavenger receptor CD36 est un composant des VCCs nécessaire à la réplication du VIH-1 dans les macrophages. Des compartiments avec des caractéristiques similaires à celles des VCCs et contenants CD36+ sont présents à la fois dans les macrophages infectés et non-infectés. En outre, j'ai montré que le VIH-1 pouvait directement bourgeonner dans des compartiments préexistants CD36+. L'exposition des macrophages infectés par le VIH-1 à des anticorps spécifiques de CD36 provoque l’accumulation intracellulaire de particules virales au niveau des VCCs. L’effet antiviral de l’anticorps anti-CD36 apparait très spécifique, puissant, rapide et durable. De façon intéressante, les anticorps anti-CD36 provoquent une diminution frappante à la fois de la libération virale et de la transmission du VIH à partir des macrophages infectés aux cellules T. Par ailleurs, étant donné que l’incorporation de la protéine Env dans les particules virales est essentielle pour l'infectivité du virus, je me suis intéressé au transport de la protéine Env dans les macrophages primaires. Mes résultats suggèrent que l'interaction entre Gag et la queue cytoplasmique de la Gp41 est importante pour le transport de la protéine Env vers les VCCs et pour la formation de virus infectieux. Ce travail introduit de nouveaux concepts sur l’assemblage du VIH-1 dans les macrophages et suggère un rôle important pour les VCCs dans le cycle de vie du VIH. Nos résultats pourraient être d'intérêt pour le développement de nouvelles stratégies antivirales
Macrophages and T cells are the two cellular targets of HIV-1 in vivo. Macrophages are long-lived cells resistant to the cytopathic effect of HIV-1, and are present in many tissues where they appear to be relatively resistant to antiviral drugs. This is in sharp contrast to HIV-1-infected T cells that rapidly produce new virions before dying. Infection of macrophages is considered an important feature for the development of HIV-1-associated pathogenesis and for the establishment of a viral reservoir. In macrophages, the virus is assembled and accumulated into poorly characterized intracellular compartments called Virus-Containing Compartments (VCCs). During my PhD, I characterized the late phase of the HIV-1 life cycle in infected macrophages. I describe the Scavenger Receptor CD36 as a new component of the VCC required for HIV-1 replication in macrophages. VCC-like CD36+ compartments were observed in both HIV-1-infected and uninfected macrophages. Furthermore, I show that, in some cases, HIV-1 could directly bud into pre-existing CD36+ compartments. Exposure of HIV-1-infected macrophages to CD36-specific antibodies caused the intracellular retention of viral particles within VCCs. The effect of the anti-CD36 antibody was highly specific, potent, rapid and long lasting and, caused a striking reduction both of viral release and of HIV-transmission from macrophages to T cells. In addition, since the incorporation of the Envelope protein (Env) into viral particles is crucial for virus infectivity, I investigated the Env trafficking in primary macrophages. My results suggest that the interaction between Gag and the Gp41 cytoplasmic tail is critical for Env localization to the VCC and for the formation of infectious virions. This work introduces new concepts in the field of HIV-1 assembly in macrophages and suggests an important role for VCC in the HIV life cycle. Our results also unravel novel targets for the development of new antiviral strategies
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Smith, Timothy J. "Synthesis and Photophysical Characterization of Covalent and Self-Assembled Oligo (Phenylenevinylenes) and Related Multichromophore-Containing Assemblies." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1249143659.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Chemistry, 2009.
"August, 2009." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 9/16/2009). Advisor, David A. Modarelli; Committee members, Matthew Espe, Michael Taschner, Yi Pang, Mukerrem Cakmak; Department Chair, Kim Calvo; Dean of the College, Chand Midha; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
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McKinlay, Robert M. "Design and construction of multicomponent spheroidal assemblies on the nano-scale via the self-assembly approach." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5881.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed Aug. 13, 2007). Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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20

Esteve, Alexandre. "Le député français." Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0026/document.

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En l’espace de soixante ans, la Constitution du 4 octobre 1958 a subi de nombreux changements à la fois juridiques et politiques. Une chose a cependant perduré : le parlementarisme rationalisé. Prenant en compte les changements intervenus depuis 1958 et les aspirations des Français à la modernisation et au rééquilibrage des institutions de la Ve République, le Constituant de 2008 a opéré une revalorisation du Parlement et proposé de rendre la fonction parlementaire plus valorisante. Mais à l’aune de dix années d’expérience, force est de constater que les améliorations attendues n’ont pas véritablement eu lieu. Dans le même temps, les exigences démocratiques des Français ont évolué. De ce fait, ce qui était acceptable hier, à défaut d'être accepté, ne l'est plus aujourd'hui. Il en est ainsi des avantages, des pratiques, des comportements individuels ou collectifs de responsables politiques.On peut dès lors s’interroger sur ce que devrait être le député de la Ve République tant au niveau de son statut que de son rôle. Il ressort de cette étude que l’actuel statut du député est appelé à se renforcer, notamment, s’agissant des moyens alloués au député, ainsi que des droits et garanties afin de permettre une plus grande mobilité entre le mandat et l’activité professionnelle de l’élu, et d’améliorer la représentativité du député par l’ouverture de l’Assemblée à un nouveau public. Le cadre institutionnel dans lequel s’exerce le travail parlementaire doit également être assoupli pour rétablir le député dans ses fonctions de collaborateur du Gouvernement pour la confection des lois et de contrôleur de l’action gouvernementale. Enfin, le travail en circonscription ne doit pas être négligé car il permet à l’élu de mieux exercer ses missions législatives et de contrôle
In the space of sixty years, the Constitution of 4th October 1958 has undergone many legal and political changes. However, one thing has remained: streamlined parliamentarianism. Considering the changes since 1958 and the aspirations of the French people for the modernisation and the rebalancing of the institutions of the Fifth Republic, in 2008 the constituent power worked on upgrading the role of the Parliament and proposed to improve the attractiveness of the parliamentarian function. After ten years of experience, it is clear that the potential improvements have not taken place. At the same time, the democratic requirements of the French have evolved. Hence, what was acceptable yesterday may not be today. This is true for the advantages, traditional practices, individual or collective behaviours of policy makers. Consequently, it may be asked what an MP of the Fifth Republic should be, in both status and function.This study shows that the status of the MP should be strengthened, notably with regard to the resources allocated to the MP, as well as rights and guarantees to allow greater mobility between the mandate and the professional activity of the elected representative, and to improve the representativeness of the MP through the opening up of the Assembly to a new audience. Also, the institutional system within which parliamentary work is performed must be more flexible to return the MP to his/her role as a legislator and overseer of government action. Finally, constituency work must not be neglected because it allows the MP to better carry out his/her legislative and overseeing missions
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21

Pohlhammer, Christopher M. "Sensing for automated assembly : direct calibration techniques for determining part-in-hand location /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7118.

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22

Marchioni, Marianne. "Ecoconception de nouveaux agents biocides à base de nanoparticules d'argent à enrobage bio-inspiré." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV046/document.

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Les nanoparticules d'argent sont de plus en plus utilisées dans les objets de consommation courante ainsi que dans les dispositifs médicaux pour leur activité biocide, qui est due au relargage d'ions Ag(I) au cours du temps. Le recul sur ces nano-objets et en particulier sur leur innocuité n'est toujours pas suffisant et les études sur leur transformation et leur impact in vivo sont sujets à d’intenses recherches. En effet, le devenir dans l’organisme des macro- et micro-matériaux étudiés classiquement n’est pas le même que celles des nanomatériaux. Les nanoparticules d’argent illustrent bien cette problématique : l’argent soluble injecté par voie intraveineuse est éliminé plus rapidement que la même quantité d’argent injectée sous forme nanoparticulaire. De plus, la concentration en argent retrouvée dans le sang et les organes est dix fois supérieure lorsque les nanoparticules d’argent sont injectées plutôt qu’ingérées. C'est pourquoi le développement de produits implantatoires qui se retrouvent donc en contact direct avec l’organisme, et qui contiennent des nanoparticules d’argent doit prendre en compte les risques associés, ce qui peut se faire par une approche Safer-by-design.Une des composantes principales du développement Safer-by-design concerne la fonctionnalisation des nano-objets. L’affinité des thiolates pour l’ion Ag(I) étant très forte, des ligands thiolés pourraient donc constituer une piste pour la fonctionnalisation des nanoparticules d’argent. Néanmoins, il est connu que les molécules thiolées conduisent à différents comportements allant de la dissolution de la nanoparticule d’argent en ions Ag(I) à la simple passivation de la surface de la nanoparticule ce qui peut entrainer la perte de son activité biocide.Ainsi, l’Ecoconception de Nouveaux Agents Biocides à base de Nanoparticules d’Argent à Enrobage Bio-inspiré avait pour objectif principal de poser les bases conceptuelles du développement d’un agent biocide Safer-by-design constitué de nanoparticules d’argent et de molécules thiolées en se positionnant à l’interface de plusieurs disciplines.Le développement de ce projet a nécessité d’étudier la réactivité de diverses molécules biologiques ou bio-inspirées thiolées avec les nanoparticules d’argent. Ainsi, nous avons mis en évidence l’importance de la pré-organisation architecturale des biomolécules dans la cinétique de dissolution, ainsi que le nombre de thiols libres dans la molécule. Dans le cas de composés induisant la dissolution des nanoparticules, sa cinétique augmente avec le nombre de thiols libres présents sur la molécule, et avec la pré-organisation du site de liaison du métal. Le projet principal de cette thèse a ensuite mené à la preuve de concept recherchée, avec le développement d’un nouvel agent biocide composé de nanoparticules d’argents pontées entre elles par un ligand thiolé tripode symétrique qui est le mime chimique d’un site de liaison d’une métallothionéine. Ces assemblages de nanoparticules se sont montrés actifs contre les bactéries (E. coli) et moins toxiques sur les cellules eucaryotes (HepG2), malgré une entrée dans les cellules similaire. Enfin, un criblage a également été réalisé avec des polyéthylèneglycols possédant un à huit thiols et des longueurs de polymères variables dans le but d’essayer de rationaliser les différences de comportement des nanoparticules d’argent en présence des molécules thiolées. Ce travail, a conduit à l’observation des comportements très variés qui vont permettre d’explorer de nouvelles voies de développements de biocides à base d’assemblages de nanoparticules médiés par des liaisons thiol – Ag(I).L’ensemble de ce travail de thèse a donc permis à la fois un travail très fondamental sur la réactivité des thiols vis-à-vis des atomes d’argent à la surface des nanoparticules et au développement de produits à potentiel applicatif, les assemblages de nanoparticules d’argent qui sont des biocides Safer-by-design
Silver nanoparticles are increasingly used in everyday consumer goods as well as in medical devices for their biocidal activity, which is due to the release of Ag(I) ions over time. The hindsight on these nano-objects and, in particular, on their safety is still not sufficient and studies on their transformation and their impact in vivo is currently an intense research field. Indeed, the fate in the body of macro- and micro-materials studied classically is not the same as for nanomaterials. The case of the silver nanoparticles illustrates this problem: the soluble silver injected intravenously is eliminated faster than the same amount of silver injected in nanoparticular form. Moreover, the concentration of silver found in the bloodstream and organs is ten times higher when silver nanoparticles are injected rather than ingested. The development of silver nanoparticle-containing implanted devices, that get in direct contact with the body, must thus take into account the related risks. A Safer-by-design approach could be a way to solve this issue.One of the main components of Safer-by-design development is the functionalization of nano-objects. The affinity of the thiolates for Ag(I) ions is very high, which would make thiolated ligands a good tool for silver nanoparticle functionalization. However, it is known that the thiolated molecules lead to different behaviors, ranging from the dissolution of silver nanoparticles into Ag(I) ions to the simple passivation of the surface of the nanoparticles, which leads to the loss of their biocidal activity.The Ecodesign of New Biocidal Agents based on Silver Nanoparticles and Bio-inspired Coating is therefore at the interface of several research areas and its main objective was to lay the conceptual foundations for the development of a Safer-by-design biocidal agent based on the interaction between silver nanoparticles and thiolated molecules.The development of this project required to study the reactivity of various biological or bio-inspired thiolated molecules with silver nanoparticles. First of all, we have highlighted the importance of the architectural pre-organization of biomolecules in the dissolution kinetics, as well as the role of the number of free thiols in the molecule. In the case of molecules inducing the dissolution of the nanoparticles, its kinetics increases with the number of free thiols present on the molecule and with the pre-organization of the metal binding site. In a second time, the main project of this thesis was the development of a proof of concept of a new biocidal agent composed of silver nanoparticles bridged together via a thiolated ligand, which is the chemical mimic of one binding site of a metallothionein. These nanoparticle assemblies were active against bacteria (E. coli) and less toxic than silver nanoparticles on eukaryote cells (HepG2), despite a similar cellular entry. Finally, a screening was performed with polyethylene glycols having two to eight thiols and varying polymer lengths in an attempt to rationalize the differences in the behavior of silver nanoparticles in the presence of the thiolated molecules. This ongoing work leads to various behaviors that will enable to explore novel ways for the development of biocidal based on nanoparticles assemblies mediated by thiol – Ag(I) bonds.Therefore, this overall PhD work allows performing both very fundamental researches concerning the reactivity of thiols with surface silver atoms of the nanoparticles and the development of products with application potential, silver nanoparticle assemblies that are Safer-by-design biocide
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23

Cazaux, Bastien. "Approximation de superchaîne, indexation et assemblage de génome." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT307/document.

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Actuellement, les technologies de séquençage ne permettent de lire la séquence d'un génome entier d'un individu, mais donnent les séquences de portions courtes de ce génome avec des erreurs. On doit ensuite procéder à un assemblage de ces séquences (que l'on appelle lectures ou "read" en anglais) pour retrouver la séquence du génome complet. Une version théorique de cette problématique est le problème de la plus courte superchaîne: étant donné un ensemble de mots (notre ensemble de lectures), on cherche à trouver le plus petit mot qui contient tous les autres comme sous-chaîne (le génome d'origine). Ce problème étudié depuis les années 60 est notoirement difficile à résoudre de manière exacte et approchée.L'assemblage nécessite certains pré-traitements des lectures, comme par exemple la correction des erreurs dues au séquençage dans les lectures (au sens où on cherche à enlever les erreurs). Certains logiciels de correction (ou d'autres pré-traitements) utilisent une structure d'indexation des séquences pour repérer les erreurs. Or, après la correction, cette structure de données est perdue et l'assemblage n'utilise plus que les lectures corrigées. Dans cette thèse, on se demande comment utiliser les structures d'indexation pour faciliter ou améliorer la qualité de l'assemblage.Dans un premier temps, on a montré qu'à partir d'une structure d'indexation, on pouvait rapidement reconstruire les graphes utilisés dans les algorithmes d'assemblage (graphe de Bruijn, graphe de Bruijn contracté, graphe de chevauchements). De plus, on a mis en évidence un nouveau graphe, le graphe hiérarchique de chevauchements ou "Hierarchical Overlap Graph", qui résume les informations des graphes classiques de l'assemblage.Dans un deuxième temps, on s'est demandé comment une structure d'indexation pouvait aider à résoudre directement le problème théorique de la plus courte superchaîne. Pour cela, on a étudié les solutions que l'algorithme glouton donnait à ce problème (leur approximation, leur combinatoire, ...) et à plusieurs de ces variantes (cas des mots renversés et complémentaires, cas de superchaîne cyclique, cas de couverture par un ensemble de superchaînes). Ceci a permis de résoudre plusieurs questions concernant la complexité et l'approximabilité de ces problèmes. En particulier, l'algorithme glouton permet de résoudre en temps linéaire la question de la plus petite couverture par des chaînes cycliques. Même si l'algorithme glouton est le plus simple et un des plus étudiés pour ces problèmes, il n'en reste pas moins un mystère. Notre étude a permis de mettre en évidence un nouveau graphe, le graphe des superchaînes ou "Superstring Graph", qui correspond à un plongement des solutions de l'algorithme glouton dans la structure d'indexation qu'est l'arbre des suffixes. Autrement dit, le graphe des superchaînes synthétise l'ensemble des solutions gloutonnes dans un espace linéaire.Enfin, on s'est intéressé aux algorithmes des meilleurs assembleurs utilisés en pratique (IDBA, SPAdes) qui ont permis d'améliorer l'assemblage de lectures courtes en utilisant plusieurs graphes d'assemblage. Nous avons montré tout d'abord que le graphe des superchaînes permet de stocker plus d'informations que ces assembleurs et avec une complexité en espace bien plus faible. Ensuite, il ressort que l'algorithme glouton pour une variante du problème de plus courte superchaîne donne des séquences qui incluent les contigs trouvés pour ces algorithmes. Ces résultats permettent de lier l'assemblage pratique et les problèmes de superchaînes, et donnent un cadre théorique fort pour étudier ces algorithmes heuristiques
Whole genome can not be read by the current sequencing technologies. Instead, the output is short sequences which are portions with errors of the whole genome. One must then proceed to an assembly of these sequences (called read) to find the sequence of the complete genome. A theoretical version of this problem is the problem of the shortest superstring: given a set of words (own set of reads), we try to find the shortest string that contains all others as substring (the genome of origin). Studied since the 60s, this problem is notoriously difficult to solve by both exactly and approximate methods.Genome assembly requires some reads preprocessing, such as the correction of errors introduced by the sequencing. Some correction softwares (or other pre-treatments) use an indexing data structure of the sequences to localize errors. However, after the correction, this data structure is lost and the assembly uses only the corrected reads. In this thesis, we wonder how to use indexing structures to facilitate or to improve the quality of the genome assembly.First, we show that the graphs used in assembly algorithms could quickly rebuild from an indexing structure (de Bruijn graph, contracted de Bruijn graph and overlap graph). In addition, we present a new graph which summarizes the information of conventional assembly graphs and that we call the hierarchical overlap graph.Secondly, we wondered how an indexing data structure could directly help to solve the theoretical problem of the shortest superstring. For this purpose, we study the solutions that the greedy algorithm gives to this problem (their approximation, their combinatorics, ...) and many of these variants (reverse complement case, cyclic superstring case, case cover by a set of superstrings). This has solved several questions about the complexity and the approximation of these problems. In particular, the greedy algorithm solves in linear time the question of the shortest cyclic cover of strings. Although the greedy algorithm is the simplest and one of the most studied of these problems, it remains a mystery. Our study has highlighted a new graph, the superstring graph, which corresponds to a dip from solutions of the greedy algorithm in the index structure that is the suffix tree. In other words, the superstring graph summarizes all the greedy solutions in a linear space.Finally, attention has turned to the algorithms of the best assemblers used in practice (IDBA, Spades), which have improved the assembly of short reads using several assembly graphs. We show firstly that the superstring graph can store more information than these assemblers and with a complexity in much smaller space. Then, it is apparent that the greedy algorithm for a variant of the shorter superstring problem provides sequences which include the contigs found for these algorithms. These results link the assembly in practice and the superstring problems, and give a strong theoretical framework for studying these heuristic algorithms
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Dirany, Nadine. "Elaboration de matériaux micro-nanostructurés à morphologies contrôlées, à base de tungstates, pour la photo-dégradation." Thesis, Toulon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUL0001/document.

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Dans le cadre du développement de nouvelles technologies pour la protection environnementale, et tout particulièrement pour la dépollution de l’eau ou de l’air, le présent travail de thèse porte sur la mise en œuvre de matériaux semiconducteurs à morphologies contrôlées, susceptibles d’activités photocatalytiques permettant la dégradation ou la transformation de molécules en milieux aqueux. Plusieurs types de synthèses conduisant à des morphologies diversifiées ont été mises en œuvre. Chaque matériau a été caractérisé par diffraction de rayons X, microscopies électroniques à balayage et en transmission, et parspectroscopie Raman. La réflectance diffuse a été utilisée pour déterminer les énergies de bandes interdites des matériaux. Compte tenu des propriétés déjà connues pour les tungstates de type MWO4, notre choix s’est orienté vers trois matériaux : le trioxyde WO3, le tungstate SrWO4 et un nouveau tungstate NaCe(WO4)2 ou Na0,5Ce0,5WO4. L’oxyde WO3 a été choisi comme matériau de référence. Pour ce matériau, deux types de morphologies ont été obtenues : des nanoplaquettes et des nanosphères. Le tungstate SrWO4 de structure scheelite a été synthétisé sous deux formes microstructurales : des sphères et des navettes. Un nouveau matériau a été synthétisé et caractérisé : le tungstate double Na0,5Ce0,5WO4 de structure scheelite. Pour cette nouvelle phase, trois morphologies 3D hiérarchisées ont été élaborées en utilisant la méthode hydrothermale en présence d’EDTA. Pour chaque morphologie observée, un mécanisme de germination-croissance est proposé. Les performances photocatalytiques des différentes formes morphologiques ont été évaluées lors de la dégradation de la rhodamine B (RhB) et du bleu de méthylène (BM), sous rayonnements UV et visible. L’efficacité photocatalytique des différentes microstructures a été étudiée en fonction du pH du milieu réactionnel. À partir des résultats obtenus, nous avons pu montrer la forte corrélation entre largeur de bande interdite et réactivité photocatalytique, mais aussi entre morphologies, tailles et propriétés photocatalytiques. Il est apparu que la dégradation reposesur deux mécanismes complémentaires : l’adsorption des molécules due à la porosité des microstructures et à leur morphologie, et la réaction photocatalytique due aux radicaux actifs générés par les paires e-/h+ photogénérées. Ainsi, la RhB se décompose en présence de SrWO4 et WO3 sous UV-C (254 nm) et UV-Vis (365 nm) respectivement. Le bleu de méthylène se dégrade en présence de NaCe(WO4)2 sous rayonnement solaire UV-Vis
In the framework of the development of new technologies for environmental protection, andmore specially for the depollution of water or air, this work deals with the implementation ofsemiconductor materials with controlled morphologies, likely photocatalytic activities andtheir enabling the degradation or transformation of organic molecules in aqueous media.Several types of syntheses leading to diversified morphologies have been implemented. Eachmaterial was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electronmicroscopies, and Raman spectroscopy. Diffuse reflectance was used to determine the bandgap of the materials. Given the properties already known for MWO4 tungstates, we chosethree materials: WO3 trioxide, SrWO4 tungstate and a new tungstate NaCe(WO4)2 orNa0.5Ce0.5WO4. The oxide WO3 was chosen as the reference material. For this material, twotypes of morphologies were obtained: nanoplates and nanospheres. The tungstate SrWO4 withscheelite structure was synthesized in two microstructural forms: spindles and spheres. A newmaterial was synthesized and characterized: double tungstate of Na0.5Ce0.5WO4 with scheelitestructure. For this new phase, three hierarchical 3D morphologies were developed using thehydrothermal method in the presence of EDTA. For each observed morphology, agermination-growth mechanism is proposed. The photocatalytic performances of the differentmorphological forms were evaluated during the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) andmethylene blue (MB), under UV and visible radiation. The photocatalytic efficiency of thedifferent microstructures was studied as a function of the pH of the reaction medium. Fromthe results obtained, we have been able to show the strong correlation between band gap andphotocatalytic reactivity, but also between morphologies, sizes and photocatalytic properties.It has been shown that the degradation is based on two complementary mechanisms: theadsorption of molecules due to the porosity of the microstructures and their morphology, andthe photocatalytic reaction due to the active radicals generated by the photogenerated e-/ h+pairs. Thus, RhB decomposes in the presence of SrWO4 and WO3 under UV-C (254 nm) andUV-Vis (365 nm) respectively. Methylene blue degrades in the presence of NaCe(WO4)2under UV-Vis solar radiation
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25

Zanini, Maria Estela Benedetti. "Convivência democrática na escola: em foco, as rodas de diálogo de professores." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2018. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21746.

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This work is an engaged qualitative research whose objective was to describe and analyze the process of implementation and development of the teachers’ and managers’ assemblies in Colégio Bandeirantes. In this study, teachers' assemblies were analysed from their inception, in May 2017, until June 2018, in a total of ten meetings. Data analysis was carried out based on the collection, study and interpretation of the documents related to this process, the agenda/themes proposed for discussion in the teachers’ assemblies and the minutes of each assembly. The twenty-five themes that were proposed were organized in categories, a posteriori, using objective criteria, at the discretion of the researcher. In order to obtain the participation of a greater number of teachers, an open online platform (DemocracyOS) was used in the preparation of the agendas, which enabled the posting and voting of the themes to be discussed in each assembly. The teachers’ assemblies at Colégio Bandeirantes are part of a Positive Coexistence Plan that is being developed in the school and is organized in several interconnected and complementary actions involving teachers, managers, students and employees. The theorical references for this work were L. R. Almeida, U. F. Araújo, J. M. Puig, T. P. Vinha e L. R. P. Tognetta. It is believed that the assemblies are spaces for the resolution of conflicts that take place in the school environment, once teachers have the opportunity to express themselves in relation to the issues on the agenda, to express their opinions about them and to suggest solutions, thus, being implicated in solving the problems. The implementation of the assemblies also enables the exercise of otherness and cooperation, as well as providing an environment in which the educator feels he is being heard and valued in his concerns and anguishes, which contribute to interpersonal relationships being more respectful and to school environment being of better quality
Este trabalho é uma pesquisa qualitativa engajada que teve como objetivo descrever e analisar o processo de implantação e desenvolvimento das rodas de diálogo de professores e gestores do Colégio Bandeirantes. Nesse estudo, foram analisadas as rodas de diálogo de professores desde sua implantação, em maio de 2017, até junho de 2018, totalizando 10 encontros. A análise de dados foi realizada a partir de levantamento, estudo e interpretação de documentos referentes a esse processo – as pautas/temas propostos para discussão nas rodas de professores e as atas de registro de cada um desses encontros. Os 25 temas apresentados na análise foram organizados em categorias, à posteriori, utilizando critérios objetivos, de autoria da pesquisadora. A fim de conseguir a participação de um maior número de professores utilizou-se, na elaboração das pautas dos encontros, uma plataforma online e aberta – DemocracyOS – que possibilitou a publicação e a votação dos temas discutidos nas rodas de diálogo. As assembleias docentes no Colégio Bandeirantes constituem parte de um Plano de Convivência Positiva que vem sendo desenvolvido na escola e é organizado em diversas ações, interligadas e complementares, que envolvem professores, gestão, alunos e funcionários. Os referenciais teóricos para este trabalho foram L. R. de Almeida, U. F. Araújo, J. M. Puig, T. P. Vinha e L. R. P. Tognetta. Acredita-se que as rodas de diálogo são espaços para a resolução de conflitos que acontecem no ambiente escolar, pois os professores têm a oportunidade de se manifestar em relação aos assuntos pautados, colocar suas opiniões a respeito e sugerir encaminhamentos e, dessa maneira, implicam-se na solução dos problemas. A implantação das rodas de diálogo de professores também possibilita o exercício de alteridade e cooperação, além de propiciar um ambiente no qual o educador sente-se ouvido e acolhido em suas dúvidas e angústias, o que contribui para que as relações interpessoais sejam mais respeitosas e para que o clima escolar seja de melhor qualidade
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Lu, Chenze. "Nano-assemblages d'ADN induites par des cibles - Détection de petites cibles par formation de réseaux d'ADN." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV066/document.

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La détection de petites molécules contribue au développement de nombreux domaines tels que la sécurité alimentaire, la sécurité intérieure, le diagnostic, le contrôle de l'environnement, etc. Cependant, la petite taille de ces cibles et leur faible concentration rendent difficile leur détection. Pour pallier à cela, des biocapteurs avec des sondes appropriées et des stratégies d'amplification du signal sont nécessaires. Parmi les éléments de reconnaissance couramment utilisés, les aptamères présentent l'avantage d'une synthèse aisée et de grandes possibilités de modification, ainsi qu'une dénaturation réversible à haute température et une tolérance élevée à la concentration en sel et au pH dans le milieu de travail. Plus important encore, la petite taille des aptamères en fait un choix idéal pour créer des structures adaptées pour la détection de petites cibles. La possibilité de couper la séquence de l'aptamère a fourni d'autres approches d’amplification de signal. Il existe deux catégories de méthodes de détection basées sur des aptamères : analyse hétérogène lorsque l'aptamère est immobilisé sur la surface ou analyse homogène lorsque le test est réalisé en solution. Nous proposons dans cette thèse une approche appliquable aux deux stratégies. L'adénosine a été utilisée comme une cible modèle pour cette preuve de concept. La détection de l'adénosine a été obtenue en combinant l'auto-assemblage de dimères d'oligonucléotides avec des extrémités pendantes correspondantes à l'aptamère coupé. Nous avons construit des structures auto-assemblées d'ADN (de 1D à 3D) avec l'adénosine comme déclencheur d'un changement structurel. La première méthode décrite dans ce travail consiste à utiliser de telles structures d'ADN combinées à l'imagerie par Résonance de Plasmons de Surface (SPRi). La SPRi est une méthode sensible à la variation d'indice optique produite par l'interaction entre les sondes immobilisées sur le prisme de l'or et la cible dans la solution. En présence d'adénosine, la structure d'ADN s'auto-assemble sur la surface de l'or et un signal a été créé. La limite de détection de l'adénosine atteinte par cette méthode est de 10 μM. La deuxième homogène méthode consiste à analyser les variations d'absorbance UV de la solution contenant les structures d'ADN puisque l'absorbance UV de l'ADN monocaténaire et du duplex ADN hybride est différente. En raison de cet effet, la température de fusion des brins d'ADN peut être déterminée par la dérivée de l'absorbance UV mesurée. Les structures d'ADN combinant les extrémités pendantes de l'aptamère coupé couplés à des oligonucléotides complémentaires présentent deux températures de fusion caractéristique de la dissociation de chaque partie. L'une correspond à l'oligonucléotide hybridé et l'autre à l'aptamère coupé liant l'adénosine. En présence d'adénosine dans la solution, la stabilité de la structure augmente et le pic de fusion de l'aptamère coupé est décalé à une température plus élevée tandis que le second pic de fusion reste identique et peut servir de référence interne. La limite de détection atteinte pour cette méthode est de 1 μM. Les structures d'ADN que nous avons proposées s'auto-assemblent de manière linéaire ou bi- ou tri-dimensionnelle : la structure 1D est une chaîne d'ADN formée par un enchainement de dimères connectés par des extrémités formées de l'aptamère scindé; La structure en 2D est une structure en forme de Y formée par un ADN simple brin avec une extrémité aptamère scindé sur chaque branche du "Y"; La structure 3D est un tétraèdre formé par quatre simple brins d'ADN avec des extrémités aptamère scindé sur les quatre sommets. En présence d'adénosine, les structures 2D et 3D peuvent s'auto-assembler et ainsi former un réseau avec les extrémités pendantes. La structure 1D a été mûrement développée pour les deux méthodes, les structures 2D et 3D ont été prouvées efficaces pour la détection, mais nécessitent encore plus d'efforts pour permettre une détection optimisée
The detection of small molecules contributes to the development of many fields such as food safety, homeland security, diagnose, environment control, etc. However, their small size and low concentration are the usual cause of limitations in their detection. In order to improve the detection, biosensors with appropriate probes and signal amplification strategies are required. Amongst the commonly used recognition elements, aptamer has the advantage of easier mass production and modification, reversible denaturation at high temperature and high tolerance of salt concentration and pH in the working environment. More importantly its small size made it an ideal choice for creating delicate structures for the detection of small targets. The possibility of splitting the aptamer sequence has provided more approaches for amplification purpose. There are two categories of detecting methods based on aptamers: heterogeneous analyzation where the aptamer is immobilized on a surface or homogeneous analyzation where the assay is performed in solution. In this thesis, we proposed an amplification method useful for both heterogeneous and homogeneous assays. Adenosine was used as a proof of concept target. The detection of Adenosine was achieved by combining the self-assembly of oligonucleotide dimers with split-aptamer dangling ends. We constructed self-assembled DNA structures (from 1D to 3D) with Adenosine as the trigger for a structural change. The heterogeneous assay is based on in Surface Plasmon Resonance imaging (SPRi). SPRi is a method sensitive to the change of refraction index created by the interaction between the probes immobilized on the gold surface and the targets in the flowing solution. With the presence of Adenosine in the solution, the DNA structure is self-assembled on the gold surface and the signal was created. The detection limit achieved by this method was 10 µM. The second homogeneous assay is based on the melting profile of the solution determined from the absorbance of UV light (260 nm wavelength). The UV absorbance of single strand DNA and hybridized DNA duplex is different. Due to this effect, the melting temperature could be obtained from the UV absorbance measured. The DNA structures combining self-complementary oligonucleotides and split-aptamer dangling ends have two melting temperatures, one correspond to the oligonucleotides and the other to the split-aptamer. In presence of Adenosine in the solution the strength in the binding is increased. As a result, the melting peak of the split-aptamer shifted to higher temperature while the second melting peak correspond the oligonucleotide remains the same as an internal reference. The detection limit achieved for this method was 1 µM. The DNA structures we proposed varied from 1D to 3D: the 1D structure was a DNA chain formed by a series of dimers connected through split-aptamer dangling ends; the 2D structure was a Y shape structure formed by three single-strand DNA with a split-aptamer dangling end on each branch of the “Y”; the 3D structure was a tetrahedron formed by four single-strand DNA with split-aptamer dangling ends on the four vertexes. With presence of Adenosine, 2D and 3D structures can further form a network with the dangling ends. The 1D structure has been maturely developed for the two detection methods, the 2D and 3D structures have been proven effective for detection but still require more efforts to reach perfection
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Růžička, Lukáš. "Návrh racionalizace montážní linky sestav pro tepelné výměníky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232020.

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The objective of the thesis is rationalization of current process of assembling of manifold assemblies from the reduction of operating costs point of view. The reason for rationalization is uncompetitiveness of actual solution due to high manufacturing cost of manifold assemblies coming from this process. After analysis of current operations, taking into account presumed production plan, the capacitive calculation of assembly line was done. Then alternative solutions were proposed based on above mentioned criterion, and from these the optimal variant was picked and developed. The assessment of resultant solution was done in the end.
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Feno, Remiel. "Analyse et évaluation de la reconfiguration d'une ligne de production : application à l'assemblage en tôlerie automobile." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENAM0057/document.

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En vue, d’introduire un nouveau produit dans une usine existante, plusieurs décisions concernant les évolutions possibles du système de production sont à prendre. Ces changements sont de plus en plus fréquents et nécessitent de reconfigurer aussi souvent le système, ce qui constitue de véritables perturbations durant son cycle de vie. Dans la phase avant-projet d’industrialisation, différentes solutions process sont à évaluer en termes de coût d’investissement, de délai de mise en œuvre, de qualité et de flexibilité du système de production. Les objectifs de conception sont multiples et parfois conflictuels. Ce qui rend difficile l’obtention d’un consensus lors de l’évaluation des solutions. De plus, il est difficile d’avoir une vision partagée de l’impact des modifications sur la configuration initiale d’une ligne de production. Les décisions prises dans cette phase ont un impact considérable sur les autres phases du projet (Développement, intégration, démarrage). Dans le but d’améliorer ces décisions, cette thèse se propose dans un premier temps, d’étudier les processus de reconfiguration d’une ligne de production afin d’identifier les solutions et leurs impacts sur la configuration initiale de la ligne, ensuite, d’identifier et d’organiser les critères de performances pertinents afin d’évaluer les solutions par une approche multicritère dans les phases amont du projet, enfin, d’élaborer un processus de revue numérique d’atelier afin d’identifier au plus tôt les problèmes et de valider les solutions retenues à différents jalons du projet
In order to introduce a new product in an existing plant, several decisions concerning possible changes in the production system have to be made. These changes are more frequent and require to reconfigure the system as often as needed. It represents a disruption during the system life cycle. Several solutions are assessed in terms of investment cost, reconfiguration time, quality and flexibility of the production system at the preliminary phases of the project. The objectives are multiple and sometimes conflicting. That makes difficult to reach a consensus in the assessment of solutions. Moreover, it is difficult to have a shared vision of the impact of changes on the initial configuration of a production line. The decisions made during this phase have a significant impact on the other project phases (development, integration, start of production). In order to improve these decisions, this thesis proposes first, to study the reconfiguration process of a production line in order to identify solutions and their impacts on the initial system configuration, then after, we identify and organize the relevant performance criteria to assess solutions with a multi-criteria based approach in the early phases of the project. Finally, we develop a factory digital review process to detect problems earlier and validate the solutions adopted at several project milestones
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Calupitan, Jan Patrick Dela Cruz. "Térarylènes photo réactifs : synthèse et études par microscopie à effet tunnel." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30016/document.

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Les diaryléthènes et leurs dérivés terrylènes sont prometteurs pour la prochaine génération de dispositifs optoélectroniques en raison de leurs excellentes propriétés photochimiques. Pour les rendre viables pour les appareils électroniques miniaturisés, il est nécessaire d'étudier cette classe de molécules au niveau unimoléculaire avec le microscope à tunnel sous vide ultra-élevé (UHV STM). Cette thèse comporte trois parties: 1) développement de terarylènes hautement sensibles à la commutation; (2) leur modification pour les études STM; et 3) les résultats de ces études STM. Pour être étudié à l'échelle de la molécule unique par STM, des terarylènes ayant une sensibilité de commutation élevée ont été sélectionnés. Ces composés présentent des rendements quantiques élevés allant jusqu'à 100%. Cependant, la réaction de cycloréversion reste faible, de sorte qu'une voie alternative, grâce à un mécanisme oxydatif à réaction en chaîne, a été recherchée. Dans une première partie, nous montrons que l'efficacité et la vitesse de cette réaction peuvent être contrôlées par la fixation de groupes aromatiques sur les carbones réactifs. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons fonctionnalisé ces molécules afin de les étudier par STM en introduisant des groupes tert-butyle et chlorure. Tout en préservant leurs excellentes propriétés photochimiques, les groupes tert-butyle présentent un excellent contraste lumineux dans les images STM, ils minimisent aussi l'agrégation de ces molécules sur la surface et découplent légèrement les molécules de la surface. Les atomes de chlore permettent de contrôler les assemblages moléculaires sur des substrats isolants de type bicouche de NaCl cristalline précédemment déposés sur un substrat métallique. Dans la troisième partie, les résultats de STM sont présentés. Nous avons développé une nouvelle approche ascendante pour la formation reproductible de nano-assemblages du terarylène non modifié à 77 K. Quant au terarylène modifié par les groupes tert-butyle, il présente à 5 K sur une surface d'Ag (111) différentes formes qui, grâce à la position des groupes tert­butyles à contraste élevé et à l'aide de calculs DFT, ont pu être assignées comme étant différentes conformations de surface de la molécule. Sur NaCl / Ag (111), il a été possible de visualiser les états occupés et inoccupés de la molécule. Cela illustre que, pour ces applications, des molécules avec des propriétés appropriées peuvent être des candidates intéressantes pour des études STM afin d'obtenir des informations sur leurs propriétés à l'échelle de la molécule unique. De telles molécules peuvent être optimisées pour tenir compte de la surface, car sa simple présence peut induire un comportement bien différent de celui obtenu en solution. Cette thèse ouvre les terarylènes à des applications futures nécessitant une surface solide
Photoswitching diarylethenes, and their terarylene derivatives, are promising for the next generation optoelectronic devices because of their excellent photochemical properties. To make them viable for miniaturized electronic devices, it is necessary to study this class of molecules at the single molecular level by scanning tunneling microscopy under ultra-high vacuum (UHV STM). This thesis has three parts: 1) development of terarylenes highly sensitive to switching; (2) their modification for STM studies; and 3) results of STM investigations. To be studied at the single molecular level by STM, terarylenes with high switching sensitivity have been selected. These compounds display high quantum yields of up to 100 %. However, the cycloreversion reaction remains low so an alternative route, through a chain-reaction oxidative mechanism, has been sought. In the first part, we show that the efficiency and speed of this reaction may be controlled by attachment of aromatic groups on the reactive carbons. In the second part, we functionalized these molecules for STM studies by attaching tert-butyl and chloride groups. These substituents preserve their excellent photochemical and switching properties while tert-butyl groups show bright contrast in STM images, minimize aggregation of these molecules on the surface, and slightly decouple the molecule from the surface. The chlorine group has been introduced to direct their surface assembly on insulating substrates composed of crystalline NaCl bilayer previously grown over a metallic substrate. In the third part, results of STM are presented. We developed a new bottom-up approach for forming reproducible nanoassemblies of the unmodified terarylene at 77 K. Meanwhile, at 5 K, the terarylene functionalized with tert-butyl groups present different forms on the Ag(111) surface. From the positioning of the high-contrast tert-butyl groups and with the aid of DFT calculations, we assign different conformations of the molecule on the surface. On NaCl/Ag(111), direct visualization of the occupied and unoccupied states could be achieved. This illustrates that for these applications, molecules with appropriate properties can be interesting candidates for STM studies to obtain information at the single molecular level. Such molecules may be redesigned with a consideration of the surface as its mere presence may induce behavior previously unobserved or neglected if they were studied in solution. This thesis opens terarylenes to future applications which require a solid surface
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Achoch, Mounia. "Méthodes d’apprentissage et approches expérimentales appliqués aux réseaux d’interfaces protéiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAA022/document.

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Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un problème biologique et son objectif est de comprendre les mécanismes d’assemblage des protéines. L’assemblage d’une protéine en oligomère est particulièrement important car il est impliqué dans de nombreuses pathologies allant de l’infection bactérienne aux maladies de type Alzheimer ou même des cancers. L’assemblage protéique est un mécanisme de combinaison de deux ou plusieurs chaînes protéiques, il est aussi par ailleurs souvent utilisé par les organismes vivants pour déclencher une activité biologique. La sous unité B de la toxine du choléra(CtxB5), qui appartient à la famille des toxines AB5, est étudiée comme modèle principal de l’assemblage. Des résultats expérimentaux ont fourni des informations sur l’assemblage de la toxine mettant en avant l’implication de certains acides aminés. La première question que j’ai abordée pendant ma thèse était de comprendre leur rôle et de voir si les approches réseaux étaient pertinentes pour y répondre. J’ai pu montrer en utilisant des mutations d’acides aminés que ces derniers s’influençaient entre eux suivant des mécanismes en cascade ou de « Peer to Peer » afin de coordonner les étapes de l’assemblage (les chapitres 4, 5 et 6). La structure et la fonction des protéines sont définies par des séquences d’acides aminés qui varient naturellement en raison de mutation génétique. J’ai donc décidé d’élargir ce champ d’investigation pour voir si le mécanisme en cascade était généralisable comme moyen de perturber une structure de protéine par le biais d’une mutation. Ici il s’agit de comprendre les changements de structure liés à des mutations et pouvant menés à des maladies. J’ai tout d’abord étudié des jeux de données pour connaître les caractéristiques réseaux de protéines saines (chapitre 7, 8 et 9), avant de regarder l’effet de la mutation systématique de chacun des acides aminés de CtxB5 sur sa structure globale (chapitre 10 et 11). Les mutations peuvent engendrer des changements de structure modérés ou très grand autour de l’acide aminé muté ou à des distances très éloignées. Ces résultats sont consistants avec tous les effets connus de mutation : robustesse (maintien de la fonction), évolution ou adaptation (émergence d’une nouvelle fonction) et fragilité (pathologies). Les résultats montrent aussi une faible corrélation entre le nombre de contacts d’un acide aminé et la quantité de changement structuraux induit par sa mutation. Il n’est donc pas simple d’anticiper l’effet d’une mutation : Le dernier chapitre de ma thèse aborde ce problème (chapitre 12)
The aim of this study is to understand protein assembly mechanisms. The assembly of a protein in an oligomer is particularly important because it is involved in many pathologies going from bacterial infection, Alzheimer like diseases or even some cancers. Protein assembly is the combination of two or more protein chains to induce a biological activity. The B subunit of the cholera toxin pentamer (CtxB5), which belongs to the family of AB5 toxins, is studied as the main model of assembly. Experimental results have provided information on the assembly of the toxin highlighting the involvement of certain amino acids. The first problem addressed in my thesis is to understand their role and see if network approaches are relevant to such investigation. I was able to show using amino acid mutations, that amino acids influence each other by cascade or "peer to peer" mechanisms in order to coordinate the various steps of the assembly (Chapters 4, 5 and 6). The structure and function of the proteins are defined by amino acid sequences which naturally vary due to genetic mutation. So I decided to expand this field of investigation to see if the cascade mechanism was generalized as a mean of disrupting a protein structure. Here it is to understand how a protein loses its function by way of a significant change of structure upon mutation. First, I studied dataset to know the characteristics of healthy protein networks (Chapter 7, 8 and 9), and after I looked at the effects of the systematic mutation of each amino acid of CtxB5 on its overall structure (Chapter 10 and 11). Mutations led from moderate to very large structural changes around the mutated amino acid or at long distances. These results are consistent with known effects of mutation: robustness (maintenance function), evolution or adaptation (emergence of a new feature) and fragility (pathologies). The results also show a weak correlation between the number of amino acid contacts of the mutated amino acid and the amount of structural change induced by its mutation. It is therefore not easy to anticipate the effect of a mutation: The last chapter of my thesis addresses this problem (Chapter 12)
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Chesnau, Frédérick [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Zharnikov. "Fabrication of Metal-Insulator-Metal assemblies for spintronic devices using self-assembled monolayers / Frédérick Chesnau ; Betreuer: Michael Zharnikov." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1180545710/34.

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32

Haddou, Marie. "Complexes de polyélectrolytes : Morphologies, cinétique et thermodynamique d'assemblage." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0031.

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Les complexes de polyélectrolytes (PECs) sont typiquement formés par interaction électrostatique entre deux polyélectrolytes de charge opposée. Alors que de nombreuses études ont été consacrées aux propriétés de ces complexes, l'objectif de la thèse est de mieux comprendre le rôle de l’intensité de l’interaction entre deux polyélectrolytes sur la morphologie des complexes ainsi que la cinétique et la thermodynamique de la complexation. Différents systèmes complexants, faibles et forts, donnant lieu à la formation de coacervats ou de précipités ont été choisis et étudiés sur une large gamme de rapport de charges (Z[+]/[-]) afin d'obtenir différents états physiques (soluble, colloïdal, phase dense). La morphologie des complexes a été déterminée par microscopie (optique, fluorescence, force atomique) et diffusion de rayonnement (lumière, neutrons). La cinétique et la thermodynamique de complexation ont été étudiées par utilisation respective d'un mélangeur à flux stoppé et de la calorimétrie de titration isotherme. Les résultats obtenus permettent de mettre en évidence un certain nombre de caractéristiques permettant de distinguer les systèmes complexants forts et faibles. En particulier, les complexes forts sont hors équilibre d'un point de vue thermodynamique et en conséquence ils présentent une forte dépendance aux conditions initiales de complexation. Un autre aspect important et qui pourrait être à l'origine de la distinction entre les complexes forts et faibles est l'énergie d'hydratation des polyélectrolytes qui a été déterminée pour de nombreux polyélectrolytes et corrélée aux propriétés des complexes
Complexes of polyelectrolytes (PECs) are oppositely charged polymers assemblies held together by electrostatic interaction. As the non-covalent assembly of macromolecules/colloids in solution has been thoroughly investigated over the last decade with a particular emphasis put on the morphology of the final aggregates as a function of the building blocks-chemistry, the objective of this thesis is to come to a better understanding of the influence of interaction strength between polyelectrolytes on complexes morphologies, as well as kinetics and thermodynamics of the complexation. For this study, weakly and strongly interacting systems given rise to coacervate and precipitate phases has been elected. Those systems have been studied on a wide charge ratio scale (Z[+]/[-]) to span several physical states of the PECs (soluble and colloidal PECs, dense phases). Morphologies of assemblies are assessed by microscopy (optical, fluorescence, atomic force) and scattering techniques (neutron, light). Kinetics and thermodynamics of the complexation process are studied by use of a stopped-flow mixing device and an isothermal titration calorimeter. Results gave us keys to discriminate strongly interacting systems from weakly interacting ones. In particular, the ‘strong systems’ are showed to be non-equilibrium assemblies, ie. the formulation pathway or the way these different macromolecules are coming into contact is then a key step. Another important aspect that could explain the complexation process behavior is the hydration energy of the polyelectrolytes. Calorimetry measurements have been performed for numerous polyelectrolytes and then correlated to complexes properties
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33

Upadhyaya, Lakshmeesha. "Self-assembled smart filtration membranes from block copolymers and inorganic nanoparticles." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT242/document.

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Ce travail de thèse propose une nouvelle approche pour la préparation de membranes à matrice mixte basée sur l’utilisation de copolymères à blocs et de nanoparticules inorganiques disposant de propriétés magnétiques. Des aggrégats de copolymères ont été préparés avec une morphologie variée (sphères, cylindres et vésicules) à partir du copolymère poly(acide méthacrylique)-b-poly(méthacrylate de méthyle). Ce dernier a été synthétisé par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée par transfert de chaîne réversible par addition-fragmentation (RAFT) dans l’éthanol à 70°C. Des particules d’oxyde de fer ont, quant à elles, été préparées en présence de différents stabilisants à température variée pour permettre d’atteindre la charge de surface et les propriétés magnétiques recherchées. La structure des copolymères à bloc a permis d’obtenir à la fois des membranes hydrophobes via le procédé de séparation de phase induite par un non-solvant, ainsi que des membranes hydrophiles lorsque que la technique de spin-coating était appliquée aux aggrégats formés par auto-assemblage induit lors de la polymérisation. Grâce à l’étude détaillée des propriétés de filtration des membranes obtenues, la relation structure-propriété a été discutée sous l’action d’un champ magnétique externe. Enfin, la sensibilité au colmatage a été vérifiée via la filtration de solutions de protéines. Il a ainsi été démontré une diminution notable du colmatage sous champ magnétique, ouvrant de belles perspectives pour ces nouvelles membranes
This thesis presents a new approach to produce mix matrix membranes using block copolymers and inorganic nanoparticles having magnetic properties. The polymeric nanoparticle with different morphologies (linear, Spheres, worms, and vesicles), from poly (methacrylic acid)-b-(methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer, were synthesized using Reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) in ethanol at 70 ֠C. The inorganic counterpart, iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using different stabilizers at various temperatures to acquire the necessary surface charge and magnetic properties. The chemistry of the particles leads to form both hydrophobic membranes using non-solvent induced phase separation as well as a hydrophilic membrane by using the simple spin coating technique with the particles from polymerization induced self-assembly. By a detailed experimental study of the membrane filtration, the influence of different parameters on the process performance has been investigated with and without magnetic field. Finally, membrane fouling has been studied using protein solution. Also, the membrane performance was examined under magnetic field revealing the successful reduction in the fouling phenomenon making them new performant membranes in the area of membrane technology
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34

Delafosse, Gregory. "Auto-assemblage de fullerènes C60 sur surfaces d'oxyde de silicium et d'or fonctionnalisées NH2." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10221/document.

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Au cours de ce travail nous avons étudié la réalisation de couches moléculaires d’accroche terminées amine. Sur l’oxyde de silicium l’aminopropyletriméthoxysilane (APTMS) a été déposé à partir d’une solution, et via une méthode originale par voie sèche qui nous a permis de mettre en évidence les temps caractéristiques de greffage et d’organisation de la couche d’APTMS. Sur l’or, les monocouches d’aminoéthanethiol (AET) et d’aminothiophénol (ATP) ont été réalisées à partir d’une solution. Nous avons ensuite étudié les aspects structuraux et cinétiques du greffage des fullerènes C60 sur de telles couches d’accroche, constituées de terminaisons amines soit sur toute la surface soit en des zones isolées (couches binaires). Les techniques de spectroscopie UV-Visible, IRTF, Raman, et XPS ont permis d’observer le greffage des C60 sur les couches aminées. La spectroscopie Raman en mode exalté (SERS) a mis en lumière que les molécules d’ATP étaient plus inclinées après le greffage à reflux des C60. Les analyses des diverses couches à l’échelle moléculaire ont été menées par microscopie à sondes locales (AFM, STM), et les mesures électriques réalisées sur or à l’aide de la pointe STM ont montré le caractère isolant de la couche d’accroche seule et un gap proche de celui du C60 après greffage des fullerènes. Elles ont également mis en évidence que le C60 était greffé sélectivement sur les zones terminées amines des couches d’accroche binaires. Enfin, une application potentielle des couches de C60 étant les mémoires moléculaires, les propriétés électriques des diverses couches réalisées ont été mesurées à l’aide de contacts électriques évaporés
In this work we studied the preparation of sticking amine- terminated molecular layers. On silicon dioxide, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) was de- posited from a solution, and using an original dry method that allowed us to determine time constants of APTMS layer grafting and organization. On gold surfaces, monolayers of aminoethanethiol (AET) and aminothiophenol (ATP) molecules were prepared from a solution. Then, we studied structural and kinetic aspects of ullerene C60 grafting on such sticking layers, terminated by amines either all over the surface or on isolated areas (binary layers). UV-visible, FTIR, Raman and XPS spectroscopy techniques enabled to observe that C60 was grafted on the amine-terminated layers. Exalted Raman spec- troscopy (SERS) revealed ATP molecules were more tilted after C60 grafting under reflux. Analyses of all the layers were made at a molecular level by local probe microscopy (AFM, STM), and electrical measurements performed on gold using the STM tip showed the in- sulating nature of the sticking layer whereas a gap close to that of C60 appeared after grafting of fullerenes. They also highlighted that C60 was selectively grafted on amine- terminated zones within binary sticking layers. At last, one of potential applications of C60 layers being molecular memory cells, electrical properties of the various studied layers were measured through evaporated electrical contact pads
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Kerfah, Rime. "Développement de stratégies de marquage isotopique des groupements méthyles pour l'étude d'assemblages protéiques de grande taille par RMN." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENV043/document.

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Durant longtemps la spectroscopie RMN en solution a été limitée à de petits objets biologiques. Aujourd'hui, il est clairement reconnu que la stratégie du marquage isotopique spécifique de groupements méthyle dans une protéine perdeutérée a considérablement repoussé la frontière de cette technique. En effet, des protéines aussi grande que 1 MDa ont pu être récemment étudiées par RMN. Cependant, cette stratégie présente un inconvénient important lié au nombre réduit de sondes protonées. Dans ce contexte, le projet de thèse vise a développer de nouvelles méthodes pour faire face à cette rareté d'information structurale, en s'appuyant sur le marquage simultané (combinatoire) de plusieurs groupements méthyle afin d'augmenter le nombre de sondes. Pour un marquage combinatoire optimal, le choix des acides aminés à marquer et les précurseurs à utiliser ainsi que le protocole de leur incorporation doit être judicieusement étudié. Dans le présent travail, un nouveau protocole a été mis en place pour un marquage AbId1(LV)proS optimisé, exempt de toutes fuites isotopiques. En comparaison avec le marquage “AbId1LV standard", le modèle proposé permet la diminution d'un facteur de 2 le nombre de signaux RMN des Leu et Val et améliore par un facteur de 4 l'intensité des nOes à long portée qui sont expérimentalement détectable. Par ailleurs, ce protocole permet également la suppression des corrélations parasites, particulièrement nocives pour les études structurales basées sur la détection / analyse de nOes. Afin d'exploiter les spectres RMN obtenus en utilisant le protocole ci-dessus mentionné, l'attribution des signaux des méthyles est obligatoire. Deux stratégies ont été donc proposées. La première s'applique aux systèmes dont le poids moléculaire ne dépasse pas les 100 kDa (e.g. MSG). Elle se repose sur la linéarisation du marquage isotopique des acides aminés permettant ainsi l'utilisation de l'expérience 13C-TOCSY pour attribuer de manière régio et stéréo-spécifique les méthyles de l'isoleucine, leucine et valine en une seule étape. En ce qui concerne la seconde, adaptée aux protéines supra-moléculaire (> 100 kDa), c'est une optimisation de l'approche SeSAM (Sequence-Specific Assignment of Methyl groups by Mutagenesis) précédemment décrite dans la littérature. En effet, grâce au milieu de culture enrichi, mit au point pour le marquage spécifique de l'Ala, le volume minimal de culture requis a été considérablement diminué. Ceci a permis par conséquence de produire les protéines dans des plaques de 24 puits et de les purifier dans des plaques de 96 puits, raccourcissant ainsi le temps global de préparation des échantillons. Il a été estimé que l'utilisation de cette version améliorée de SeSAM offre la possibilité d'attribuer environ 100 méthyles en 2 semaines, dont 4 jours de temps de RMN, en consommant moins de 2 k € de matériaux isotopiques. Pour illustrer la pertinence du marquage isotopique et la protonation sélectifs des méthyles, de façon combinée ou pas, de nombreuses applications ont été présentés, à savoir l'étude en temps réel des processus d'auto-assemblage d'une protéine supramoléculaire (PhTET-2, ~ 0,5 MDa) par RMN. Le marquage combinatoire des protéines (82 kDa et 0,5 MDa) pour la détection de nOes longue portée (jusqu'à 10 Å et 8 Å respectivement) a également été étudié. Cette même approche a également été utilisée pour le filtrage de nOes inter-monomères à long portée, qui sont particulièrement importants pour le calcul de structure, dans des systèmes symétrique et homo-oligomèriques (PhTET-2)
Solution NMR spectroscopy has been limited to small biological objects for a long time. Nowadays, it is unequivocally recognized that the strategy of specific isotope labeling of methyl groups in a perdeuterated protein has significantly extended the frontier of this technique. Indeed, proteins as large as 1 MDa could be investigated by NMR. Conversely, this strategy presents an important drawback consisting of the drastically reduced number of protonated probes. The project of this thesis falls within the framework of developing new methodologies to cope with this scarce structural information, relying on the simultaneous labeling of several methyl groups to increase the number of probes. For optimized combinatorial labeling, the choice of the ensemble of amino acids to label simultaneously and the precursors as well as the protocol for their incorporation have to be carefully studied. In this work, a new protocol was introduced for the scrambling-free and optimized isotopic labeling of AbId1(LV)proS methyl groups. In comparison to the “standard AbId1LV” labeling scheme, the proposed pattern induces a 2-fold decrease of number of Leu and Val NMR signals and enhances the intensity of detectable long-range nOes by a factor 4. The described protocol also permits the suppression of spurious correlations, especially harmful for structural studies based on detection/analysis of nOes. To make an efficient use of the obtained high quality NMR spectra using this protocol, assignment of the methyl groups signals is mandatory. Two strategies were then proposed. The first is suitable for systems whose molecular weight does not exceed 100 kDa. It relies on the use of isotopically linearized precursors (with different isotope topologies to discriminate each methyl group) to assign in a regio- and stereo-specific manner the isoleucine, leucine and valine methyl groups in a single step, employing an optimized “out and back” 13C-TOCSY pulse sequence. While the second, adapted to supra-molecular proteins (> 100 kDa), consists of optimizing the previously reported SeSAM approach (Sequence-Specific Assignment of Methyl groups by Mutagenesis). Indeed, thanks to the developed enriched culture medium for the specific labeling of Ala, the minimal required culture volume was significantly decreased, enabling the proteins expression in 24 well plates and their parallel purification in 96 well plates. This improved SeSAM version was estimated to allow the assignment of ca. 100 methyl cross-peaks in 2 weeks, including 4 days of NMR time and less than 2 k€ of isotopic materials. To illustrate the pertinence of using selectively protonated methyl groups, either in a single or combined fashion, several applications were presented, namely the real-time NMR study of self-assembly process of a ~0.5 MDa supra-molecular protein (PhTET-2). The use of combinatorial labeling for the detection of long-range nOes to up to 10 Å (8 Å) in proteins of 82 kDa (respectively 0.5 MDa) was also investigated. This same approach was exploited for the filtering of inter-monomeric long-range nOes in the same symmetrical and homo-oligomeric PhTET-2 protein
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36

Lopez-Maestre, Hélène. "Analyses et méthodes pour les données transcriptomiques issues d’espèces non modèles : variation de l’expression des éléments transposables (et des gènes) et variants nucléotidiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1025/document.

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Le développement de la seconde génération de séquenceurs haut débit a généralisé l'accès à l'étude du transcriptome via le protocole RNAseq. Celui-ci permet d'obtenir à la fois la séquence et l'abondance des transcrits d'un échantillon. De nombreuses méthodes bioinformatiques ont été et sont encore développées pour permettre l'analyse des données issues du RNAseq et en tirer le maximum d'information. Ce type d'analyse est notamment possible sans utiliser de génome de référence, et donc pour les espèces modèles ou non-modèles, grâce à des méthodes d'assemblage. Durant ma thèse, j'ai principalement travaillé à partir de données RNA-seq issues d'espèces non modèles. Je me suis intéressée dans un premier temps à l'impacte de l'hybridation inter spécifique sur la stabilité des génomes chez les hybrides issus des croisements réciproques de D. mojavensis et D. arizonae. Nos résultats ne montrent pas une dérégulation globale, mais plutôt quelques gènes et éléments transposables qui sont spécifiquement dérégulés. La pipeline d'analyse mis en place ici sera réutilisée pour l'étude des niveaux d'expression des transcrits chez les mâles ainsi que pour les croisements issus d'autres lignées de D. mojavensis avec D. arizonae, conduisant à une fertilité variable chez les hybrides.Dans un second temps, j'ai participé à la validation du logiciel KisSplice pour la détection de SNP dans des données RNA-seq sans génome de référence. Celui-ci permet de trouver différents types de variants (épissage, indels) directement dans le graphe de de Bruijn construit à partir des lectures séquencées. J'ai également participé au développement d'outils de post-traitement permettant de prédire l'impact des SNP sur les protéines
Next-generation high throughput sequencing technologies provide efficient, rapid, and low cost access to sequencing. Its application to transcriptomes, called RNA-seq, enables the study of both the sequence and the expression of the transcripts. Many bio-informatics methods are still developed for RNA-seq data processing, trying to get the maximum out of it. Assembly methods allow us to study non-model species (no reference genome available) as well as model species. The work presented here is mostly related to RNA-seq data on non-model species.In the first study, to understand the initiation of hybrid incompatibility, we performed a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis on ovaries from parental lines and on hybrids from reciprocal crosses of \emph{D. mojavensis} and \emph{D. arizonae}. We didn't see a global deregerulation of genes or transposable element. Instead, we show that reciprocal hybrids presented specific gene categories and few transposable element families misexpressed relative to the parental lines. The analytical workflow developed for this project will be used to analyze transcriptomic data from the testis, but also to study the reciprocal crosses from other lines of D. mojavensis with D. arizonae leading to variable levels of sterility in hybrids. A second project tacked here is the identification and quantification of SNPs from RNA-seq data without a reference genome with KisSplice. Kissplice was developed to identified several type of variants (splicing events, indels) directly from the de Bruijn graph, build from the sequenced reads. We also developed other KisSplice-tools, for downstream analyses of the SNPs, including the prediction of their impact on the protein sequence
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37

Bonifacio, Rafael Nogueira. "Estudo e desenvolvimento de conjuntos membrana-eletrodos (MEA) para célula a combustível de eletrólito polimérico condutor de prótons (PEMFC) com eletrocatalisadores à base de paládio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-09012014-144413/.

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Sistemas de PEMFC são capazes de gerar energia elétrica com alta eficiência e baixa ou nenhuma emissão de poluentes, porém questões de custo e durabilidade impedem sua ampla comercialização. Nesse trabalho foi desenvolvido um MEA com eletrocatalisadores à base de paládio. Foram sintetizados e caracterizados eletrocatalisadores Pd/C, Pt/C e Ligas PdPt/C com diferentes razões entre metais e carbono. Foi realizado um estudo da razão entre ionômero de Nafion e eletrocatalisador para formação de triplas fases reacionais de máximos desempenhos, criado um modelo matemático para transpor esse ajuste para eletrocatalisadores com diferentes razões entre metal e suporte, considerando os aspectos volumétricos da camada catalisadora, e então realizado um estudo da espessura da camada catalisadora. Para as caracterizações foram utilizadas as técnicas de Difração de Raios-X, Microscopias Eletrônicas de Transmissão e de Varredura, Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X, Picnometria a Gás, Porosimetria por Intrusão de Mercúrio, Adsorção de Gás, segundo as equações de BET e BJH, Análise Termo Gravimétrica e feitas as determinações de diâmetros de partículas, de áreas de superfície específica e de parâmetros de rede. Todos os eletrocatalisadores foram usados no preparo de MEAs que foram avaliados em célula unitária de 5 cm2 entre 25 e 100 °C a 1 atm; e a melhor composição foi avaliada também a 3 atm. No estudo dos metais para as reações, visando reduzir a platina aplicada aos eletrodos, sem perdas de desempenho, foram selecionados Pd/C para ânodos e PdPt/C 1:1 para cátodos. A estrutura de MEA desenvolvida utilizou 0,25 mgPt.cm-2 e resultou em densidades de potência de até 550 mW.cm-2 e potências de até 2,2 kWe por grama de platina. A estimativa realizada mostrou que houve uma redução de até 64,5 % nos custos em relação à estrutura de MEA previamente conhecida. Em função da temperatura e pressão de operação foram obtidos valores a partir de R$ 3.540,73 para o preparo de MEAs para cada quilowatt instalado. Com base em estudos recentes, concluiu-se que o custo do MEA desenvolvido é compatível às aplicações estacionárias de PEMFC.
PEMFC systems are capable of generating electricity with high efficiency and low or no emissions, but durability and cost issues prevent its large commercialization. In this work MEA with palladium based catalysts were developed, Pd/C, Pt/C and alloys PdPt/C catalysts with different ratios between metals and carbon were synthesized and characterized. A study of the ratio between catalyst and Nafion Ionomer for formation of high performance triple-phase reaction was carried out, a mathematical model to implement this adjustment to catalysts with different relations between metal and support taking into account the volumetric aspects of the catalyst layer was developed and then a study of the catalyst layer thickness was performed. X-ray diffraction, Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Energy Dispersive, Gas Pycnometry, Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry, Gas adsorption according to the BET and BJH equations, and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis techniques were used for characterization and particle size, specific surface areas and lattice parameters determinations were also carried out. All catalysts were used on MEAs preparation and evaluated in 5 cm2 single cell from 25 to 100 °C at 1 atm and the best composition was also evaluated at 3 atm. In the study of metals for reactions, to reduce the platinum applied to the electrodes without performance losses, Pd/C and PdPt/C 1:1 were selected for anodes and cathodes, respectively. The developed MEA structure used 0,25 mgPt.cm-2, showing power densities up to 550 mW.cm-2 and power of 2.2 kWnet per gram of platinum. The estimated costs showed that there was a reduction of up to 64.5 %, compared to the MEA structures previously known. Depending on the temperature and operating pressure, values from US$ 1,475.30 to prepare MEAs for each installed kilowatt were obtained. Taking into account recent studies, it was concluded that the cost of the developed MEA is compatible with PEMFC stationary application.
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Roselli, Larissa Yoshida. "Diversidade e Variação Mensal/Sazonal das Aves da Baía de Trapandé, Cananéia, SP. /." São Vicente, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/180846.

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Orientador: Edison Barbieri
Resumo: As praias arenosas e os estuários são ambientes importantes para as aves por serem utilizados como locais de repouso e alimentação, porém ainda há poucas informações sobre a interação das aves com estes ecossistemas. As informações sobre abundância, distribuição e biologia das populações animais são importantes para a preservação dos ambientes estuarinos e das espécies ali presentes. Portanto, este trabalho estudou a assembleia e a dinâmica de populações das aves no Baixio do Arrozal, localizado na Baía de Trapandé, seguindo o pressuposto de que as variações de abundância, dominância e diversidade apresentariam diferenças em relação aos meses e estações do ano. Os dados utilizados foram coletados em censos quinzenais durante o período de abril de 2013 a dezembro de 2016, pelo método do ponto fixo. A partir das amostras obtidas, foram calculadas a frequência de ocorrência, constância abundância, dominância e diversidade. Para o estudo da assembleia foi feito análise de similaridade e teste de correlação com as estações e com os anos de coleta de dados, juntamente com gráfico de barras com erro padrão da abundância total em função da mensalidade e gráfico boxplot deste mesmo índice em função das estações do ano, quanto ao estudo das populações, as variações das abundâncias de cada espécie registrada foram avaliadas através de gráfico boxplot e gráfico de barras com erro padrão em função das estações e da mensalidade. Através da análise de similaridade foram identificados três g... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The sandy beaches and estuaries are important environments to the birds, because they use these places as resting and foraging areas, but there is not a lot of information about the interaction of birds with these ecosystems. Information about abundance, distribution and biology of animal populations are important for preservation of the estuaries and species. Thus, this work studied the assembly and the dynamic population of birds at the Baixio do Arrozal, in Trapandé Bay, supposing the variations of abundance, dominance and diversity would exhibit differences regarding the months and seasons. The data were collected in fortnightly censuses between April 2013 and December 2016, by the point count method. From the collected samples, we calculated the abundance, constance, dominance and diversity index. For the assembly study were made the similarity analysis and correlation test of dominance, abundance and diversity with seasonality and monthly, together with bar chart with standard error to total abundance in function of monthly and a boxplot chart of abundance in function of seasons. For the population study the variations of abundance were evaluated by boxplot chart and bar chart with standard error in function of months and seasons for each registered specie. The similarity analysis resulted in three different groups, which were determined according to abundance and constance, the group I constituted by Thalasseus acuflavidus, Nannopterum brasilianus e Rynchops niger, the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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39

Chen, Jingzhi. "Molecular dynamics simulation of the self-assembly of icosahedral virus." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS326/document.

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Les virus sont connus pour infecter toutes les classes d’organismes vivants sur Terre, qu’elles soient végétales ou animales. Les virions consistent en un génome d'acide nucléique protégé par une enveloppe protéique unique ou multicouche appelée capside et, dans certains cas, par une enveloppe de lipides. La capside virale est généralement composée de centaines ou de milliers de protéines formant des structures ordonnées. La moitié des virus connus présentent une symétrie icosaédrique, les autres étant hélicoïdaux, prolats ou de structure irrégulière complexe. Récemment, les particules virales ont attiré une attention croissante en raison de leur structure extrêmement régulière et de leur utilisation potentielle pour la fabrication de nanostructures ayant diverses fonctions. Par conséquent, la compréhension des mécanismes d'assemblage sous-jacents à la production de particules virales est non seulement utile au développement d'inhibiteurs à des fins thérapeutiques, mais elle devrait également ouvrir de nouvelles voies pour l'auto-assemblage de matériaux supramoléculaires complexes. À ce jour, de nombreuses études expérimentales et théoriques sur l'assemblage de virus ont été effectuées. Des recherches expérimentales ont permis d'obtenir de nombreuses informations sur l'assemblage du virus, y compris les conditions appropriées requises pour l'assemblage et les voies cinétiques. En combinant ces informations et méthodes théoriques, une première compréhension du mécanisme d'assemblage des virus a été élaborée. Cependant, les informations provenant uniquement d'expériences ne peuvent donner une image complète, en particulier à l'échelle microscopique. Par conséquent, dans cette thèse, nous avons utilisé des simulations informatiques, y compris des techniques de Monte Carlo et de la dynamique moléculaire, pour sonder l’assemblage du virus, dans l’espoir de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires en jeu
Viruses are known for infecting all classes of living organisms on Earth, whether vegetal or animal. Virions consist of a nucleic acid genome protected by a single or multilayered protein shell called capsid, and in some cases by an envelope of lipids. The viral capsid is generally made of hundreds or thousands of proteins forming ordered structures. Half of all known viruses exhibit an icosahedral symmetry, the rest being helical, prolate or having a complex irregular structure. Recently, viral particles have attracted an increasing attention due to their extremely regular structure and their potential use for fabricating nanostructures with various functions. Therefore, understanding the assembly mechanisms underlying the production of viral particles is not only helpful to the development of inhibitors for therapeutic purpose, but it should also open new routes for the self-assembly of complex supramolecular materials. To date, numerous experimental and theoretical investigations on virus assembly have been performed. Through experimental investigations, a lot of information have been obtained on virus assembly, including the proper conditions required for the assembly and the kinetic pathways. Combining those information and theoretical methods, an initial understanding of the assembly mechanism of viruses has been worked out. However, information coming purely from experiments cannot give the whole picture, in particular at a microscopic scale. Therefore, in this thesis, we employed computer simulations, including Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics techniques, to probe the assembly of virus, with the expectation to gain new insights into the molecular mechanisms at play
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40

Rippe, Marlène. "Systèmes transporteurs de principes actifs hydrophobes à base de glycoaminoglycanes thermosensibles : vers une plateforme polyvalente de délivrance." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAV004/document.

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Dans le domaine des systèmes d’administration de principes actifs, les nanovecteurs formés par auto-association en milieu aqueux de polymères biocompatibles amphiphiles sont apparus comme l’un des systèmes transporteurs de principes actifs (PA) hydrophobes les plus prometteurs. Ces systèmes offrent plusieurs avantages tels qu'une meilleure solubilité du PA hydrophobe dans l'eau, une diminution des effets secondaires et une amélioration de la libération dans les tissus tumoraux grâce à l’effet de perméabilité et de rétention tissulaire (effet EPR). À cet égard, les nanogels sensibles aux stimuli sont des plateformes attrayantes pour l'administration de médicaments en raison de leur capacité à modifier leurs propriétés physiques et/ou chimiques en réponse à un stimulus externe tel que la lumière, l’application d’un champ magnétique, une variation de pH ou de température. Les polymères thermosensibles sont particulièrement intéressants en raison de leur capacité à subir une transition de phase réversible sans avoir besoin de réactifs supplémentaires. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé et étudié une nouvelle classe de nanogels thermosensibles, biocompatibles et biodégradables à base de glycoaminoglycanes (GAGs) en modifiant le squelette polysaccharidique avec un copolymère thermoresensible de méthacrylate de di(éthylène glycol) et de n-butylméthacrylate. Celui-ci a été conçu pour obtenir des nanogels stables à température ambiante. La voie de synthèse polyvalente a également permis la réticulation de la couronne afin de figer leur structure. Le choix des GAGs, composant la couronne hydrophile peut être exploité pour contrôler leur comportement biologique. Dans l’objectif d’utiliser ces systèmes en tant que plate-forme polyvalente pour la délivrance de principes actifs et d’autres molécules d'intérêt, nous avons étudié la possibilité d’incorporer des nanoparticules d'oxyde de fer pour des applications de guidage magnétique, d’imagerie et de traitement par hyperthermie. Les synthèses du composant magnétique ainsi que la conception du nanovecteur sont des étapes clés pour réaliser un système de délivrance magnétique capable de réaliser un ciblage efficace
In the field of drug delivery systems, polymeric nanogels obtained by the self-assembly of biocompatible amphiphilic polymers in water have emerged as one of the most promising nanocarriers for various hydrophobic drugs. These systems offer several advantages such as enhanced hydrophobic drug solubility in water, decreased side effects, and improved drug delivery to tumor tissues via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. In this regard, stimuli-responsive polymeric nanogels are attractive platforms for drug delivery due to their ability to change their physical and/or chemical properties in response to an external stimulus such as light, magnetic field, pH or temperature. Thermoresponsive polymers are particularly interesting due to their ability to undergo a reversible thermally-induced phase transition without the need of additional reagents. In this context, our aim was to engineer and to study a new class of thermoresponsive, biocompatible and biodegradable nanogels based on glycoaminoglycans (GAGs) through the modification of the polysaccharide backbone with a thermoresponsive copolymer of di(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (DEGMA) and n-butylmethacrylate (BMA)). The latter was properly designed to obtain stable nanogels at room temperature. The versatile synthetic route to nanogels also allowed their further shell-crosslinking to capture the nanogel structure at low temperature. The choice of the GAGs forming the hydrophilic shell can be exploited to control their biological behavior. In order to use these systems as a versatile platform for delivery of active ingredients and other molecules of interest, we investigated the possibility of incorporating iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic guidance, imaging and hyperthermia treatment. The syntheses of the magnetic component as well as the design of the nanocarrier are key steps to achieve a magnetically-responsive nanodelivery system capable of efficient targeting
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41

Berglund, Jenny. "Structure-function studies of organelle assembly and receptor recognition in organelles assembled via the chaperone/usher pathway /." Uppsala : Dept. of Molecular Biology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a441.pdf.

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42

Chitty, J. Stephen. "The implementation of a post-denominational model of church government at Christian Life Assembly." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), access this title online, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2986/tren.068-0616.

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43

Baudry, Lyam. "Investigating chromosome dynamics through Hi-C assembly." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS026.

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L'avènement des technologies de séquençage ADN à haut-debit a initié une tendance grandissante dans l'assemblage de génomes. La qualité de ces génomes est un prérequis essentiel pour comprendre les interactions au sein de et entre ces chromosomes. Nos méthodes se basent principalement sur les technologies de capture de conformation de chromosomes comme le Hi-C. Lors d'un protocole de Hi-C, les molécules d'ADN sont réticulées avec les protéines environnantes pour former un complexe protéine-ADN statique et volumineux. Ceci permet de capturer la conformation spatiale en piégeant les molécules physiquement proches dans l'espace. Ainsi, le Hi-C est très approprié pour l'analyse de la structure 3D des génomes, ce qui permet d'obtenir un certain nombre d'informations sur le génome. Il a été ainsi montré que sa structure tridimensionnelle peut être reliée directement à sa structure 1D grâce aux propriétés physiques des polymères d'ADN. De plus, une telle proximité en 3D donne également accès à des informations de compartimentation, ce qui a ouvert la voie à une nouvelle approche de binning métagénomique, connue sous le nom de meta3C. Au cours de ce travail, nous étendons ces méthodes à des études de cas présentant une complexité grandissante. Tout d'abord, nous améliorons les outils d'assemblage de génomes et démontrons leur validité avec l'assemblage de Ectocarpus sp., puis nous mettons en évidence des réarrangements chromosomiques au sein d'assemblages joints de Trichoderma reesei et Cataglyphis hispanica. Enfin, nous utilisons la même approche avec le binning métagénomique sur des échantillons de souris in vivo afin de reconstruire des centaines de génomes
The advent of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies has set off an expanding trend in genome assembling and scaffolding. Such genome quality is an essential preliminary to understand interactions between and among chromosomes. We built upon a computational and technological framework that let us tackle genome assembly problems of increasing complexity. Our methods are mainly based on chromosome conformation capture technologies such as Hi-C. In a Hi-C experiment, DNA molecules are cross-linked with the surrounding proteins and form a large, static protein-DNA complex. This captures the spatial conformation by trapping together molecules that are physically close to each other. Therefore, Hi-C is very suitable for 3D genome structure analysis, which lets us infer a wealth of information about the genome. It was indeed shown that the tridimensional structure of the genome can be unambiguously linked to its 1D structure thanks to the physical properties of DNA polymers. Moreover, such 3D proximity also gives access to cell compartment information, thus opening the way for an additional approach for metagenomic binning, known as meta3C. In this work, we expand upon these methods and apply them to use cases with more and more complexity. We first improve on tools for genome assembly and demonstrate their validity with the scaffolding of Ectocarpus sp., then unveil rearrangements in joint scaffoldings of Trichoderma reesei and Cataglyphis hispanica. Lastly, we use the same approach with metagenomic binning on live mouse microbiome samples to reconstruct hundreds of genomes
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44

Martins, Cleber Ori Cuti. "Processos participativos nas assembleias legislativas : estrutura, dinâmicas e limites." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/67256.

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Esta tese trata da análise da participação das organizações sociais nas assembleias legislativas no período 2003-2010. Em todos os parlamentos estaduais há previsão, nos seus regimentos internos, de mecanismos e instâncias participativas, os quais são classificados em dois grupos. O primeiro é integrado por instâncias voltadas para propiciar a manifestação das organizações sociais e mesmo de indivíduos. Fazem parte desse grupo as audiências públicas, fóruns temáticos, seminários, discurso em tribunas populares durante as sessões legislativas e participação em reuniões de comissões legislativas. O segundo grupo de processos participativos incorpora a apresentação de proposições, incluindo projetos de lei de iniciativa popular, propostas e sugestões legislativas. Em 2002 inicia o processo de criação das comissões de legislação participativa nos parlamentos estaduais dos estados do Acre, Alagoas, Amazonas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraíba, São Paulo e Minas Gerais. O estudo também abrange a análise do conteúdo da produção legislativa dos deputados estaduais das assembleias legislativas do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo e Minas Gerais, nos quais houve o registro de proposições enviadas às suas respectivas comissões de legislação participativa, incluindo o período anterior à formação das comissões (1995-1998 e 1999-2002) e o período após o início das suas atividades (2003-2006 e 2007-2008). A apresentação de proposições pelas organizações sociais, mesmo após a formação das comissões de legislação participativa, não se efetivou. Mesmo no caso da Comissão de Legislação Popular de Minas Gerais, onde ocorre um grande número de proposições, mais da metade, entre 2003 e 2010, tem origem em estruturas coordenadas pelo Poder Executivo. O conteúdo da produção legislativa, nos estados com as comissões, também não mudou de maneira efetiva.
This thesis is an analysis of the participation of social organizations in the legislative assemblies in the period 2003-2010. In all state parliaments is forecast in its internal rules, and participatory mechanisms, which are classified into two groups. The first is composed of instances aimed at providing the manifestation of social organizations and even individuals. This group of public audiences, thematic forums, seminars, popular discourse on tribunes during legislative sessions and attending meetings of legislative committees. The second group of participatory processes incorporates the presentation of proposals, including bills of popular initiatives, legislative proposals and suggestions. In 2002 starts the process of creating commissions participatory legislation in state parliaments of the states of Acre, Alagoas, Amazonas, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraiba, Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais. The study also includes an analysis of the content of legislative output of the state representatives of the legislatures of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo and Minas Gerais, where there was a record of proposals sent to their respective commissions participatory legislation, including period before the formation of committees (1995-1998 and 1999-2002) and the period after the beginning of its activities (2003-2006 and 2007-2008). The presentation of proposals by social organizations, even after the formation of committees of participatory legislation, failed to materialize. Even in the case of the Committee on Legislation Popular de Minas Gerais, where there is a large number of propositions, more than half between 2003 and 2010 originated in structures coordinated by the Executive Branch. The content of legislative production in states with commissions also did not change effectively.
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45

Baker, Bryan Alexander. "Employing double-stranded DNA probes on colloidal substrates for competitive hybridization events." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33922.

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The study of the DNA has found application beyond our understanding of its cellular function and into a variety of materials assembly and nucleic acid detection systems. The current research investigates double-stranded DNA probes in both a colloidal particle assembly and fluorescent assay format utilizing competitive hybridization events. In both contexts, the affinity of the dsProbes is tuned by the sequence design parameters of duplex length and complementarity. These systems were incubated with nucleic acid targets of interest and, based on the mechanism of competitive hybridization, were responsive to the presence of a high affinity competitive target. In the case of the particle assemblies, incubation with the competitive target resulted in observable disassembly of particle structures. In the case of fluorescently labeled dsProbes, incubation with competitive targets resulted in a quantifiable loss of fluorescence as determined by flow cytometry. Utilizing the fluorescently labeled dsProbe system, the kinetics of competitive hybridization was characterized for nucleic acid targets of varying specificity and strand context. The results indicate promise for the development of the competitive hybridization approach in nucleic acid detection systems providing advantages over current single-stranded probe designs. By utilizing a fluorescently labeled dsProbe approach, it is unnecessary to chemically modify the target of interest to impart a signaling mechanism. Additionally, as the process of competitive hybridization of dsProbes with targets of interest is an affinity driven process, discrimination of targets based on specificity is decoupled from standard measures such as elevated temperature protocols, an important step in translating nucleic acid technologies from the controlled laboratory environment to field applications.
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46

Carter, Timothy Glen 1976. "New supramolecular assemblies of toxic metal coordination complexes." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10562.

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xvii, 147 p. : ill. (some col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
Supramolecular chemistry is a relatively new and exciting field offering chemists simplistic approaches to generating complex assemblies through strategically designed ligands. Much like the many spectacular examples of supramolecular assemblies in nature, so too are chemists able to construct large, elegant assemblies with carefully designed ligands which bind preferentially to target metal ions of choice. An important concept of supramolecular chemistry, often subtle and overlooked, is secondary bonding interactions (SBIs) which in some cases, act as the glue to hold supramolecular assemblies together. This dissertation examines SBIs in a number of systems involving the pnictogen elements of arsenic and antimony as well as aromatic interactions in self-assembled monolayers. The first half of this dissertation is an introduction to the concepts of supramolecular chemistry and secondary bonding interactions and how they are used in the self-assembly process in the Darren Johnson laboratory. Chapter I describes how secondary bonding interactions between arsenic and aryl ring systems and antimony and aryl ring systems assist with the assembly process. Chapter II is a continuation of the discussion of SBIs but focuses on the interactions between arsenic and heteroatoms. The second half of this dissertation will describe work performed in collaboration with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, WA. This work was performed under the guidance of Dr. R. Shane Addleman in conjunction with Professor Darren W. Johnson of the University of Oregon. This portion describes novel systems for use in heavy metal ion remediation from natural and unnatural water sources. Chapters III-V describe functionalized mesoporous silica for use in heavy metal uptake from contaminated water sources. Chapter V describes a new technology invented during this internship at PNNL which utilizes weak bonding interactions between aryl ring systems to produce regenerable green materials for toxic metal binding. This work is ongoing in the Darren Johnson lab. This dissertation includes my previously published and co-authored material.
Committee in charge: Michael Haley, Chairperson, Chemistry; Darren Johnson, Member, Chemistry; Shih-Yuan Liu, Member, Chemistry; James Hutchison, Member, Chemistry; Eric Johnson, Outside Member, Biology
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47

Hendrick, Gary. "Modeling and Experimentation of Micro-Scale Self-Assembly Processes." Scholar Commons, 2010. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1656.

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Self-Assembly in the context of micro-scale integration refers to a developing set of techniques which exploit phenomena resulting in the spontaneous integration of micro-scale components into designed systems. Self-Assembly may be leveraged most effectively in parallel assembly processes. This thesis studies the modeling of micro-scale self-assembly processes as stochastic processes. The researchers propose that self-assembly processes may be modeled as Markov chains. In order to develop these models a Self-Assembly test system was created and trials were conducted using this system. Initial tests into the hypothesis that variables contributing to the transition probabilities include the kinetic energy of the assembly interaction, the energy minimized during assembly, and the area fraction of bonding sites on the assembly surface are tested.
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48

Gence, Valérie. "Auto-assemblage dynamique de nano-objets pour de nouvelles voies de transport membranaire dirigé." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20263/document.

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Le sujet principal de ces travaux de thèse concerne la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux matériaux membranaires bioinspirés dont la fonction première est le transport dirigé d'espèces chimiques. La réalisation de ces systèmes est basée sur l'auto-assemblage de briques élémentaires (moléculaires, polymériques) dont les propriétés vont induire la création de chemins de transport directionnels au sein des nouveaux matériaux. Tout d'abord, la synthèse de nouveaux composés bola-amphiphiles a tout d'abord été présentés. Ces derniers ont ensuite été étudiées par spectroscopie de fluorescence et par diffusion dynamique de la lumière ont permis de mettre en évidence leur capacité à former des canaux ioniques, des canaux protoniques et des canaux d'eau au sein d'une bicouche lipidique. Une seconde étude a consisté en l'élaboration de nanomatériaux membranaires mésoporeux. Ces derniers ont été fonctionnalisés par des groupements hydrophobes afin de permettre le confinement de composés au sein des mésopores via des interactions de van der Waals. Enfin ,une dernière étude a porté sur la l'élaboration de matériaux membranaires à base d'Aquaporines artificielles dans le but d'obtenir un matériau permettant un transport dirigé d'eau au travers de la membrane
The main topic of this thesis concerns the synthesis and characterization of novel bioinspired membrane materials whose primary function is the transport of chemical species directed . The realization of these systems is based on the self-assembly of building blocks ( molecular , polymeric ) whose properties will induce directional transport in new materials.First, the synthesis of new bola - amphiphilic compounds was shown . They were then examined by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering allowed to highlight their ability to form ion channels, proton channels and water channels in a lipid bilayer.A second study involved the development of mesoporous nanomaterials membrane. These have been functionalized with hydrophobic groups to allow the confinement of the compounds in the mesopores via van der Waals interactions.Finally, a recent study has focused on the development of materials membrane based on artificial Aquaporins in order to obtain a material to transport water directed through the membrane
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49

Wang, Xuan. "Fabrication, structural and optical study of self-assembled hyperbolic metamaterial." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0694/document.

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Des propriétés optiques inédites sont prédites si des nanorésonateurs optiques sont organisés dans un matériau, ce qui peut être réalisé par l’auto-assemblage de nanoparticules plasmoniques synthétisées chimiquement. Dans ce travail de doctorat, nous utilisons des structures ordonnées de copolymères à blocs pour organiser des nanoparticules plasmoniques. Nous étudions le lien entre la structure des nanocomposites en films minces, et en particulier la nature, la densité et l’organisation des nanoparticules, et leurs propriétés optiques. Pour cela, nous avons tout d’abord produit des phases lamellaires de copolymères diblocs poly(styrène)-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) en films minces d’épaisseur (100nm-700nm) et de période lamellaire (17nm-70nm) contrôlées, et dont l’alignement et l’homogénéité sont optimisés. Nous avons développé une synthèse in situ, au sein de ces films lamellaires, qui permet de produire de façon contrôlée et reproductible, des nanoparticules plasmoniques de diamètre 7-10nm sélectivement dans les domaines P2VP. Nous avons montré que la taille et la forme des particules d’or formées in situ peuvent être modifiées en jouant sur le solvant et le réducteur chimique mis en jeu. Nous avons étudié en détail la structure des nanocomposites formulés, ce qui est en particulier nécessaire à la bonne exploitation des données d’ellipsométrie spectroscopique afin de déterminer les réponses optiques. La structure des échantillons a été étudiée par différentes méthodes de microscopie (électronique en transmission ou à balayage, à force atomique), ainsi que de la diffusion des rayons X. Nous avons utilisé une microbalance à Quartz pour étudier la quantité d’or introduite dans les matrices lamellaires de manière « cinétique » au fil de son augmentation progressive. La quantité d’or atteint des valeurs de 40 % en volume. Les propriétés optiques des films nanocomposites sont déterminées par ellipsométrie spectroscopique à angle variable et analysées à l’aide de modèles de milieux effectifs. Les films sont homogènes et anisotropes uniaxes, et on peut définir leur tenseur de permittivité diélectrique avec une composante ordinaire εo (parallèle au substrat) et une composante extraordinaire εe (perpendiculaire au substrat). L’analyse permet de montrer que les deux composantes εo and εe présentent une résonance proche de la longueur d’onde =540nm, avec une amplitude très supérieure pour εo. Lorsque la quantité d’or dans la structure lamellaire est suffisante, εo devient négatif au voisinage de la résonance et le matériau atteint le régime appelé hyperbolique, ce qui constitue un jalon essentiel pour le développement de matériaux pour des applications en imagerie hyper-résolue
Novel optical properties in the visible range are foreseen when organizing nanoresonators, which can be performed by the self-assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles prepared by wet chemistry. In this project, we use templating block copolymers structures to organize plasmonic particles. Our goal is to relate the structure of the prepared nanocomposites thin films, and in particular the nature, density and spatial organization of the nanoparticles, with their optical index.For this purpose, we first fabricate lamellar superlattices of diblock copolymers (poly(styrene)-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) of controlled thickness (100nm-700nm), controlled lamellar period size(17 nm-70 nm) and optimized alignment and homogeneity. Following the fabrication of the multilayer templates, an in situ and reproducible synthesis of metallic nanoparticles was developed in order to generate nanocomposites selectively inside the P2VP layers. The size of Au nanoparticles can be well controlled around 7-10 nm. We also found that the reduction process could influence the shape (sphere, triangle or cylinder) and size by using different solvents or reducing agents. Because the extraction of accurate optical responses from the spectroscopic ellipsometry data, which will come in the last part, critically relies on the precise knowledge of the sample structure. We have used several experimental techniques to access a precise description of the produced materials. In particular, we used a Quartz Crystal Microbalance as a measurement tool to ‘kinetically’ study the volume fraction of Au loading. We find that the amount of gold in the composite layers can be varied up to typically 40 volume%. The optical properties of the nanocomposite films are determined by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and analyzed by appropriately developed effective medium models. The films are structurally uniaxial and homogeneous, and we can define their dielectric permittivity tensor with the ordinary (parallel to the substrate) and extraordinary (normal to the substrate) components. The analysis of the lamellar structures allows the extraction of the components εo and εe, both presenting a resonance close to =540nm, with a significantly stronger amplitude for εo. When the gold load is high enough and the couplings between particles are strong enough, the values of εo become negative close to the resonance, and the material reaches the so-called hyperbolic regime, which constitutes a step towards applications in hyper-resolution imaging
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50

Wietrzynski, Wojciech. "Rubisco biogenesis and assembly in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066336/document.

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La nécessité de coordonner l’expression des gènes provenant de génomes différents chez les plantes a conduit à l’émergence de mécanismes imposant un contrôle nucléaire sur l’expression génétique de l’organelle. Des signaux antérogrades, exercés par des protéines reconnaissant des séquences spécifiques, existent en parallèle avec un contrôle des synthèses chloroplastiques dépendant de l’assemblage (CES). Ensemble, ils coordonnent la formation stoichiométrique des complexes photosynthétiques.La Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygénase (Rubisco) est une enzyme localisée dans le chloroplaste qui contient deux sous-unités. La grande sous-unité (LSU) et la petite sous-unité (SSU) sont codées par les génomes chloroplastique et nucléaire respectivement. Elles s’assemblent dans le stroma du chloroplaste pour former une holoenzyme hexadécamérique (LSU8SSU8). Pendant mon travail au laboratoire, j’ai tenté de décrire les étapes régulatrices majeures de la synthèse de la Rubisco chez Chlamydomonas reinhardtii en me focalisant sur la régulation post-transcriptionelle de la LSU.J’ai montré que la protéine PPR – MRL1 est un facteur limitant pour l’accumulation de l’ARN messager de rbcL. Bien qu’il ait été décrit précédemment comme un facteur stabilisateur du transcrit susnommé, MRL1 s’est révélé avoir un rôle dans la traduction.J’ai par ailleurs démontré que chez Chlamydomonas, l’expression de la Rubisco est contrôlée par la présence de la SSU. En son absence, la traduction de rbcL est inhibée par son propre produit – la grande sous-unité non assemblée. J’ai pu montrer qu’un intermédiaire d’assemblage, constitué de LSU en complexe avec sa chaperonne RAF1, est nécessaire pour cette régulation, ce qui prouve que ce processus dépend de l’état d’oligomérisation de la LSU. Parallèlement, j’ai caractérisé le devenir de la LSU non assemblée quand la régulation CES est perturbée, et grâce à cela ait contribué à améliorer la connaissance de son processus de repliement et d’assemblage
The necessity to coordinate the expression of genes originating from different genomes within the plant cell resulted in the appearance of mechanisms imposing nuclear control over organelle gene expression. Anterograde signaling through sequence-specific trans-acting proteins (OTAFs) coexists in the chloroplast with an assembly dependent control of chloroplast synthesis (CES process) that coordinates the stoichiometric formation of photosynthetic complexes.Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is a chloroplast-located carbon fixing enzyme constituted of two subunits. Large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU) are encoded in the chloroplast and nuclear genomes respectively. In the stroma they assemble to form a hexadecameric holoenzyme (LSU8SSU8). In this study I tried to highlight major regulatory points of its synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii focusing on the posttranscriptional regulation of LSU.I showed that the MRL1 PPR protein is a limiting factor for rbcL mRNA accumulation. Whereas it has been previously designated as a stabilization factor for the abovementioned transcript, MRL1 appeared also to have a function in rbcL translation.Most notably, I have demonstrated that in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Rubisco expression is controlled by the small subunit (SSU) presence. In its absence rbcL undergoes an inhibition of translation through its own product – the unassembled Rubisco large subunit. This process depends on LSU-oligomerization state as I was able to show that the presence of a high order LSU assembly intermediate bound to the RAF1 assembly chaperone is essential for the regulation to occur. In parallel I shed light on the fate of unassembled LSU in a deregulated CES context, thereby improving our understanding of the process of its folding and assembly
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