Journal articles: 'ASR'

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Rossi, Magdalena, Diego Lijavetzky, Darío Bernacchi, H. Esteban Hopp, and N. Iusem. "Asr." MGG Molecular & General Genetics 252, no. 4 (1996): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050254.

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Choi, Woo Zin, Young Hyun Lee, and Jung Yeol Beak. "A Study on Environmental Impact Assessment for Recycling of ASR." Korean Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 14, no. 1 (October 2013): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.62765/kjlca.2013.14.1.73.

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The shredding of waste automobiles results in a mixture of ferrous metal, non-ferrous metal and shredder waste, called automotive shredder residue(ASR). ASR often contains hazardous substances, however, currently, most of ASR is landfilled. It is very important to recycle ASR from end-of-life vehicles(ELVs) into raw materials and to recover energy from the ASR. In the present work, the physical and chemical characteristics of ASR have been investigated to promote the ASR recycling. In the present study, the test results on the apparent density, physical-chemical compositions, calorific values, and leaching properties for ASR samples will be presented. Environmental impacts are also evaluated in case of incineration of ASR.

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Wakizaka, Y. "From ESR to ASR." Concrete Journal 47, no. 10 (2009): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj.47.10_30.

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Trottier, Cassandra, and Leandro F. M. Sanchez. "Damage Generated and Propagated by the AAR Reactive Aggregate from Kingston, Ontario, Canada." Materials 17, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17010166.

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It remains unclear in the literature what the cause of the so-called alkali–carbonate reaction (ACR) damage to concrete is. However, expansion and cracks as distress features are often attributed to the alkali–silica reaction (ASR). Therefore, this work aims to assess the damage to concrete generated and propagated by the so-called ACR-susceptible reactive aggregate through mechanical testing (i.e., the direct shear test), microscopy (the damage rating index—DRI), and other techniques. Distinct induced expansion levels (i.e., 0%, 0.05%, 0.12%, and 0.20%) were selected to compare the distress caused by ACR to concrete affected by ASR. The results show that the behavior of ACR, namely, as captured through the DRI, is inconsistent with that of ASR, thus attesting to ACR being a distinct distress mechanism. The damage captured through mechanical testing does not distinguish ACR from ASR; however, microscopy reveals that cracks in the cement paste are the main damage mechanism. The proportions of cracks in the cement paste are 40–50% of the total number of cracks, whereas open cracks in the aggregates normally characterizing ASR represent only up to 20% of the total cracks.

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Pinska-Chauvin, Ella, Hartmut Helmke, Jelena Dokic, Petri Hartikainen, Oliver Ohneiser, and Raquel García Lasheras. "Ensuring Safety for Artificial-Intelligence-Based Automatic Speech Recognition in Air Traffic Control Environment." Aerospace 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2023): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10110941.

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This paper describes the safety assessment conducted in SESAR2020 project PJ.10-W2-96 ASR on automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology implemented for air traffic control (ATC) centers. ASR already now enables the automatic recognition of aircraft callsigns and various ATC commands including command types based on controller–pilot voice communications for presentation at the controller working position. The presented safety assessment process consists of defining design requirements for ASR technology application in normal, abnormal, and degraded modes of ATC operations. A total of eight functional hazards were identified based on the analysis of four use cases. The safety assessment was supported by top-down and bottom-up modelling and analysis of the causes of hazards to derive system design requirements for the purposes of mitigating the hazards. Assessment of achieving the specified design requirements was supported by evidence generated from two real-time simulations with pre-industrial ASR prototypes in approach and en-route operational environments. The simulations, focusing especially on the safety aspects of ASR application, also validated the hypotheses that ASR reduces controllers’ workload and increases situational awareness. The missing validation element, i.e., an analysis of the safety effects of ASR in ATC, is the focus of this paper. As a result of the safety assessment activities, mitigations were derived for each hazard, demonstrating that the use of ASR does not increase safety risks and is, therefore, ready for industrialization.

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Guillou, Sebastien, Clara Desgranges, and Sébastien Chevalier. "Study of the Growth Mechanism of some Oxide Scales on Alloy 230 in High Temperature Vapor Electrolysis (HTVE) Conditions." Defect and Diffusion Forum 323-325 (April 2012): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.323-325.577.

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Alloy 230 (also named Haynes® 230) was tested as interconnect for production of hydrogen via High Temperature Vapor Electrolysis (HTVE). Samples were oxidized at 800°C in the both atmospheres representative of the HTVE operating conditions: Ar-1%H2-9%H2O (for cathode side) and air (for anode side). The high temperature oxidation behaviour was studied in both atmospheres together with the electrical conductivity of the thermally grown oxide scales. Oxidation kinetics indicated lower oxidation rate in H2/H2O compared to air (kp = 3.8 .10-15 g2.cm-4.s-1 in H2/H2O and kp = 1.6 .10-14 g2.cm-4.s-1 in air). The corrosion products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy associated with X-ray diffraction analyses and energy dispersive X-ray analyses. The sample electrical behaviour was evaluated by determining the Area Specific Resistance (ASR). The ASR was higher in H2/H2O (ASR = 1 ohm.cm2) than in air (ASR = 0.04 ohm.cm2). The diffusion of proton or hydrogen containing species through the oxide scale is proposed to be responsible for the increase of the electrical conductivity in cathode side.

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Manente, Giovanni, Sebastiano Martignano, Antonio Ficarella, and Pasquale Cavaliere. "The pyrolysis and gasification pathways of automotive shredder residue targeting the production of fuels and chemicals." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012003.

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Abstract Automotive shredder residue (ASR), also referred to as car fluff, is the 15-25% of end-of-life vehicle’s mass remaining after de-pollution, dismantling, shredding of the hulk and removal of metals from the shredded fraction. ASR typically consists of metals, plastics, rubber, textile, wood and glass, and is commonly landfilled. The use of ASR as a fuel in incineration processes is controversial since toxic pollutants can be generated as by-products if operational conditions and gas cleaning systems are not carefully controlled. Thermochemical treatment of ASR consists of advanced technology processes that convert ASR components liable to decomposition under the application of heat into liquids and/or gases and a solid residue containing metals. Within the thermochemical treatment options for ASR, pyrolysis and gasification are generally considered as the emerging technologies. The pyrolysis process uses medium temperatures (400-600°C) and an oxygen-free environment to decompose ASR chemically, thus producing minimum emissions and allowing metals to be recovered. Gasification is operated at higher temperatures (>700-800°C) and typically uses air as a gasification agent, which raises some issues in terms of emissions. Lab and pilot-scale plants fed with ASR have been built using both technologies, also considering a combination of them. The aim of this paper is the identification of the best conversion pathway for the production of transportation fuels, aviation fuels or chemicals (hydrogen, methanol, etc.) from ASR. The intermediate products from gasification and pyrolysis are used as feedstock in secondary processes for the production of the final products. The heterogeneous and complex composition of ASR raises several challenges upon its thermochemical treatment, so that the second step of the conversion process is typically not even addressed. Instead, this further step is fundamental to obtain some valuable products that can directly replace fossil derived fuels or chemicals. The updated picture presented in this work should help identify the main advantages and drawbacks of the pyrolysis and gasification processes when considered part of an overall ASR to fuels or chemicals plant.

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Gong, Fuyuan, Yuya Takahashi, and Koichi Maekawa. "Multi-scale computational modeling for concrete damage by mixed pore pressures – case of coupled alkali–silica reaction and cyclic freeze/thaw." Engineering Computations 35, no. 6 (August 6, 2018): 2367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-11-2017-0431.

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Purpose This paper aims to propose a multi-scale simulation approach for the concrete macro-mechanical damage caused by mixed micro-pore pressures, such as the coupled alkali–silica reaction (ASR) and freeze-thaw cycles (FTC). Design/methodology/approach The micro-physical events are computationally modeled by considering the coupling effect between ASR gel and condensed water in the mixed pressure and motion. The pressures and transport of pore substances are also linked with the concrete matrix deformation at macro-scale through a poro-mechanical approach, and affect each other, reciprocally. Once the crack happens in the nonlinear analysis, both the micro-events (water and gel motion) and the macro mechanics will be mutually interacted. Finally, different sequences of combined ASR and FTC are simulated. Findings The multi-chemo mechanistic computation can reproduce complex events in pore structures, and further the macro-damages. The results show that ASR can reduce the FTC expansion for non-air-entrained concrete, but may increase the frost damage for air-entrained concrete. The simulation is examined to bring about the observed phenomena. Originality/value This paper numerically clarifies the strong linkage between macro-mechanical deformation and micro-chemo-physical events for concrete composites under coupled ASR and FTC.

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Ren, Jin, Shunzhi Yang, Yihua Shi, and Jinfeng Yang. "A lightweight speech recognition method with target-swap knowledge distillation for Mandarin air traffic control communications." PeerJ Computer Science 9 (November 1, 2023): e1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.1650.

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Miscommunications between air traffic controllers (ATCOs) and pilots in air traffic control (ATC) may lead to catastrophic aviation accidents. Thanks to advances in speech and language processing, automatic speech recognition (ASR) is an appealing approach to prevent misunderstandings. To allow ATCOs and pilots sufficient time to respond instantly and effectively, the ASR systems for ATC must have both superior recognition performance and low transcription latency. However, most existing ASR works for ATC are primarily concerned with recognition performance while paying little attention to recognition speed, which motivates the research in this article. To address this issue, this article introduces knowledge distillation into the ASR for Mandarin ATC communications to enhance the generalization performance of the light model. Specifically, we propose a simple yet effective lightweight strategy, named Target-Swap Knowledge Distillation (TSKD), which swaps the logit output of the teacher and student models for the target class. It can mitigate the potential overconfidence of the teacher model regarding the target class and enable the student model to concentrate on the distillation of knowledge from non-target classes. Extensive experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed TSKD in homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures. The experimental results reveal that the generated lightweight ASR model achieves a balance between recognition accuracy and transcription latency.

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Viikki, O. "Noise robust ASR." Speech Communication 34, no. 1-2 (April 2001): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-6393(00)00041-8.

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Wang, Zhuang, Peiyuan Jiang, Zixuan Wang, Boyuan Han, Haijun Liang, Yi Ai, and Weijun Pan. "Enhancing Air Traffic Control Communication Systems with Integrated Automatic Speech Recognition: Models, Applications and Performance Evaluation." Sensors 24, no. 14 (July 20, 2024): 4715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24144715.

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In air traffic control (ATC), speech communication with radio transmission is the primary way to exchange information between the controller and the pilot. As a result, the integration of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems holds immense potential for reducing controllers’ workload and plays a crucial role in various ATC scenarios, which is particularly significant for ATC research. This article provides a comprehensive review of ASR technology’s applications in the ATC communication system. Firstly, it offers a comprehensive overview of current research, including ATC corpora, ASR models, evaluation measures and application scenarios. A more comprehensive and accurate evaluation methodology tailored for ATC is proposed, considering advancements in communication sensing systems and deep learning techniques. This methodology helps researchers in enhancing ASR systems and improving the overall performance of ATC systems. Finally, future research recommendations are identified based on the primary challenges and issues. The authors sincerely hope this work will serve as a clear technical roadmap for ASR endeavors within the ATC domain and make a valuable contribution to the research community.

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Lin, Yi, Xianlong Tan, Bo Yang, Kai Yang, Jianwei Zhang, and Jing Yu. "Real-time Controlling Dynamics Sensing in Air Traffic System." Sensors 19, no. 3 (February 7, 2019): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030679.

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In order to obtain real-time controlling dynamics in air traffic system, a framework is proposed to introduce and process air traffic control (ATC) speech via radiotelephony communication. An automatic speech recognition (ASR) and controlling instruction understanding (CIU)-based pipeline is designed to convert the ATC speech into ATC related elements, i.e., controlling intent and parameters. A correction procedure is also proposed to improve the reliability of the information obtained by the proposed framework. In the ASR model, acoustic model (AM), pronunciation model (PM), and phoneme- and word-based language model (LM) are proposed to unify multilingual ASR into one model. In this work, based on their tasks, the AM and PM are defined as speech recognition and machine translation problems respectively. Two-dimensional convolution and average-pooling layers are designed to solve special challenges of ASR in ATC. An encoder–decoder architecture-based neural network is proposed to translate phoneme labels into word labels, which achieves the purpose of ASR. In the CIU model, a recurrent neural network-based joint model is proposed to detect the controlling intent and label the controlling parameters, in which the two tasks are solved in one network to enhance the performance with each other based on ATC communication rules. The ATC speech is now converted into ATC related elements by the proposed ASR and CIU model. To further improve the accuracy of the sensing framework, a correction procedure is proposed to revise minor mistakes in ASR decoding results based on the flight information, such as flight plan, ADS-B. The proposed models are trained using real operating data and applied to a civil aviation airport in China to evaluate their performance. Experimental results show that the proposed framework can obtain real-time controlling dynamics with high performance, only 4% word-error rate. Meanwhile, the decoding efficiency can also meet the requirement of real-time applications, i.e., an average 0.147 real time factor. With the proposed framework and obtained traffic dynamics, current ATC applications can be accomplished with higher accuracy. In addition, the proposed ASR pipeline has high reusability, which allows us to apply it to other controlling scenes and languages with minor changes.

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Guo, Dongyue, Zichen Zhang, Peng Fan, Jianwei Zhang, and Bo Yang. "A Context-Aware Language Model to Improve the Speech Recognition in Air Traffic Control." Aerospace 8, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8110348.

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Recognizing isolated digits of the flight callsign is an important and challenging task for automatic speech recognition (ASR) in air traffic control (ATC). Fortunately, the flight callsign is a kind of prior ATC knowledge and is available from dynamic contextual information. In this work, we attempt to utilize this prior knowledge to improve the performance of the callsign identification by integrating it into the language model (LM). The proposed approach is named context-aware language model (CALM), which can be applied for both the ASR decoding and rescoring phase. The proposed model is implemented with an encoder–decoder architecture, in which an extra context encoder is proposed to consider the contextual information. A shared embedding layer is designed to capture the correlations between the ASR text and contextual information. The context attention is introduced to learn discriminative representations to support the decoder module. Finally, the proposed approach is validated with an end-to-end ASR model on a multilingual real-world corpus (ATCSpeech). Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CALM outperforms other baselines for both the ASR and callsign identification task, and can be practically migrated to a real-time environment.

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Nakashima, Juliano de Pádua, Rosalina Jorge Koifman, and Sergio Koifman. "Cancer incidence in the Western Amazon: population-based estimates in Rio Branco, Acre State, Brazil, 2007-2009." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 28, no. 11 (November 2012): 2125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2012001100012.

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Cancer incidence rates vary widely in Brazil. The literature on the subject for the western Amazon region is scarce. This study aimed to determine cancer incidence in the population of Rio Branco, Acre State. A total of 718 new cases were recorded during the study period. Among men, the five leading cancer sites were prostate (ASR 75.1), stomach (ASR 23.0), lung (ASR 19.1), colon and rectum (ASR 9.5), and leukemia (ASR 6.9). Among women, they were breast (ASR 41.5), cervix (ASR 41.3), lung (ASR 11.8), colon and rectum (ASR 11.0), and stomach (ASR 7.7). These indicators reveal that Rio Branco has a cancer incidence pattern that overlaps with epidemiological cancer patterns observed in developed and developing regions. The results of the study point to the importance of implementing a population-based cancer registry - currently nonexistent in Rio Branco - as a factor to promote analysis of incident cases of the disease and monitoring of its evolution.

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Xu, Dong, Pingfeng Fu, Wen Ni, Qunhui Wang, and Keqing Li. "Characterization and Hydration Mechanism of Ammonia Soda Residue and Portland Cement Composite Cementitious Material." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 4794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174794.

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The use of ammonia soda residue (ASR) to prepare building materials is an effective way to dispose of ASR on a large scale, but this process suffers from a lack of data and theoretical basis. In this paper, a composite cementitious material was prepared using ASR and cement, and the hydration mechanism of cementitious materials with 5%, 10%, and 20% ASR was studied. The XRD and SEM results showed that the main hydration products of ASR-cement composite cementitious materials were an amorphous C-S-H gel, hexagonal plate-like Ca(OH)2 (CH), and regular hexagonal plate-like Friedel’s salt (FS). The addition of ASR increased the heat of hydration of the cementitious material, which increased upon increasing the ASR content. The addition of ASR also reduced the cumulative pore volume of the hardened paste, which displayed the optimal pore structure when the ASR content was 5%. In addition, ASR shortened the setting time compared with the cement group, and the final setting times of the pastes with 5%, 10%, and 20% ASR were 30 min, 45 min, and 70 min shorter, respectively. When the ASR content did not exceed 10%, the 3-day compressive strength of the mortar was significantly improved, but the 28-day compressive strength was worse. Finally, the hydration mechanism and potential applications of the cementitious material are discussed. The results of this paper promote the use of ASR in building materials to reduce CO2 emissions in the cement industry.

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Vučić, Ivan. "Mortality from acute coronary syndrome on the territory of Serbia and the Jablanica district." Glasnik javnog zdravlja 98, no. 2 (2024): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/serbjph2402143v.

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Clinical conditions that are characterized by a sudden and critical reduction in blood flow with consequent ischemia and/or necrosis of the myocardium, and are caused by rupture or erosion of atherosclerotic plaque, are considered acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of the paper is to analyse the trend of mortality rates from ACS in the Republic of Serbia and in the territory of the Jablanica District from 2006 to 2020 and to compare the trends. The research is a descriptive-epidemiological study. Mortality rates are shown in the form of crude rates (Crude rate - CR), as well as age-standardized rates in the territory of Europe and the world (Age standardized rate - ASR-E and ASR-W). In order to monitor the trend of dying from ACS in the Republic of Serbia and the Jablanica District in men and women, CR and standardized ASR-E rates were used using the statistical program Joinpoint trend analysis software. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. After analyzing the mortality rates on the territory of the Republic of Serbia in a fifteen-year period, the highest values of the female mortality rate were determined in 2006 (CR 83.8, ASR-E 51.4 and ASR-W 32.93), while the lowest values were present in 2016 (CR 50.1, ASR-E 25.5 and ASR-W 15.7). In the territory of the Jablanica District, the highest values for females were in 2009 (CR 110.1, ASR-E 61.5 and ASR-W 38.6), while the lowers were in 2019 (CR 42.3, ASR-E 19.6 and ASR-W 11.6). After the analysis of mortality rates in the territory of the Republic of Serbia, the highest values of the mortality rates for males were determined in 2006 (CR 132, ASR-E 106.9 i ASR-W 72.1), while the lowest values were registered in 2020 (CR 76.3, ASR-E 52.5 and ASR-W 34.9). In the territory of the Jablanica District, for males, the highest values refer to the year 2008 (CR 134.3, ASR-E 99.6 and ASR-W 65.2), and the lowest to 2014 (CR 51. ASR-E 34.5 and ASR-W 24.4). There is an evident trend of decreasing ACS mortality rates for both genders in the territory of the Republic of Serbia in the period 2006-2016 and for the female gender in the territory of the Jablanica District during the entire observed cycle.

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Zuluaga-Gomez, Juan, Iuliia Nigmatulina, Amrutha Prasad, Petr Motlicek, Driss Khalil, Srikanth Madikeri, Allan Tart, et al. "Lessons Learned in Transcribing 5000 h of Air Traffic Control Communications for Robust Automatic Speech Understanding." Aerospace 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2023): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10100898.

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Voice communication between air traffic controllers (ATCos) and pilots is critical for ensuring safe and efficient air traffic control (ATC). The handling of these voice communications requires high levels of awareness from ATCos and can be tedious and error-prone. Recent attempts aim at integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into ATC communications in order to lessen ATCos’s workload. However, the development of data-driven AI systems for understanding of spoken ATC communications demands large-scale annotated datasets, which are currently lacking in the field. This paper explores the lessons learned from the ATCO2 project, which aimed to develop an unique platform to collect, preprocess, and transcribe large amounts of ATC audio data from airspace in real time. This paper reviews (i) robust automatic speech recognition (ASR), (ii) natural language processing, (iii) English language identification, and (iv) contextual ASR biasing with surveillance data. The pipeline developed during the ATCO2 project, along with the open-sourcing of its data, encourages research in the ATC field, while the full corpus can be purchased through ELDA. ATCO2 corpora is suitable for developing ASR systems when little or near to no ATC audio transcribed data are available. For instance, the proposed ASR system trained with ATCO2 reaches as low as 17.9% WER on public ATC datasets which is 6.6% absolute WER better than with “out-of-domain” but gold transcriptions. Finally, the release of 5000 h of ASR transcribed speech—covering more than 10 airports worldwide—is a step forward towards more robust automatic speech understanding systems for ATC communications.

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Munir, Muhammad Junaid, Syed Minhaj Saleem Kazmi, Yu-Fei Wu, and Indubhushan Patnaikuni. "A Literature Review on Alkali Silica Reactivity of Concrete." International Journal of Strategic Engineering 1, no. 2 (July 2018): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijose.2018070104.

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Deterioration of concrete structures with time is well understood. One of the major reasons of deterioration is reaction between cement paste and reactive siliceous aggregates which is known as alkali silica reaction (ASR). This article reviews the studies on ASR in concrete. Although a vast literature is available on mechanisms and preventive measures against ASR, however there are still a lot of deficiencies regarding the test methods to detect the ASR potential in concrete. The aim of this article is to discuss different factors affecting ASR, consequences of ASR and different challenges encountered by researchers in the detection of ASR. The study revealed that alkali content of cement, aggregates grading, mineralogical combinations, testing methods and testing conditions are all the challenges, researchers face during evaluation of ASR potential in concrete.

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Schultz, Benjamin G., Venkata S. Aditya Tarigoppula, Gustavo Noffs, Sandra Rojas, Anneke van der Walt, David B. Grayden, and Adam P. Vogel. "Automatic speech recognition in neurodegenerative disease." International Journal of Speech Technology 24, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10772-021-09836-w.

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AbstractAutomatic speech recognition (ASR) could potentially improve communication by providing transcriptions of speech in real time. ASR is particularly useful for people with progressive disorders that lead to reduced speech intelligibility or difficulties performing motor tasks. ASR services are usually trained on healthy speech and may not be optimized for impaired speech, creating a barrier for accessing augmented assistance devices. We tested the performance of three state-of-the-art ASR platforms on two groups of people with neurodegenerative disease and healthy controls. We further examined individual differences that may explain errors in ASR services within groups, such as age and sex. Speakers were recorded while reading a standard text. Speech was elicited from individuals with multiple sclerosis, Friedreich’s ataxia, and healthy controls. Recordings were manually transcribed and compared to ASR transcriptions using Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud, and IBM Watson. Accuracy was measured as the proportion of words that were correctly classified. ASR accuracy was higher for controls than clinical groups, and higher for multiple sclerosis compared to Friedreich’s ataxia for all ASR services. Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud yielded higher accuracy than IBM Watson. ASR accuracy decreased with increased disease duration. Age and sex did not significantly affect ASR accuracy. ASR faces challenges for people with neuromuscular disorders. Until improvements are made in recognizing less intelligible speech, the true value of ASR for people requiring augmented assistance devices and alternative communication remains unrealized. We suggest potential methods to improve ASR for those with impaired speech.

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Bérubé, Marc-André, Benoit Durand, Daniel Vézina, and Benoit Fournier. "Alkali-aggregate reactivity in Québec (Canada)." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 226–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-076.

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In the province of Québec, due to the particular geology and the historic use of high-alkali cements, a large number of concrete structures are affected by alkali-silica reactivity (ASR). Consequently, tremendous effort was made in this province during the last 20 years on (1) the determination in the laboratory (testing methods) as well as in the field (inspection of structures) of the potential alkali-aggregate reactivity (AAR) of concrete aggregates, (2) the prevention of AAR in new structures, and (3) the management of existing structures affected by this problem. For new structures, the most popular measure used in Québec in the presence of potentially reactive aggregates consists of limiting the alkali contribution by the cement to 3 kg/m3 of concrete (Na2Oeq). Also, blended silica fume cements were used on many occasions against ASR; ternary cements containing fly ash and silica fume, which proved in the laboratory to be effective against ASR, are presently available. As concerns the existing structures affected by ASR, many of them were repaired using various techniques ranging from the simple application of a penetrating sealer to the application of post-constraints or slot cutting.Key words: aggregate, alkali-aggregate reaction, cement, concrete, diagnosis, management, preventive measures, prognosis, Québec, testing.

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Liu, Tong Chao, Bo Xiao, Gu Hua Li, Nian Hong Luo, and Long Sheng Zhang. "Effect of the Composite of Fly Ash and Slag on Alkali-Silica Reaction." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 1428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1428.

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The study used the method of accelerated mortar bar test to study alkali aggregate reaction (ASR) with sandstone aggregate. Both fly ash and slag can inhibit the expansion of mortar bar. Results show that 50% slag can inhibit ASR reluctantly, but 10% fly ash and 20% slag can inhibit ASR very well, and the inhibitory effect of fly ash is far better than slag. Because of the high content of CaO in slag, it has inhibit and promote aspects, when the ASR is fierce, slag can inhibit ASR, otherwise slag can promote ASR.

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Huang, Kaihui, Yan Zhong, Yingjun Li, Dan Zheng, and Zong-Ming Cheng. "Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the apple ASR gene family in response to Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali." Genome 59, no. 10 (October 2016): 866–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2016-0043.

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The ABA/water stress/ripening-induced (ASR) gene family exists universally in higher plants, and many ASR genes are up-regulated during periods of environmental stress and fruit ripening. Although a considerable amount of research has been performed investigating ASR gene response to abiotic stresses, relatively little is known about their roles in response to biotic stresses. In this report, we identified five ASR genes in apple (Malus × domestica) and explored their phylogenetic relationship, duplication events, and selective pressure. Five apple ASR genes (Md-ASR) were divided into two clades based on phylogenetic analysis. Species-specific duplication was detected in M. domestica ASR genes. Leaves of ‘Golden delicious’ and ‘Starking’ were infected with Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali, which causes apple blotch disease, and examined for the expression of the ASR genes in lesion areas during the first 72 h after inoculation. Md-ASR genes showed different expression patterns at different sampling times in ‘Golden delicious’ and ‘Starking’. The activities of stress-related enzymes, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and polyphenoloxidase (PPO), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were also measured in different stages of disease development in two cultivars. The ASR gene expression patterns and theses physiological indexes for disease resistance suggested that Md-ASR genes are involved in biotic stress responses in apple.

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Leemann, Andreas, Mahsa Bagheri, Barbara Lothenbach, Karen Scrivener, Solène Barbotin, Emmanuelle Boehm-Courjault, Guoqing Geng, et al. "Alkali-silica reaction – a multidisciplinary approach." RILEM Technical Letters 6 (March 28, 2022): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.151.

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In the last four years, a multidisciplinary study involving several research groups in Switzerland tackled a number of unsolved, fundamental issues about the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete. The covered topics include SiO2 dissolution, the characterization of various ASR products formed at different stages of the reaction in both concrete and synthesis, crack formation and propagation. The encompassed scale ranges from nanometers to meters. Apart from conventional techniques, novel methods for the field of ASR have been used, e.g. combination of scanning electron microscopy with dissolution experiments, combination of focused ion beam with transmission electron microscopy, several synchrotron-based methods, synthesis of ASR products for in-depth characterization, time-lapse X-ray micro-tomography combined with contrast-enhancing measures and numerical models of ASR damage based on realistic crack patterns. Key achievements and findings are the quantification of the effect of aluminum on dissolution of different silicates, the variance in morphology and composition of initial ASR products, the differences and similarities between amorphous ASR products and calcium-silicate-hydrate, the link between temperature and the structure of the crystalline ASR products, the behavior of the crystalline ASR products at varying relative humidity, ASR propagation in 4D and numerical modelling based on realistic crack patterns.

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Voradetwittaya, Lujisak, Passakorn Rattanadechsakul, Wachara Eamratsameekool, and Chuleeporn Jirapongsa. "Age-standardized Cancer Mortality Rates in Phanom Phrai District, Roi Et Province, Thailand." Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal 8, no. 4 (December 22, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.59096/osir.v8i4.263228.

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Cancer is the top leading cause of death in Roi Et, a northeastern province in Thailand. Common cancers based on prevalence were liver and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), breast, colon, lung, and cervical cancers. This study was conducted to estimate age-standardized rates (ASR) of cancer mortality during 2010 in Phanom Phrai, a district in Roi Et, and compare the adjusted rates with the national ASR during 2008. The study population consisted of Thai citizens who died of cancer in Phanom Phrai during 1 Jan to 31 Dec 2010. ASR were calculated using the Segi standard population. ASR of all cancers was 69 per 100,000 population (/105). ASR of colorectal cancer in Phanom Phrai during 2010 (10.0/105) was higher than that of the national ASR in 2008 (6.5/105) and ASR of this cancer among men (14.7/105) was three times higher than that of women (5.1/105). ASR of liver and ICC (22.6/105), lung (10.9/105), cervix (7.6/105), and breast (1.6/105) in Phanom Phrai during 2010 were lower than those of the national ASR in 2008. ASR can be used to calculate cancer mortality rates for all provinces, allowing comparison and epidemiologic studies for more effective intervention.

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Soko, Tegwe, Cornelia M. Bender, Renée Prins, and Zacharias A. Pretorius. "Yield Loss Associated with Different Levels of Stem Rust Resistance in Bread Wheat." Plant Disease 102, no. 12 (December 2018): 2531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-18-0307-re.

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Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race Ug99 (syn. TTKSK) has been identified as a major threat to wheat production based on its broad virulence. Despite its importance, the effect of Ug99 on different types of resistance in wheat has not been thoroughly researched. In field trials conducted with P. graminis f. sp. tritici race PTKST (Ug99 race group) over 2 years, AUDPC differentiated the moderately susceptible variety SC Stallion (515) and susceptible entries SC Nduna (995) and Line 37-07 (1634) from those with adult plant resistance (APR). AUDPC of APR varieties W1406 (256), W6979 (399), and Kingbird (209) was higher than the mean of 25 recorded for the all stage resistant (ASR) variety SC Sky. In fungicide-protected and unprotected plots, race PTKST resulted in a mean yield loss of 21.3%, with susceptible Line 37-03 recording a 47.9% decrease in grain yield. Yield reduction in APR varieties reached 19.5% in W1406, whereas the ASR control SC Sky showed a mean loss of 6.4%. Although APR reduced the effects of stem rust on yield and yield components under conditions of high disease pressure, it did not provide the same protection as effective ASR.

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Xiao, Wenqi, and Moonyoung Park. "Using Automatic Speech Recognition to Facilitate English Pronunciation Assessment and Learning in an EFL Context." International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 11, no. 3 (July 2021): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.2021070105.

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With the advancement of automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology, ASR-based pronunciation assessment can diagnose learners' pronunciation problems. Meanwhile, ASR-based pronunciation training allows more opportunities for pronunciation practice. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of ASR technology in diagnosing English pronunciation errors and to explore teachers' and learners' attitudes towards using ASR technology as a pronunciation assessment tool and as a learning tool. Five Chinese EFL learners participated in read-aloud tests, including a human-assessed test and an ASR-assessed test. Pronunciation error types diagnosed by the two tests were compared to determine the extent of overlapping areas. The findings demonstrate that there were overlaps between human rating and machine rating at the segmental level. Moreover, it was found that learners' varied pronunciation learning needs were met by using the ASR technology. Implications of the study will provide insights relevant to using ASR technology to facilitate English pronunciation assessment and learning.

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Xiao, Yubei, Ke Gong, Pan Zhou, Guolin Zheng, Xiaodan Liang, and Liang Lin. "Adversarial Meta Sampling for Multilingual Low-Resource Speech Recognition." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 16 (May 18, 2021): 14112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i16.17661.

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Low-resource automatic speech recognition (ASR) is challenging, as the low-resource target language data cannot well train an ASR model. To solve this issue, meta-learning formulates ASR for each source language into many small ASR tasks and meta-learns a model initialization on all tasks from different source languages to access fast adaptation on unseen target languages. However, for different source languages, the quantity and difficulty vary greatly because of their different data scales and diverse phonological systems, which leads to task-quantity and task-difficulty imbalance issues and thus a failure of multilingual meta-learning ASR (MML-ASR). In this work, we solve this problem by developing a novel adversarial meta sampling (AMS) approach to improve MML-ASR. When sampling tasks in MML-ASR, AMS adaptively determines the task sampling probability for each source language. Specifically, for each source language, if the query loss is large, it means that its tasks are not well sampled to train ASR model in terms of its quantity and difficulty and thus should be sampled more frequently for extra learning. Inspired by this fact, we feed the historical task query loss of all source language domain into a network to learn a task sampling policy for adversarially increasing the current query loss of MML-ASR. Thus, the learnt task sampling policy can master the learning situation of each language and thus predicts good task sampling probability for each language for more effective learning. Finally, experiment results on two multilingual datasets show significant performance improvement when applying our AMS on MML-ASR, and also demonstrate the applicability of AMS to other low-resource speech tasks and transfer learning ASR approaches.

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Balula, Nazik O’mar, Mohsen Rashwan, and Shrief Abdou. "Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) Systems for Learning Arabic Language and Al-Quran Recitation: A Review." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 10, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2021.v10i07.013.

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This paper provides a literature survey about Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems for learning Arabic language and Al-Quran Recitation. The growth in communication technologies and AI (specially Machine learning and Deep learning) led researchers in ASR field to thinking of and developing ASR systems which mimic humans in their understand of natural speech and recognition. One of the most important applications in ASR is natural language processing (NLP). Arabic language is one of these languages. ASR systems which developed for Arabic language help Arabs and non-Arabs in learning Arabic language and so Al-Quran recitation and memorization in proper way according to recitation rules (Tajweed). This paper concentrate on ASR systems in general, challenges, PROS, CONS, Arabic language ASR systems and challenges faced them and finally Al-Quran recitation verification systems.

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Ekolu, Stephen, Léonel Tchadjié, and Abdolhossein Naghizadeh. "Alkali-silica reaction resistance versus susceptibility of geopolymer binders." MATEC Web of Conferences 361 (2022): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236106003.

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Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) is a deterioration chemical process that causes expansion along with cracking of cement paste and aggregate particles, resulting in concrete degradation. Numerous factors influence ASR including aggregate reactivity, cement alkali content and moisture availability. Due to the high alkali content of the activator, the risk of ASR could be anticipated to be greater in geopolymer concrete than in Portland cement concrete. This article reviewed the susceptibility or resistance of geopolymer binders to ASR deterioration, based on published data in the literature. Generally, the vulnerability of geopolymer binders to ASR expansion is influenced by two factors comprising, the chemical composition of the aluminosilicate precursor and the alkaline activator solution characteristics. It is evident that low-calcium geopolymer binder systems exhibit very much lower ASR expansion than high-calcium geopolymer binders. Moreover, ASR expansion increases with increase in the alkali (M2O with M = Na, K) concentration of the geopolymer binder mixture and declines as the silicate modulus rises SiO2/M2O. Calcium-rich geopolymer binders have a higher risk that may exhibit ASR attack, owing to the formation of the more expansive sodium-calcium-ASR gel.

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Kraus, Rachel. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 82, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srab017.

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Firebaugh, Glenn. "The ASR Review Process." American Sociological Review 66, no. 4 (August 2001): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3088928.

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Kraus, Rachel. "ASR News and Announcements." Sociology of Religion 82, no. 3 (June 15, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srab020.

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Kraus, Rachel. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 82, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 130–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa046.

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34

Kraus, Rachel. "ASR News and Announcements." Sociology of Religion 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srac001.

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35

Kraus, Rachel. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 81, no. 2 (2020): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa005.

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Kraus, Rachel. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 81, no. 3 (2020): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa026.

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Kraus, Rachel. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 81, no. 4 (2020): 502–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa035.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 70, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srp017.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 70, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srp030.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 70, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srp053.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 70, no. 4 (November 13, 2009): 468–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srp074.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 71, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srq015.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 71, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srq072.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 71, no. 4 (December 1, 2010): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srq083.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 72, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srr018.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 72, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srr031.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 72, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srr046.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 72, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srr063.

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Swatos, W. H. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 73, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srs030.

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Swatos, W. H., and E. Officer. "ASR News & Announcements." Sociology of Religion 73, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srs040.

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Journal articles on the topic 'ASR'

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