Books on the topic 'ASM dysfunction'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: ASM dysfunction.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'ASM dysfunction.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Manfredi, Claudia, ed. Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-470-7.
Full textAbstract:
The MAVEBA Workshop proceedings, held on a biannual basis, collect the scientific papers presented both as oral and poster contributions, during the conference. The main subjects are: development of theoretical and mechanical models as an aid to the study of main phonatory dysfunctions, as well as the biomedical engineering methods for the analysis of voice signals and images, as a support to clinical diagnosis and classification of vocal pathologies.
2
Manfredi, Claudia, ed. Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-096-3.
Full textAbstract:
The MAVEBA Workshop proceedings, held on a biannual basis, collect the scientific papers presented both as oral and poster contributions, during the conference. The main subjects are: development of theoretical and mechanical models as an aid to the study of main phonatory dysfunctions, as well as the biomedical engineering methods for the analysis of voice signals and images, as a support to clinical diagnosis and classification of vocal pathologies.
3
McCarthy, Barry, and Lana M. Wald. Sexual Dysfunction and Couple Dysfunction. Edited by Erika Lawrence and Kieran T. Sullivan. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.013.006.
Full textAbstract:
Couple sex therapy is best understood as a subspecialty of couple therapy. Couple sex therapy may focus on problems in desire, pleasure, eroticism, and/or satisfaction. Although arousal and orgasm problems need to be carefully assessed and treated, problems related to desire represent the primary concern that brings couples to sex therapy. There is a great need for more research on sex therapy models, therapeutic processes, and outcome. The authors describe in detail the psychobiosocial model of assessment, treatment, and relapse prevention. A particularly important component is the four-session assessment, which features individual psychological, relational, and sexual histories. This comprehensive, multidimensional treatment model focuses on the use of psychosexual skill exercises practiced at home by the couple. Therapy interventions are directed at factors that subvert sexual desire and function as well as interventions to promote desire, pleasure, eroticism, and satisfaction. Clients are urged to develop a couple sexual style that balances each person’s sexual voice, thus becoming an intimate sexual team. The goal for all couples, straight or gay, married or unmarried, is to integrate intimacy and eroticism into their relationship. An individualized relapse prevention plan is also discussed as an integral component of comprehensive couple sex therapy.
4
de Bie, Robertus M. A., and Susanne E. M. Ten Holter. “My Arm Is Not Working”. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607555.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Corticobasal syndrome is a clinical diagnosis based on the presence of one or more movement disorders suggestive of basal ganglia dysfunction, typically asymmetrical, with evidence of associated cortical dysfunction. This is a pathologically heterogeneous group of disorders that can share a common phenotype. Corticobasal degeneration is one of these pathologies, representing one of the rarest forms of atypical parkinsonism. When confronted with a patient with higher cortical dysfunction, specific assessment for apraxia, cortical sensory loss, and cognition is indicated. Corticobasal syndrome is currently untreatable, regardless of the nature of the underlying pathology, and in most cases progression is fast with significant disability that is typically unresponsive to levodopa.
5
Feldman, Jamie, and Karin Larsen. Sexual Dysfunction. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.032.
Full textAbstract:
Sexual dysfunction covers a range of disturbances in sexual response affecting desire, arousal, and orgasm or involving pain with sexual activity. Depression and sexual dysfunction have long been known as comorbid conditions; however, some research suggests that depressed mood may not always be associated with specific sexual dysfunctions. Associations between sexual dysfunction and depression appears bidirectional, such that either one of these conditions may trigger or worsen the other, while improvement in one may also improve the other. This chapter examines the complex relationship between depression and male and female sexual dysfunctions. We explore the classification and prevalence of sexual dysfunction, the known interconnections involving neurobiology, and psychological issues. Finally, we summarize the core principles of evaluation and treatment of common sexual dysfunctions, particularly in the context of depressive illness.
6
Porst, Hartmut. Erectile dysfunction. Edited by David John Ralph. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0103.
Full textAbstract:
Erectile dysfunction (ED) can be improved by changing certain lifestyle factors such as sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy food, nicotine and alcohol abuse, or optimal management of risk factors/concomitant diseases causing or aggravating ED such as dyslipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, depression, BPH/LUTS, or hypogonadism.First choice in the medical therapy of ED are PDE-5 inhibitors such as sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil used p.r.n, or on a daily low-dose regimen regarding tadalafil, especially in patients suffering from ED and BPH/LUTS. Yohimbine and L-arginine may be considered in patients with mild PE, which also applies for topical alprostadil. Both transurethral alprostadil and self-injection therapy with alprostadil, papaverine/phentolamine, or the trimix combination consisting of all three compounds is mostly reserved for those patients non-or poorly responding to PDE-5 inhibitors. Finally, combination therapy with PDE-5 inhibitors and transurethral alprostadil or intracavernous self-injection therapy can be able to rescue non-responders to either monotherapy.
7
Saccà, Antonino, and Andrea Salonia. Erectile dysfunction. Edited by David John Ralph. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0102.
Full textAbstract:
Erectile dysfunction (ED) has progressively emerged as an important sentinel marker of cardiovascular and overall health among men. A timely and accurate diagnosis of ED may thus represent a significant opportunity not only to diagnose the dysfunction per se, but also to comprehensively identify co-morbid and potentially life-threatening conditions. Basic work-up for a man seeking help for ED should start considering that ED may share several modifiable and unmodifiable common risk factors with cardiovascular disorders and other potential life-threatening conditions. Overall, most patients with ED can be adequately managed with a basic diagnostic work-up; this includes a comprehensive medical and sexual history, along with a physical examination and some laboratory tests. Conversely, only some selected patients may also need specific diagnostic tests.
8
Chong, Ji Y., and Michael P. Lerario. Progressive Gait Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0034.
Full textAbstract:
Spinal vascular malformations are rare, with dural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) accounting for the majority of the pathology. Unlike spinal arteriovenous malformations, which cause abrupt neurological change as a result of hemorrhage, spinal dural AVFs tend to result in a progressive myelopathy through venous congestion and cord edema. If diagnosed and treated early with endovascular embolization or microsurgery, some deficits may be reversible.
9
Foorsov, Victor, Omar Dyara, Robert Bolash, and Bruce Vrooman. Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is a common cause of chronic low back pain. Certain populations are particularly susceptible to disorders of this unique joint. Anatomically, the joint is complex, and the clinician must understand both intrinsic and extrinsic structures in its vicinity. Unfortunately, there are no particular pathognomonic findings on radiologic imaging. A cluster of physical examination findings has been recognized as demonstrating sacroiliac joint pain. Various treatment options exist in the evidence-based treatment of this condition.
10
Amin, Sandeep. Cervical Facet Dysfunction. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Cervical facet dysfunction poses a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in patients with axial neck pain due to either degenerative changes or whiplash injuries as it presents with a paucity of diagnostic radiologic or examination findings. The specific orientation of the cervical facet joints renders them particularly vulnerable to whiplash injury. This chapter examines the clinically relevant anatomy with nuances unique to the cervical spine, etiology of the structural changes, diagnostic tools, and treatment of cervical facet dysfunction. Understanding the relevant anatomy and referral patterns of cervical facet joints allows for more targeted diagnosis and treatment. There are strong evidence-based options in the treatment of cervical facet joint dysfunction.
11
Calandra-Buonaura, Giovanna, and Pietro Cortelli. Autonomic dysfunction and sleep disorders. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0029.
Full textAbstract:
Autonomic dysfunctions are frequently associated with sleep disorders, as the autonomic nervous system and sleep are closely related from anatomical, physiological, and neurochemical points of view. The autonomic dysfunctions described in this chapter may result from a common pathogenetic mechanism that affects both the autonomic and the sleep functions, as in fatal familial insomnia, or from a prevalent expression of a primary disorder of autonomic regulation during sleep, as in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Alternatively, the autonomic dysfunction may be mainly caused by the sleep disorder, as observed in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, or the causal mechanism resulting in the association between the autonomic dysfunction and the sleep disorder has yet to be identified with certainty, as in narcolepsy with cataplexy and in REM sleep behavior disorder. The impact of the autonomic dysfunction on health and on patients’ quality of life is also reviewed.
12
Miller, Mark D. Manifestations of Executive Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195382242.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 6 explores executive dysfunction, including manifestations, causes, rating scales, and presentation, as well as the additive disinhibiting role of alcohol, difficulties in recognizing gradual onset, driving safety, and the value of psychoeducation in executive dysfunction.
13
Committee on Work and Organizations, Group for Advancement of Psychiatry. Psychiatry of Workplace Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190697068.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Relationships have always been at the heart of business. Successful businesses develop and sustain solid relationships with suppliers, employees and customers. However, the forces of technology, globalization and litigation have dramatically reshaped workplace relationships, transforming them and in some instances damaging or dissolving them. As humans have a fundamental need to work, organizations have a similar need for workers to perform tasks optimally. Data show that attending to workplace relationships and engaging employees increases productivity, creativity, and loyalty, yielding both short-term and long-term benefits. Disruptions of these relationships can lead to significant impairment in performance as well as deterioration in workers’ mental health. The tools that managers once relied upon to restore relationships have been weakened in part because of technology, globalization and litigation. The principles discussed in this book are designed to foster high-functioning workplace relationships. The authors’ psychiatric training, coupled with the breadth of their collective years of business and legal consultation experience, offers unique wisdom about developing and sustaining a relationship-focused perspective at work. The insights integrate cutting edge previously unpublished information with prior research and understanding of the psychological dynamics and principles of the workplace on both macro and micro levels—all presented in lay terminology punctuated by useful graphics with a minimum of technical terms, making the book easily understood by mental health professionals, managers, and employees audiences alike.
14
Farrier, Jasmine. Constitutional Dysfunction on Trial. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501702501.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
In an original assessment of all three branches, this book reveals a new way in which the American federal system is broken. Turning away from the partisan narratives of everyday politics, the book diagnoses the deeper and bipartisan nature of imbalance of power that undermines public deliberation and accountability, especially on war powers. By focusing on the lawsuits brought by Congressional members that challenge presidential unilateralism, the book provides a new diagnostic lens on the permanent institutional problems that have undermined the separation of powers system in the last five decades, across a diverse array of partisan and policy landscapes. As each chapter demonstrates, member lawsuits are an outlet for frustrated members of both parties who cannot get their House and Senate colleagues to confront overweening presidential action through normal legislative processes. But these lawsuits often backfire—leaving Congress as an institution even more disadvantaged. The book argues these suits are more symptoms of constitutional dysfunction than the cure. It shows federal judges will not and cannot restore the separation of powers system alone. Fifty years of congressional atrophy cannot be reversed in court.
15
Barthélémy, Romain, Etienne Gayat, and Alexandre Mebazaa. Pathophysiology and clinical assessment of the cardiovascular system (including pulmonary artery catheter). Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Haemodynamic instability in acute cardiac care may be related to various mechanisms, including hypovolaemia and heart and/or vascular dysfunction. Although acute heart failure patients are often admitted for dyspnoea, many mechanisms can be involved, including left ventricular diastolic and/or systolic dysfunction and/or right ventricular dysfunction. Many epidemiological studies show that clinical signs at admission, morbidity, and mortality differ between the main scenarios of acute heart failure: left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, right ventricular dysfunction, and cardiogenic shock. Although echocardiography often helps to assess the mechanism of cardiac dysfunction, it cannot be considered as a monitoring tool. In some cases (in particular, in cases of refractory shock secondary to both vascular and heart dysfunction or in cases of refractory haemodynamic instability associated with severe hypoxaemia), pulmonary artery catheter can help to assess and monitor cardiovascular status and to evaluate response to treatments. Last, macro- and microvascular dysfunctions are also important determinants of haemodynamic instability.
16
Fischer, Kevin M., and Shannon S. Carson. Chronic Multiple Organ Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter reviews the clinical syndrome of chronic multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) following acute critical illness. Chronic MOD, also referred to as chronic critical illness, occurs in patients who have survived the acute phase of their illness or injury but remain dependent on life support for weeks or months. This condition presents unique physiologic and metabolic abnormalities distinct from those encountered in the acute illness. These include neuroendocrine and immune dysregulation, ICU-acquired weakness, persistent respiratory failure, and brain dysfunction. The symptom burden for these patients is high, and long-term survival is limited for elderly patients and those for whom MOD persists for weeks. Comprehensive and systematic programmes will need to be designed and implemented involving bundled best-practice interventions in order to reduce the incidence and treat the consequences of chronic MOD.
17
Sarno, Danielle, and Farah Hameed. Pelvic Pain and Floor Dysfunction. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0024.
Full textAbstract:
Chronic pelvic pain is defined as persistent pain perceived in structures related to the anatomic pelvis (lower abdomen below the umbilicus) of either women or men for greater than 6 months. The etiology may be related to gynecologic, urologic, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, and neurologic causes. Pelvic pain and floor dysfunction often are associated with a musculoskeletal disorder related to the pelvic girdle, spine, or hip. Myofascial pelvic pain may be related to other diagnoses, such as depression, irritable bowel syndrome, endometriosis, constipation, painful bladder syndrome, and chronic urinary tract infections. A thorough history and clinical examination, including an internal pelvic floor musculoskeletal examination, can help identify the underlying etiology. A multidisciplinary approach to management is essential. Pelvic floor physical therapy plays an integral role. Other treatments, such as medications, complementary therapies, and injections, may be used in conjunction with physical therapy to facilitate a comprehensive rehabilitation program and manage symptoms.
18
Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Cognitive dysfunction and sleep disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Cognitive dysfunction is largely a problem in the elderly, but it can occur at any age. The two major presentations, delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), are compared. Risks for delirium are explored; key points from the patient’s history and possible ways to ameliorate the onset are then reviewed. The presentation of POCD is described, and the lack of our understanding of its causes is highlighted. Known triggers such as centrally active anticholinergic drugs or pain are identified. Current thinking in the inflammatory responses within microglia and astrocytes is summarized. Sleep in the elderly is contrasted with that in younger persons, and the main stages of sleep, SWS and REM, described. The impact and importance of the effects that surgery/anaesthesia has on sleep stages is reviewed. Obstructive sleep apnoea is described, including its effect on the safety of anaesthesia and recovery. Periodic limb movement disorders and early Parkinson disease are described.
19
Wallace, Rodrick. Information Approach to Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Extending Swerdlow's Hypothesis. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2015.
Find full text
20
Young, Brian A., Phillip S. Sizer, and Miles Day. Thoracic Facet Dysfunction/Costotransverse Joint Pathology. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
The thoracic facet and costotransverse joints are often implicated as the source of thoracic pain, yet definitive diagnostic and treatment guidance is significantly limited. This chapter reviews the anatomy, innervation, and biomechanics of these joints, as well as associated pathology. Definitive innervation of the posterior primary rami has yet to be established, and significant pain pattern overlap between the thoracic facet joint, costotransverse joints, and visceral referral patterns, as well as the limitations of current biomechanics, challenge the clinician’s ability to examine pain of suspected thoracic origin. The use of clinical reasoning in the absence of definitive diagnostic and treatment approaches is necessary to optimize outcomes in patients with pain of suspected thoracic musculoskeletal origin. A progression from noninvasive to minimally invasive to interventional techniques may be warranted based on the patient’s response to treatment.
21
Caga, Jashelle, and Matthew C. Kiernan. Bulbar dysfunction in ALS: Psychological implications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757726.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
Bulbar dysfunction typically manifests as speech and swallowing impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Timely assessment of changes in speech and swallowing is imperative, given its negative prognostic implication and impact on psychological well-being. The progressive loss of the ability to speak and swallow can also result in threats to the self-concept, which may compound issues with social interaction. The use of communication devices to accommodate loss of speech appears to be beneficial in reducing patient distress and caregiver burden. Implementation of interventions to manage problems eating secondary to swallowing impairment can also result in marked improvements in patients’ and caregivers’ quality of life. However, the success of these interventions depends on intact cognitive and behavioural functioning, which may be compromised in patients with bulbar dysfunction. Assessment of bulbar dysfunction should therefore be considered in the context of cognitive and behavioural change, to maximize patient and caregiver psychological well-being.
22
Albaugh, Jeffrey A. Integrative Treatment of Male Sexual Dysfunction (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Male sexual dysfunction is common and may include hypoactive sexual desire disorders/lack of libido, premature ejaculation, decreased ability to climax or orgasm, erectile dysfunction, and/or Peyronie’s disease. There are a myriad of cognitive behavioral, integrative, and traditional medicinal treatment options available. Each treatment has pros and cons. Patient education prior to deciding on a treatment is key. Individual patients need to understand the good and bad of each treatment to make an informed decision about how they want to meet their sexual health goals. Traditional medical treatments were discussed in Chapter 4. The aim of this chapter is to describe other nonmedicinal, nonsurgical treatment options for male sexual dysfunction.
23
Mayadev, Angeli S., and George H. Kraft. Cerebellar and Brainstem Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199341016.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
Brainstem and cerebellar plaques often result in some of the most disabling symptoms experienced by persons with multiple sclerosis, and may be among the most challenging to treat. The impairments resulting from these lesions may also be a significant source of secondary complications such as falls, aspiration, and poor nutrition. This chapter outlines the anatomical origin of dysfunction, clinical findings, and treatment options available to patients and providers. Medical, surgical, and rehabilitative methods for the treatment of tremors, ataxia, vertigo, dysphagia, dysarthria, dysphonia, trigeminal neuralgia, and facial nerve palsy are reviewed.
24
Sokolov, Elisaveta, and K. Ray Chaudhuri. An overview of sleep dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0025.
Full textAbstract:
Disturbances in nocturnal sleep and their consequences during waking in Parkinson disease (PD) were recognized in 1817 by James Parkinson, who described sleep problems in his case series as follows: “His attendants observed, that of late the trembling would sometimes begin in his sleep, and increase until it awakened him: when he always was in a state of agitation and alarm.” Sleep disturbance in PD is complex, with a prevalence of up to 98%, and has been shown to be a key determinant of quality of life. Sleep disturbances in PD are heterogeneous, ranging from insomnia to drug-induced sleep disorders, and now can be assessed by simple validated bedside tools such as the Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS). Also, sleep, contrary to previous perceptions, can be disordered not just in advanced PD, but also in the pre-motor as well as the untreated states.
25
Doumas, Michael, and Chrysoula Boutari. Erectile dysfunction: definition and size of the problem. Edited by Charalambos Vlachopoulos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0243.
Full textAbstract:
Erectile dysfunction is currently considered a manifestation of vascular disease in the majority of cases. It is therefore of no surprise that erectile dysfunction is commonly found in patients with overt cardiovascular disease and/or cardiovascular risk factors. Indeed, more than 50% of patients with stable coronary artery disease or acute coronary syndromes suffer from erectile dysfunction, while the prevalence of erectile dysfunction in patients with heart failure is even higher. Likewise, erectile dysfunction is frequently encountered in patients with arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidaemia, as well as in smokers. The increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction in patients with heart disease mandates the active inquiry of this clinical entity in our patients.
26
Chiarandini, Paolo, and Giorgio Della Rocca. Post-operative ventilatory dysfunction management in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0362.
Full textAbstract:
Alterations in respiratory function and gas exchanges are frequently seen in patients during anaesthesia and in the post-operative period. Mechanical ventilation and drugs such as neuromuscular blocking agents can alter normal function of the respiratory system and cause damage to lungs. Protective ventilation strategies should always be adopted intra-operatively in mechanically-ventilated patients. A neuromuscular monitoring-guided use of decurarizating agents and post-operative adequate analgesia techniques are recommended to avoid post-operative residual curarization and pain. Pneumonia is the most frequent infective complication, but at the moment there are no recommended clinical tools (scoring systems) to identify patients at high. A fast-track surgical approach and early can decrease the risk. Early mobilization and prophylactic low molecular weight heparins use have a well-documented efficacy on prevention of pulmonary embolism. There is still no general consensus on the widespread use of early NIV in post-operative patients, although in selected high-risk patients it could help respiratory recovery and reduce complications.
27
Vlachopoulos, Charalambos, and Nikolaos Ioakeimidis. Erectile dysfunction as a marker and predictor of cardiovascular disease. Edited by Charalambos Vlachopoulos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0245.
Full textAbstract:
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to obtain or maintain a penile erection to support satisfactory sexual performance. It is considered an early manifestation of generalized vascular disease and recognized as a marker of increased cardiovascular risk both acutely and chronically by predicting all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, coronary events, stroke, and peripheral artery disease in men with and without known coronary artery disease. The link between ED and cardiovascular disease might reside in the interaction between androgen level, chronic inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors that determine endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis both in the penile and coronary circulation. Because penile artery size is smaller compared with coronary arteries, the same degree of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic burden causes a more significant reduction of blood flow in erectile tissues compared with that in coronary circulation. From a clinical standpoint, because ED may precede cardiovascular disease, it can be used as an early marker to identify men at higher risk of cardiovascular events. The average 3-year time period between the onset of ED symptoms and a cardiovascular event offers the opportunity for detailed cardiological assessment and intensive treatment of risk factors.
28
Yang, James. Endocrine Disorders: Integrative Treatments of Hypothyroidism, Diabetes, and Adrenal Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190466268.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Thyroid function, glucose metabolism, and an adaptive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are critical determinants of health and wellness. This chapter highlights the integrative physiology and interactions between these three systems and an integrative medicine approach to these conditions. Integrative medicine expands the evaluation of endocrine dysfunction through a person-centered approach. Patients’ overall symptoms and physiological function should be taken into account in evaluating thyroid function and planning treatment. Our approach to diabetes focuses on the importance of lifestyle changes and nutrition. Our perspective of the effects of chronic stress has been informed by current perspectives on neurobiology and neuroplasticity; chronic stress leaves its mark on the brain through changes in structure as well as its function in adapting to further stress. We present an integrative approach to manage and improve these three endocrine systems to address disease and improve patients’ energy and health.
29
Turner, Michelle. Towards an executive dysfunction account of repetitive behaviour in autism. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198523499.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores an executive dysfunction account of repetitive behaviour in autism. It defines repetitive behaviour and the phenomenology of repetitive behaviour in autism, considers attempts to explain repetitive behaviours as the consequence of a cognitive deficit, and suggests ways in which repetitive behaviour may follow from impaired functioning of executive processes.
30
Hordern, Amanda. Sexual dysfunction: discussing patient sexuality and intimacy in palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0088.
Full textAbstract:
Experiencing a life-limiting illness has the potential to radically transform every aspect of a person’s life, including how they feel about themselves, their body, and their sense of self within intimate and sexual relationships. For many terminally ill people, intimate and sexual moments are a vital aspect of their life, providing a sense of connectedness and assisting the person to explore and find meaning to living, death, and dying. Few health professionals view patients in their care as sexual beings and if they do, they struggle to know what and how to raise the topic of sexuality and intimacy within their clinical roles. This chapter defines patient sexuality and intimacy in the context of palliative care, explores the impact of natural ageing and treatment for cancer and chronic illnesses, and provides an introduction to opening communication and providing practical strategies to support the patient through intimate and sexual changes.
31
Abd-Elsayed, Alaa, and Dawood Sayed. Sacroiliac Joint Pain. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197607947.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Lower back pain attributed to the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is prevalent but historically has been frequently underdiagnosed. Even when the SIJ is properly identified as a source of lower back pain, individuals suffering from SIJ dysfunction are often not treated effectively. Improved educational resources for clinicians based on effective evidence-based treatments for SIJ dysfunction are critical in improving the current gap in diagnosis and treatment. Several established and emerging treatments exist for patients with SIJ dysfunction, but prior to this text, no comprehensive resource has existed that addressed management of SIJ dysfunction. This text presents a full and up-to-date review of all the available treatments for SIJ dysfunction, with the aim of providing clinicians with a single comprehensive resource for treatment of their patients.
32
Fleckenstein, Alexa. The Benefits of Water Therapy for Sexual and Pelvic Problems (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0022.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrotherapy holds promise for certain sexual and pelvic problems: Water that hits the skin acts on the entire body, triggering the neuro-endocrine-immune system, the brain, the gut-brain, and the autonomic nervous system—the neuro-endocrine axis. Hormesis (regular application of small toxic events or stressors leading to adaption and invigoration) is the mechanism that balances physiological and biochemical processes, including sexuality. Water applications result in homeostasis (balancing of internal systems—such as temperature, electrolytes, and hormones) and invigoration (strengthening of biological functions) and influence diverse bodily functions and dysfunctions loosely related to sexuality and reproduction. Dysmenorrhea, functional infertility, pregnancy, sexuality after menopause, decreased libido, breast tenderness, pelvic pain syndromes, erectile dysfunction and urinary tract infections/irritated bladder are discussed. Cold shower, cold wash, barefoot walking, warm footbath, sitzbath, full bath, warm water bottle, sauna with cold-water immersion afterwards, and some variations of these are the discussed water applications here.
33
Van den Bergh, Omer, Nadia Zacharioudakis, and Sibylle Petersen. Interoception, categorization, and symptom perception. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Medical practice and the disease model importantly rely on the accuracy assumption of symptom perception: patients’ symptom reports are a direct and accurate reflection of physiological dysfunction. This implies that symptoms can be used as a read-out of dysfunction and that remedying the dysfunction removes the symptoms. While this assumption is viable in many instances of disease, the relationship between symptoms and physiological dysfunction is highly variable and, in a substantial number of cases, completely absent. This chapter considers symptom perception as a form of unconscious inferential somatic decision-making that compellingly produces consciously experienced symptoms. At a mechanistic level, this perspective removes the categorical distinction between symptoms that are closely associated with physiological dysfunction and those that are not. In addition, it brings symptom perception in accordance with general theories of perception. Some clinical implications to understand and treat symptoms poorly related to physiological dysfunction are discussed.
34
Beckman, Thomas J., and Haitham S. Abu-Lebdeh. Men’s Health. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0465.
Full textAbstract:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile dysfunction are among the commonest diagnoses in a men's health practice. BPH is common among older men. The prostate is the size of a walnut (20 cm3) in men younger than 30 years and it gradually increases in size, leading to BPH in most men older than 60 years. BPH results from epithelial and stromal cell growth, which begins in the transitional zone of the prostate and causes urinary outflow resistance. Over time, this resistance leads to detrusor muscle dysfunction, urinary retention, and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Male sexual dysfunction includes erectile dysfunction (ED), decreased libido, anatomical abnormalities (eg, Peyronie disease), and ejaculatory dysfunction. ED, defined as the inability to achieve erections firm enough for vaginal penetration, affects millions of men in the United States.
35
Calfa, Gaston, Alan K. Percy, and Lucas Pozzo-Miller. Rett Syndrome: On Clinical and Genetic Features, and Experimental Models Based on MeCP2 Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 5 reviews the features of Rett syndrome (RTT) and its genetic bases, as well as the role of MECP2 in neurodevelopment at the clinical as well as molecular and cellular levels, exploring potential neurobiological mechanisms shared with other autism spectrum disorders.
36
Knott, Andrew B., and Ella Bossy-Wetzel. Mitochondrial Changes and Bioenergetics in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190233563.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that are of critical importance for cellular survival and health. Because mitochondria play central roles in energy production and synaptic maintenance, neurons are believed to be particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction. The discovery that genetic mutations in genes coding for mitochondrial proteins cause neurodegenerative conditions further hinted at the likelihood that mitochondrial dysfunction is a key pathway of neurodegeneration. Indeed, a wealth of research has identified mitochondrial dysfunction as an early and shared event of all common neurodegenerative diseases, both genetic and sporadic in origin. Specific types of mitochondrial dysfunction that have been observed in most neurodegenerative diseases include bioenergetic failure, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutations, defective calcium handling, impaired mitochondrial dynamics, defective mitophagy, and decreased mitochondrial biogenesis. The search for drugs that successfully target these pathways of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration is ongoing.
37
Kortgen, Andreas, and Michael Bauer. Hepatic function in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0175.
Full textAbstract:
The liver with its parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells plays a key role in the organism with manifold functions of metabolism, synthesis, detoxification, excretion, and host response. This requires a portfolio of different tests to obtain an overview of hepatic function. In the critically ill hepatic dysfunction is common and potentially leading to extrahepatic organ dysfunctions culminating in multi-organ failure. Conventional laboratory measures are used to evaluate hepatocellular damage, cholestasis, or synthesis. They provide valuable (differential) diagnostic data and can yield prognostic information in chronic liver diseases, especially when used in scoring systems such as the ‘model for end-stage liver disease’. However, they have short-comings in the critically ill in assessing rapid changes in hepatic function and liver blood flow. In contrast, dynamic quantitative liver function tests measure current liver function with respect to the ability to eliminate and/or metabolize a specific substance. In addition, they are dependent on sinusoidal blood flow. Liver function tests have prognostic significance in the critically ill and may be used to guide therapy.
38
Brennan, Brian P., and Scott L. Rauch. Functional Neuroimaging Studies in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Overview and Synthesis. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0021.
Full textAbstract:
Studies using functional neuroimaging have played a critical role in the current understanding of the neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Early studies using positron emission tomography (PET) identified a core cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit that is dysfunctional in OCD. Subsequent studies using behavioral paradigms in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have provided additional information about the neural substrates underlying specific psychological processes relevant to OCD. More recently, studies utilizing resting state fMRI have identified abnormal functional connectivity within intrinsic brain networks including the default mode and frontoparietal networks in OCD patients. Although these studies, as a whole, clearly substantiate the model of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit dysfunction in OCD and support the continued investigation of neuromodulatory treatments targeting these brain regions, there is also growing evidence that brain regions outside this core circuit, particularly frontoparietal regions involved in cognitive control processes, may also play a significant role in the pathophysiology of OCD.
39
Speer, Thimoteus, and Danilo Fliser. Abnormal endothelial vasomotor and secretory function. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0113.
Full textAbstract:
The endothelium plays a crucial role in the maintenance of vascular integrity and function. Nitric oxide produced by endothelial cells is a key player, inducing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells, inhibition of vascular inflammation, and prevention of coagulatory activation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by deterioration of different protective endothelial properties, collectively described as endothelial dysfunction. Several factors such as methylarginines, modified lipoproteins, and other substances that accumulate may be involved in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction of CKD. Endothelial dysfunction is suggested to be the first critical step in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Clinical assessment of endothelial function may become important in recognition of patients with increased cardiovascular risk. Beside several invasive and non-invasive methods to assess endothelial function in vivo, measurement of circulating (bio)markers may be useful for the evaluation of endothelial dysfunction.
40
Lipov, Eugene. Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder–Related Male Sexual Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190461508.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter reviews recent literature related to local anesthetic sympathetic ganglion blockade (SGB) in treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its effect on the overall function of patients, with specific emphasis on male sexual and marital function. This chapter also discusses a publically available video in which a patient who had the PTSD checklist (PCL) administered before, and following, SGB as well as his wife were interviewed. A 34 year-old male Army Ranger veteran who suffered severe PTSD with associated marital and sexual difficulties after deployment, the patient had reported decreased libido and avoidance of intimacy. After SGB, he noticed marked improvement of his PTSD symptoms and resolution of his sexual dysfunction and marital difficulties. His reported improvements were echoed by his wife. The chapter also discusses known mechanisms of sexual dysfunction as related to PTSD and sympathetic nerve blockade effects as related to the sympathetic nervous system.
41
Deen, Jason F., and Karen K. Stout. Therapeutic strategy in valvular problems. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0159.
Full textAbstract:
Valvular heart disease constitutes considerable disease burden in the elderly and surgery remains the definitive treatment. Most valve dysfunction is chronic in nature and may not meet sufficient criteria for surgical consideration; however, additional stressors such as hypovolaemia, arrhythmia, or infection may lead to cardiovascular symptoms and haemodynamic compromise, necessitating intensive care unit management. Acute valve dysfunction is typically a surgical emergency, and medical therapy is selectively used to bridge to more definitive therapy. Some situations, such as mitral stenosis, may be effectively medically managed to delay a surgical procedure, but the majority of acute valve dysfunction that requires intensive care will eventually come to surgery.
42
Stroud, Catherine B., Brian A. Feinstein, Vickie Bhatia, Rachel Hershenberg, and Joanne Davila. Intimate Relationships. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.019.
Full textAbstract:
The concurrent and longitudinal association between intimate relationship dysfunction and depression is well established in both adolescents and adults. This association can be best understood as a bidirectional transactional one, such that intimate relationship dysfunction and depression reciprocally influence one another over time. This chapter reviews the existing research in this area, focusing on the main components and processes of intimate relationships (including how they start, function, and end) in relation to depression. Adolescent research has also focused on how romantic and sexual experiences relate to depression, which is also reviewed. Finally, couple therapy, particularly cognitive behavioral couple therapy, is discussed as an efficacious treatment for comorbidity and intimate relationship dysfunction-depression. Future directions for research are also suggested.
43
Török, M. Estée, Fiona J. Cooke, and Ed Moran. Neurological infections. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199671328.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter covers both acute bacterial and viral, and chronic, meningitis, as well as tuberculous, cryptococcal, coccidioidal, and Histoplasma meningitis, describing meningeal symptoms (headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, photophobia) and cerebral dysfunction (confusion, coma). The chapter also covers neurocysticercosis (including parenchymal and extra-parenchymal cysts), encephalitis (an inflammatory process in the brain characterized by cerebral dysfunction), as well as brain abscess, cerebritis, subdural empyema, epidural abscess, and cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections.
44
Smiseth, Otto A., Maurizio Galderisi, and Jae K. Oh. Left ventricle: diastolic function. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0021.
Full textAbstract:
Evaluation of diastolic function by echocardiography is useful to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction by showing signs of diastolic dysfunction, and regardless of ejection fraction, echocardiography can be used to estimate left ventricular (LV) filling pressure. Diastolic dysfunction occurs in a number of cardiac diseases other than heart failure and mild diastolic dysfunction is part of the normal ageing process. The fundamental disturbances in diastolic dysfunction are slowing of myocardial relaxation, loss of restoring forces, and reduced LV chamber compliance. As a compensatory response there is elevated LV filling pressure. Slowing of relaxation and loss of restoring forces are reflected in reduction in LV early diastolic lengthening velocity (e?) by tissue Doppler. The reduced diastolic compliance is reflected in faster deceleration of early diastolic transmitral velocity by pulsed wave Doppler. Elevated LV filling pressure is reflected in a number of Doppler indices and in enlarged left atrium. This chapter reviews the physiology of diastolic function, the clinical methods and indices which are available, and how these should be applied.
45
Vinod, Nikhra. COVID-19 and Long Covid: Organs Damage and Dysfunctions, and Implications for Clinical Course. Heighten Science Publications Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/ebook1005.
Full textAbstract:
Like any other infectious disease, the prognosis of COVID-19 is influenced by infecting agent, the SARS-CoV-2 virus load and the extent of organs affliction and damage. COVID-19 having a propensity for multiorgan involvement carries an adverse prognosis during the clinical course as well as later during the post-recovery period persisting as Long Covid. The direct cytopathic effects of SARS-CoV-2 virus and the erratic and hyper-inflammatory response lead to tissue injury in various organs coupled with physiological dysfunctions and complications. In fact, the multi-system manifestations of COVID-19 are caused by a combination of specific host defence responses with associated inflammatory activity and vascular involvement with coagulopathy and a distinct propensity to develop thromboembolic complications. Simultaneously, comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases influence the disease severity and mortality.
46
Kingma, Elselijn. Naturalist Accounts of Mental Disorder. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0025.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines naturalistic accounts of mental disorder: accounts that define disorder as biological dysfunction. There are three such accounts: an eliminativist account (Szasz); a forward-looking or goal-contribution account (Boorse) and a backward-looking or evolutionary account (Wakefield). I argue first, and contra Szasz, that biological functions can be attributed at a mental level. But our mental architecture might simultaneously support many different ways of attributing function claims, which might undermine a strong naturalism about mental disorder. Second, I argue that Boorse's forward-looking account of disorder as dysfunction is not value-free. Third, I argue that Wakefield's backward-looking account does not accurately map onto our disorder judgments or medical purposes. I conclude that whilst Boorse's forward-looking account of disorder as dysfunction tracks medical usage better than Wakefield's evolutionary account, a truly value-free account of mental disorder cannot be sustained
47
Snell, Jamey, and Thomas J. Mancuso. Cystic Fibrosis. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0023.
Full textAbstract:
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited, autosomal recessive, multisystem disease. Dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) in epithelial cells is the primary defect in CF. Defects in CFTR are the cause for lung disease, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and failure, male infertility, and liver disease. CF can present with a variety of respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, including meconium ileus in the newborn period, hypernatremic dehydration, pulmonary insufficiency, nasal polyps, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. As affected children grow, dysfunction in CFTR leads to chronic and progressive lung disease, characterized by suppurative infection and the development of bronchiectasis. CFTR dysfunction also affects exocrine function, leading to pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption, and growth failure. In the past, history and physical exam with sweat chloride testing were the cornerstones of diagnosis. Diagnosis is now made with the newborn screening test for immunoreactive trypsinogen.
48
Soileau, Michael J., and Kelvin L. Chou. Parkinson Disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Parkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability and pathologically by loss of nigrostriatal neurons and deposition of alpha-synuclein in neuronal cell bodies and neuritis. Non-motor symptoms such as psychiatric disorders, cognitive abnormalities, sleep dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction, and sensory manifestations are also common. This chapter gives a broad overview of this disorder. Sections cover pathophysiology, genetics, clinical manifestations, and disease course. The chapter also briefly discusses how to make the diagnosis, and alternative conditions that should be considered.
49
Hasan, David. The Natural History of Cerebral Aneurysms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0109.
Full textAbstract:
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to rupture of cerebral aneurysms represents a relatively small fraction of strokes (5%) but morbidity and mortality associated with aneurysm rupture remain very high despite advances in the treatment of aneurysmal SAH. Cerebral vasospasm (CV) is the leading cause of delayed morbidity and mortality following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as delayed neurological dysfunction 1 to 2 weeks after rupture. Endothelial dysfunction is one of the primary contributing factors to CV following aneurysmal SAH, and this is associated with alterations in intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), matrix metalloproteinases (MM), and the blood-brain barrier[p63].
50
London, Edythe D., and Chelsea L. Robertson. Molecular Neuroimaging in Addictive Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0045.
Full textAbstract:
Molecular neuroimaging, using nuclear medicine procedures to evaluate brain function and markers for specific neurochemical systems, has substantially advanced the understanding of brain dysfunction linked to addictive disorders. Neuroimaging studies of human subjects and animal models has provided fundamental information on the neurobiology of vulnerability to addiction as well as the acute effects of drugs of abuse and the sequelae of chronic use, including the persistent states that maintain addiction and lead to relapse in those who initiate drug abstinence. A common theme that has emerged from decades of brain imaging points to frontostriatal dysfunction, which is a therapeutic target.