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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Asian immigration

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Academic literature on the topic 'Asian immigration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Asian immigration"

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Rahman, Zaynah, and Susan J. Paik. "South Asian Immigration and Education in the U.S.: Historical and Social Contexts." Social and Education History 6, no. 1 (February 22, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/hse.2017.2393.

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This article examines the historical and social contexts of South Asian immigration and their current socioeconomic and educational outcomes in the United States. Based on an adapted model of incorporation and literature review, this historical analysis examines government policies, societal reception, co-ethnic communities, as well as other barriers and opportunities of three immigration waves before and after the Immigration Act of 1965. The study reveals the modes of incorporation differed for each immigrant wave as well as subsequent socioeconomic and educational outcomes within the South Asian community. Before 1965, the earliest migrants had several barriers to incorporation coupled with government and societal hostility. After 1965, South Asians began immigrating under more favorable or neutral modes of incorporation. They were also more wealthy, educated, fluent in English, and had professional skills. While the majority of South Asians today represent this demographic composition, a rising subgroup of immigrants arriving under differential circumstances since the 1980s are facing more unique challenges within this community.

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Gardner, Robert W. "Asian Immigration: The View from the United States." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 64–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100104.

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Between the 1965 immigration law and 1990, Asian immigration to the United States increased tenfold to a quarter of a million annually. As sender of the most immigrants, Japan has yielded to the Philippines, South Korea, Vietnam, India, and China. From 1974–1989, over 900,000 Southeast Asian refugees entered the United States. Most Asians today are admitted in the family preference category. On average, the sex ratio is balanced, but over 55% of immigrants from South Korea, the Philippines, and Taiwan are female. Asians are occupationally diverse, with a greater number of professionals/executives (35%) than laborers (14%). Though relatively few in number, Asians concentrate geographically (notably in California) and exert growing political influence in those areas. Except for refugees, Asians are generally viewed as having a positive impact as students and workers. On the other hand, inas much as they contribute to ethnic diversity, they fan the current fears over threats to a common American cultural heritage. Anti-Asian hate crimes and interethnic violence have risen. Asian immigration is likely to continue to rise and show greater emphasis on employment preference categories.

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Fong, Eric, and Peter Shi Jiao. "Job matching for Chinese and Asian Indian immigrants in Canada." Canadian Studies in Population 40, no. 1-2 (May 24, 2013): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6c326.

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Using recently collected data from Toronto, a major city in Canada, we explored job mismatch among Chinese and Asian Indian immigrants. Our study shows that a relatively small percentage of Chinese immigrants, and an even lower percentage of Asian Indian immigrants, work in the same industry and occupation as they did before immigrating. The multivariate analysis suggests that higher education before immigration does help immigrants secure first jobs that match their jobs before immigration. Though other studies have noted that foreign education has a discount effect on earnings and on securing jobs, our findings show that foreign higher education improves the matching of jobs held before and after immigration. Implications of the findings are discussed.

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Liu, John M. "The Contours of Asian Professional, Technical and Kindred Work Immigration, 1965–1988." Sociological Perspectives 35, no. 4 (December 1992): 673–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389304.

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This paper examines the nature of Asian professional, technical, and kindred (PTK) immigration to the United States since 1965. While many recent studies have noted the significant increase of Asian PTK immigration since 1965, analyses of who these PTKs are have been lacking. To address this omission, this paper focuses on three aspects of Asian PTK immigration: (1) the conditions underlying emigration from Asia; (2) the occupational composition of Asian PTKs; and (3) the impact of this immigration on understanding Asian American communities. The paper examines the patterns of PTK immigration from the Philippines, three Chinese-speaking regions, India, and Korea. The published reports and public-use data of the United States Naturalization and Immigration Service (1972–1986) are the primary source for this examination. Analysis of specific immigration patterns show the similarities and contrasts embedded in the Asian American experience.

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Varzally, Allison. "Asian Immigration and Its Scholars." California History 91, no. 1 (2014): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2014.91.1.58.

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Frideres, James S. "Canada's Changing Immigration Policy: Implications for Asian Immigrants." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 5, no. 4 (December 1996): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689600500404.

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Canada has accepted immigrants since the turn of the century and has been a major player in the world wide movement of people. However, until the 1960s, most immigrants were white and from Western Europe. By the late 60s, Canada's immigration policy took on a more universalistic criteria and immigrants from around the world were able to enter. In 1971, Canada established a multicultural policy, reflecting the multi-ethnic composition of Canadian society. However, a quarter century later, economic and ideological pressures have forced the government of the day to rethink its immigration policy. The present paper reviews Canadian immigration policy and assesses the current situation. An analysis of the 1994 immigration consultation process is presented which led to the new changes in immigration policy. Recent changes in the organizational structure of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration and its policy are evaluated. The implications of the new immigration policy are discussed, particularly as it relates to Asian immigration.

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Park, Saemyi. "Identifying Asian American Attitudes Toward Immigration: Testing Theories of Acculturation, Group Consciousness, and Context Effects." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 8, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 163–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/465.

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In this study, I test a model of competing theoretical explanations of Asian American attitudes toward immigration by studying the effects of acculturation, group consciousness and political commonality with other groups, and contextual factors. Using the 2018 Civic Engagement and Political Participation of Asian American Survey, Asian Americans’ policy preferences on Syrian refugees, Deferred Action of Childhood Arrivals (DACA), the Muslim travel ban, and a border wall are examined. Multinomial logistic regression analyses reveal that acculturation explains positive attitudes toward immigration among Asian Americans whereas factors such as Asian identity, political commonality with other racial groups, and the perceived racial mix of neighborhoods have limited and mixed influence on Asian American immigration attitudes. As one of very few studies on immigrants’ attitudes toward immigration policies, this study contributes to our better understanding of how the fastest-growing immigrant group like Asian Americans determine their attitudes toward policies that target immigrants.

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Hong, Jane. "“A Cross-Fire between Minorities”." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 4 (2018): 667–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.4.667.

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This article examines the Japanese American Citizens League’s (JACL) postwar campaign to secure U.S. citizenship eligibility for first-generation Japanese (Issei) as a civil rights effort that brought Japanese Americans into contention with African American and Afro-Caribbean community leaders during the height of the U.S. Cold War in East Asia. At the same time, JACL’s disagreements with Chinese Americans and Japanese American liberals precluded any coherent Japanese or Asian American position on postwar immigration policy. The resulting 1952 McCarran-Walter Act formally ended Asians’ exclusion from U.S. immigration and naturalization, even as a colonial quota in the law severely restricted black immigration from the Caribbean and galvanized black protest. This episode of black-Japanese tension complicates scholarly understandings of the liberalization of U.S. immigration and naturalization laws toward Asian peoples as analogous with or complementary to black civil rights gains in the postwar years. In so doing, it suggests the need to think more critically and historically about the cleavages between immigration and civil rights law, and between immigrant rights and civil rights.

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Piggot, William Benjamin. "Globalization from the Bottom Up: Irvine, California, and the Birth of Suburban Cosmopolitanism." Pacific Historical Review 81, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 60–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2012.81.1.60.

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Using the city of Irvine, California, as its case study, this article connects modern globalization to the rise of a post-industrial knowledge economy, demonstrating how immigration and transnational capital flows have worked to transform metropolitan America, particularly in western states like California. In the Irvine context, Asian immigration and Asian corporate investment were particularly important in transforming the city's institutional and commercial life. Yet Irvine's Asians were not the only important transformative agents. The community's white residents were just as instrumental, facilitating and generally embracing the changes the Asian newcomers brought. The article thus demonstrates that the contemporary era of globalization has been directed and given its meaning at a localized, grass-roots level as much as it has been by national and international elites.

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Heinz, Annelise. "The Roots of America’s Anti-Asian Violence." Current History 120, no. 827 (September 1, 2021): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.827.246.

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Hate crimes against Asian Americans have risen sharply during the COVID-19 pandemic. A historical perspective shows that Asians have faced intertwined racial and gender-based biases in the United States since the first anti-immigration backlashes against their presence in the nineteenth century.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Asian immigration"

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Lo, Kaying. "Across the ocean the impact of immigration on Hmong women /." Online version, 2002. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2002/2002lok.pdf.

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Tran, Tram Mai. "Interpreting Asian American immigration experiences historic sites, museums, and the Internet /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0041039.

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Johnston, Robert A. "Experiences of immigration among women from Taiwan." Thesis, San Jose State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1560842.

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This thesis explores the transformative effects of immigration from the 1960s through the 2010s among women from Taiwan living in the County of Santa Clara. The study focused on three substantive areas: (1) early life experiences and factors leading to immigration; (2) shifts in social identities after leaving Taiwan (e.g., political, national, and ethnic self-concepts in various contexts); and (3) practices of child-rearing. Several methodological tools were employed during the data collection phase of the research process, including interviews, surveys, and participant observations. The findings of this study suggested a dynamic process of change in which informants adapted to, were affected by, and influenced their new milieus to varying degrees. Although a number of patterns were evident in the broader experiences of participants, the actual decisions (e.g., how to raise children) and individual changes (e.g., the choice of ethnic identification) were often unique. These findings add to the body of scholarly knowledge concerning the lived experiences of Taiwanese Americans and their distinct challenges, but they also suggest the need to extend theoretical discussions related to transnationalism, ethnogenesis, and parallel dual frame of reference for a clearer understanding of immigrant experiences in a rapidly changing American suburbia.

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Munib, Ahmed Mujibur Rahman. "The effects of immigration and resettlement on the mental health of South-Asian communities in Melbourne /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/0002323.

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Deshpande, Anita A. "The Immigration Journey: Asian Indian Immigrant Women's Experiences of Gender and Acculturation." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108216.

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Thesis advisor: Usha Tummala-Narra
Despite the Asian Indian community being one of the fastest growing populations in the U.S., there continues to be a paucity of research available that examines the specific nuances of the acculturation process within this population, particularly with regards Asian Indian women in the immigrant context within the U.S. Guided by a socioecological framework (Bronfenbrenner, 1994), the aim of this present study was to examine how Asian Indian immigrant women, who migrated to the U.S. between 1966-1985, have engaged in the acculturative process and made sense of their ethnic and gender identity across time. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive methodology, 18 participants (ages 55 to 71 years) were interviewed via a semistructured format. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the data collected in this investigation and revealed six broad domains related to participants’ experiences as Asian Indian immigrant women living in the U.S. These domains include following: 1) marriage and family; 2) working in the U.S; 3) experiences of gender; 4) challenges to acculturation; 5) cxperience of immigration over time; and 6) coping and resilience. The findings from this study illuminate the ways in which gender is restructured within the immigrant context, the immigrant experience transforms over time, and the psychological impact of the acculturative process among the Asian Indian immigrant women population. Important implications for culturally informed clinical practice and future research directions are discussed
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology

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Singh, Gopal Krishna. "Immigration, nativity, and socioeconomic assimilation of Asian Indians in the United States." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392911058.

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Gong, Fang. "Health and immigration among Asian Americans migration selectivity, socioeconomic status and negative assimilation /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3215210.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Sociology, 2006.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-04, Section: A, page: 1546. Adviser: Eliza K. Pavalko. "Title from dissertation home page (viewed June 18, 2007)."

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Chang, Tan-Feng. ""Writing between Empires: Racialized Women's Narratives of Immigration and Transnationality, 1850-WWI"." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1389040666.

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Saengkhiew, Pataporn. "Southeast Asian Immigrant Women's Perspectives on Domestic Violence." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/2110.

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Lee, Sae-Jae. "Immigrant occupational choice : an economic model of Korean and other Asian immigration to the U.S. /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7478.

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Books on the topic "Asian immigration"

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Asian immigration to the United States. Cambridge: Polity, 2011.

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1947-, Ng Franklin, ed. The history and immigration of Asian Americans. New York: Garland Pub., 1998.

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Susan, Gordon. Asian Indians. New York: F. Watts, 1990.

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Brady, Marilyn Dell. The Asian Texans. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004.

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1939-, Takaki Ronald T., ed. Spacious dreams: The first wave of Asian immigration. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1993.

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Le, C. N. Asian American assimilation: Ethnicity, immigration, and socioeconomic attainment. New York: LFB Scholarly Pub., 2007.

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Strangers at the gates again: Asian American immigration after 1965. New York: Chelsea House, 1995.

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Sucheng, Chan, ed. Remapping Asian American history. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2003.

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Williams on South Asian religions and immigration: Collected works. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Aldershot, 2004.

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M, Ong Paul, Bonacich Edna, and Cheng Lucie, eds. The New Asian immigration in Los Angeles and global restructuring. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Asian immigration"

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Ip, David, and Constance Lever-Tracy. "Asian Women in Business in Australia." In Gender and Immigration, 59–81. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333983461_4.

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Sue, Stanley, and Sumie Okazaki. "Asian-American Educational Achievements." In Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the New Immigration, 297–304. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315054216-12.

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Gochenour, Zachary. "Asian Exclusion in American Immigration Policy." In Public Choice Analyses of American Economic History, 57–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95819-4_3.

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Junankar, P. N., Satya Paul, and Wahida Yasmeen. "Are Asian Migrants Discriminated against in the Labor Market? A Case Study of Australia." In Economics of Immigration, 301–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137555250_8.

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Tumbe, Chinmay. "Asian migration to the Gulf States." In Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies, 312–18. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003194316-36.

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Brandon, Paul R. "Gender Differences in Young Asian Americans' Educational Attainments1." In Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the New Immigration, 103–19. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315054216-5.

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Kondoh, Kenji. "International Immigration via Two Different Types of Midstream Countries." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 141–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8615-1_9.

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Unni, Asha, and Puni Kalra. "Implications of Immigration, Racism, and the Current Sociopolitical Climate." In Counseling and Psychotherapy for South Asian Americans, 37–54. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003081548-3.

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Yamamoto, Yoko, and Jin Li. "Quiet in the Eye of the Beholder: Teacher Perceptions of Asian Immigrant Children." In The Impact of Immigration on Children's Development, 1–16. Basel: KARGER, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000331021.

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Maani, Sholeh A., and Michael M. H. Tse. "Effective Work Experience and Labour Market Impacts of New Zealand Immigration." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 221–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0230-4_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Asian immigration"

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Çelebi Boz, Füsun, and Atakan Durmaz. "Immigration in Central Asia and its Effects on the Labor Market." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00526.

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Many Central Asian countries declaring their independence after the splitting of the Soviet Union, cannot meet the economical and social needs of their citizens by falling much behind of the era in terms of industry despite the natural wealth they have. In addition to all these, the problems in the ruling class and the chaos environment have resulted in the immigration of many people to alternative living spaces. These immigrations have affected labor market both positively and negatively besides the social life. The labor demand increased by the entrance of the immigrants into the market has affected the employee wages and also this situation has affected the life standards of the citizens. In this study, the immigration that took place in the countries established after the splitting of the Soviet Union, forming one of the two poles of the world before the cold war, and the effects of this immigration on the labor market have been analyzed considering previous studies on the subject. The studies carried out on this subject have yielded various results according to the area in which it’s carried out, the time interval it includes, and the period’s structure. For this reason, the points of views on the subject are compared by making a long literature review.

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Faquire, ABM Razaul Karim. "Language Contact and Its Linguistic Consequences due to Migration at the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2019. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2019.5-1.

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This study explores the effects of the language contact situation which has been recently created in the Chittagong Hill-Tracts (CHT) by means of immigration of Bangla speaking people from other parts of Bangladesh.

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Hettiarachchi, Shanthikumar. "TURKISH MUSLIMS AND ISLAMIC TURKEY: PERSPECTIVES FOR A NEW EUROPEAN ISLAMIC IDENTITY?" In Muslim World in Transition: Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/qdnp5362.

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The paper discusses the potential of Fethullah Gülen’s thinking on the revival of core socio- ethical tenets of Islam to influence an emerging European Islamic identity. The long absence of any substantial Muslim population from the religious landscape of western Europe in the modern period began to end with the post-War immigration of Muslims from South Asia to the UK and other parts of Europe. But Muslims from other parts of the Islamic world have also established communities in Europe with their own, different expressions of Islam. The presence of Muslims represents a religio-cultural counterpoint to the projected ‘post-Chris- tian society of Europe’, since they are now permanently settled within that society. The encounter of ‘Turkish Islam’ (Anatolian & other) and the majority ‘South Asian Islam’ (with its diverse strands, Barelvi, Deobandi and others) in western Europe hints at the build- ing of a new ‘European Islamic’ identity. Arguably, this twenty-first century ‘European Islam’ might be a synthesis of the ‘Turkish’ and the ‘South Asian’ expressions of Islam. Any dishar- mony, on the other hand, might kindle yet another rivalry in the heart of Europe. This paper considers whether Gülen’s thought on community education based on the fundamentals of Islam could help build a positive and fresh expression of Islam that may reform the prevailing image of it as a cultural tradition that resorts to violence in order to redress grievances.

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Hosseini, Zahra, and Sirkku Kotilainen. "THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION AS THE DRIVE FOR IMMIGRATION: A CASE STUDY IN FINLAND." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end083.

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Recently many studies have remarked migration issues. Thus, in countries such as Finland, having a governmental strategy for increasing the number of migrants, especially educated immigrants or encouraging international students to stay, is highly important. While Finland is recognized as the happiest country, it would be arguable why it is not included in the list of top destination countries for immigration. The literature shows communication is one of the most issues for immigrants and international students, particularly those from Asian countries. Therefore, this study aims to understand how technology-based communication such as the use of social media influences international students' decision to immigrate. Respectively, 23 Iranian tertiary-level students were interviewed as the case of the study. Uses and Gratification theory was employed to investigate the role of media usage among the participants. The findings showed that although there is high desire among the participants to immigrate to Finland, the difficulty and unpopularity of the Finnish language and culture of distance in Finland reduces the motivation to emigrate and made the participants feel being the outsider in the university and society. The use of communication media has facilitated university admissions and communication with family, friends, compatriots and other international students, but has not been able to connect them to Finnish society. While educated immigrants in every country are human resources, the results of this study draw our attention to explore different aspects of communication, identifying motivating factors and reducing frustration among international students for immigration. These results emphasize on the development of strategies and tools for harnessing the potential of media and technology to connect international students as future educated immigrants in the host community.

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Jawaut, Nopthira, and Remart Dumlao. "From Upland to Lowland: Karen Learners’ Positioning and Identity Construction through Language Socialization in the Thai Classroom Context." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2020. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2020.9-2.

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Karen (or Kariang or Yang) are a group of heterogeneous ethnic groups that do not share common culture, language, religion, or material characteristics, and who live mostly in the hills bordering the mountainous region between Myanmar and neighboring countries (Fratticcioli 2001; Harriden 2002). Some of these groups have migrated to Thailand’s borders. Given these huge numbers of migrant Karens, there is a paucity of research and understanding of how Karen learners from upland ethnic groups negotiate and construct their identities when they socialize with other lowland learners. This paper explores ways in which Karen learners negotiate and construct their identities through language socialization in the Thai learning context. The study draws on insights from discourse theory and ecological constructionism in order to understand the identity and negotiation process of Karen learners at different levels of identity construction. Multiple semi-structured interviews were conducted to gain deeper understandings of this phenomenon between ethnicity and language socialization. The participants were four Karen learners who were studying in a Thai public university. Findings suggest that Karen learners experience challenges in forming their identity and in negotiating their linguistic capital in learning contexts. The factors influencing these perceptions seemed to emanate from the stakeholders and the international community, which played significant roles in the context of learning. The findings also reflect that Karen learner identity formation and negotiation in language socialization constitutes a dynamic and complex process involving many factors and incidences, discussed in the present study. The analysis presented has implications for immigration, mobility, language, and cultural policy, as well as for future research.

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Arslan, Çetin. "Some Assessments and Evaluations on Current Developments in the Immigration Law." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00884.

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Immigration has presented itself in every chapter of the history with regards to its social, economic, political and legal aspects. However, with special regards to the global and regional instability which has come into focus and become chronic, it has gained vital importance for almost all developed and developing countries. Mentioned issue has transformed into a specific and extraordinary situation for Turkey which is situated at the intersection of the continents, Asia and Europe. Because Turkey has not only become a transit country for irregular migration but also it has turned into – if we may say so- the focus point of this vicious circle. The legislator who is aware of this situation, has brought upon essential amendments and innovations and also has concluded international, regional and bilateral agreements. We, within the scope and size of our study, shall examine certain issues which we deem important within the context of Foreigners and International Protection Law No. 6458 dated 04.04.2013 within the light of Constitution, European Convention on Human Rights and the jurisprudence of European Court of Human Rights and shall discuss some existing and potential problems in addition to suggestions for solution.

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Reports on the topic "Asian immigration"

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Méndez Rodríguez, Alejandro. Working Paper PUEAA No. 12. The mobility of international students as the first link in the migration of talents in Japan. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Programa Universitario de Estudios sobre Asia y África, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/pueaa.010r.2022.

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In the current era of the knowledge-based economy, the mobility of intellectual capital through international students is very significant. Immigration policies establish instruments for the organization and management of human resources to attract qualified workers and international students in a context of global competitiveness. Currently, Asian countries have gained relevance in attracting human resources. In Japan, the main component influencing the dynamics of international migration flows is the transnational labor market for skilled human resources, as well as the mechanisms that shape it. The aim of this paper is to describe the socioeconomic factors that shape, drive and contextualize the mobility of skilled workers.

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.

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