Journal articles on the topic 'Asian immigrants'
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1
Chun, Elaine W. "Speaking like Asian immigrants." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.19.1.02chu.
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This article explores the relationship between immigrant and non-immigrant Asian American youth identities and the use of language to manage this relationship. Focusing on everyday interactions at a high school in Texas, the analysis examines how fluent English-speaking Korean and Filipino American students draw on linguistic resources associated with Asian immigrants, thus attending to generational identity, an important, though often oversimplified, social dimension in transnational contexts. According to the present analysis, salient generational differences may exist between Asian American youth, yet their linguistic practices complicate simple binaries of opposition. Specifically, this article focuses on how fluent English-speaking students both accommodate toward and mock Asian immigrant speech and notes that these ostensibly divergent practices exhibit linguistic overlap. It is argued that the convergences and divergences of these practices can be productively examined by distinguishing between the levels of frame and ideology, thus explaining how speakers interpret Asian immigrant revoicings as accommodation, mocking, or, in some cases, an ambiguous linguistic act that hovers in between.
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Ro, Annie, and Jennifer Van Hook. "Comparing immigration status and health patterns between Latinos and Asians: Evidence from the Survey of Income and Program Participation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): e0246239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246239.
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Undocumented status is widely recognized as an important social determinant of health. While undocumented immigrants have lower levels of health care access, they do not have consistently poorer physical health than the US-born or other immigrant groups. Furthermore, heterogeneity by race/ethnicity has been largely ignored in this growing literature. This paper used the 2001, 2004, 2008 panels of the restricted Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), one of the only representative surveys equipped to adequately identify Asian undocumented immigrants, to compare health patterns between Asians and Latinos by immigration status. We examined three general measures of health/health access: self-rated health, disability, and current health insurance. Latino undocumented immigrants displayed some advantages in self-rated health and disability but had lower insurance coverage compared to US-born Latinos. In contrast, Asian undocumented immigrants did not differ from US-born Asians in any of the three outcomes. While undocumented status has been proposed as a fundamental cause of disease, we found no evidence that Latino and Asian undocumented immigrants consistently fare worse in health access or physical health outcomes than immigrants in other status categories. Different racial groups also appeared to have unique patterns between immigration status and health outcomes from one another.
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Fernandez, Marilyn, and Kwang Chung Kim. "Self-Employment Rates of Asian Immigrant Groups: An Analysis of Intragroup and Intergroup Differences." International Migration Review 32, no. 3 (September 1998): 654–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200304.
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Self-employment rates and related business activities of four groups of recent adult Asian immigrants (Koreans, Chinese, Asian Indians, and Vietnamese) are empirically examined with the 1990 census data. As expected, both intra- and intergroup differences in self-employment rates are observed among the four groups. Korean immigrants are sharply different from other Asian immigrant groups in their rate of self-employment and pattern of intragroup differences in self-employment rates. As a whole, for non-Korean Asian immigrant groups, intragroup differences in self-employment rates can be explained by the interactive model and by the related issue of immigrants’ labor market disadvantage in the United States. To some extent, the interactive model also offers a useful framework to explain Korean immigrants’ rate of self-employment. But the pattern of their intragroup difference is better explained by the linkage between their businesses and their home country economies reflecting the international dimension of immigrant small business entrepreneurship. Implications of the findings of intra- and intergroup differences observed among the four groups are discussed.
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Tran, Van C., Fei Guo, and Tiffany J. Huang. "The Integration Paradox: Asian Immigrants in Australia and the United States." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 690, no. 1 (July 2020): 36–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220926974.
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Whereas Australia has pursued a skills-based migration policy, the United States has privileged family-based migration. The key contrast between these migration regimes provides a rare test of how national immigration policy shapes immigrant selection and integration. Does a skills-based immigration regime result in a more select group of Asian immigrants in Australia compared to their counterparts in the United States? Are Asian immigrants more integrated into their host society in Australia compared to the United States? Focusing on four groups of Asian immigrants in both countries (Chinese, Indians, Filipinos, and Vietnamese), this article addresses these questions using a transpacific comparison. Despite Australia’s skills-based immigration policy, we find that Asian immigrants in Australia are less hyper-selected than their counterparts in the United States. Asian immigrants in Australia also report worse labor market outcomes than those in the United States, with the exception of Vietnamese—a refugee group. Altogether, these findings challenge the conventional wisdom that skills-based immigration policy not only results in more selected immigrants, but also positively influences their integration into the host society.
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Antolín, Joaquín Beltrán. "Asian Immigrants in Spain: An Overview." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 11, no. 4 (December 2002): 485–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680201100407.
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Asian communities in Spain are not very well known in spite of their long settlement and growing population in the country. Spain's transition as a destination for economic migrants has attracted various Asian groups. However, within the growing number of migration studies in Spain, Asians are rarely the focus of inquiry. This article presents an overview of the origin, evolution and current characteristics of the main Asian communities in Spain. The diverse origins of Asian immigrants on the one hand, and the development of migration policies and the economic structure of Spain on the other, are part of the general context within which to understand the settlement of Asian immigrants.
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Mui, Ada C., Suk-Young Kang, Li Mei Chen, and Margaret Dietz Domanski. "Reliability of the Geriatric Depression Scale for Use Among Elderly Asian Immigrants in the USA." International Psychogeriatrics 15, no. 3 (September 2003): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610203009517.
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The increasing numbers of Asian and other immigrants in the United States have resulted in greater demands for research methodology sensitive to cross-cultural issues. A regional probability sample (n = 407) of Asian elderly immigrants of different nationalities (Chinese, Korean, Indian, Filipino, Vietnamese, or Japanese) residing in New York City was used to examine the reliability of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Using the 30-item GDS, about 40% of this representative sample of Asian elderly immigrants was considered to be depressed, indicating higher depression rates than in the previous studies of other Asian elderly samples in the US and in Asia. Results also showed that the 30-item GDS and 15-item GDS Short Forms were reliable measures to assess depression in community-dwelling Asian immigrant elders. Data strongly suggest that Asian elderly immigrants in the US are at risk of depression, indicating a need for the design of culturally sensitive mental health programs.
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Nee, Victor, and Herbert Y. Wong. "Asian American Socioeconomic Achievement." Sociological Perspectives 28, no. 3 (July 1985): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389149.
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The analysis emphasizes the need to examine structural and cultural factors in the sending and receiving countries over a historical process to understand how immigrants are incorporated in American society. The article argues that Chinese were slower to make the transition from sojourner to immigrant due to structural characteristics of Chinese village society; whereas Japanese immigrants were not tied by strong family bonds to Japan and made a more rapid transition. The differential timing of family formation and family-run businesses in America account for the more rapid assimilation of Japanese Americans. Changing labor markets after World War II provided new opportunity structures favorable to the socioeconomic mobility of native-born Chinese and Japanese Americans.
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Liu, Liangni. "New Zealand's Changing Attitudes towards Asian Immigration, 1999–2004." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 14, no. 4 (December 2005): 467–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680501400404.
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This study surveys and analyzes articles related to Asian immigration and immigrants published in two leading New Zealand publications, the Listener and the National Business Review (NBR), during the period of 1999–2004. It found that articles in both publications reflected changing attitudes of the public towards Asian immigration and immigrants. The NBR is supportive of Asian immigration because it believes that the financial and human capital brought in by Asian immigrants are important to the nation's economy. The Listener is more cautious because it is more concerned about the societal impacts caused by the Asian immigrant influx. However, the Listener is sympathetic towards refugees, accepting the economic and social strain they may bring while the NBR strongly opposes the admission of refugees because they may become an economic burden to New Zealand.
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Choi, Heeyoung. "Multicultural Musicscape for National Pride: Performing Arts of East-Asian Diasporas in Hawai‘i before WWI." Asian Culture and History 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ach.v12n1p9.
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This study investigates stage performances of Asian immigrants in the U.S., focusing their cultural interactions in Hawai‘i prior to World War II. Previous studies of Asians in the U.S. during the early twentieth century have focused on their separate ways of preserving homeland culture or presentation of mainstream American culture to express a sense of belonging to the host society and relieve anti-Asian sentiments. Despite increasing cultural interactions in cities during this period, the discussion of cultural exchanges among immigrant communities have received limited attention. This study expands previous perspectives by examining the performing arts to demonstrate that diverse multicultural events in Hawai‘i were important tools to promote respective Asian ethnic groups’ cultural identities, foster interactions among young adults of Asian ancestry, and inspire their national pride. The Asian diasporas in Hawai‘i constituting a majority of the local population, despite foreign-born Asian immigrants’ limited access to U.S. citizenship, appreciated opportunities to curate their own ethnicity on stages and culturally interact with other ethnic groups. The multicultural experiences ultimately instilled the satisfaction and national pride into the young adults of Asian ancestry.
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Pasupuleti, Samba Siva Rao, Santosh Jatrana, and Ken Richardson. "EFFECT OF NATIVITY AND DURATION OF RESIDENCE ON CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS AMONG ASIAN IMMIGRANTS IN AUSTRALIA: A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION." Journal of Biosocial Science 48, no. 3 (July 3, 2015): 322–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932015000206.
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SummaryThis study examined the effect of Asian nativity and duration of residence in Australia on the odds of reporting a chronic health condition (cancer, respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus). Data were from waves 3, 7 and 9 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) longitudinal survey, and multi-level group-mean-centred logistic regression models were used for the analysis. After covariate adjustment, Asian immigrants were less likely to report cancer and respiratory problem compared with native-born Australians. While there was no significant difference in reporting CVD, they were more likely to report diabetes than native-born people. Asian immigrants maintained their health advantage with respect to cancer regardless of duration of residence. However, after 20 years of stay, Asian immigrants lost their earlier advantage and were not significantly different from native-born people in terms of reporting a respiratory problem. In contrast, Asian immigrants were not measurably different from native-born Australians in reporting diabetes if their length of stay in Australia was less than 20 years, but became disadvantaged after staying for 20 years or longer. There was no measurable difference in the odds of reporting CVD between Asian immigrants and native-born Australians for any duration of residence. On the whole this study found that health advantage, existence of healthy immigrant effect and subsequent erosion of it with increasing duration of residence among Asian immigrants depends upon the chronic health condition.
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Ho, Calvin N. "Talent Selection and the Reshaping of Asian North America." AAPI Nexus: Policy, Practice and Community 15, no. 1-2 (September 2017): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/1545-0317.15.1.57.
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Policies that admit immigrants based on their education have dramatically reshaped the demographics of the United States and Canada. In the mid-1960s, facing pressures to open their borders to non-Europeans, both countries replaced previous policies of racial and nationality discrimination with new systems of socioeconomic discrimination. These policies explain the growth of Asian immigration from the 1970s onward, as well as the high levels of education among Asian immigrants and their descendants. Refugees and family migrants, however, added socioeconomic diversity. Recent developments in skilled immigrant selection programs will continue to shape Asian American and Asian Canadian demographics in the future.
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Bui, Cindy, Kyungmin Kim, Qian Song, and Yuri Jang. "Together, We Can Make This Place Our Home: Civic Engagement Among Asian Immigrants." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.327.
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Abstract Civic engagement is an important dimension of age-friendly communities but has been understudied among Asian immigrant groups. While research has attributed greater civic engagement among immigrants to acculturation factors, the influence of acculturation may be conditioned upon Asian immigrants’ social network and place attachment to their city. We used data from the Asian American Quality of Life survey to analyze civic engagement activity (e.g., City council meeting, voting in a City election) among a diverse sample of middle-aged and older Asian immigrants in Austin, Texas (N = 994). 34.5% of the sample had participated in at least one civic engagement activity in the past 12 months. We examined how such civic engagement is associated with acculturation factors, and further examined whether one’s friend network and perception of their city moderated the association. We found that number of years lived in the U.S., familiarity with mainstream American culture, and number of friends in one’s social network were positively related to civic engagement activity. Furthermore, we found that the association between years lived in the U.S. and civic engagement was more pronounced for immigrants with larger friend networks; the association between familiarity with American culture and civic engagement was more pronounced for immigrants with more positive perceptions of the city. These findings highlight that acculturation may not operate alone in civic engagement among Asian immigrants. Rather, it may also be important to create opportunities for Asian immigrants to feel connected to their community and build meaningful friend networks to encourage civic engagement.
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Zotova, Natalia. "Religion and Mental Health among Central Asian Muslim Immigrants in Chicago Metropolitan Area." Migration Letters 15, no. 3 (July 17, 2018): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v15i3.358.
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Migration creates opportunities but also bring challenges that cause stress and affect mental health of migrants. Stress among Muslim immigrants can be intensified by experiences of discrimination. This study addressed the meaning and role of religion as a mediator of stress and mental health among Central Asian Muslim immigrants. This paper explored whether religious coping worked for recent Muslim immigrants in the US, and how religion buffered migration and discrimination-related stress that negatively affected mental health of Central Asian immigrants. Drawing from different types of ethnographic and biological data, collected in Chicago Metropolitan Area, this study explored culturally embedded stress responses, and tested the religious coping framework upon experiences of a new minority group of Muslim immigrants in the US, expanding our knowledge on factors that inform health outcomes of immigrant population.
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Chang, Shenglin. "Asian and Latino Immigrants' Preferences for Walkable Sub-Urban Neighborhoods." Open House International 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2009-b0003.
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When immigrants arrive in the United States, their search for a new home represents a transformative personal and cultural journey. This paper investigates this transformative process in relation to Smart Growth principles around walk-ability promoted by a suburban county in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. This survey of immigrants from various countries in Asia and Latin America, finds that seventy percent of those who emigrated from urban environments prefer to live in single-family detached houses. Survey participants from Latin American countries prefer these homes in compact urban locations more than Asian immigrants and native-born Americans, while Asians prefer suburban neighborhoods with pedestrian amenities. Their preferences represent a hybrid version of the American dream which combines both the urban and suburban imaginary, or what this article terms “sub-urban” preferences. This study emphasizes that walkability is critical to immigrant sub-urban preferences and ought to influence the way professionals design and plan neighborhoods and housing.
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Carvalho Neto, Antonio, Fernanda Versiani, Kelly Pellizari, Carolina Mota-Santos, and Gustavo Abreu. "LATIN AMERICAN, AFRICAN AND ASIAN IMMIGRANTS WORKING IN BRAZILIAN ORGANIZATIONS: FACING THE LANGUAGE BARRIER." Revista Economia & Gestão 20, no. 55 (August 31, 2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.1984-6606.2020v20n55p87-101.
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Since 2010 around half a million immigrants entered Brazil. This paper aims to describe their experience facing the Portuguese language barrier in the Brazilian labor market. Language here is understood as spoken, written and body language. The South-to-South approach here proposed differs from most of the literature, based mainly on studies South-to-North oriented. During six field visits the research group observed the arrival in Brazil, the hiring process and the experience of 34 immigrants from Haiti, Bolivia, Venezuela, Angola, Nigeria, Togo, Iraq and Yemen working within ten Brazilian firms that hired them. Besides the observation technique, these immigrants, social workers, employers and Brazilian co-workers were interviewed. The employers emphasized the immigrants` enthusiasm, willingness to learn and dedication to work. The immigrants said they were well received and emphasized the use of Google Translator, mimicry and drawings to communicate. The employers said they used these same creative ways to teach the work activities to the immigrants as well as placing the immigrant next to another Brazilian worker who performed the same set of tasks so that the immigrant would learn by looking. Few complaints about lack of patience of Brazilian co-workers and lack of dedication of the immigrants to learn Portuguese were registered.
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Yoo, Grace. "The Fight to Save Welfare for Low-Income Older Asian Immigrants: The Role of National Asian American Organizations." AAPI Nexus Journal: Policy, Practice, and Community 1, no. 1 (2003): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.36650/nexus1.1_85-101_yoo.
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The welfare reform law of August 1996 signed by President Bill Clinton put an end to immigrants’ eligibility of federal means tested entitlements. The rollbacks on welfare are the most drastic for older, low-income Asian immigrants who are on Supplemental Security Income. The article’s focus is in on national Asian American organizations who are involved in this political debate. The central question discuss is how did national Asian American organizations characterize and affect the 1996 federal welfare reform and immigrant debate. The selection of organizations that was studied and the findings of that investigation, along with the assessment of its effectiveness and the resources barriers they face are discussed.
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Willis, E. M., and L. D. Xiao. "Liminality, the Australian State and Asian Nurse Immigrants." Health, Culture and Society 6, no. 1 (May 19, 2014): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2014.118.
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Over the last two decades the flow of Asians to Australia through legitimate immigration programs has accelerated. This is particularly the case for Asian nurses coming from countries that were once subjected to European colonisation. The difficulties encountered by nurses from Asian countries mirror those of earlier waves of migrants. These include navigating the language and differences in cultural mores, values, and beliefs, along with the loneliness that may come from leaving strong family ties at home. While racism has been evident for all earlier waves of migrants, Asians face an additional hurdle linked to the uneasy relationship Australians and the Australian state has with Asia. Australia is geographically in Asia, but culturally Anglo and European. The impact this might have on the working relationships of Asian and Australian born registered nurses is significant given the nature of their work in caring for the sick and elderly. This liminal relationship between the Australian state and Asians provides a theoretical insight into the particular difficulties experienced by Asian nurses and the integration programs that might assist them and their Australian colleagues to develop cohesive working relationships.
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Li, Wenjun, Shantha Balaswamy, and Allen Glicksman. "INTEREST GROUP SESSION—AGING AMONG ASIANS: RESEARCH METHODS IN AGING AMONG ASIANS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1329.
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Abstract Asians are the largest and the fastest growing segment of the world population. Asian immigrants are the second largest immigrant population in the U.S. However, age-related social and health issues are understudied among late-life immigrant and the oldest old Asians. Little data exist to support public health promotion, policy studies and clinical practice in this population. To advance research into aging among Asians living in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world, sound methodologies can be adopted from those well-developed in other settings while novel methodologies are to be developed to meet the unique needs of Asian studies. This symposium brings together four abstracts that address a variety of common methodological issues in social and health studies among Asian older adults. The topics range from culturally and linguistically appropriate strategies for recruiting non-English speaking research participants, assessment of social isolation and transportation barriers using an ethnographical approach, development of a new culturally appropriate measure for successful aging among the oldest old Chinese in China, and evaluation of preventive healthcare use among faith-based first-generation Chinese immigrants using self-administered surveys in the U.S. These studies involve qualitative ethnographical analysis, mixed methods for instrument development, quantitative data analysis, use of geographic information systems and demography to plan participant recruitment, and use of staged community engagement to increase efficiency and representativeness of participant recruitment. Lessons learned from these studies are valuable to future studies on aging among Asians. This symposium is a collaborative effort of the GSA Aging Among Asians Interest Group.
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Li, Shuang, and Weiwei Zhang. "Living in Ethnic Areas or Not? Residential Preference of Decimal Generation Immigrants among Asian Indians, Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, Filipinos, and Vietnamese." Social Sciences 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10060222.
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The present study examines the spatial assimilation patterns of immigrants who arrived as children. The main objective is to predict the likelihood of living in ethnic areas for decimal generation immigrants (1.25, 1.5, and 1.75) among Asian Indians, Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, Filipinos, and Vietnamese. Using 2013–2017 5-Year ACS Estimates and IPUMS, it applies the measure of local spatial clustering (the Local Moran’s I statistic) to identify ethnic areas and the logistic regression model to assess the effects of immigrant generational status, cultural, and socioeconomic assimilation on the probability of living in ethnic areas. The findings show that the 1.25 and 1.5 decimal generation immigrants of Chinese, Filipinos, Japanese, and Koreans demonstrate higher propensities of living in ethnic areas compared to the first generation of each ethnic group, respectively. Meanwhile, their Asian Indians and Vietnamese counterparts show spatial assimilation. Regardless of generational effects, English language ability positively relates to the probability of living in nonethnic areas, whereas economic assimilation indicators reveal mixed results. We found substantial evidence for resurgent ethnicity theory and some support of spatial assimilation model, indicating the ethnic disparity in spatial assimilation patterns among Asian immigrants. Our paper highlights the nonlinear assimilation patterns among Asian decimal generations. Results suggest that, for Asian immigrants in the U.S., age-at-arrival and ethnicity are both significant predictors of residential preference.
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Bhandari, Nagendra Bahadur. "Family Dynamics: An Intergenerational Study on Asian American Narratives." SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities 1 (August 1, 2019): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sjah.v1i0.34448.
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The relationship in Asian immigrant families ranges from intergenerational and intercultural conflict to mutual understanding over the period of the time. Shaped by different cultural contexts of native and host land, the first and second-generation immigrants have varying world views, perceptions and attitudes rendering conflicts of interests in their priorities. These differences are further widened by their generational differences. However, they negotiate their cultural differences and show mutual understanding, respect for differential priorities and flexibility for co-optation of diverse cultural practices. They involve in dynamic intergenerational relationship full of inconsistencies and contradictions, which keeps of changing in different contexts over the period of time. This article explores the dynamic relationship of the first and second-generation immigrants in Asian-American narratives: The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri, The Bonesetter’s Daughter by Amy Tan, Native Speaker by Change rae Lee and Chorus of Mushrooms by Hiromi Goto. Both generation immigrant characters in these narratives constantly vacillate between the cultural spaces of their home and host countries in their negotiation of intergenerational relationship. This article analyzes the cultural vacillation of immigrants in the critical frame of Stuart Hall’s cultural identity which he conceptualizes in his notion of being and becoming.
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Dassanayake, Jayantha, Shyamali C. Dharmage, Lyle Gurrin, Vijaya Sundararajan, and Warren R. Payne. "Are immigrants at risk of heart disease in Australia? A systematic review." Australian Health Review 33, no. 3 (2009): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah090479.
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We systematically reviewed the peer-reviewed literature to establish the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among immigrants in Australia and whether being an immigrant is a CVD risk factor. Of 23 studies identified, 12 were included. Higher prevalence of CVD was found among Middle Eastern, South Asian and some European immigrants. Higher prevalence of CVD risk factors was found among Middle Eastern and Southern European immigrants. Higher alcohol consumption was found among immigrants from New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Ireland. Smoking and physical inactivity were highly prevalent among most immigrants.
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Sung, JiSu. "What Limits Access to Speech-Language Pathology Services in the Asian Elderly Community?" Perspectives on Gerontology 19, no. 3 (September 2014): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/gero19.3.87.
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It is well known that the culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) immigrant population in the United States is increasing. One of the subgroups, the Asian foreign-born elderly, comprises 15 percent of Asian immigrants and is rapidly growing (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). The increasing number of Asian and other immigrants results in greater demand for research sensitive to cross-cultural issues. Issues related to serving CLD children and poor access to general medical services among minority individuals with limited English proficiency (LEP) have been broadly discussed. However, the understanding of CLD elderly clients with communication disorders and the disparity in access to specialized services, including speech-language pathology, have not been systematically studied. This fast growth in numbers of older Asian immigrants means speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are increasingly likely to encounter elderly clients of Asian heritage. Thus, all SLPs should be aware of potential challenges faced by this ethnic group, including cultural and linguistic barriers. In addition, there are other factors that may limit this population's access to speech-language pathology services: negative attitudes toward speech disorders and treatment, poor acknowledgment of the significance of speech-language pathology services, extremely limited numbers of SLPs with proficiency in Asian languages, and culturally and linguistically inappropriate interpreter services. The purpose of this article is to discuss how these components may impede timely access to speech-language pathology services in the Asian older immigrant population. This article will also show how SLPs can collaborate with Asian communities in order to facilitate culturally and linguistically sensitive services. In addition, as a clinician of Korean heritage, I provide anecdotal evidence based on my experience working with Asian elderly patients.
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Flores, Glenda M. "Controlling Images of Space: Latina Teachers and Racial Positioning in Multiracial Schools." City & Community 14, no. 4 (December 2015): 410–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12132.
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Controlling images, which are hegemonic racial ideologies that permeate social institutions, have been applied to racial/ethnic minority groups and individuals, but much less to space. In this article, I show how controlling images of school district space affect Latina teachers’ perceptions of immigrant Latinas/os racial positioning in U.S. racial hierarchies. Drawing on ethnographic data collected from two Southern California multiracial school districts, I find that Latina teachers working in Compton—a city comprising primarily Latino immigrants—are initially encouraged to leave for districts that are not associated with the “Black underclass.” Latina teachers in Rosemead, an ethnoburb comprising primarily Latinos and Asians, on the other hand, enroll their children there, and are able to access resources the more class heterogeneous Asian population provides. Ultimately, Latina teachers perceive undocumented Latina/o immigrants to be below African Americans and Asian Americans in local racial hierarchies due to political ostracism and relative valorization, respectively.
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Argueza, Bianca R., Karen Sokal-Gutierrez, and Kristine A. Madsen. "Obesity and Obesogenic Behaviors in Asian American Children with Immigrant and US-Born Mothers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 10, 2020): 1786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051786.
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Child obesity is understudied in Asian Americans, which include a growing population of recent immigrants. We examined the relationship between maternal nativity and time in the US, and obesity and obesogenic behaviors among Asian American children. We analyzed public-use data from the 2013–2016 California Health Interview Survey for Asian American children ages 2 to 11 years. We used logistic regression to determine the odds of obesity and obesogenic behaviors associated with maternal nativity and time in the US. This study included n = 609 children. Children of US-born mothers had lower odds of obesity (adjusted odds ratio, AOR, 0.12; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.91) and lower fruit intake (AOR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.81) than children of recent immigrants (< 5 years in the US). Asian American children with recent immigrant mothers are more likely to be obese and eat less fruit than children with US-born mothers. Efforts to prevent obesity and increase fruit consumption are particularly important for this vulnerable population of children of recent immigrants.
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Duncan, Brian, and Stephen J. Trejo. "Tracking Intergenerational Progress for Immigrant Groups: The Problem of Ethnic Attrition." American Economic Review 101, no. 3 (May 1, 2011): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.3.603.
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In tracking the later-generation descendants of immigrants, measurement biases can arise from “ethnic attrition” (e.g., US-born individuals who do not self-identify as Mexican despite having ancestors who immigrated from Mexico). We present evidence that such ethnic attrition is sizeable and selective for the third-generation populations of key Hispanic and Asian immigrant groups. In addition, our results suggest that ethnic attrition generates biases that vary across national origin groups in direction as well as magnitude, and that correcting for these biases will raise the socioeconomic standing of the US-born descendants of most Hispanic immigrants relative to their Asian counterparts.
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Kubat, Daniel. "10: Asian Immigrants to Canada." Center for Migration Studies special issues 5, no. 3 (May 1987): 229–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411x.1987.tb00962.x.
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Narasaki, Karen K. "Asian Immigrants and U.S. Schools." Brookings Review 12, no. 1 (1994): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20080436.
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Benfield, G. F., R. D. Montgomery, and P. Asquith. "Ulcerative colitis in Asian immigrants." Postgraduate Medical Journal 63, no. 742 (August 1, 1987): 629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.63.742.629.
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Li, Wenjun, and Vivian Lou. "AAA Research Methodology II: Innovative Observational and Intervention Studies." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2968.
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Abstract Asians are the largest and the fastest growing segment of the world population, and the second largest immigrant population in the U.S. A high proportion of Asians live in developing countries or are immigrants to developed countries. Studies on age-related social and health issues of Asians have lagged. To advance research into aging among Asians living in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world, sound methodologies can be adopted from those well-developed in other settings while novel methodologies are to be developed to meet the unique needs of Asian studies. This symposium brings together five abstracts that address a variety of innovative methodological issues in social and health studies among Asian older adults. The topics range from use of wearable devices to measure travel patterns, life space and physical activity in late-life Asian immigrants in the U.S.; use of Ecological Momentary Assessment method to examine influences of social contact satisfaction on neighborhood affect in Chinese in mainland China; use of multilingual age-friendly touch-screen device for cognitive intervention in Singapore; use of GIS to evaluate potential influences of accessibility to neighborhood living resources on attitudes towards aging among the oldest old in Shanghai; and use of a multi-phase complex mixed methods to evaluate a Chinese cancer screening program in Taiwan. Together, these studies showed that innovative methods can be adapted for context relevance and linguistic and cultural appropriateness, and successfully executed in studies on aging among Asians. This symposium is a collaborative effort of the Aging Among Asians Interest Group.
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Jang, Sou Hyun. "Here or There: Recent U.S. Immigrants’ Medical and Dental Tourism and Associated Factors." International Journal of Health Services 48, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 148–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731417732780.
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Applying Andersen’s health care utilization model, this paper shows the prevalence of immigrants’ medical and dental tourism and associated factors. An analysis of the 2003 New Immigrant Survey data shows that about 17% of immigrants received medical care in a foreign country, whereas about one-third obtained dental care outside the United States. Latino immigrants have a higher prevalence of both types of tourism than their Asian counterparts. Race, level of education, and health insured status are commonly associated with medical and dental tourism. The findings contribute to the scarce literature on immigrants’ health care utilization and medical and dental tourism.
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Gardner, Robert W. "Asian Immigration: The View from the United States." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 1 (March 1992): 64–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100104.
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Between the 1965 immigration law and 1990, Asian immigration to the United States increased tenfold to a quarter of a million annually. As sender of the most immigrants, Japan has yielded to the Philippines, South Korea, Vietnam, India, and China. From 1974–1989, over 900,000 Southeast Asian refugees entered the United States. Most Asians today are admitted in the family preference category. On average, the sex ratio is balanced, but over 55% of immigrants from South Korea, the Philippines, and Taiwan are female. Asians are occupationally diverse, with a greater number of professionals/executives (35%) than laborers (14%). Though relatively few in number, Asians concentrate geographically (notably in California) and exert growing political influence in those areas. Except for refugees, Asians are generally viewed as having a positive impact as students and workers. On the other hand, inas much as they contribute to ethnic diversity, they fan the current fears over threats to a common American cultural heritage. Anti-Asian hate crimes and interethnic violence have risen. Asian immigration is likely to continue to rise and show greater emphasis on employment preference categories.
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Akee, Randall, Maggie R. Jones, Sonya R. Porter, and Emilia Simeonova. "Hispanic and Asian Earnings Inequality: New Workers and Immigrants." AEA Papers and Proceedings 110 (May 1, 2020): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20201117.
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Using confidential-use, individual-level Internal Revenue Service and US Census data, we follow the earnings of Hispanics and Asians between the ages of 18-45 with panel data that spans the years 2005-2014. These two groups represent the largest immigration flows in recent years. We examine the impact that labor market entrants and new immigrant arrivals within each group have on group earnings inequality. We show that labor market entrants and immigrants increase inequality for both groups.
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Kim, Hagyun, and Clare Hocking. "Attending to immigrants’ everyday activities: A new perspective on ensuring Asian immigrants’ quality of life." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 28, no. 3 (November 17, 2016): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol28iss3id248.
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INTRODUCTION: The quality of Asian immigrants’ lives is significant to the harmony of New Zealand society where, at the 2013 Census, 11.8% of its residents identified as Asian. However, settlement can be stressful for new Asian immigrants because moving to a country with a different culture can disrupt most of their familiar routines, and it is strongly associated with marginalisation and isolation from society. Recognising these challenges, social workers have positioned themselves at the forefront of efforts to improve Asian immigrants’ quality of life.METHOD: An occupational perspective is applied to underpin an examination of Asian immigrants’ participation in Aotearoa New Zealand society. Occupational science is a basic social science grounded in the notion that people engage in occupations for their existence and that the drive to be occupied has evolutionary, psychological, social, and symbolic roots.CONCLUSIONS: This article suggests an occupational perspective as a new analytic framework which has the potential to give social workers clearer insight into the realities which Asian immigrants encounter; consequently, increasing their ability to support Asian immigrants’ full participation into a new society.
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Miller, Paul W. "The Earnings of Asian Male Immigrants in the Canadian Labor Market." International Migration Review 26, no. 4 (December 1992): 1222–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600407.
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The earnings of Asian-born immigrants in the Canadian labor market declined relative to the earnings of native-born workers between 1981 and 1986. Analysis of the labor market performance of immigrants from four regions of Asia—Southern Asia, South East Asia, Eastern Asia and Western Asia—shows that Asian immigrants are a heterogeneous group. However, changes in the birthplace composition of Asian immigrants cannot explain the fall in the relative earnings of the Asian aggregate. Attention is drawn to the switch in the distribution of immigrants across the admission classes as a possible explanation of this phenomenon.
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Wang, Yihan, Bongki Woo, and Nan Jiang. "CORRELATES OF LONELINESS AMONG OLDER ASIAN IMMIGRANTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2345.
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Abstract Loneliness is a prevalent social concern among older adults, which calls for attention as a condition itself and its influence on mental and physical conditions. However, limited efforts have been made to understand loneliness, particularly among immigrant older adults. Guided by the ecological perspective, the present study contributes to the literature by providing a systematic review of the prevalence and individual-, household-, and community-level correlates of loneliness among Asian older immigrants, one of the fast-growing immigrant population. Following the PRISMA guideline, we systematically searched eight electronic databases to identify relevant empirical research articles. Of the 828 articles identified, ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Majority of these articles focused on older Chinese and Korean immigrants. On the individual level, migration grief, longer length of residence, and weaker ethnic attachment were linked to higher level of loneliness, indicating that immigration can be a challenging experience for later life well-being of Asian older adults. Other identified correlates include mental and functional impairment and worsening health changes. On the household level, while living alone was a commonly identified correlate of loneliness, those who live with family also reported loneliness when they have fewer interactions with their family members. On the community-level, smaller social network and lack of social support and interactions were correlates of loneliness. The findings of the present study are helpful for identifying older Asian immigrants who may be at risk of loneliness and implicates that the efforts to mitigate the loneliness need to be made at various ecological levels.
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Hu, Jing, Tommy E. Whittler, and Kelly Tian. "Resisting immigrant myths: everyday consumer practices of Asian immigrants in America." Consumption Markets & Culture 16, no. 2 (March 2012): 169–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10253866.2012.659436.
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Marrow, Helen B., Linda R. Tropp, Meta van der Linden, Dina G. Okamoto, and Michael Jones-Correa. "HOW DOES INTERRACIAL CONTACT AMONG THE U.S.-BORN SHAPE WHITE AND BLACK RECEPTIVITY TOWARD IMMIGRANTS?" Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 16, no. 2 (2019): 385–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x19000249.
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AbstractA notable increase in immigration into the United States over the past half century, coupled with its recent geographic dispersion into new communities nationwide, has fueled contact among a wider set of individuals and groups than ever before. Past research has helped us understand Whites’ and Blacks’ attitudes toward immigrants and immigration, and even how contact between Blacks and Whites have shaped their attitudes toward one another. Nevertheless, how contact between Blacks and Whites may correspond with attitudes toward immigrants is not as well understood. Drawing on an original representative survey, we examine U.S.-born Whites’ and Blacks’ attitudes toward Mexican and South Asian Indian immigrants within the context of ongoing relations between the former two U.S.-born communities. Informed by research on the secondary transfer effect (STE), we model how the frequency of contact between U.S.-born Whites and Blacks predicts each group’s receptivity toward two differentially positioned immigrant groups, first-generation Mexicans and South Asian Indians. Multivariate analysis indicates that, among Whites, more frequent contact with Blacks is positively associated with greater receptivity toward both immigrant outgroups, even after controlling for Whites’ individual perceptions of threat, their direct contact with the two immigrant groups, and the perceived quality of such contact. Among Blacks, however, we find less consistent evidence that frequent contact with Whites is associated with attitudes toward either immigrant group. While varied literatures across multiple disciplines have suggested that interracial relations among the U.S.-born may be associated with receptivity toward immigrant newcomers, our results uniquely highlight the importance of considering how U.S.-born groups are positioned in relation to immigrants and to each other when examining such effects.
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Berg-Hansen, Pål, Stine M. Moen, Leiv Sandvik, Hanne F. Harbo, Inger J. Bakken, Camilla Stoltenberg, and Elisabeth G. Celius. "Prevalence of multiple sclerosis among immigrants in Norway." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 21, no. 6 (October 24, 2014): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458514554055.
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Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence is unevenly distributed worldwide. Immigration to Norway from countries with a lower MS prevalence is increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate MS prevalence in different immigrant populations in Norway and evaluate the effect of migrating from low- to high-risk regions of MS. Method: First- and second-generation immigrants from the largest immigrant populations were identified from the 2012 Norwegian prevalence study. Prevalence of MS in different ethnic groups was compared using the standardized prevalence ratio (SPR). Results: European and North-American immigrants had the highest prevalence of MS, whereas African and Asian immigrants had the lowest. The prevalence of first-generation Iranian immigrants was not significantly different from the total Norwegian population (SPR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.46–1.03). Second-generation immigrants from Pakistan (SPR 1.62, 95% CI: 0.88–2.76) had a strong increase in prevalence compared to the first generation (SPR 0.13, 95% CI: 0.05–0.28). Conclusion: MS prevalence among immigrants in Norway in general reflects the uneven distribution worldwide. The sharp increase in prevalence in immigrants seen in one generation suggests strong environmental factors affecting the MS risk in Norway.
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Kahn, Joan R. "Immigrant and Native Fertility during the 1980s: Adaptation and Expectations for the Future." International Migration Review 28, no. 3 (September 1994): 501–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800304.
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This article compares both the fertility behavior and expectations for future childbearing of foreign and native-born women in the United States using data from the 1980 U.S. Census and the 1986 and 1988 June Current Population Surveys. The goals are to first analyze the sources of the growing fertility gap between immigrant and native women and then to explore the extent to which immigrants adapt (or intend to adapt) their fertility once in the United States. The results show that the immigrant-native fertility gap has increased during the 1980s – not because immigrant fertility has increased, but rather because fertility dropped at a faster rate for natives than for immigrants. The relatively high fertility of immigrants compared to natives can be completely explained by compositional differences with respect to age, education, income and ethnicity. The two analyses of adaptation showed somewhat different results. The synthetic cohort analysis, which traced the fertility behavior of a fixed cohort of immigrants during the 1980s, found little evidence of adaptation or assimilation, except for Southeast Asian immigrants. On the other hand, the analysis of fertility expectations suggests that although immigrants ‘expect’ to have higher fertility than similar natives, they tend to adapt their fertility ‘goals’ over time, both within and across generations.
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Khairullah, Durriya Z. "Acculturation And Its Relation To Asian-Indian Immigrants Perceptions Of Advertisements." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 11, no. 2 (September 21, 2011): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v11i2.5875.
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This study attempts to determine whether the perceptions of Asian-Indian immigrants in the U.S. towards Indian print versus American print advertisements vary within and across stages of acculturation. Our results show that tow and moderate acculturated respondents had a greater preference for Indian advertisements while high acculturated Asian-Indians had a greater preference for American advertisements. Our findings imply that an understanding of the effect of acculturation could aid in planning and executing appropriate advertising programs in order to effectively cater to specific subsegments of the immigrant market.
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Singh, Gopal K., Alfonso Rodriguez-Lainz, and Michael D. Kogan. "Immigrant Health Inequalities in the United States: Use of Eight Major National Data Systems." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/512313.
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Eight major federal data systems, including the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS), National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), National Survey of Children’s Health, National Longitudinal Mortality Study, and American Community Survey, were used to examine health differentials between immigrants and the US-born across the life course. Survival and logistic regression, prevalence, and age-adjusted death rates were used to examine differentials. Although these data systems vary considerably in their coverage of health and behavioral characteristics, ethnic-immigrant groups, and time periods, they all serve as important research databases for understanding the health of US immigrants. The NVSS and NHIS, the two most important data systems, include a wide range of health variables and many racial/ethnic and immigrant groups. Immigrants live 3.4 years longer than the US-born, with a life expectancy ranging from 83.0 years for Asian/Pacific Islander immigrants to 69.2 years for US-born blacks. Overall, immigrants have better infant, child, and adult health and lower disability and mortality rates than the US-born, with immigrant health patterns varying across racial/ethnic groups. Immigrant children and adults, however, fare substantially worse than the US-born in health insurance coverage and access to preventive health services. Suggestions and new directions are offered for improvements in health monitoring and for strengthening and developing databases for immigrant health assessment in the USA.
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Doorenbos, Ardith Z. "Hospice Access for Asian Indian Immigrants." Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing 5, no. 1 (January 2003): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129191-200301000-00016.
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Ko, Arthur, and Jill Turner. "Culturally Sensitive Care for Asian Immigrants." Home Healthcare Now 35, no. 9 (October 2017): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nhh.0000000000000608.
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Fujii, Daryl E., and Tony M. Wong. "Neuropsychological Assessment with Asian-American Immigrants." Journal of Forensic Neuropsychology 4, no. 4 (February 20, 2006): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j151v04n04_02.
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Yang, Wei, and Marsha Read. "Dietary pattern changes of Asian immigrants." Nutrition Research 16, no. 8 (August 1996): 1277–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0271-5317(96)00137-6.
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Kim, Kwang Chung, Won Moo Hurh, and Marilyn Fernandez. "Intra-group Differences in Business Participation: Three Asian Immigrant Groups." International Migration Review 23, no. 1 (March 1989): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300104.
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This investigates the ethnic and nativity differentials in self-employment based on small-business experiences of three Asian immigrant groups in the U.S. –Korean, Chinese, and Asian Indians. In light of the 1980 Census data, the intra- and the inter-group differences in the business participation rates of these Asian immigrant groups are examined. Findings reveal that each group has substantial intra-group differences in the business participation rate, and the differences can best be explained by the interactive approach proposed by this study. Moreover, a comparative study (inter-group comparison) of these intra-group differences opens a new avenue to understanding the various patterns of business participation among the recent immigrants from Asia.
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Rahman, Zaynah, and Susan J. Paik. "South Asian Immigration and Education in the U.S.: Historical and Social Contexts." Social and Education History 6, no. 1 (February 22, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/hse.2017.2393.
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This article examines the historical and social contexts of South Asian immigration and their current socioeconomic and educational outcomes in the United States. Based on an adapted model of incorporation and literature review, this historical analysis examines government policies, societal reception, co-ethnic communities, as well as other barriers and opportunities of three immigration waves before and after the Immigration Act of 1965. The study reveals the modes of incorporation differed for each immigrant wave as well as subsequent socioeconomic and educational outcomes within the South Asian community. Before 1965, the earliest migrants had several barriers to incorporation coupled with government and societal hostility. After 1965, South Asians began immigrating under more favorable or neutral modes of incorporation. They were also more wealthy, educated, fluent in English, and had professional skills. While the majority of South Asians today represent this demographic composition, a rising subgroup of immigrants arriving under differential circumstances since the 1980s are facing more unique challenges within this community.
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Singh, Gopal K., and Stella M. Yu. "The Impact of Ethnic-Immigrant Status and Obesity-Related Risk Factors on Behavioral Problems among US Children and Adolescents." Scientifica 2012 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/648152.
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We examined the prevalence and correlates of parent-reported behavioral problems among immigrants and US-born children aged 6–17 years. The 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health was used to develop an 11-item factor-based behavioral problems index (BPI) and a dichotomous serious behavioral problems (SBP) measure. Logistic and least-squares regression and disparity indices were used to analyze differentials. BPI scores varied from 92.3 for immigrant Asian children to ≥102.4 for native Hispanic and Black children. The prevalence of SBP ranged from 2.9% for immigrant Asian children to 17.0% for native Black children. Children in most ethnic-immigrant groups had higher adjusted levels of behavioral problems than immigrant Asian children. Native Hispanic children, native and immigrant White children, immigrant Black children, and native Asian children had ≥3.0 times higher adjusted odds of SBP than immigrant Asian children. Lower socioeconomic status, obesity, physical inactivity, lack of sports participation, increased television viewing, and sleep disruption were associated with greater behavioral problems. Sociodemographic and behavioral factors accounted for 37.0% and 48.5% of ethnic-immigrant disparities in BPI and SBP, respectively. Immigrant children had fewer behavioral problems than native-born children. Policies aimed at modifying obesity-related behaviors and social environment may lead to improved behavioral/emotional health in both immigrant and native children.
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Johnson, Marilynn. "“The Quiet Revival”: New Immigrants and the Transformation of Christianity in Greater Boston." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 24, no. 2 (2014): 231–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2014.24.2.231.
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AbstractIn the years after 1965, a new wave of Asian, Latino, Caribbean, and African immigrants has transformed and revitalized the religious landscape of many U.S. cities. This essay explores the transformation of Christianity in greater Boston, where new immigrants replenished ailing congregations and infused them with new religious and social practices. This de-Europeanization of Christianity was not simply a result of transnational practices but resulted from a collaborative process between immigrants and native-born religious institutions. Both Catholic and Protestant churches experienced this immigrant-based revitalization, but evangelical Protestants have been particularly adept at partnering with newcomers to promote a “quiet revival” of urban Christianity.
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Hannis, Grant. "Reporting diversity in New Zealand: The ‛Asian Angst’ controversy." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 15, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v15i1.967.
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A recent cause célèbre in the reporting of diversity in New Zealand was ‛Asian Angst’, an article published by leading magazine North & South. Following the influx of Chinese immigrants into New Zealand over recent years, ‛Asian Angst’ painted a picture of consequent rampant Chinese crime in the country. The article caused an uproar and the Press Council later ruled the piece was inaccurate and discriminatory. This analysis reveals how the article conformed to the traditional Western stereotype of Asians as the Yellow Peril, and concludes that the magazine adopted this stereotype because it was apparently determined to portray Chinese immigrants in a poor light and was unable to interpret the relevant crime statistics correctly.