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1
Dutta, M. "Asia pacific economic cooperation, (APEC)." Journal of Asian Economics 7, no. 3 (December 1996): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1049-0078(96)90024-x.
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Dutta, M. "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)." Journal of Asian Economics 6, no. 4 (December 1995): 511–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1049-0078(95)90027-6.
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Ahn, Hyung-Do. "Assessment of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation: TILF, Ecotech, and Financial Cooperation." International Area Review 3, no. 1 (June 2000): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590000300103.
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This paper reviews the performance of APEC over the last 10 ***years and discusses the challenges it faces. The review of APEC's performance turns out to be unsatisfactory. Nonetheless, APEC has the potential to be a valuable economic forum in the region. In the short and medium term, APEC confronts with four challenges: 1) how to reach the Bogor goals of 2010/2020, 2) how to contribute to global liberalization; 3) how to achieve a balance between TILF and Ecotech; and 4) how to harmonize subregionalism in the region with APEC's goals.
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Traslosheros, Gerardo. "México y el Mecanismo de Cooperación Económica Asia Pacífico (APEC)." México y la Cuenca del Pacífico 8, no. 23 (May 1, 2019): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/mycp.v8i23.622.
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Hage, Erika. "Redundancy in the Twenty-First Century: An Examination of and Argument Against APEC." Political Science Undergraduate Review 2, no. 2 (February 15, 2017): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/psur39.
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Once poised to become a significant regional trade agreement (RTA), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation’s (APEC) strength has waned in the twentyfirst century, leading many to question its viability and relevance as a cooperation. Taking into account several other RTAs that have arisen in Asia and the Pacific, the paper examines whether APEC still aligns with the interests of the Cooperation’s nations and economies. A closer examination of how APEC is structured reveals several weaknesses inherent in the RTA. These, coupled with the vast geography APEC encompasses, calls into question whether APEC can continue to effectively function in its intended capacity.
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Rudner, Martin. "Apec: The Challenges of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation." Modern Asian Studies 29, no. 2 (May 1995): 403–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00012798.
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International trade figures prominently in the economic growth strategies of East and Southeast Asian countries. Despite the economic recession experienced across much of the world since the early 1990s, the pace of economic growth was sustained virtually unabated in the countries of East and Southeast Asia.During the entire decade of the 1980s the East and Southeast Asian economies grew more than twice as rapidly as the rest of the world economy. Along with this growth performance, international trade in the East and Southeast Asian region increased at about twice the rate of Europe and North America. Merchandise exports in East and Southeast Asia increased at an annual average rate of 10% per annum between 1965 and 1989. In 1990 and 1991 aggregate merchandise exports from Asia's Newly Industrializing Economies (South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong) grew by 9.0% and 11.4%, while the four ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) developing countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand) recorded average increases of 12.9% and 14.3%, respectively.Expanding merchandise exports were accompanied by surging capital inflows and rising investment rates, culminating in accelerated growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) along with a significant reduction in the incidence of poverty.
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Low, Linda. "Asia‑ Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): The First Decade." Asean Economic Bulletin 22, no. 2 (August 2005): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/ae22-2j.
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Fedorovskii, A. "APEC Evolution and Prospects of Regional Integration Processes." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2012): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-1-40-50.
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The paper discusses the operational value of the key principles of the activities of the Asia-Pacific economic cooperation (APEC) that stand behind its creation. These include the consensus decision-making, the voluntary nature of the decisions’ implementation, the “open regionalism”. Also the author deals with the functioning of the APEC in the context of regional economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region at the end of the first decade of the XXI century.
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Ismanto, Ignatius, and Roy Vincentius Pratikno. "Perubahan Ekonomi Global dan Tantangan bagi Indonesia [Global Economic Change and Challenges for Indonesia]." Verity: International Relations Journal 8, no. 16 (December 1, 2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/verity.v8i16.726.
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The shifting of global political-economy since early 1990s has been followed by the expansion of regional economy cooperation forum establishment, such as: NAFTA (North America Free Trade Area), EFTA (European Free Trade Area) and APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation). Indonesia, together with the other South East Asia countries who join ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asia), is also actively involved in engaging regional economy cooperation forums, such as: ASEAN-China FTA, ASEAN-India FTA, ASEAN-Jepang Economic Partnership, ASEAN Regional Economi Partnership (ARCEP). The establishment of those economic regionalism is apparently a strategy in responding economical globalization. Indonesia’s involvement in those regional economy cooperations has increased its national commitment, both in going through economical liberization as well as in building its national economy competitiveness. This research describes Indonesian political challanges in responding the dynamic changes of that global economy.
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Ono, Takahiro. "Business Continuity Planning Status of the Private Sector in the Asia Pacific Region." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0386.
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The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) region accounts for around half of all global GDP. Since its supply chains are closely intertwined, a single disaster could adversely affect economic activities in the entire region. APEC therefore needs to strengthen the private sector’s capacity for disaster preparedness and recovery by promoting Business Continuity Planning (BCP) among APEC member economies. This report is summarizes findings from a 2011 regional survey conducted to understand the status of BCP adoption and the level of BCP awareness in the private sector among APEC economies. Outcomes of this survey will be used to determine the next appropriate steps for enhancing and promoting private sector resilience.
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Ishido, Hikari. "Global value chains and liberalization of trade in services." Journal of Korea Trade 21, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkt-12-2016-0048.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the importance of establishing global value chains (GVCs) through the liberalization of trade in services, with the Republic of Korea comprising part of these value chains. Design/methodology/approach The construction of a database has revealed rather disconnected policy arrangements across Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) members in terms of service trade liberalization. Findings Although the economic benefits arising from harmonized and liberalized policies across APEC members are widely recognized in the business sector, the relevant policy coordination seems to be missing. Research limitations/implications With this status quo in mind, APEC could work on establishing its own harmonized “service trade commitment table” centering on simple foreign capital participation criteria. This would surely contribute to forming an APEC-wide GVC surrounding Korea, which actively aims to expand its economic ties in the Asia-Pacific region. Originality/value The comparison of WTO-based and free trade agreement-based service trade commitments by APEC members (including Korea) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations ten members is an original research area, with many policy implications for Korea in the Asia-Pacific Region.
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Kahler, Miles. "Legalization as Strategy: The Asia-Pacific Case." International Organization 54, no. 3 (2000): 549–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081800551325.
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The Asia-Pacific region offers an example of low legalization of regional institutions and perhaps an explicit aversion to legalization. An examination of three key regional institutions—ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), and the ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum)—confirms a regional process of institution building without legalization. Recent developments in these institutions permit some discrimination among competing explanations for low legalization. On the one hand, ASEAN has embraced a legalized dispute-settlement mechanism; Asian governments have also employed legalized global institutions. On the other hand, the ARF and APEC continue to resist clear-cut legal obligations and third-party dispute resolution. This pattern suggests that legalization is best viewed as driven by the demands of economic integration and as a strategic response by governments in particular institutional settings. These explanations undermine alternatives based on domestic legal culture and uniformly high sovereignty costs. The Asian economic crisis has reopened a debate over regional institutions, which may fix on legalization as part of a new regional institutional design.
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Palinchak, Mykola, Olena Zayats, and Viktoria Bokoch. "THE APEC INTEGRATED COMPETITIVE FORCE INDEX." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 6, no. 4 (November 24, 2020): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2020-6-4-118-124.
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The number of actors that affect the distribution of the competitive force in the global economy is growing, and the spheres of economic competition or cooperation are expanding to build up the competitive force. The article emphasizes the significant impact of international economic integration on the sustainable economic development of the world economy. It also shows that the study of the competitive force of interstate integration groupings is highly relevant today, as international economic integration plays a fundamental role in the development of trade and competitive relations between countries. The paper offers the methodology for competitiveness grouping of Member States of the international integration groupings in order to assess the global competitive force of trade and economic groupings in the world economy. The purpose is to investigate the Integrated Competitive Force Index of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 2019 in order to analyze the attractiveness of APEC in terms of the global competitive force. It is also important to determine the attractiveness of APEC competitive environment according to 12 criteria on the basis of the research, which, in turn, allows for a better understanding and ranking of interstate integration groupings according to their competitive forces. Result. Based on the data of the Global Competitiveness Report 2019 on the competitiveness of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Member States (APEC), the Integrated Competitive Force Index of APEC as an interstate integration grouping has been calculated. The Index will help to assess economic integration or disintegration processes in the global economy. The article proves the necessity of the annual integrated competitive force ranking of international integration groupings. Practical implications. The introduction of the new Integrated Competitive Force Index of interstate integration groupings will help competition policymakers to decide which processes of economic integration or disintegration should be preferred in order to build up their competitive force in the global economy.
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Stapran, N. V. "RUSSIA'S PARTICIPATION IN MULTILATERAL MECHANISMS IN EAST ASIA." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(36) (June 28, 2014): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-3-36-20-26.
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After the end of the Cold War Russia has significantly increased its participation in multilateral mechanisms in the Asia-Pacific region and is clearly trying to become a significant player in regional institution-building. For two post-Cold War Russia decades was involved in almost all the basic mechanisms of multilateral cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region. However, often Russia isn't perceived by Asian partners as an equal participant in the Asia-Pacific region, it is felt particularly in the area of multilateral economic cooperation. Russia's entry into the WTO (2011) and the formation of the Common Economic stimulated Russia's engagement in multilateral economic structures. Russia's inclusion in the negotiating framework of ASEM (2010) and EAS (2011) perceives that Asian countries are willing to see Russia as a full member not only in regional processes, but also globally. The main stimulus for the revision of the Asian direction of foreign policy and the role of Siberia and the Far East appears during APEC summit in Vladivostok in 2012. The APEC summit demonstrated the geostrategic importance of the development of the Russian Far East and Siberia, as a key element of Russia's inclusion in the mechanisms of regional cooperation, on the other hand, it became clear that without the participation of foreign partners effective development of the Far Eastern territories is hardly possible. Large-scale investment and infrastructure projects in the Far East has already significantly revived the situation in the region opening new opportunities for multilateral cooperation.
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Kimball, Ann Marie, Yuzo Arima, H. Matthew French, Carl S. Osaki, Rodney Hoff, Soo-Sim Lee, Lisa Schafer, et al. "Pandemic influenza planning by videoconference." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 15, no. 7 (October 2009): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jtt.2009.090311.
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Collaboration between nations and sectors is crucial to improve regional preparedness against pandemic influenza. In 2008, a Virtual Symposium was organized in the Asia-Pacific region by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Emerging Infections Network (APEC EINet) to discuss pandemic preparedness. The multipoint videoconference lasted approximately 4.5 hours and was attended by 16 APEC members who shared best practices in public-private partnerships for pandemic influenza preparedness planning. Twelve of the 16 APEC members who participated responded to a post-event survey. The overall experience of the event was rated highly. Partnering public health, technology and business communities to discuss best practices in preparedness using videoconferencing may be an effective way to improve regional preparedness. Utilization of videoconferencing on a routine basis should be considered to improve preparedness among APEC members and enhance its usability during a pandemic.
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Xu, W. Q., Y. L. Sun, C. Chen, W. Du, T. T. Han, Q. Q. Wang, P. Q. Fu, et al. "Aerosol composition, oxidative properties, and sources in Beijing: results from the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 16 (August 31, 2015): 23407–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-23407-2015.
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Abstract. The mitigation of air pollution in megacities remains a great challenge because of the complex sources and formation mechanisms of aerosol particles. The 2014 Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Beijing serves as a unique experiment to study the impacts of emission controls on aerosol composition, size distributions, and oxidative properties. Herein, a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed in urban Beijing for real-time measurements of size-resolved non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) species from 14 October to 12 November 2014, along with a range of collocated measurements. The average (±σ) PM1 was 41.6 (±38.9) μg m−3 during APEC, which was decreased by 53 % compared with that before APEC. The aerosol composition showed substantial changes owing to emission controls during APEC. Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA = sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) showed significant reductions of 62–69 %, whereas organics presented much smaller decreases (35 %). The results from the positive matrix factorization of organic aerosols (OA) indicated that highly oxidized secondary OA (SOA) showed decreases similar to those of SIA during APEC. However, primary OA (POA) from cooking, traffic, and biomass burning sources were comparable to those before APEC, indicating the presence of strong local source emissions. The oxidation properties showed corresponding changes in response to OA composition. The average oxygen-to-carbon level during APEC was 0.36 (±0.10), which is lower than the 0.43 (±0.13) measured before APEC, demonstrating a decrease in the OA oxidation degree. The changes in size distributions of primary and secondary species varied during APEC. SIA and SOA showed significant reductions in large accumulation modes with peak diameters shifting from ~ 650 to 400 nm during APEC, whereas those of POA remained relatively unchanged. The changes in aerosol composition, size distributions, and oxidation degrees during the aging processes were further illustrated in a case study of a severe haze episode. Our results elucidated a complex response of aerosol chemistry to emission controls, which has significant implications that emission controls over regional scales can substantially reduce secondary particulates. However, stricter emission controls for local source emissions are needed for further mitigating air pollution in the megacity of Beijing.
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Xu, W. Q., Y. L. Sun, C. Chen, W. Du, T. T. Han, Q. Q. Wang, P. Q. Fu, et al. "Aerosol composition, oxidation properties, and sources in Beijing: results from the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 23 (December 10, 2015): 13681–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13681-2015.
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Abstract. The mitigation of air pollution in megacities remains a great challenge because of the complex sources and formation mechanisms of aerosol particles. The 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in Beijing serves as a unique experiment to study the impacts of emission controls on aerosol composition, size distributions, and oxidation properties. Herein, a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer was deployed in urban Beijing for real-time measurements of size-resolved non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) species from 14 October to 12 November 2014, along with a range of collocated measurements. The average (±σ) PM1 was 41.6 (±38.9) μg m−3 during APEC, which was decreased by 53 % compared with that before APEC. The aerosol composition showed substantial changes owing to emission controls during APEC. Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA: sulfate + nitrate + ammonium) showed significant reductions of 62–69 %, whereas organics presented much smaller decreases (35 %). The results from the positive matrix factorization of organic aerosol (OA) indicated that highly oxidized secondary organic aerosol (SOA) showed decreases similar to those of SIA during APEC. However, primary organic aerosol (POA) from cooking, traffic, and biomass-burning sources were comparable to those before APEC, indicating the presence of strong local source emissions. The oxidation properties showed corresponding changes in response to OA composition. The average oxygen-to-carbon level during APEC was 0.36 (±0.10), which is lower than the 0.43 (±0.13) measured before APEC, demonstrating a decrease in the OA oxidation degree. The changes in size distributions of primary and secondary species varied during APEC. SIA and SOA showed significant reductions in large accumulation modes with peak diameters shifting from ~ 650 to 400 nm during APEC, whereas those of POA remained relatively unchanged. The changes in aerosol composition, size distributions, and oxidation degrees during the aging processes were further illustrated in a case study of a severe haze episode. Our results elucidated a complex response of aerosol chemistry to emission controls, which has significant implications that emission controls over regional scales can substantially reduce secondary particulates. However, stricter emission controls for local source emissions are needed for further mitigating air pollution in the megacity of Beijing.
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Kron, Michael, Rupinder Grewal, John Idso, Michael Prough, Cassandra Sundaram, Scott Klein, John Nida, Desmond Jumbam, and Kaya Garringer. "Mental health indicators in APEC." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 65, no. 2 (December 29, 2018): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764018819631.
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Background: The World Economic Forum (2011) concluded that the economic impact of mental illness is the single most important contributor among all non-communicable diseases to loss of productivity. The 21 economies represented by Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) responded to that information with efforts to address mental health as an integral component of economic development. Aim: In order to help assess the progress of APEC region compared to other regions of the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) granted us access to a subset of the 2014 Mental Health Atlas database containing health indicators from all 21 APEC economies. Methods: APEC-specific data were extracted using the same format used by WHO in its Mental Health Atlas to compare/contrast data in APEC versus the six WHO regions of the world. Results: It was observed that mental health workforces in APEC include a higher number of psychiatrist providers compared with WHO regions. Suicide rates reported in three APEC economies are among the highest in the world. All APEC economies continue their individual and coordinated efforts to support their ‘ APEC Roadmap to Promote Mental Wellness in a Healthy Asia Pacific (2014–2020)’. Conclusion: Significant challenges for APEC members exist to coordinate regional efforts to improve mental health due to highly variable income levels, existing health infrastructures and social preferences. The findings in this report may serve as a helpful baseline for measuring success within the APEC region by 2020, the year in which progress in support of economic development will be reassessed.
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Navarro Chávez, José César, América Ivonne Zamora Torres, and Montserrat Cano Torres. "Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Tourism for Mexico and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Countries." Revista Turismo em Análise 27, no. 2 (September 8, 2016): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v27i2p235-255.
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Tourism has become an important industry for most of the economies, especially for non industrialized countries where it represent the main source of income. This paper focuses on the analysis of 14 competitiveness tourism factors for 20 country members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, which represents the most dynamic region in the world according to its participation on the global GDP and international trade, highlighting the performance of Mexico and doing a benchmark with the rest of APEC countries. The authors analyze secondary data from the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index to create clusters and then multidimensional scaling techniques were employed for detecting the more or less effective determinants of destination competitiveness.
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KURIHARA, YUTAKA. "IS APEC SUITABLE FOR CURRENCY UNION?" Singapore Economic Review 51, no. 03 (December 2006): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590806002500.
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The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989. APEC member countries are remarkably different from each other in many respects. The traditional optimum currency area (OCA) theory may not be suitable for application to APEC. This paper stresses business cycles and trade intensity, which are included in OCA theory, and considers whether or not the "currency union" is suitable. The paper develops a procedure for applying OCA theory to APEC and examines these criteria while taking into account the endogeneity of these criteria. The result indicates that adopting the dollar for currency union is much more reasonable than adopting the yen.
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Ramirez, Cuauhtemoc. "Sustainable Tourism in APEC: A Region with UNWTO Members and Non-members." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 3 (May 2, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n3p1.
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Tourism has become a source of income, employment and economic growth for the country members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). This paper analyses tourism as a regional economic activity that interacts with the environment, with positive effects such as improving economic competitiveness; and negative effects such as overcrowding and poor management that can destroy the touristic asset on which the activity depends. These issues put the membership of the World Tourism Organization (WTO) of some APEC economies at stake, as well as the future of their local, regional and global economic and tourism competitiveness.
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HUR, JUNG, and HYUN-HOON LEE. "APEC HAS INDEED CREATED INTRA-REGIONAL TRADE: A SYSTEMATIC EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS." Singapore Economic Review 62, no. 05 (December 2017): 1077–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815501039.
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The Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, whose approach is voluntary and non-binding in open regionalism, has been criticized for its alleged failure to develop a rapid liberalization process and to contribute to a greater level of intra-regional trade in the APEC region. Nonetheless, we find that APEC has been contributing to intra-regional trade creation, particularly in trade in manufactured goods as compared to trade in non-manufactured goods. This finding is robust to the various fixed-effect models and the first-differencing models which are applied to the gravity equation.
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Dostie, M. "Apec Symposium On International Financing Instruments - Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - Singapore, 14-16 December 2004." Uniform Law Review - Revue de droit uniforme 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ulr/9.4.906.
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Rodríguez, Christian. "Developing economies and the Asia-Pacific economic cooperation forum-APEC: intrabloc trade and attraction of foreign direct investment from region." Cuadernos de difusión 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2008): 81–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2008.v13n24.05.
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Since one of the main goals of the APEC is to facilitate the international trade and investments among its members, it is said that taking over APEC presidency (as Peru in 2008), will contribute to foster trade and attract investments from member economies. But, is there any pattern which allows quantifying the benefi ts resulting from this kind of commitment? After evaluating the trade statistics of APEC developing economies ever since the creation of the Forum in 1989, it can be inferred that presiding APEC does not guarantee an increase in its trade with the rest of APEC economies. Right after hosting the summit, its imports grow higher compared with its exports, but there is not any conclusive information on the growth of foreign direct investment (FDI). Nevertheless, even though the growth of trade and FDI attraction from APEC other member economies does not rely exclusively on taking over the Forum’s Presidency, this commitment is a unique opportunity to promote trade with the planet’s most important economic bloc.
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Novikov, D. P. "Russia, China and the Pacific Countries of Latin America: Opportunities for Multilateral Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-1-241-259.
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The article is devoted to the problems of the development of modern relations of Russia, China and the Pacific states of Latin America. Author focuses on potential of cooperation of these states in multilateral formats and dialogues and the reform of the economic and institutional order in the Asia-Pacific. The relevance of such cooperation is increasing due to the crisis of the international order that has emerged in the Asia-Pacific region. This crisis manifests itself in two aspects. First, we may observe a certain lack of institutions of regulation of economic relations and ideas for their further development. Such a complex agenda is shaped by Russia and China in relation to Eurasia (the concept of “Greater Eurasia”), but the promotion of a similar agenda in the APEC faces many contradictions. Second, the Asia-Pacific region is becoming an area of confrontation between the United States and China, which is also manifested in the struggle for the future configuration of the regional order in the region. The Pacific countries of Latin America were not affected by either the Russian or Chinese mega-initiatives of recent years, which are aimed precisely at creating a new international order. Meanwhile, these countries are APEC members and participants in many regional initiatives, as well as potentially significant economic partners for both Russia and China. Moreover, the author believes that a similar level of economic development and similar needs objectively bring together the views and approaches of the leading Eurasian powers and the Pacific states of Latin America to the development of multilateral institutions of the regional order. However, the historically established institutional and political linkage of these countries to the United States currently determines their support for American initiatives. This provision, however, is not a given, and some irregularity of the American regional policy under the Trump administration makes the development of dialogue with these countries on the broad problems of multilateral cooperation in Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific region even more in demand. The author considers the proposed analysis and some conclusions as an opportunity for academic and expert discussion on the identified issues.
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Ono, Takahiro. "Consideration of Public Support to Enhance Private Sector’s Business Continuity Management." Journal of Disaster Research 9, sp (September 1, 2014): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2014.p0752.
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Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conducted an online survey in 2011 to determine the extent of the business continuity management (BCM) status of its 21member economies in the private sector. The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) adopted the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 (HFA) with several priorities for action (PFA) with the objective of reducing vulnerability and increasing disaster resiliency. This paper considers which subjects of PFA in HFA are important for enhancing the BCM status of the private sector together with APEC survey output in 2011.
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Hernandez, Carolina. "The Philippines in 2015." Asian Survey 56, no. 1 (January 2016): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2016.56.1.115.
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Other than the South China Sea (SCS) disputes, the Philippines in 2015 faced the same conditions as in 1996: keeping a sustainable peace in Mindanao, presidential elections, and a promising economy. The year was capped by the country’s hosting of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit. Chinese assertiveness challenged ASEAN’s unity and made closer Philippine ties to Washington and Tokyo an imperative.
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Terada, Takashi. "The US Struggles in APEC’s Trade Politics: Coalition-Building and Regional Integration in the Asia-Pacific." International Negotiation 18, no. 1 (2013): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-12341245.
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Abstract From a perspective of change in the institution’s function, the history of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) can be divided into four periods: 1989–1995, 1996–2001, 2001–2006, and 2007–present. APEC’s activities in each of these periods have been organized around major themes: respectively, the establishment of guidelines for liberalization; the implementation of liberalization measures; security issues such as counter-terrorism; and the establishment of a free trade area. American political will can be seen as a major driving force behind these changes in APEC’s agenda-setting. However, norm setting during the first and second periods encountered objections from China and Japan, respectively. During the third period, the Bush administration’s interest in combating terrorism through APEC was not supported by Asian members, who emphasized APEC’s primary role as a framework for economic cooperation, instead placed higher priorities on East Asian regionalism that excluded the US. In light of this shift, in the fourth period, the US once again urged that APEC should be used as a framework for liberalization and pushed for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). This period saw the discriminatory, legally-binding and reciprocity-based norms for trade liberalization take root in APEC, resulting largely from the American coalition-building approach through the promotion of the TPP as an existing integration framework. This has helped to create a critical mass while competition with China over regional trade policies becomes more intense, demonstrating the case where the US successfully set its own preferred agenda and norm together for the first time.
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Paredes, Gonzalo Jonás, Carlos Jurado Jaramillo, and Aleida Cevallos Bermeo. "Foro de cooperación económica Asia-Pacífico (APEC): el gran desafío de las relaciones comerciales de Ecuador." Alternativas 18, no. 3 (January 22, 2019): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.23878/alternativas.v18i3.143.
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El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la situación de las relaciones comerciales de Ecuador con las economías miembros del APEC, del inglés Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Para llevarlo a cabo, primero se realiza una revisión documental para indagar las razones por las que Ecuador no ha logrado ser una economía miembro de APEC, contrastando su situación con la de México, Chile y Perú, países miembros desde los noventa. Por último, se realiza una descripción de la actual situación comercial del país con esa región. Como conclusión se sostiene que Ecuador tiene un gran desafío si desea ser economía miembro de la APEC, dado que su relación comercial con la región de la cuenca oceánica es relativamente baja y que urge una aproximación al APEC por el mercado que representa.
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Huang, Li, Ke Chen, Mi Zhou, and Brendan Nuse. "Gravity Models of China's Bamboo and Rattan Products Exports: Applications to Trade Potential Analysis." Forest Products Journal 69, no. 4 (January 1, 2019): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-19-00022.
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Abstract Using export panel data for China and 24 bamboo and rattan trading partners from 2007 to 2017, this study simulates the export trade of Chinese bamboo and rattan products using a gravity model. Our results showed that economic size has a significant positive impact on the bilateral trade of bamboo and rattan products, while absolute distance between two major economic centers and population size have a significant negative impact. Furthermore, relevant Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) trade arrangements have an impact on bamboo and rattan product trade flows from China. Meanwhile, trade of bamboo and rattan between China and APEC countries such as South Korea, Canada, Russia, and Thailand shows much room for growth.
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Hermanto, NFN. "Arah Kebijakan Kerja Sama Pertanian Indonesia di Kawasan Asia Pasifik." Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi 36, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/fae.v36n1.2018.63-79.
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<p>In the current globalization era, it can no longer be inevitable the importance of cooperation among countries to realize peace and mutual prosperity. One of the growing international collaborations in the Asia Pacific region is Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). The idea of the agricultural cooperation importance is one of the efforts to respond to various challenges in free trade and globalization era where each country in the Asia Pacific region has its advantages and disadvantages. This paper aims to describe the readiness of Indonesia’s agriculture and reviewing several international cooperation that built in the Asia Pacific region. With the use of the analysis framework based on the theories of international cooperation, showed that Indonesian agricultural sector still requires effort to empowerment because dominated by the small-scale businesses with limited capital and innovative technology, respectively. Most of the agricultural export products are also still needs the exertion of increase of its competitiveness. The cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region is very prospective. Trade and investment cooperation are more open in the Asia Pacific region will open market opportunities for agricultural products Indonesia thereby potentially encourage high economic growth and to increase the standard of life of the people of Indonesia and other countries in the Asia Pacific region. To create new opportunities and new markets in the Asia Pacific region, needed the policy direction covering four interrelated matters, namely how to improve access of agricultural commodity markets, increase investment, develop technical cooperation and strengthen diplomacy function as a factor of facilitating Indonesia facilitators in facing many agriculture collaborations for today and the future.</p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Di era globalisasi seperti sekarang ini, tidak dapat lagi dielakkan pentingnya menjalin kerja sama antarnegara dalam rangka mewujudkan perdamaian dan kesejahteraan bersama. Salah satu kerja sama internasional yang berkembang saat ini di kawasan Asia Pasifik adalah <em>Association of South East Asian Nations</em> (ASEAN) dan <em>Asia Pasific Economic </em>Coorperation (APEC). Pemikiran akan pentingnya menjalin kerja sama, khususnya di bidang pertanian merupakan salah satu upaya merespon berbagai tantangan di era globalisasi dimana masing-masing negara di kawasan Asia Pasifik memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangannya. Tulisan ini bertujuan menganalisis kesiapan pertanian Indonesia serta mereview beberapa kerja sama internasional yang dibangun di kawasan Asia Pasifik. Dengan kerangka analisis yang didasarkan pada teori-teori kerja sama internasional, diperoleh gambaran bahwa sektor pertanian Indonesia masih memerlukan upaya pembenahan/ dan pemberdayaan karena usaha pertanian saat ini masih didominasi oleh usaha dengan skala kecil, modal yang terbatas, dan penggunaan teknologi yang masih sederhana. Sebagian besar produk ekspor pertanian juga masih memerlukan upaya peningkatan daya saing. Meskipun demikian prospek kerja sama di kawasan Asia-Pasifik sangat menjanjikan. Kerja sama perdagangan dan investasi yang lebih terbuka di kawasan Asia Pasifik akan membuka peluang pasar bagi produk pertanian Indonesia sehingga berpotensi mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi, serta meningkatkan standar hidup masyarakat Indonesia dan negara lainnya di kawasan Asia Pasifik. Untuk menciptakan peluang baru serta pasar baru di kawasan Asia, dibutuhkan adanya strategi mencakup empat hal yang saling terkait yakni bagaimana meningkatkan akses pasar, meningkatkan investasi, mengembangkan kerja sama teknik (<em>technical cooperation</em>) serta penguatan fungsi diplomasi pertanian sebagai faktor pelancar Indonesia dalam menghadapi berbagai kerja sama di bidang pertanian saat ini dan ke depan.</p>
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LI, XIAO-MING, and LAWRENCE C. ROSE. "THE IMPACT OF EVOLVING MARKET INTEGRATION ON APEC EMERGING STOCK MARKETS' WORLD BETAS." Annals of Financial Economics 02, no. 01 (June 2006): 0650001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010495206500011.
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This paper, based on the international capital asset pricing model estimated using the Kalman filter (KF) technique, examines the relationship between market integration and the systematic risk of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) emerging stock markets with respect to the world portfolio. We find strong evidence that local and regional integrations have effects on systematic risk and hence on returns, and certain evidence of the direct effects of market integrations on returns. Our results documented for individual markets show a heterogeneous pattern across the APEC region, implying that a one-rule-fits-all regulation policy would hurt some countries while assisting others.
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Ramirez, Cuauhtemoc, and José Ernesto Rangel. "Sustainable Tourism." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 7, no. 4 (October 2018): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2018100103.
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Tourism has become a source of activities that generate income, employment, and economic growth for the countries belonging to the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Mechanism (APEC). This article analyzes tourism as a regional economic activity that interacts with the environment, causing positive effects such as the improvement of economic competitiveness; and negative effects, such as tourism overcrowding and degradation of the sites where it is applied. Thus, poor management can destroy the tourism asset on which the activity depends and its future local, regional and global economic-tourist competitiveness.
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Ravenhill, John. "Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation [APEC]: Challenges and Tasks for the Twenty-First Century (review)." China Review International 10, no. 1 (2003): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2004.0043.
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Stolyarov, Andrey, and Ilya Sorokin. "The evaluation of the effectiveness of high-dividend strategies in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation economies." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 37, no. 1 (2021): 166–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2021.107.
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Investment strategies related to the use of high-dividend shares have been known for more than 30 years. Despite this, they remain relevant today. A large number of studies on this topic are devoted to studying the effectiveness of high-dividend strategies within one market, and cross-country studies evaluate a small number of markets. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of high-dividend strategies in the markets of all APEC economies, with the exception of Brunei and Papua New Guinea. The time horizon of the study is from 2002 to the present. We applied well-known modifications of the classic high-dividend strategy and modifications developed by the authors. We test hypotheses regarding the influence of various factors, such as the number of shares in a portfolio, the month of portfolio formation,classifying the economy as developed or developing, and the return on high-dividend portfolios. We also test the hypothesis that the significance of the high-dividend anomaly exists in various markets, but decreases over time. The results show different levels of effectiveness of high-dividend strategies and the different impact of the factors on the markets of developed and developing APEC economies. We found that high-dividend strategies are generally more effective in emerging markets, but in case of market growth, high-dividend strategies increase their abnormal returns only in developed markets. At the same time, the authors conclude that the number of shares in a high-dividend portfolio directly affects the result of its work. The results have theoretical and practical value, and can be applied in compiling a real investment portfolio.
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Davidson, Paul J. "International law and the role of APEC in the gobernance of economic coorperation within the Asia Pacific region." Cuadernos de difusión 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2008): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2008.v13n24.03.
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The cumbersome administrative process of trading in the Asia Pacifi c region has lead to propose the creation of a Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacifi c Region (FTAAP), as part of the governance structure. In this respect, the Asia Pacifi c Economic Cooperation (APEC) would play a major role regarding the setting of guidelines for economic cooperation and a free and open approach to investments. It is also provided that APEC’s legal framework may be applied to the economic activities which have not been regulated by other international agreements, offering advantages as adapting to the real conditions of each state and the standardization of the already existing regulations. However, this non-binding framework, (soft law), does not foreclose, but complements the OMC’s binding legal framework (hard law).
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Nugroho, Rino Adi, and Kumara Jati. "POTENSI PENINGKATAN AKSES PASAR PRODUK INDONESIA KE PEREKONOMIAN APEC UNTUK MENGANTISIPASI REALISASI FTAAP." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v12i2.324.
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Abstrak Tulisan ini mengkaji potensi peningkatan akses pasar produk Indonesia ke kawasan Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) untuk mengantisipasi realisasi Free Trade Area of The Asia-Pacific (FTAAP). Penelitian ini menggunakan Export Product Dynamic (EPD), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), dan analisis Inter-Regional Input-Output (IRIO). Hasil analisis EPD dengan menggunakan klasifikasi 21 sektor diperoleh 15 sektor ekspor Indonesia ke pasar Asia-Pasifik berada pada posisi retreat dan enam sektor lainnya berada pada posisi falling star. Berdasarkan hasil IIT diperoleh lima sektor ekspor Indonesia yang memiliki integrasi dalam kategori integrasi sangat kuat yaitu sektor hasil panen dan hewan, industri pengolahan makanan dan tembakau, industri farmasi, industri karet dan plastik, serta industri perakitan komputer. Sementara itu berdasarkan analisis Inter-Regional Input-Output (IRIO) terhadap 10 ekonomi Asia-Pasifik terlihat bahwa proporsi perdagangan bilateral terhadap total ekspor terbesar yaitu Indonesia terhadap Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) dan Jepang dengan persentase masing-masing sebesar 1,22% diikuti oleh Korea Selatan dan Jepang masing-masing sebesar 0,4% dan 0,32%. Ekspor Indonesia ke Australia, RRT, Jepang, Korea Selatan, Meksiko, Rusia dan Taiwan didominasi oleh barang antara dan ekspor Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat dan Kanada didominasi oleh barang konsumsi langsung. Untuk memperoleh nilai tambah, Indonesia perlu meningkatkan daya saing melalui transfer teknologi dan akses pasar yang fokus pada permintaan akhir. AbstractThis paper examines the potential improvement of market access of Indonesian products to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) region to anticipate the possibility of the Free Trade Area of The Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) realization. The methods used in this research are Export Product Dynamic (EPD), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), and Inter-Regional Input-Output (IRIO) analysis. Based on the analysis of EPD using 21 sectors classification, it was obtained 15 export sectors of Indonesia to Asia-Pacific market are in retreat position and other six sectors are in falling star position. While using the IIT method, there are five Indonesian export sectors that have very strong integration, namely and animal sector, food and tobacco processing industry, pharmaceutical industry, rubber and plastics industry, and computer docking industry. In addition, by using IRIO analysis on 10 Asia-Pacific economies, it showed that the largest share of Indonesia bilateral trade was to China and Japan at about 1.22% respectively. This was followed by South Korea and Taiwan with percentage of 0.4% and 0.32%. The exports of Indonesia to Australia, China, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Russia and Taiwan were dominated by the intermediate goods, while to the United States and Canada are dominated by final goods. Therefore, to obtain added value, Indonesia’s has to improve competitiveness with technology transfer and market access increase which focuses on the final demand.
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Feinberg, Richard. "Voluntary multilateralism and institutional modification: The first two decades of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)." Review of International Organizations 3, no. 3 (November 30, 2007): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11558-007-9032-z.
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Wang, Zhanshan, Yunting Li, Tian Chen, Dawei Zhang, Lingjun Li, Baoxian Liu, Jinxiang Li, Feng Sun, and Libo Pan. "Science–Policy Interplay: Improvement of Air Quality from 2008 to 2014 in Beijing and the Scientific Approach to Achieve APEC Blue." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00095.1.
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Abstract The Beijing government has made great effort to solve the air pollution problem in recent years. In this paper, the major air pollution control measures and the air quality improvement from 2008 to 2014 in Beijing were represented. With the implementation of a series of unconventional and high–air pollutant reduction measures in Beijing and the surrounding area, good air quality during both the 2008 Olympic Games and the 2014 Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) conference was guaranteed. Notably, a new scientific approach was applied to formulate air pollution control policy during the APEC conference. In addition to the established measures, two periods of enhanced and targeted reduction measures were implemented according to the forecast in advance. Finally, suggestions for improving air quality in Beijing were offered on the basis of the monitoring results and analyses during the APEC conference.
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Oliynyk, O. "“Asia-Pacific Dream” – Chinese Regional Integration Project." Problems of World History, no. 14 (June 10, 2021): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-14-5.
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In the 21st century, China has significantly strengthened its role in world historical processes. In 40 years of reform and openness, China has not only become a world leader in economic development, it has also become an active player in the world political arena. China began to show greater interest in world development and at the same time began to actively integrate into the world community, seeking to prove the global benefits of cooperation with China. The Chinese leadership believes that China cannot stand aside from world processes and, like the rest of the world, be held hostage to the policies of other countries and bear the brunt of all the negative consequences of such policies. As a result, it was taken a course for active integration with the world community and strengthening China’s participation and influence in world processes. For this purpose, several strategic strategies have been developed to achieve a specific goal, including “going abroad”, “globalizing”, “internationalizing” and others. At the same time, the strengthening of integration processes in the world could not leave the country’s leadership indifferent, so China began to pay more attention to participation in both global and regional integration processes. One such area was China’s accession to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in 1991. These areas have identified three key aspects of the Asia-Pacific Dream concept: development and economic cohesion, the unification of Asia with an emphasis on harmony, mutual benefit and prosperity in the region. The China Asia-Pacific Dream initiative aims to maintain stable and friendly partnerships with neighboring countries in order to build mutual trust. China has identified a number of common challenges that the parties must address in order to build an Asian community. China hopes to work with its partners to create a beautiful region that will lead the world, benefit all parties and bring prosperity to future generations. In this context, the Chinese leadership has identified a number of areas for development for the Asia-Pacific region.
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True, Jacqui. "A Tale of Two Feminisms in International Relations? Feminist Political Economy and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda." Politics & Gender 11, no. 02 (June 2015): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x15000136.
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A photo depicting Russian President Vladimir Putin in chivalrous fashion, placing his coat around the shoulders of China's first lady at an Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) dinner made headline news around the world in November 2014 (Allen-Ebrahimian 2014). Surely this is not the serious stuff of international politics, IR colleagues commented in social media forums? But from a feminist perspective that pays attention to the pervasive gendering of IR, the image was not at all surprising or trivial. Indeed, the gender symbolism of the image reveals the patriarchal foundations of international politics. Putin, for his part, personifies the linkages between the figure of the male provider—at the heart of global economic governance and meetings like APEC—and the figure of the male protector of “womenandchildren” (Enloe 1993)—at the heart of the security state system.
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Mansfield, Edward D., and Helen V. Milner. "The New Wave of Regionalism." International Organization 53, no. 3 (1999): 589–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081899551002.
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Economic regionalism appears to be growing rapidly. Why this has occurred and what bearing it will have on the global economy are issues that have generated considerable interest and disagreement. Some observers fear that regional economic institutions—such as the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Mercosur, and the organization of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)—will erode the multilateral system that has guided economic relations since the end of World War II, promoting protectionism and conflict. Others argue that regional institutions will foster economic openness and bolster the multilateral system. This debate has stimulated a large and influential body of research by economists on regionalism's welfare implications.
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Fedorovsky, A. N. "Crisis of Regional Leadership and Stagnation of Mega-projects in Asia-Pacific: Consequences for Russia." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2019-12-1-6-25.
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Analyses of modern trade and economic relations in Asia-Pacific region. Research of the roles of the United States of America and China under the conditions of protectionism initiated by the D. Tramp’s administration and stagnation of mega-projects. Crisis of leadership and role of USA and China in regional mega-project (APEC, TPP, RCPEC). Ability of the USA and the PRC to create regional economic priorities, as well as to determine the course of integration processes. Analysis of the main obstacles of realization of American and Chinese leadership potential. Regional integration project initiated by Japan, India and the Republic of Korea and prospects for Indo-Pacific Asia. China-USA competition and main trends of regional integration. Comparative study of opportunitiesand prospects for bilateral and mega-regional economic projects. As an example, observation of South Korean initiative “New Economic Map” is presented and analyzed. Role of “New Economic Forum” initiated by Bloomberg with support of global big business is examined also. Initiative of Indo-Pacific region, Japan-India economic cooperation are examined, as well as Washington policy to counterweight China foreign economic and political expansion. Analyzing of prospects and consequences of competition between USA and the PRC in Pacific regions. Main issues, opportunities and challenges of Russia’s economic expansion in Asia-Pacific region. Close interconnection between policy, security and economiccooperation in the region: influence on Russia’s Pacific priorities and diplomacy. Characteristics of some problems of Russian “East Policy” during last several years. Some arguments are presented in favor of Russia’s strategy of “policy of focused partnerships”. This kind of policy means prevail of business activity in some special projects as well as in some geographic areas. It is also stressed that it is in Russia’s long-run interests to use of all kind of diplomatic measures in order to minimize any attempts to oppose India to China. But try its best to support cooperation between Russia, China and India in Pacific, as well as in Indo-Pacific region.
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Sheng, Li, Kai Lu, Xin Ma, Jiang-kai Hu, Zhen-xin Song, Shun-xiang Huang, and Ji-ping Zhang. "The air quality of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei regions around the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meetings." Atmospheric Pollution Research 6, no. 6 (November 2015): 1066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2015.06.003.
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Pang, Yijun, Bo Yu, Ming He, Shan Jiang, Qingzhang Zhao, Hongtao Shen, Shaoyong Wu, et al. "Radiocarbon Characterization study of Atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing during the 2014 APEC Summit." Radiocarbon 61, no. 6 (August 15, 2019): 1643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.88.
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ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C) has become a unique and powerful tracer in source apportionment of atmospheric carbonaceous particles. In this study, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit (APEC) held in Beijing in 2014 was used as a demonstration to research the source apportionment of atmosphere PM2.5. We used a 200 kV single stage accelerator mass spectrometer recently completed at China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). The PM2.5 samples related to above case were collected, and the characteristics of radiocarbon in organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in samples were analyzed using the AMS. The results show that the Before-APEC pollution emission mode is different from the During-APEC and After-APEC pollution emission modes. For Before-APEC, During-APEC and After-APEC, the average values of fossil carbon fraction of OC are 0.463, 0.431 and 0.615, respectively, and those of EC are 0.644, 0.561 and 0.687. The fossil source contributions of traffic activities using fossil fuels to OC and EC are 15.8 % and 21.9 %, respectively. The fossil source contributions of industrial activities to OC and EC are 38.0 % and 8.2 %, respectively. It is about 7–10 days that is needed to take to regenerate the PM2.5 pollution caused by human activities.
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Thurston, Sidney W. "The Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Oceans Conference—“Realizing the Opportunities for APEC Economies”." Marine Technology Society Journal 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.33.1.11.
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Abbott, Frederick M. "NAFTA and the Legalization of World Politics: A Case Study." International Organization 54, no. 3 (2000): 519–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002081800551316.
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I examine the trend toward using hard legal instruments in international trade governance and explain this trend in the context of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). I suggest that hard law (1) reduces intergovernmental transaction costs, (2) reduces private risk premiums associated with trade and investment, (3) promotes transparency and provides corollary participation benefits, (4) tends to restrain strategic political behaviors, and (5) may increase the range of integration effects by encouraging private actors to enforce intergovernmental obligations. I compare the legalization model of NAFTA with those of the European Union (EU) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum.
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Kumari, Mamta, and Nalin Bharti. "What Drive Trade Costs? South Asia and Beyond." South Asia Economic Journal 21, no. 2 (September 2020): 258–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561420968543.
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Higher trade costs in developing countries have received enormous attention during the recent past. In this context, it is imperative to revisit the factors contributing to such higher trade costs. This article attempts to explore the major determinants of trade costs conceptually and empirically. Further, the study endeavours to solve the puzzle of higher trade costs in the South Asian perspective. Using panel data of 93 countries from 2007 to 2015, the study tends to uncover major determinants of trade costs between South Asian countries and their two proximate regional blocks, namely Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In estimating the model, the study prefers to use fixed-effect estimation technique, owing to the results of statistical tests carried out to choose the most appropriate model for the estimation. The findings of the study reveal that trade facilitation, political corruption and financial development affect intra-regional trade costs of South Asia significantly. Trade facilitation influences trade costs between South Asia and ASEAN. Moreover, trade facilitation and financial development affect trade costs between South Asia and APEC. The diagnoses of South Asian intra and inter-regional trade costs can push forward ongoing efforts at unlocking the potential of regional integration as well as global integration of the region.
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Safonkina, E. A. "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): Models of Engagement with International Institutions in the Process of Regional Governance." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 17, no. 1 (2017): 122–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2017-17-1-122-136.
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Ramírez Bonilla, Juan José. "Estados Unidos en APEC: del proyecto al sabotaje de la Comunidad de Asia Pacífico." Anuario Asia Pacífico el Colegio de México, no. 19 (January 1, 2020): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/aap.2020.302.
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En 2019, el foro Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) cumplió 30 años, promoviendo la cooperación intergubernamental, más allá del campo económico, privilegiado cuando el foro fue creado. El proyecto original buscaba crear un espacio de diálogo, basado en una estructura institucional laxa, en la consulta y el consenso, así como en decisiones no vinculantes, sobre temas de cooperación económica entre los gobiernos de Australia y Nueva Zelanda con los de Japón, Corea, Brunéi, Filipinas, Indonesia, Malasia, Singapur y Tailandia. La administración republicana de George Bush presionó para imponer la inclusión de los Estados Unidos y de Canadá (con cuyo gobierno recién había puesto en práctica un acuerdo comercial bilateral), desde la primera reunión oficial, en 1989.