Journal articles: 'Ashkenazi Jew'

1

Freilich, Miri. "The Image of the Fragile Ashkenazi Jew." Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 17 (2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.19.001.12224.

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Mayer, Yakov Z. "Elijah of Fulda and the 1710 Amsterdam Edition of the Palestinian Talmud1." Studia Rosenthaliana: Journal of the History, Culture and Heritage of the Jews in the Netherlands 46, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/sr2020.1-2.006.maye.

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Abstract Elijah of Fulda was the first Ashkenazi Jew in the Early Modern period to write a commentary on the Palestinian Talmud, printed in Amsterdam in 1710. Through a close reading of the nine approbations that preface Elijah’s commentary, this article reconstructs his itinerary throughout Europe and his journey from relative obscurity to the center of the Hebrew and Jewish book world of his day ‐ Amsterdam. The article argues that although other commentaries replaced that of Elijah of Fulda in popularity in subsequent editions, he should be remembered as the first to establish a tradition of Ashkenazic study of the Palestinian Talmud, and as the scholar who shaped the impagination of subsequent editions.

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Rabkin, Yakov M. "Language in Nationalism: Modern Hebrew in the Zionist Project." Holy Land Studies 9, no. 2 (November 2010): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hls.2010.0101.

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This article examines the history of Israel's lingua franca as a constituent of the Zionist project. Based largely on recent scholarship, this work sheds light on the role of language in the educational and political efforts to create a New Hebrew Man who, in contradistinction to the European Jew, was to live ‘as a free man’ in his own land. Reflecting Jewish experience in the Russian Empire, these efforts alienated traditional, particularly non-Ashkenazi Jews. The article addresses the question of the uniqueness of the modern Israeli vernacular that contributes to the historical legitimacy of Zionism and the state of Israel.

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Nosonovsky, Miсhael, and Alexandra Fishel. "The Oldest Ashkenazi Gravestone from Ostróg (1520) and Its Destruction." Tirosh. Jewish, Slavic & Oriental Studies 20 (2020): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3380.2020.20.3.1.

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The article reviews the history of the Jewish cemetery in Os-tróg, Ukraine, – one of the oldest Jewish cemeteries in Eastern Europe: from the earliest dated gravestones of 1445 and 1520, to the visit of Jew-ish ethnographers S. An-sky and S. Yudovin in 1912, to its destruction in 1968, and to the recent efforts of the local activist H. Arshinov to identify and restore several hundreds of the gravestones.

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Halperin, Liora R. "TRADING SECRETS: CONSTRUCTIONS AND CONTEXTS OF TWO MIDDLE EASTERN JEWISH GUARDS IN THE EARLY PETAH TIKVA AGRICULTURAL COLONY." International Journal of Middle East Studies 51, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818001162.

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AbstractTwo Arabic-speaking Jewish guards worked in the European Jewish agricultural colony of Petah Tikva soon after its founding, northeast of Jaffa, in 1878: Daud abu Yusuf from Baghdad and Yaʿqub bin Maymun Zirmati, a Maghribi Jew from Jaffa. The two men, who worked as traders among Bedouin but were recruited for a short time by the colony, offer a rare glimpse of contacts between Ashkenazi and Middle Eastern Jews in rural Jewish colonies established in the last quarter of the 19th century, colonies that are often regarded as detached from their local and Ottoman landscape. The article first argues that Zionist sources constructed these two men as bridges to the East in their roles as teachers of Arabic and perceived sources of legitimization for the European Jewish settlement project. It then reads beyond the sparse details offered in Ashkenazi Zionist sources to resituate these men in their broad imperial and regional context and argue that, contrary to the local Zionist accounts, the colony was in fact likely to have been marginal to these men's commercial and personal lives.

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DAVID, HANNA, and RICHARD LYNN. "INTELLIGENCE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EUROPEAN AND ORIENTAL JEWS IN ISRAEL." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 3 (May 2007): 465–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932006001660.

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Summary.A number of studies have found that Ashkenazi Jews in the United States have a high average IQ. It has been proposed by Cochran, Hardy and Harpending (2006) that this can be explained by the occupational constraints imposed on the Ashkenazi for many centuries in Europe, when they were largely confined to money-lending. They propose that this selected for the high verbal and mathematical intelligence that has several times been found in American Ashkenazim. The current study investigates how far this theory holds for European and Oriental Jews in Israel. A review of studies shows that Oriental Jews in Israel have an average IQ 14 points lower than that of European (largely Ashkenazi) Jews. It is proposed that this difference can be explained in terms of the Cochran, Hardy and Harpending theory because Oriental Jews were permitted to engage in a much wider range of occupations and hence did not come under the selection pressure to develop the high verbal and mathematical intelligence that was present for Ashkenazim.

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Fridjesi, Judit. "The ′ugliness′ of Jewish prayer: Voice quality as the expression of identity." Muzikologija, no. 7 (2007): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz0707099f.

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This article is based on the musical material and interviews the author collected in Hungary, France, Czechoslovakia, the USA and Israel in the course of thirty years of her fieldwork among the traditional East-Ashkenazi Jews. It relates to the aesthetic concepts of the prayer chant of the Ashkenazi Jews of East Europe (?East -Ashkenazim?) as it appears to have existed before World War II, survived in the oral tradition until the 1970s and exists sporadically up to the present.

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Abraham-Van der Mark, Eva. "The Ashkenazi Jews of Curaçao, a trading minority." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 74, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2000): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002564.

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First describes the early Sephardi presence in Curaçao, the arrival of the Ashkenazi in the 20th c., and the relations between these 2 groups. Author goes on to discuss the Ashkenazis' economic success and the exodus of the 1980s. She asks whether the success and the exodus can be attributed to the characteristics of the group itself or whether conditions and developments in Curaçao account for economic fortune and the departure of the Ashkenazi.

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Zhou, Yitian, and Volker M. Lauschke. "Comprehensive overview of the pharmacogenetic diversity in Ashkenazi Jews." Journal of Medical Genetics 55, no. 9 (July 3, 2018): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105429.

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BackgroundAdverse drug reactions are a major concern in drug development and clinical therapy. Genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in drug metabolism and transport are major determinants of treatment efficacy and adverse reactions, and constitute important biomarkers for drug dosing, efficacy and safety. Importantly, human populations and subgroups differ substantially in their pharmacogenetic variability profiles, with important consequences for personalised medicine strategies and precision public health approaches. Despite their long migration history, Ashkenazi Jews constitute a rather isolated population with a unique genetic signature that is distinctly different from other populations.ObjectiveTo provide a comprehensive overview of the pharmacogenetic profile in Ashkenazim.MethodsWe analysed next-generation sequencing data from 5076 Ashkenazim individuals and used sequence data from 117 425 non-Jewish individuals as reference.ResultsWe derived frequencies of 164 alleles in 17 clinically relevant pharmacogenes and derived profiles of putative functional consequences, providing the most comprehensive data set of Jewish pharmacogenetic diversity published to date. Furthermore, we detected 127 variants with an aggregated frequency of 20.7% that were specifically found in Ashkenazim, of which 55 variants were putatively deleterious (aggregated frequency of 9.4%).ConclusionThe revealed pattern of pharmacogenetic variability in Ashkenazi Jews is distinctly different from other populations and is expected to translate into unique functional consequences, especially for the metabolism of CYP2A6, CYP2C9, NAT2 and VKORC1 substrates. We anticipate that the presented data will serve as a powerful resource for the guidance of pharmacogenetic treatment decisions and the optimisation of population-specific genotyping strategies in the Ashkenazi diaspora.

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Rund, Deborah G., Adir Shaulov, and Dvora Filon. "Haplotype Analysis of -α3.7 Chromosomes in Israeli Ethnic Groups Reveals Unexpected Heterogeneity and Demonstrates Ashkenazi Founder Groups in Carriers of α-Thalassemia." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1591.1591.

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Abstract α-thalassemia (α-thal) is among the world’s most common single gene disorders, whose prevalence in the “malaria belt” is attributed to a selective advantage of carriers. Our previous studies demonstrated a high frequency of deletional α-thal (nearly all heterozygotes or homozygotes for -α3.7) in Ashkenazi Jews (carrier frequency of 7.9%, allele frequency of 0.04) (Rund et al, 2004). Ashkenazim resided in temperate climates for centuries and were not subject to malarial selection pressure, and their carriership for β-thalassemia is very low (estimated <0.1%). To elucidate the genetic mechanism(s) responsible for this high frequency of α-thal, we performed α-globin haplotype analysis on 170 chromosomes (chromos) of 85 homozygotes for -α3.7. We compared chromos of several ethnic groups: Jews (Ashkenazim: 54 chromos, Yemenites: 54 chromos, Iraqis: 14 chromos, others: 14 chromos), Arabs (28 chromos), and Druze (6 chromos). Using PCR and digestion with ApaI and RsaI, it was determined that all but three of the chromos are of the -α3.7I type. Haplotype analysis was performed for polymorphic sites identified by Higgs (1986), using PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. Altogether, 13 haplotypes were found. Unexpectedly, at least 5 haplotypes were found among the Ashkenazim with a large number of chromos carrying unknown haplotypes. Interestingly, 26/54 of Ashkenazi chromos carried haplotype IIIb which is found rarely in Europe and Saudi Arabia but most commonly in Melanesia and Papua New Guinea (Flint, 1992). In contrast, only 3/116 nonAshkenazi chromos carried haplotype IIIb. Interestingly there was little overlap in haplotypes between Ashkenazim and the various ethnic groups studied including the other Jewish groups, with 2 exceptions. First, Arabs and Yemenite Jews each were found to have around 50% chromos which carried haplotype Ia. Additionally, 10% of Ashkenazim and 20% of Yemenites had chromos carrying haplotype IIh, which is a haplotype originally described in an Australiam Aboriginal tribe (Roberts-Thomson, 1996). There was no overlap between Arabs and Druze. In conclusion, α-globin haplotype analysis demonstrates diversity within an apparently homogeneous ethnic group (Ashkenazim homozygous for -α3.7) and demonstrates founder effects in Ashkenazim carrying α-globin gene rearrangements.

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Magonet, Jonathan. "Editorial." European Judaism 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ej.2000.330101.

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Reform Judaism in the UK owes its origins to both Sephardi and Ashkenazi elements. When nineteen Sephardim and five Ashkenazim signed a declaration on 15 April 1840 that led to the creation of the West London Synagogue of British Jews it represented a coming together of the two traditions. The list of Sephardi names on the table of past presidents and chairmen of the congregation attests to the lingering presence of those early families till today over 150 years later. The prayerbooks that originated in the new congregation, up to the most recent ones that serve the British Reform movement as a whole, remain influenced by both traditions. However, because of the impact of refugees from Germany and the dominant East European Ashkenazi culture of British Jewry, the ethos of British Reform is today well within the Ashkenazi fold.

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Buchbinder, Jacob T., Yoram Bilu, and Eliezer Witztum. "Ethnic Background and Antecedents of Religious Conversion among Israeli Jewish Outpatients." Psychological Reports 81, no. 3_suppl (December 1997): 1187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3f.1187.

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This study explored the association of ethnocultural background (Ashkenazi vs Sephardi origin) with antecedents of religious conversion among Israeli Jewish penitents who applied for psychiatric help in an outpatient clinic. A basic assumption underlying the comparison was that Sephardic Jews in Israel are more inclined toward Jewish tradition and collectivistic than Ashkenazim. The interview data indicated that for both groups emotional factors were more dominant in the conversion process than cognitive ones; however, cognitive factors were more strongly present in the conversion process of the Ashkenazim whose prepenitence cultural orientation had been more secularized and individualistic. In both groups a high prevalence of problematic relations with the father (but not with the mother) during childhood was noticed. Over-all, conversion tended to be gradual rather than abrupt and devoid of mystical experiences.

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Lawee, Eric. "From Sepharad to Ashkenaz: A Case Study in the Rashi Supercommentary Tradition." AJS Review 30, no. 2 (October 27, 2006): 393–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009406000183.

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Though much has been done in the past half century to clarify boundaries and crossing points on the religious-intellectual maps of “Ashkenaz” and “Sepharad,” a large body of evidence that advances this complex exercise in cultural cartography has been wholly neglected: supercommentaries on Rashi’s Commentary on the Torah. Though it was produced in that part of Europe that Jews came to call (perhaps under Rashi’s influence) “Ashkenaz,” the Commentary traveled to points far and wide. Among the diverse responses that it elicited in its new homes, the vast supercommentary literature that came to surround the Commentary stands out. Though scholars working in diverse cultural orbits produced this literature, Sephardic and Ashkenazic writers created most of it. This genre continues to flourish, at times in new forms. Yet although some of the major rabbinic figures (e.g., Judah Loew of Prague) produced Rashi supercommentaries, and although these works reflect significant trends in premodern Judaism, the genre’s neglect among scholars has been well-nigh total.

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Das, Ranajit, Paul Wexler, Mehdi Pirooznia, and Eran Elhaik. "Localizing Ashkenazic Jews to Primeval Villages in the Ancient Iranian Lands of Ashkenaz." Genome Biology and Evolution 8, no. 4 (March 3, 2016): 1132–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evw046.

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Peretz, Hava, Avital Mulai, Sali Usher, Ariella Zivelin, Avihai Segal, Zahavi Weisman, Moshe Mittelman, et al. "The Two Common Mutations Causing Factor XI Deficiency in Jews Stem From Distinct Founders: One of Ancient Middle Eastern Origin and Another of More Recent European Origin." Blood 90, no. 7 (October 1, 1997): 2654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.7.2654.2654_2654_2659.

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Previous studies showed that factor XI (FXI) deficiency commonly observed in Ashkenazi Jews is caused by two similarly frequent mutations, type II (Glu117stop) and type III (Phe283Leu) with allele frequencies of 0.0217 and 0.0254, respectively. In Iraqi Jews, who represent the ancient gene pool of Jews, only the type II mutation was observed with an allele frequency of 0.0167. In this study we sought founder effects for each mutation by examination of four FXI gene polymorphisms enabling haplotype analysis in affected Jewish patients of Ashkenazi, Iraqi, and other origins and in Arab patients. Initial population surveys of 387 Middle Eastern Jews (excluding Iraqi Jews), 560 North African/Sephardic Jews, and 382 Arabs revealed allele frequencies for the type II mutation of 0.0026, 0.0027, and 0.0065, respectively. In contrast, the type III mutation was not detected in any of these populations. All 60 independent chromosomes bearing the type III mutation were solely observed in Ashkenazi Jewish patients and were characterized by a relatively rare haplotype. All 103 independent chromosomes bearing the type II mutation in patients of Ashkenazi, Iraqi, Yemenite, Syrian, and Moroccan Jewish origin and of Arab origin were characterized by another distinct haplotype that was rare among normal Ashkenazi Jewish, Iraqi Jewish, and Arab chromosomes. These findings constitute the first example of a mutation common to Ashkenazi Jews, non-Ashkenazi Jews, and Arabs and are consistent with the origin of type II mutation in a founder before the divergence of the major segments of Jews. Our findings also indicate that the type III mutation arose more recently in an Ashkenazi Jewish individual.

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Peretz, Hava, Avital Mulai, Sali Usher, Ariella Zivelin, Avihai Segal, Zahavi Weisman, Moshe Mittelman, et al. "The Two Common Mutations Causing Factor XI Deficiency in Jews Stem From Distinct Founders: One of Ancient Middle Eastern Origin and Another of More Recent European Origin." Blood 90, no. 7 (October 1, 1997): 2654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.7.2654.

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Abstract Previous studies showed that factor XI (FXI) deficiency commonly observed in Ashkenazi Jews is caused by two similarly frequent mutations, type II (Glu117stop) and type III (Phe283Leu) with allele frequencies of 0.0217 and 0.0254, respectively. In Iraqi Jews, who represent the ancient gene pool of Jews, only the type II mutation was observed with an allele frequency of 0.0167. In this study we sought founder effects for each mutation by examination of four FXI gene polymorphisms enabling haplotype analysis in affected Jewish patients of Ashkenazi, Iraqi, and other origins and in Arab patients. Initial population surveys of 387 Middle Eastern Jews (excluding Iraqi Jews), 560 North African/Sephardic Jews, and 382 Arabs revealed allele frequencies for the type II mutation of 0.0026, 0.0027, and 0.0065, respectively. In contrast, the type III mutation was not detected in any of these populations. All 60 independent chromosomes bearing the type III mutation were solely observed in Ashkenazi Jewish patients and were characterized by a relatively rare haplotype. All 103 independent chromosomes bearing the type II mutation in patients of Ashkenazi, Iraqi, Yemenite, Syrian, and Moroccan Jewish origin and of Arab origin were characterized by another distinct haplotype that was rare among normal Ashkenazi Jewish, Iraqi Jewish, and Arab chromosomes. These findings constitute the first example of a mutation common to Ashkenazi Jews, non-Ashkenazi Jews, and Arabs and are consistent with the origin of type II mutation in a founder before the divergence of the major segments of Jews. Our findings also indicate that the type III mutation arose more recently in an Ashkenazi Jewish individual.

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Shpilberg, O., H. Peretz, A. Zivelin, R. Yatuv, A. Chetrit, T. Kulka, C. Stern, E. Weiss, and U. Seligsohn. "One of the two common mutations causing factor XI deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews (type II) is also prevalent in Iraqi Jews, who represent the ancient gene pool of Jews [see comments]." Blood 85, no. 2 (January 15, 1995): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v85.2.429.429.

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Abstract In recent years four mutations causing factor XI deficiency have been identified in Jews of Ashkenazi (European) origin. Two of them, type II (a nonsense mutation) and type III (a missense mutation), were found to prevail among 125 unrelated Ashkenazi Jews with severe factor XI deficiency. A finding of type II mutation in four unrelated Iraqi- Jewish families raised the possibility that this mutation is also common in Iraqi Jews, who represent the ancient gene pool of the Jews. A molecular-based analysis performed in 1,040 consecutively hospitalized patients disclosed the following results: Among 531 Ashkenazi-Jewish patients, the type II allele frequency was 0.0217 and among 509 Iraqi-Jewish patients, 0.0167 (P = .50). The type III allele frequency in the Ashkenazi-Jewish patients was 0.0254, whereas none of 502 Iraqi-Jewish patients examined had this mutation. These data suggest that the type II mutation was present in Jews already 2.5 millenia ago. The data also indicate that the estimated risk for severe factor XI deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews (due to either genotype) is 0.22% and in Iraqi Jews, 0.03%, and that the estimated risk of heterozygosity in Ashkenazi Jews is 9.0% and in Iraqi Jews, 3.3%. As patients with severe factor XI deficiency are prone to bleeding after injury and patients with partial deficiency may have similar bleeding complications when an additional hemostatic derangement is present, the observed high frequencies should be borne in mind when surgery is planned for individuals belonging to these populations.

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Shpilberg, O., H. Peretz, A. Zivelin, R. Yatuv, A. Chetrit, T. Kulka, C. Stern, E. Weiss, and U. Seligsohn. "One of the two common mutations causing factor XI deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews (type II) is also prevalent in Iraqi Jews, who represent the ancient gene pool of Jews [see comments]." Blood 85, no. 2 (January 15, 1995): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v85.2.429.bloodjournal852429.

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In recent years four mutations causing factor XI deficiency have been identified in Jews of Ashkenazi (European) origin. Two of them, type II (a nonsense mutation) and type III (a missense mutation), were found to prevail among 125 unrelated Ashkenazi Jews with severe factor XI deficiency. A finding of type II mutation in four unrelated Iraqi- Jewish families raised the possibility that this mutation is also common in Iraqi Jews, who represent the ancient gene pool of the Jews. A molecular-based analysis performed in 1,040 consecutively hospitalized patients disclosed the following results: Among 531 Ashkenazi-Jewish patients, the type II allele frequency was 0.0217 and among 509 Iraqi-Jewish patients, 0.0167 (P = .50). The type III allele frequency in the Ashkenazi-Jewish patients was 0.0254, whereas none of 502 Iraqi-Jewish patients examined had this mutation. These data suggest that the type II mutation was present in Jews already 2.5 millenia ago. The data also indicate that the estimated risk for severe factor XI deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews (due to either genotype) is 0.22% and in Iraqi Jews, 0.03%, and that the estimated risk of heterozygosity in Ashkenazi Jews is 9.0% and in Iraqi Jews, 3.3%. As patients with severe factor XI deficiency are prone to bleeding after injury and patients with partial deficiency may have similar bleeding complications when an additional hemostatic derangement is present, the observed high frequencies should be borne in mind when surgery is planned for individuals belonging to these populations.

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Nazaraliyeva, Aygun. "Ashkenazi jews in Azerbaijan: on some problems of ethnic identity in a foreign ethnic environment." Grani 23, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172042.

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The article established that the formation and becoming of the ethnic identity of the ashkenazi jews of Azerbaijan is influenced by a number of traditional factors, in particular, family, upbringing and cultural traditions. In particular, the special role of traditions in the formation of ethnic identity among jews is associated with the essential role of judaism in this process. The article also notes that one of the most important elements of ethnic culture and the sustainability of ethnic identity is the mother tongue. The mother tongue of ashkenazi jews is yiddish. It is established that at present the functional significance of yiddish has significantly decreased. The almost complete oblivion of yiddish and the transition of the vast majority of ashkenazi jews of Azerbaijan to the russian language created favorable conditions for the transition of this community to hebrew. In addition to the desire to revive historical memory, the revival of traditional culture and religion, the strengthening of the dominant position of hebrew among ashkenazi jews was also associated with an increase in migration sentiments, the desire of many of them to leave for their historical homeland in Israel. The desire to study hebrew, characteristic of many ashkenazi in Azerbaijan, especially middle and young age, does not mean that this language has become functionally significant for intra-community and everyday communication. For these purposes, the russian language continues to be widely used. For example, while an older generation of ashkenazi jews owned yiddish, the middle generation speaks mainly russian, and the relatively young generation already speaks three languages – azerbaijani, russian and hebrew. In the article, summing up some results of the study of ethnic identity among ashkenazi jews of Azerbaijan, it is stated that, despite the unspoken, and sometimes vowed anti-semitism of the rulers of tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union, ashkenazi jews of Azerbaijan have largely preserved their ethnic identity, traditional holidays and rituals. Moreover, the activity of various jewish schools in Azerbaijan, the education of jewish children in hebrew determines the stability of ethnic identity among various age groups of the jewish population. The stability of the ethnic identity of ashkenazi jews in Azerbaijan is also influenced by such traditional factors as family, upbringing and cultural traditions. It is likely that this is due to the fact that for most jews, following the customs and traditions in everyday life is an important element of the national mentality. Moreover, judaism plays a major role in maintaining ethnic identity among ashkenazi jews.

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ALHUDEEB, Faeza Abdulameer Nayyef. "THE CULTURAL IDENTITY OF IRAQI JEWS IN ISRAEL." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 05 (June 1, 2021): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.5-3.12.

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We can say that culture includes knowledge, arts, morals, beliefs, customs and other capabilities that a person obtains from life. The difference in the cultures that the groups of Jews from different parts of the world carried to (Israel) led to a difference in customs and traditions between them, and this in turn led to a conflict between them in particular and between cultures in general. That is, the culture of the Sephardi Jews and the culture of the Western Ashkenazi Jews.Sephardi are the Jews who immigrated from Arab and eastern countries, while Ashkenazim are the Jews who immigrated from Western countries (European, America and Russia(. Therefore, (Israel) worked in two directions with these immigrants, some of them called for integration with the new society, and the other part to assimilate them. But with all these attempts, some of them ended in failure. The eastern Jews (Iraqis in particular) have kept the Iraqi customs and traditions that they were brought up with and did not lose their identity. I will discuss in this research some of these customs and traditions that they maintained even after their immigration to (Israel). Such as the use of some Arabic expressions, oriental food, eastern folklore, through some stories and novels written by Iraqi Jewish writers who immigrated to (Israel), such as Shimon Palace, Samir Naqqash, Anwar Shaul, Sami Michael.

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Boursi, Ben, Tal Sella, Eliezer Liberman, Ravit Geva, Einat Shmueli, Eyal Sagiv, Dina Kazanov, Sarah Kraus, and Nadir Arber. "The APC I1307K polymorphism as a significant risk factor for CRC in average-risk Ashkenazi Jews." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.1507.

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1507 Background: The I1307K adenomatous polyposis coli gene variant, prevalent among Ashkenazi Jews, may increase risk for colorectal neoplasia. We studied the clinical importance of screening for this polymorphism in 3305 Israelis undergoing colonoscopic assessment. Methods: Blood samples and risk factor information were collected from individuals undergoing colonoscopic examination at our medical center. Germline genetic analysis for the APC I1307K variant was performed using real-time PCR for DNA extracted from peripheral mononuclear cells. Results: The overall prevalence of the I1307K polymorphism was 8.0% (10.1% among Ashkenazi while only 2.7% among Sephardic Jews, p<0.001). The overall adjusted odds ratio (OR) for CR neoplasia among carriers was 1.51(95% CI, 1.16 –1.98). Among average risk Ashkenazi Jews, the OR was 1.76 (95% CI 1.26-2.45). On the contrary, among Sephardi subjects the OR was 0.996 (95% CI, 0.51-1.93). A multiplicative interaction was identified between Ashkenazi ethnicity and APC I1307K carrier status (PINTERACTION=0.055). The histopathological features of adenomas and cancers did not differ between carriers and non-carriers. Conclusions: The APC I1307K gene variant is an important risk factor for CRC in average risk Ashkenazi jews and should be considered for screening in this population.

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Patael, Yael, Arie Figer, Peter Ratt, Hermina H. Fidder, Shimon Bar Meir, Eitan Friedman, and Livia Theodor. "The I1307K APC mutation in Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jews." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 11, no. 4 (April 1999): A4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-199904000-00035.

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LIDAR, MERAV, RON KEDEM, YAACOV BERKUN, PNINA LANGEVITZ, and AVI LIVNEH. "Familial Mediterranean Fever in Ashkenazi Jews: The Mild End of the Clinical Spectrum." Journal of Rheumatology 37, no. 2 (December 15, 2009): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.090401.

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Objective. To characterize familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) in Ashkenazi patients, a Jewish subgroup in which FMF has rarely been described before.Methods. A retrospective analysis, comparing demographic, clinical, and genetic measures of the cohort of Ashkenazi Jewish patients with FMF (n = 57), followed at the National Center for FMF in Israel, to age and sex matched patients of Iraqi Jewish (n = 62) and North African Jewish (NAJ; n = 61) origin.Results. Age at disease onset and diagnosis was earlier in NAJ than among Ashkenazi and Iraqi patients. Family history of FMF was described by only 30% of Ashkenazi patients as opposed to the majority of Iraqi and NAJ patients (p = 0.001). The frequency of abdominal and febrile attacks was similar among the 3 groups, while chest and joint attacks were far less common in Ashkenazi and Iraqi compared to NAJ patients. A good response to colchicine was noted in a similar proportion of Ashkenazi and Iraqi patients (82–84%) as opposed to only 56% of NAJ patients (p = 0.0001). Proteinuria, renal failure, and amyloidosis were most frequent among the NAJ patients (18, 6.6, and 9.8% compared to 5.3, 0, and 3.5% and 1.6, 0, and 0% in Ashkenazi and Iraqi patients, respectively).Conclusion. Ashkenazi patients with FMF stand at the mildest end of the clinical spectrum of FMF. This is notwithstanding the tendency for amyloidosis, the frequency of which is not trivial and which deserves particular awareness.

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Davis, Dena S., Nancy Gerson, Roselle Ponsaran, and Laura A. Siminoff. "Ashkenazi Jews: overburdened and overexposed?" New Genetics and Society 29, no. 3 (September 2010): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636778.2010.507484.

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Lippe, Scott David. "Ashkenazi Jews and Colon Cancer." American Journal of Gastroenterology 94, no. 10 (October 1999): 3085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.03085.x.

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Jose, G. guillem, G. moore Harvey, Palmer Crystal, Glogowski Emily, Rob Finch, Nafa Khedoudja, J. Markowitz Arnold, Offit Kenneth, and A. Ellis Nathan. "A636P testing in Ashkenazi Jews." Familial Cancer 3, no. 3-4 (2004): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10689-004-0899-z.

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Kutler, David I., and Arleen D. Auerbach. "Fanconi anemia in Ashkenazi Jews." Familial Cancer 3, no. 3-4 (2004): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10689-004-9565-8.

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Zlotogora, J., J. Zimmerman, and D. Rachmilewitz. "Crohn's disease in Ashkenazi Jews." Gastroenterology 99, no. 1 (July 1990): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(90)91273-9.

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Figer, A., E. Shacham-Shmueli, E. Liberman, E. Sagiv, M. J. Hall, O. Dolkart, D. Kazanov, et al. "Effect of the I1307K polymorphism in APC confers a higher risk for polyp recurrence in Jewish Ashkenazi carriers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e22003-e22003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e22003.

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e22003 Background: The I1307K adenomatous polyposis coli gene variant, prevalent among Ashkenazi Jews, may increase risk for colorectal neoplasia [colorectal cancer (CRC) and CR adenoma]. We studied the clinical importance of this polymorphism in 3283 Israelis undergoing colonoscopic assessment. Methods: Blood samples and risk factor information were collected from individuals undergoing colonoscopic examination at our medical center. Germline genetic analysis for the APC I1307K variant was performed using real-time PCR for DNA extracted from peripheral mononuclear cells. Results: The overall prevalence of the I1307K polymorphism was 8.1% (10.2% among Ashkenazi while only 2.5% among Sephardic Jews, p=0.001). The overall adjusted odds ratio (OR) for CR neoplasia among carriers was 1.3 (1.0 -1.7, p=0.049). Among Ashkenazi Jews, the I1307K variant was significantly more prevalent among persons with a personal or family history (1st degree) of CR neoplasia (p=0.01) as compared to Ashkenazi Jews with no family history. The histopathological features of adenomas and cancers did not differ between carriers and non-carriers. No interactions were found between the I1307K variant and demographic, lifestyle, or dietary modifiers that independently modulated the risk for CR neoplasia. Conclusions: In the general population, the APC I1307K variant does not change the risk or prognosis of colorectal neoplasia in carriers and does not necessarily change their clinical practice. Nevertheless, the variant, which is more prevalent among high risk individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, is an important risk factor for the assessment of recurrence of neoplasia as it confers a higher risk for polyp recurrence in this population. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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De Boer, Martin, Ronit Gavrieli, Karin van Leeuwen, Haike Reznik Wolf, Maya Dushnitzki, Yifaat Bar-Yosef, Anat Bar-Ziv, et al. "A false-carrier state for the c.579G>A mutation in the NCF1 gene in Ashkenazi Jews." Journal of Medical Genetics 55, no. 3 (January 13, 2018): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105022.

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BackgroundMutations in the NCF1 gene that encodes p47phox, a subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex, cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). In Kavkazi Jews, a c.579G>A (p.Trp193Ter) mutation in NCF1 is frequently found, leading to CGD. The same mutation is found in about 1% of Ashkenazi Jews, although Ashkenazi CGD patients with this mutation have never been described.MethodsWe used Sanger sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), gene scan analysis and Ion Torrent Next Generation Sequencing for genetic analysis, and measured NADPH oxidase activity and p47phox expression.ResultsIn an Ashkenazi couple expecting a baby, both parents were found to be heterozygotes for this mutation, as was the fetus. However, segregation analysis in the extended family was consistent with the fetus inheriting both carrier alleles from the parents. MLPA indicated four complete NCF1 genes in the fetus and three in each parent. Gene sequencing confirmed these results. Analysis of fetal leucocytes obtained by cordocentesis revealed substantial oxidase activity with three different assays, which was confirmed after birth. In six additional Ashkenazi carriers of the NCF1 c.579G>A mutation, we found five individuals with three complete NCF1 genes of which one was mutated (like the parents), and one individual with in addition a fusion gene of NCF1 with a pseudogene.ConclusionThese results point to the existence of a ‘false-carrier’ state in Ashkenazi Jews and have wide implications regarding pre-pregnancy screening in this and other population groups.

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Klein, Michele. "The Candle of Distinction: A Cultural Biography of the Havdalah Light." Images 8, no. 1 (December 4, 2014): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18718000-12340036.

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This case study explores how a general lighting device transformed into a distinctive Jewish ritual object, the Havdalah candle. In late antiquity, the ubiquitous oil lamp served for the fire-light blessing during the end-of-Sabbath Havdalah ritual but in the fourth century, a sage added a torch, avukah, aggrandizing the ceremonial light. Jews showed little concern for the lighting utensil until the late Middle Ages, when a variety of contemporary torch-candles employed in Church ritual and among Christian aristocracy inspired new rabbinic interpretations of the term avukah. Ashkenazi Jews favored a costly Gothic-style implement with intertwined tapers, which particularly suited the words of the ancient Havdalah blessing. This became a distinctively Ashkenazi Jewish ritual object in the sixteenth century, after Christians abandoned the old-fashioned style of torch-candle. Following the drop in cost of wax, and massive Jewish migrations in modern times, all observant Jews adopted the Ashkenazi intertwined candle.

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Peleg, L., M. Karpati, E. Gazit, A. Raasrothschild, and B. Goldman. "Mutations of the Hexosaminidase A Gene in Ashkenazi and Non-Ashkenazi Jews." Biochemical Medicine and Metabolic Biology 52, no. 1 (June 1994): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bmmb.1994.1029.

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KAHN, MARCEL-FRANCIS. "Familial Mediterranean Fever in Ashkenazi Jews." Journal of Rheumatology 37, no. 10 (October 2010): 2190.1–2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.100485.

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Roos, Lena. "Cross-dressing among medieval Ashkenazi Jews." Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 28, no. 2 (December 2, 2017): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.67749.

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This article deals with explicit permissions for two types of cross-dressing found in the thirteenth-century ethical tract Sefer Chasidim. In order to avoid being sexually assaulted, female Jewish travellers were allowed to disguise themselves as a. Christians, even as nuns, or b. men. This contradicts biblical and rabbinical prohibitions against such practices. These textual passages are discussed, set against the Jewish and Christian medieval discourse on dress and identity, and they are also related to other contemporary source texts that show that the borders between men and women, and Jews and Christians, as distinct and separate groups were at this time being contested. The author concludes that these permissions should not be seen as ways of transcending the boundaries of the group, but rather as part of a discourse that served to strengthen such boundaries.

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Robles-d�az, Luis, Deborah J. Goldfrank, Noah D. Kauff, Mark Robson, and Kenneth Offit. "Hereditary ovarian cancer in Ashkenazi Jews." Familial Cancer 3, no. 3-4 (2004): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10689-004-9552-0.

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Lew, Raelia, Leslie Burnett, and Anné Proos. "Tay-Sachs disease preconception screening in Australia: self-knowledge of being an Ashkenazi Jew predicts carrier state better than does ancestral origin, although there is an increased risk for c.1421 + 1G > C mutation in individuals with South African heritage." Journal of Community Genetics 2, no. 4 (July 15, 2011): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12687-011-0057-x.

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Kwon, Oh Joong, Arnon Karni, Shoshana Israel, Chaim Brautbar, Avraham Amar, Zeev Meiner, Oded Abramsky, and Dimitrios Karussis. "HLA Class II Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis Among Ashkenazi and Non-Ashkenazi Jews." Archives of Neurology 56, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.56.5.555.

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Bat, Leon, Amos Pines, Elaine Ron, Yosef Rosenblum, Yaron Niv, and Eliahou Shemesh. "Colorectal adenomatous polyps and carcinoma in ashkenazi and non-ashkenazi jews in israel." Cancer 58, no. 5 (September 1, 1986): 1167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19860901)58:5<1167::aid-cncr2820580532>3.0.co;2-r.

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Patael, Yael, Arie Figer, Ruth Gershoni-Baruch, Moshe Z. Papa, Shulamit Risel, Rakefet Shtoyerman-Chen, Avraham Karasik, Livia Theodor, and Eitan Friedman. "Common origin of the I1307K APC polymorphism in Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jews." European Journal of Human Genetics 7, no. 5 (June 22, 1999): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200325.

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Filon, Dvora, Marion Phylipsen, Piero C. Giordano, Deborah G. Rund, and Cornelis L. Harteveld. "Four Novel Deletions in Globin Genes Revealed by Multiplex Ligation Dependent Probe Amplification Assay (MLPA) Technology." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1593.1593.

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Abstract For nearly 2 decades, the Hadassah Hospital hematology laboratory has been performing DNA-based diagnosis of thalassemia patients and carriers of alpha and beta thalassemia trait. Despite exhaustive analysis using conventional methods, no mutation or deletion could be identified for several families. Recently, MLPA technology was successfully applied to the diagnosis of deletions of alpha and beta globin genes (Harteveld, 2005). This method uses 2 sets (of 35 and 50 probes) covering 700 kb of alpha-globin and 500 Kb of beta-globin, respectively. In the current study, we applied this technology to the analysis of four additional families. Three are Ashkenazi Jews with suspected thalassemia trait. The fourth is a Persian Jewish patient with HbH disease who was only found to have -α 3.7, with an unknown deletion of two alpha genes on the other chromosome. Hematological data are presented in Table 1. MPLA analysis revealed that three of the propositi (2 of the Ashkenazim and the Persian patient) carried large deletions of the alpha globin locus and the third Ashkenazi family carried a large deletion of the beta globin locus, all of which are previously undescribed. Family C was found to have a deletion encompassing a region upstream of the alpha globin cluster but the alpha-like genes are all present. Family K has a large deletion removing the entire alpha globin cluster. The Persian patient has a large deletion of 2 alpha globin genes. Lastly, Family M, of Ashkenazi origin, carries a large deletion of the beta globin cluster whose 5′ end has not yet been mapped. Notably, this family has no elevation of HbA2 or HbF to indicate that they carry beta-thalassemia trait. We conclude that, while large deletions of the alpha or beta globin cluster are not common, they can present a serious problem in diagnosis, potentially leading to erroneous genetic counseling. Identification of such deletions can allow accurate genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis in appropriate families. MPLA technology is invaluable in characterizing these types of deletions which escape detection using more conventional techniques. Hematological data of Patients and Families Name, Ethnicity (sex, age) RBC Hb MCV MCH RDW Hb EP Family C, Ashkenazi Family C Mother (34y) 4.0 11.4 87 28.5 14.3 Family C Father (38y) 6.08 13.5 71 22.2 15.7 Family C Child I (F, 8y) 5.51 11.1 63 20.1 14.8 Family C Child II (M, 6y) 5.91 11.9 65 20.1 15.9 Family C Child III (F, 2.5y) 4.11 11.5 84.6 27.7 16.1 Family K, Ashkenazi Family K Propositus (M, 31y) 6.63 14.1 69.4 21.3 14.9 Family MF, Persian Family MF Propositus (M, 37y) 5.51 9.7 56.7 17.5 23.7 HbH 6% Family M (beta thal), Ashkezani Family M Mother (38y) 5.46 10.7 63.9 19.6 14.8 HbA2 2.8% Family M Father (51y) 5.07 13.3 80.3 26.2 13.2 HbA2 2.2% Family M Child I (F, 17y) 4.85 14.2 86.7 29.3 12 HbA2 2.6% Family M Child II (F, 13y) 5.43 10.6 62.3 19.5 14.8 HbA2 2.5% Family M Child III (F, 11y) 4.43 12.2 83.4 27.4 12.7 HbA2 2.4% Family M Child IV (F, 4y) 6.32 11.2 56.7 17.7 16.5 HbA2 2.5%

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Levine, Jimmy, Julie K. Furne, and Michael D. Levitt. "Ashkenazi Jews, Sulfur Gases, and Ulcerative Colitis." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 22, no. 4 (June 1996): 288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-199606000-00009.

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Barankin, Benjamin, Andrei I. Metelitsa, Eric H. Schloss, and Norman R. Wasel. "Skin disorders in Ashkenazi Jews: a review." International Journal of Dermatology 44, no. 8 (August 2005): 630–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02625.x.

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Lucotte, G., and P. Smets. "CCR5-Δ32 Allele Frequencies in Ashkenazi Jews." Genetic Testing 7, no. 4 (December 2003): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/109065703322783716.

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AUERBACH, ARLEEN D. "Fanconi Anemia: Genetic Testing in Ashkenazi Jews." Genetic Testing 1, no. 1 (January 1997): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gte.1997.1.27.

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Tighe, M. Richard, Margaret A. Hall, Asaria Ashkenazi, Erica Siegler, Jerry S. Lanchbury, and Paul J. Ciclitira. "Celiac disease among Ashkenazi Jews from Israel." Human Immunology 38, no. 4 (December 1993): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-8859(93)90554-e.

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Maiers, Martin, Loren Gragert, Marcelo Fernandez-Vina, William Klitz, Ira Haviv, Shoshana Israel, and Chaim Brautbar. "151-P: HLA frequencies and genetic distances between Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Israeli Jews." Human Immunology 68, no. 1 (October 2007): S91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2007.08.174.

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Levi, Zohar, Jennifer Inra, Chinedu Ukaegbu, Anu Chittenden, Ewout W. Steyerberg, Shilpa Grover, Fay Kastrinos, and Sapna Syngal. "Su1949 Comparison of Pathogenic APC and Biallelic MUTYH Mutations Between Ashkenazi Jews and Non-Ashkenazi Jews With Colorectal Adenomas." Gastroenterology 148, no. 4 (April 2015): S—558—S—559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(15)31878-3.

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Dagan, Efrat, Ilana Schlesinger, Alina Kurolap, Mareemar Ayoub, Maria Nassar, Judith Peretz-Aharon, and Ruth Gershoni-Baruch. "LRRK2, GBA and SMPD1 Founder Mutations and Parkinson's Disease in Ashkenazi Jews." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 42, no. 1-2 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447450.

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Background/Aim: Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with mutations in LRRK2, GBA, and SMPD1 genes. We describe the clinical characteristics of PD patients related to their carrier status of the Ashkenazi founder mutations in the aforementioned genes. Methods: Ashkenazi PD patients (n = 270) were recruited following informed consent, and tested for the founder Ashkenazi mutations in the above genes. Clinical characteristics were compared between carriers and noncarriers. Homozygotes for mutations in GBA or LRRK2, and those who carried mutations in two causative genes were excluded from the analysis. Results: Five (1.85%), 54 (20%), and 22 (8.1%) PD patients carried mutations in SMPD1, GBA or LRRK2, respectively. By post hoc Bonferroni analysis, GBA carriers were singled at a significantly earlier age at diagnosis compared to noncarriers (58.06 ± 10.84 and 62.65 ± 10.86 years, respectively; p = 0.036), and due to bilateral manifestation at diagnosis compared to all other PD groups (n = 8, 15.7% compared to n = 2, 1.1%, respectively; p < 0.001). Other clinical manifestations were comparable between groups. Conclusion: Although only GBA mutation carriers, compared to noncarriers, reached statistical significance regarding age at diagnosis, it appears that LRRK2 and SMPD1 mutation carriers may reach significance with larger group numbers.

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Martinez-Laso, J., E. Gazit, E. Gomez-Casado, P. Morales, N. Martinez-Quiles, M. Alvarez, J. M. Martin-Villa, V. Fernandez, and A. Arnaiz-Villena. "HLA DR and DQ polymorphism in Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jews: comparison with other Mediterraneans." Tissue Antigens 47, no. 1 (January 1996): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1996.tb02515.x.

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Parasol, Niva, Nechama Cohen, Zvi Zemishlany, Bernard Lerer, and Nechama S. Kosower. "Duffy Antigen/Receptor for Chemokines (DARC): Genotypes in Ashkenazi and Non-Ashkenazi Jews in Israel." Human Biology 73, no. 2 (2001): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hub.2001.0024.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ashkenazi Jew'

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