Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ash reaction

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Academic literature on the topic 'Ash reaction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ash reaction"

1

Liu, Zhiyong, Dong Xu, and Yunsheng Zhang. "Experimental Investigation and Quantitative Calculation of the Degree of Hydration and Products in Fly Ash-Cement Mixtures." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2437270.

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To explore the hydration process of fly ash-cement blended mixtures, the degrees of the fly ash and cement reactions as well as the content of nonevaporated water were determined at various water to binder ratios, curing ages, and fly ash incorporation amounts. An equation describing the relationship between the degree of hydration and the effective water to binder ratio was established based on the experimental results. In addition, a simplified scheme describing a model of the degree of reaction in fly ash-cement mixtures is proposed. Finally, using reaction stoichiometry, quantitative equations for the hydration products of fly ash-cement blended pastes are proposed by considering the hydration reactions of fly ash and cement as well as their interactions. The predicted results of the enhanced degree of cement hydration, content of calcium hydroxide (CH), and porosity are consistent with the experimental data.
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Lu, G. Q. "Ash effect on reaction rates during high-ash char activation." Carbon 31, no. 8 (1993): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(93)90100-o.

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Gulyaev, Vitaly, Vadim Barsky, and Natalya Gurevina. "Effect of Total Ash Content and Coals Ash Composition on Coke Reactivity." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 3, no. 3 (September 15, 2009): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht03.03.231.

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The article deals with the hypothesis of the influence of coals mineral components on coke reactivity. It has been shown that the reaction between carbon and carbon dioxide proceeds in kinetic area and its rate depends upon total ash content of coked coal. The data showing catalyst effect of coal mineral components upon their organic mass pyrolysis and consequently upon coke reactivity have been presented.
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Ťažký, Martin, and Rudolf Hela. "Synergistic Effect of High Temperature Fly Ash with Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash in Cement Composites." Key Engineering Materials 722 (December 2016): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.722.113.

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Using high temperature fly ash for his pozzolan properties to cement composite production is known a few years ago. New ways combustion of fossil fuels also creates a new type of fly ash, named fluidized bed combustion fly ash. However, this fly ash has same pozzolan properties as has high temperature fly ash, this type is not using for production of cement composites. Fluidized bed combustion fly ash has highly variable chemical composition but usually it has a higher amount of free CaO together with sulphates. This higher amounts of free CaO after mixing of fluidized bed combustion fly ash with water to some extent becomes an activator for the beginning of the pozzolanic reaction, during which is consumed the extinguished CaO. If there is also present high temperature fly ash in cement composite, it could be accelerated his pozzolanic reaction in the same manner using a fluidized bed combustion fly ash. In this experiment was tested a synergy effect in the use of fluidized bed combustion fly ash with high temperature fly ash as an additive. The experiment was carried out on cement pastes that have been studied in particular the progress of hydration processes, pointing to a possible acceleration of pozzolanic reactions of both types of fly ash.
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Zhu, Xun Guo, and Kai Cao. "The Inhibition Studying of Many-Doped Mineral Admixture for Concrete Alkali Silicate Reaction." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.771.

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In the theoretical basic of only mixing the pulverized fuel ash, the slag or the silicon ash experiments, carrying on concrete alkali-aggregate reaction experiment separately that double-doped the pulverized fuel ash and the silicon ash, double-doped the pulverized fuel ash and the slag, double-doped the slag and the silicon ash, three-mixed the pulverized fuel ash, the slag and the silicon ash. The result indicated the effect of mixing pulverized fuel ash and the silicon ash is better than the mixing silicon ash and slag or pulverized fuel ash and slag. Besides three-mixed the pulverized fuel ash, the slag and the silicon ash can effectively suppress the reaction of concrete alkali-silica acid response（ASR）
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Wang, Yong Zai, Le Wang, Hong Ming Xu, and Shao Hui Luo. "Fabrication of Nano Zeolite P from Coal Fly Ash by Combining Alkaline — Fusion and Hydrothermal Reactions." Key Engineering Materials 591 (November 2013): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.591.126.

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Well-crystallised nanozeolite P has been synthesized from coal fly ash by combined method of alkaline-fusion and hydrothermal reactions. The influence of preparation parameters, such as the proportion of fly ash/NaOH, the hydrothermal reaction temperature and time on the reaction products were investigated by XRD and FESEM. Results indicated that, the optimum conditions for fabrication of a single phase of zeolite P were the mass ratio of fly ash/ NaOH =1/1, fusion temperature at 550°C and hydrothermal temperature at 100°C for 48h .The average crystallite sizes of the zeolite samples are 29.4nm. The obtained products show crystal morphology heterogeneity comprised by various euhedral forms.
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Bumrongjaroen, Walairat, Richard A. Livingston, Dan A. Neumann, and Andrew J. Allen. "Characterization of fly ash reactivity in hydrating cement by neutron scattering." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 7 (July 2009): 2435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0267.

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Partial replacement of hydrating Portland cement by fly ash produces competing effects: it contributes calcium hydrate silicate (C-S-H) gel through the pozzolanic and alkali-activated reactions but dilutes the contribution of the main Portland cement reaction. To investigate this, two neutron-scattering methods were applied to density-fractionated lignite-type and bituminous-type fly ash/Portland cement pastes (20% by mass replacement). Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measured the effect of the fly ash on the fractal C-S-H microstructure, whereas inelastic neutron scattering (INS) measured the pozzolanic reaction in terms of calcium hydroxide (CH) consumption. The CH consumption increased with the effective density fraction, and the fractal microstructure evolved more slowly for all fly ash mixes compared with the pure cement control. However, gel volume measured by SANS showed no correlation with the CH consumption measured by INS. The implications of these results are discussed.
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Li, Si Qiong, and Jie Chen. "Thermodynamic Analysis in Sintering Reaction of Coal Fly Ash with Alkali." Materials Science Forum 809-810 (December 2014): 895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.895.

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With sodium carbonate and calcium oxide as sintering additives, through the thermodynamic analysis and sintering experiment, study the thermodynamic behavior of fly ash with both in the sintering process; the sintering products were analyzed by XRD. The research results show that sodium carbonate as sintering additive fly ash thermal decomposition of the main phase of nepheline (NaAlSiO4), calcium oxide as sintering additives, and fly ash sintered products mainly 12CaO·7Al2O3、2CaO·Al2O3·SiO2 and 2CaO·SiO2 etc., And the temperature of the above substances generated is very favorable, fly ash and calcium oxide sintered at high temperature. Through sintering can effectively decompose the fly ash of quartz and mullite, soluble in acid or alkali salts, lay the foundation for the extraction of aluminum and silicon material from fly ash.
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Luo, Biwei, Pengfei Li, Yan Li, Jun Ji, Dongsheng He, Qifeng Tian, and Yichang Chen. "Feasibility of fly ash as fluxing agent in mid- and low-grade phosphate rock carbothermal reduction and its reaction kinetics." Green Processing and Synthesis 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2021-0008.

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Abstract The feasibility of industrial waste fly ash as an alternative fluxing agent for silica in carbothermal reduction of medium-low-grade phosphate ore was studied in this paper. With a series of single-factor experiments, the reduction rate of phosphate rock under different reaction temperature, reaction time, particle size, carbon excess coefficient, and silicon–calcium molar ratio was investigated with silica and fly ash as fluxing agents. Higher reduction rates were obtained with fly ash fluxing instead of silica. The optimal conditions were derived as: reaction temperature 1,300°C, reaction time 75 min, particle size 48–75 µm, carbon excess coefficient 1.2, and silicon–calcium molar ratio 1.2. The optimized process condition was verified with other two different phosphate rocks and it was proved universally. The apparent kinetics analyses demonstrated that the activation energy of fly ash fluxing is reduced by 31.57 kJ/mol as compared with that of silica. The mechanism of better fluxing effect by fly ash may be ascribed to the fact that the products formed within fly ash increase the amount of liquid phase in the reaction system and promote reduction reaction. Preliminary feasibility about the recycling of industrial waste fly ash in thermal phosphoric acid industry was elucidated in the paper.
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Gong, Yanbing, Junmin Sun, Shu-Ying Sun, Guozhi Lu, and Ting-An Zhang. "Enhanced Desilication of High Alumina Fly Ash by Combining Physical and Chemical Activation." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040411.

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In this work, a physical–chemical activation desilication process was proposed to extract silica from high alumina fly ash (HAFA). The effects of fly ash size, hydrochloric acid concentration, acid activation time, and reaction temperature on the desilication efficiency were investigated comprehensively. The phase and morphology of the original fly ash and desilicated fly ash were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Compared with the traditional desilication process, the physical–chemical activation desilication efficiency is further increased from 38.4% to 53.2% under the optimal conditions. Additionally, the kinetic rules and equations were confirmed by the experimental data fitting with shrinking core model of liquid–solid multiphase reaction. Kinetic studies show that the enhanced desilication process is divided into two processes, and both steps of the two-step reaction is controlled by chemical reaction, and the earlier stage activation energy is 52.05 kJ/mol and the later stage activation energy is 58.45 kJ/mol. The results of mechanism analysis show that physical activation breaks the link between the crystalline phase and the amorphous phase, and then a small amount of alkali-soluble alumina in the amorphous phase is removed by acid activation, thereby suppressing the generation of side reactions of the zeolite phase.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ash reaction"

1

Wang, Shuangzhen. "Biomass and Coal Fly Ash in Concrete: Strength, Durability, Microstructure, Quantitative Kinetics of Pozzolanic Reaction and Alkali Silica Reaction Investigations." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1819.pdf.

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Bleszynski, Roland F. "Study of the effects of fly ash on alkali-silica reaction in concrete." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0024/MQ51606.pdf.

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Shehata, Medhat H. "The effects of fly ash and silica fume on alkali-silica reaction in concrete." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58597.pdf.

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4

Heyns, M. W., and M. Mostafa Hassan. "South Africa Class F Fly Ash for roads : physical and chemical analysis." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 13, Issue 3: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/310.

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Published Article
Fly Ash is a by-product at thermal power stations, also otherwise known as residues of fine particles that rise with flue gases. An industrial by-product may be inferior to the traditional materials used construction applications, but, the lower the cost of these inferior materials make it an attractive alternative if adequate performance can be achieved. The objective of this study is to evaluate the chemical and physical effectiveness of self-cementing fly ashes derived from thermal power stations for construction applications with combined standards. Using laboratory testing specimens, suitable types of Fly Ashes namely: Kendal Dump Ash, Durapozz and Pozzfill, were tested to the required standards to evaluate the potential properties. All three Fly Ashes have been classified as a Class F Fly Ash, which requires a cementing agent for reactions to take place and for early strength gains in the early stages of the reaction processes. The Fly Ashes conformed to the combination of standards and have shown that the proper reactions will take place and will continue over period of time. The use of fly ash is accepted worldwide due to saving in cement, consuming industrial waste and making durable materials, especially due to improvement in the quality fly ash products.
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Hlatywayo, Tapiwa. "Coal fly ash and acid mine drainage based heterogeneous Fe catalysts Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction." University of Western Cape, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/11394/7295.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The catalytic support materials used in the present study are zeolite HBEA and MCM-41. These high silica zeolites were synthesised from coal fly ash (CFA) waste via a novel approach that involved a fusion step, acid assisted silica extraction and removal of Al, Ca and Na from the silica by treatment with oxalic acid. The generated silica was converted to HBEA and MCM-41 via conventional hydrothermal treatment. The metal incorporation onto HBEA was done via two approaches namely; liquid phase ion exchange (LIE) and wet impregnation (WI) while the loading on MCM-41 was only done via WI since the material does not possess exchange sites. The metal solution precursors were AMD and Fe extracted from CFA (FeAsh) via acid leaching followed by pH regulation by concentrated NaOH. This is the first time these solutions were tested as possible metal precursors in catalyst synthesis.
2021-08-30
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Kaitano, Rufaro. "Characterisation and reaction kinetics of high ash chars derived from inertinite-rich coal discards / Rufaro Kaitano." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1501.

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An investigation was undertaken to determine the gasification and combustion characteristics of chars derived from an inertinite-rich coal discard sample with a high ash content. Fundamental knowledge of the reaction rate kinetics for char conversion at reactions conditions used in fluidised bed gasification and combustion was obtained. For this purpose, characterisation of the parent coal and derived chars, reactivity determinations of the chars and detailed reaction rate modelling was undertaken. The characterisation performed consisted of standard coal analytical methods. petrographic techniques, CCSEM image analysis and a surface adsorption method. The parent coal consists of 32% by volume of inertinite, 7% of vitrinite, 13% of biand tri-macerite, 30% of maceral/mineral mixtures (carbominerite) with 18% of mineral-rich material. Reflectances obtained from measurements taken on vitrinites and total maceral reflectance scans increased dramatically on charring at 900°C and is accompanied by an extension of vitrinite-class distribution. Volatiles were liberated essentially from the original parent vitrinites, creating fine pores. Inertinites increased in reflectance but not in porosity and are characterised as dense char fractions in the final charred product, which was established according to a coal form analysis. Structural change due to low temperature thermal stress fracturing ("passive deflagration") occurred early on in the temperature regimes, creating increased surface areas and porosity. The chars consist of a high proportion (52%) of extraneous rock fragments together with minerals mainly as fine inclusions in carbon rich particles. The chars have very low porosities and surface areas created by devolatisation of maceral associations and deflagration. Combustion and gasification reactivity experiments were carried out in a thermogravimetric analyser at 87.5 and 287.5 kPa pressures between 700 and 900'C and with varying mixtures of oxygen/nitrogen and carbon dioxide/nitrogen mixtures respectively. The effects of temperature, pressure, gas composition and particle size on reactivity were found to confirm well-established trends. The effect of temperature in the high temperature range was, however, strongly affected by pore and film diffusion during combustion. Models based on the random pore model without and with pore diffusion incorporating the properties of the char (porosity. ash content, and derived structural parameter) and structural mechanisms concerning carbon removal, were successfully solved and validated against experimental results. As a result of the complexity of the models consisting of many unknown parameters, a procedure consisting of step-wise regression was developed and applied successfully. This procedure uses a unified carbon conversion versus a reduced time parameter plot with the latter defined as real time/time for 90% conversion. It was found that for char panicles with a mean diameter of 1mm prepared at 900°C. the random pore model (chemical reaction controlling) was applicable for predicting the gasification reaction rate with carbon dioxide-nitrogen mixtures at temperatures up to 9OO'C, whereas for the combustion reactions with oxygen-nitrogen mixtures an adapted chemical reaction-pore diffusion model was found to be applicable in the temperature range 450 to 600°C. The model is characterised by a variable Thiele modulus which can account for pore- diffusion and can undergo a transition to a chemically controlled reaction as a result of the depletion of carbon in the carbon/mineral matrix. Intrinsic reaction rate parameters for gasification and combustion are reported and compared with published results, and were Sound to be slightly different. Diffusion coefficients were also evaluated from the combustion reaction results and found to compare very well with predictions with the Knudsen diffusion model.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
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Sun, Zengqing [Verfasser], Anya [Akademischer Betreuer] Vollpracht, and Frank [Akademischer Betreuer] Dehn. "Reaction mechanisms of fly ash and metakaolin geopolymers and environmental compatibility / Zengqing Sun ; Anya Vollpracht, Frank Dehn." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1218788313/34.

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Burgers, C. L. (Colleen Lucie). "Synthesis and characterisation of sesquioxidic precipitates formed by the reaction of acid mine drainage with fly ash leachate." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16266.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Coal mining in South Africa is estimated to produce 200 Ml of acid mine drainage (AMD) per day in the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (PWV) area alone, while electricity production resulted in approximately 27 Mt of ash in 2001. A large number of collieries in South Africa are tied to power stations where these two waste streams, acid mine drainage and fly ash, have the capacity to neutralize each other and provide an opportunity for co-disposal. The aim of this study was to investigate the reactions that occur during the co-disposal of fly ash leachate (FAL) and AMD and to examine the precipitates that result from the neutralisation reactions. Potentiometric titration was employed to investigate the neutralisation of Al-Fe salt solutions, simulating acid mine drainage (AMD), with alkaline solutions of Ca or Na hydroxide as well as fresh alkaline leachate from fly ash (FAL). The effectiveness of fly ash in removing metals and other salts from acid mine water was examined by analysing the neutralised water and modelling the results thermodynamically. Precipitates, prepared from large scale synthetic AMD and FAL co-disposal at various pH levels and Fe:Al ratios, were characterised according to composition, mineralogy and surface properties. The experimental neutralisation of synthetic acid mine drainage was achieved through titrating the components of SAMD (Fe and Al salt solutions) and solutions of various Fe:Al mole ratios with different bases in air and N2, and comparing the SAMD-FAL system with these simple acids and bases. The FAL used in all experiments was produced from fresh fly ash collected at Arnot power station. The SAMD was prepared as a solution with a pH of 2.5 and containing 12.7 mmol/L Al, 10.9 mmol/L Fe and 40.8 mmol/L SO4. The characterisation of reaction solids was achieved by collecting the precipitates formed from the co-disposal of FAL and SAMD with Fe:Al ratios of 7.3, 0.8 and 2.5. From the titration experiments it was found that upscale potentiometric titrations of SAMD show buffer zones at pH values of 3.5, 4, 6 and 10 corresponding to Fe(III)precipitation, Al precipitation, Fe(II) hydrolysis and oxidation, and Al redissolution, respectively, while downscale potentiometric titrations with SAMD show buffer zones at pH values 12 – 11, 9 and 4.5, which correspond to Fe oxidation and precipitation, Al precipitation and Al re-dissolution, respectively. A high concentration of Al in the simulated AMD inhibited the crystallinity of the precipitates and resulted in a large quantity of SO4 being removed from solution, which suggests that an aluminium sulphate phase is precipitating, but it is not crystalline and cannot be identified by XRD. Titrations performed up-scale by adding FAL to AMD showed near-complete metal and substantial SO4 removal from solution. The characterisation of reaction solids by x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis revealed that the precipitates consist of poorly crystalline, highly Al-substituted goethite and ferrihydrite with large amounts of SO4 included in the structure. Poorly crystalline bayerite appears at a high pH and high Al concentration, and calcite is present in precipitates made by adding SAMD to FAL. High surface charges of between 330 cmolc/kg positive and 550 cmolc/kg negative charge and potentially large specific surface areas between 7 and 236 m2/g suggest a strong potential for the precipitates to function as low-grade adsorbents in wastewater treatment. The similarity of these ochre precipitates to soil minerals implies that land disposal of the neutralised solids is also viable.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Steenkool mynbou in SA produseer na benaming 200 ML suur mynwater per dag in die PWV area alleenlik, terwyl opwekking van elektrisiteit naastenby 27 Mt vliegas geproduseer het in 2001. ’n Groot aantal steenkoolmyne in SA word verbind met kragsentrales, waar hierdie twee strome afval, suur mynwater en vliegas, die kapasiteit het om mekaar te neutraliseer en die weg te baan vir gesamentlike wegdoening. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die reaksies wat plaasvind gedurende gesamentlike wegdoening van vliegas loog (VAL) en suur mynwater (SMW) te ondersoek, asook die neerslae wat mag vorm as gevolg van neutralisasie reaksies. Potensiometriese titrasies was gebruik om die neutralisering tussen Al:Fe-sout oplossings te ondersoek as nabootsing van SMW met gebruikmaking van alkaliese oplossings van Ca of Na hidroksied asook vars loog van VA. Die effektiwiteit van VA om metale en soute uit SMW te verwyder was getoets deur outleding van die geneutraliseerde water en modellering van die termodinamika. Neerslae berei uit groot-skaal sintetiese SMW en VAL en met gelyktydige storting by verskeie pH vlakke en Fe:Al verhoudings, was gekarakteriseer volgens samestelling, mineralogie en oppervlak eienskappe. Die eksperimentele neutralisering van sintetiese suur mynwater (SSMW) was gedoen deur titrering van die SSMW komponente en oplossings van verskeie Fe:Al molêre verhoudings met verskillende basisse in lug en N2, en vergelyking van SSMW-VAL sisteem met hierdie eenvoudige sure en basisse. Die VAL gebruik in alle eksperimente was geproduseer van vliegas verkry van die Arnot kragsentrale. Die SSMW was berei as ’n oplossing met ’n pH van 2.5 en bevat 12.7 mmol/L Al, 10.9 mmol/L Fe en 40.8 mmol/L SO4. Die karakterisering van vastestowwe uit die reaksie was gedoen deur die bemonstering van neerslae gevorm as gevolg van die gelyktydige wegdoening van VAL en SSMW met Al:Fe verhoudings van 7.3, 0.8 en 2.5.Die was waargeneem in die titrasie eksperimente dat hoër-skaal potensiometriese titrasie van SSMW buffersones, by pH waardes 3.5, 4, 6 en 10, ooreenstem met Fe(III) presipitasie, Al presipitasie, Fe(II) hidrolise en oksidasie, en Al her oplossing, terwyl laer skaal potensiometriese titrasie met SSMW buffer sones by pH waardes 12 - 11, 9 en 4.5 ooreenstem met Fe(III) presipitasie en oksidasie, Al presipitasie en heroplossing respektiewelik. ’n Hoë konsentrasie Al in die sintetiese SMW het kristalliniteit van die neerslae geïnhibeer en veroorsaak dat ’n hoeveelheid SO4 uit oplossing verwyder is, wat suggereer dat die AlSO4 fase neerslaan maar nie kristallyn is en gevolglik nie opgetel word met x-straal diffraksie nie. Titrasies gedoen by hoërskaal deur byvoeging van VAL tot SSMW, het feitlik volledige metaal en SO4 verwydering uit oplossing getoon. Die karakterisering deur x-straal diffraksie, infrarooispektroskopie, termies gravimetries en differentiële termiese analise, het getoon dat die presipitate bestaan uit swak kristallyne, hoë Al-gesubstitueerde goethiet en ferrihidriet met groot hoeveelhede SO4 vasgevang in die struktuur. Swak kristallyne bayeriet verskyn by hoë pH en hoë Al-konsentrasies en kalsiet is teenwoordig in neerslae gevorm deur byvoeging van SSMW tot VAL. Hoë oppervlakladings van tussen 330 cmolc/kg positief en 550 cmolc/kg negatiewe lading en ook potensieel groot spesifieke oppervlak van tussen 7 en 236 m2/g, dui op ’n sterk potensiaal vir neerslae om as laegraadse adsorbeermiddels in afvalwaterbehandeling gebruik te word. Die ooreenstemming in hierdie geelbruin neerslae met grond minerale, impliseer dat die land storting van geneutraliseerde vastestowwe ook lewensvatbaar is.
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Duddy, Margaret Mary. "An investigation into the suppression of the alkali-silica reaction in concrete by the use of pulverised fuel ash." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260799.

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McCarthy, Fiona Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Interfacial phenomena and dissolution of carbon from chars into liquid iron during pulverised coal injection in a blast furnace." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Materials Science and Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20797.

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As carbon dissolution rates have been determined for a few chars only, a systematic and comprehensive study was undertaken in this project on the dissolution behaviour of carbon from non-graphitic materials into liquid iron. In addition to measuring the kinetics of carbon dissolution from a number of coal chars into liquid iron as a function of parent coal and coal ash composition, the influence of chemical reactions between solute/solid carbon and ash oxides was also investigated. These studies were supplemented with investigations on one metallurgical coke for the sake of comparison. The wettability of coal chars and coke with liquid iron at 1550 degrees C was measured as a function of time. Being essentially non-wetting, only a marginal improvement in contact angles was observed with time. The accumulation of alumina at the interface was detected for all materials and was seen to increase with time in all cases. Calcium and sulphur also appeared to preferentially accumulate at the interface, concentrating at levels in excess of those expected from the ash composition alone. Despite the high levels of silica in the ash initially, very little silica was detected in the interfacial region, implying ongoing silica reduction reactions. A small amount of silicon was however detected in the iron droplets, indicating silica reduction with solute carbon. It was identified that the reduction reactions can also consume solute carbon in the liquid iron. As this is occurring simultaneously with carbon dissolution into liquid iron, the interdependency of silica reduction and carbon dissolution could potentially limit the observed carbon dissolution rate. A theoretical model was developed for estimating the interfacial contact area between chars and liquid iron. Wettability was found to have a very significant effect on the area of contact. A two-step behaviour was observed in the carbon dissolution of two chars and coke. Slow rates of carbon dissolution in stage II were attributed to very high levels of interfacial blockage by reaction products leading to much reduced areas of contact between carbonaceous material and liquid iron. The first order dissolution rate constants for four chars/coke and the observed trend in first order dissolution rate constants were calculated. These dissolution results compare well with the previously measured dissolution rate constants. The trends in dissolution can be adequately explained on the basis of carbon structure, silica reduction, sulphur concentration in the metal and ash impurities.
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Books on the topic "Ash reaction"

1

Bleszynski, Roland F. Study of the effects of fly ash on alkali-silica reaction in concrete. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1997.

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OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. Working Party on Physics of Plutonium Recycling. Physics of plutonium recycling. Paris, France: Nuclear Energy Agency, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1995.

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Dooley, M. A. Rat phantom depth dose studies in electron, X-ray, gamma-ray, and reactor radiation fields. Bethesda, Md: Defense Nuclear Agency, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 1986.

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Davies, D. G. Inorganic reactions at Advanced Level: (a student guide for laboratory exercises in observation and deduction). London: Bell & Hyman, 1986.

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Kelly, T. V. G. 1937-, ed. Inorganic reactions at advanced level: (a student guide for laboratory exercises in observation and deduction). London: Collins Educational, 1991.

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International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems (16th 1997 University of Mining and Metallurgy). Conference proceedings: 16th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, August 3-8, 1997, University of Mining and Metallurgy, AGH, Cracow, Poland. Kraków: Wydawn. "Akapit", 1997.

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Garshin, Anatoliy. General and inorganic chemistry in diagrams, figures, tables, and chemical reactions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1070937.

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The textbook in the form of definitions, drawings, diagrams, tables, formulas and chemical reactions outlines the main provisions of General and inorganic chemistry. It is intended for students of non-chemical specialties of higher education institutions. It can be used by students of secondary vocational schools of chemical and medical-biological profiles, secondary school teachers, applicants, foreign students studying in Russian technical universities and natural science faculties of universities, as well as in the system of pre-University training of foreign students. Each Chapter of the manual contains questions for self-control of the knowledge received by the student and checking the depth of assimilation of the studied material.
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Sōgō Shigen Enerugī Chōsakai (Japan). Genshiryoku Anzen Hoan Bukai. Haikibutsu Anzen Shōiinkai. Uran toriatsukai shisetsu ni okeru kuriaransu seido no seibi ni tsuite. [Tokyo]: Sōgō Shigen Enerugī Chōsakai Genshiryoku Anzen Hoan Bukai Haikibutsu Anzen Shōiinkai, 2010.

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IAEA Technical Meeting on Fissile Material Management Strategies for Sustainable Nuclear Energy (2005 Vienna, Austria). Fissile material management strategies for sustainable nuclear energy: Proceedings of an IAEA Technical Meeting on Fissile Material Management Strategies for Sustainable Nuclear Energy, held in Vienna, 12-15 September 2005. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency, 2007.

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Shehata, Medhat H. The effects of fly ash and silica fume on alkali silica reaction in concrete. 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ash reaction"

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Zeidan, Mohamed, and Aly Said. "Alkali-Silica Reaction Mitigation Using Nano-silica and Fly Ash." In Nanotechnology in Construction, 459–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17088-6_60.

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Pietikäinen, J., and H. Fritze. "Soil Microbial Biomass: Determination and Reaction to Burning and Ash Fertilization." In Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia, 337–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8737-2_29.

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Huang, Jun Tong, Ming Hao Fang, Yan Gai Liu, and Zhao Hui Huang. "Preparation of β-Sialon from Fly Ash by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation Reaction." In High-Performance Ceramics V, 910–12. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-473-1.910.

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Moreira, K. M. V., F. R. C. Ribeiro, E. P. de Deus, and A. E. B. Cabral. "Fly Ash and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag to Mitigate the Alkali Silica Reaction in Concretes." In Durability of Concrete Structures, 103–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62825-3_7.

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Lee, Kyung Hoon, Ji Whan Ahn, Hee Chan Cho, Kwang Suk You, Gi Chun Han, and Nam Il Um. "Encapsulation of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash to Immobilize Cu and Pb via Carbonation Reaction." In Solid State Phenomena, 1709–12. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-31-0.1709.

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Mason, C. F. V. "With PH and AsH Groups and Acids in PH and AsH Systems." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 25–27. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145159.ch10.

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Mason, C. F. V. "With PH and AsH Groups and Acids in PH and AsH Systems." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 37–38. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145159.ch15.

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Mason, C. F. V. "With PH and AsH Groups and Acids in PH and AsH Systems." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 45–46. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145159.ch20.

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Mason, C. F. V. "With PH and AsH Groups and Acids in PH and AsH Systems." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 14–15. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145159.ch5.

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Damjanovic, A., and P. G. Hudson. "Of PH and AsH Systems." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 55–56. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145159.ch25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ash reaction"

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Hanipah, S. H., N. H. Othman, S. N. M. Hanapi, and N. Idrus. "Conversion of fly ash into zeolite: Effect of reaction temperature." In 2011 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications (ISBEIA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isbeia.2011.6088801.

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Yang, Yi-Ning, and Hsiu-Po Kuo. "The Sulfation Behavior of the CFBC Bottom Ash after the Steam Hydration Reaction." In 5th Asian Particle Technology Symposium. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-2518-1_182.

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Klinghoffer, Naomi, Marco J. Castaldi, and Ange Nzihou. "Beneficial Use of Ash and Char From Biomass Gasification." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5421.

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Biomass is likely to be a significant energy resource in the future. A common way to recover energy from biomass is through gasification where synthesis gas is produced; by-products of this process are tar and ash/char. This research investigates the potential to use the ash/char as a catalyst by understanding the properties of char generated under different gasification conditions. Specifically, it is desired to produce a porous char which could be used as a catalyst or as a support for more catalytically active metals. In this work, poplar wood was gasified under CO2, steam, and air at different reaction temperatures. Experiments were done in a fluidized bed reactor at temperatures of 500°C, 750°C and 920°C and char was recovered. BET-surface area measurements showed that gasification under CO2 has the potential to produce char with a higher surface area than char produced from steam gasification. Higher temperature or longer gasification times resulted in the production of a more porous char. TGA experiments showed that gasification under CO2 resulted in a higher mass loss compared to gasification with steam. Gasification with steam/CO2 mixtures yielded a mass loss similar to that of steam only which could be indicative of competitive reactions between steam and CO2. Experiments done in an ESEM allowed for visual observation of the changes in physical properties of the biomass during gasification. With CO2, physical changes were observed at temperatures as low as 400°C whereas physical changes were not observed under steam at this temperature.
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Xinglei, Hu. "Experiment and Mechanism Study on the Effect of Coal Ash on the Capture of Alkali Metals in Zhundong Coal." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3570.

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A large number of Xinjiang Zhundong coal was found in China. Its high content of alkali metals can cause serious fouling/slagging problems which may lead to economic losses. It is significant to control the release of alkali metals from Zhundong coal during the combustion. Si-Al additives are used to capture Na released from the Zhundong coal. In this work, a combination of experimental research and quantum chemical calculation was used to study the effect of coal ash on the capture of alkali metal in Zhundong high alkali Coal and the related mineral evolution mechanism during melting processes. The experiments were done with Zhundong coal/coal ash mixtures at 900–1200°C. The behavior mechanism of coal ash capturing alkali metals was analyzed from the perspective of mineral microstructure features by using XRD, ICP and quantum chemical calculation methods. The results show that during the process of combustions, complex chemical reactions occur among minerals after sodium is released from the coal and captured by the coal ash. The coal ash’s ability to capture sodium in Zhundong high alkali coal rises firstly, and then gradually decreases with the rise of temperature. It shows the best capture performance for sodium at 1000∼1100°C. The maximum efficiency of sodium absorption can reach to 50.6%. The coal ash shows a rather high efficiency compared with other additives. Furthermore, metals in Zhundong coal have opposite directions of migration. The Na, K, Al, Ca, and Mg migrated to the coal ash far away from the reaction interface, and the Fe and Mn were moved to the coal from the reaction interface. The original minerals of Zhundong coal mainly include calcium sulfate hydrate, quartz and kaolinite. Investigating the capture mechanism, it indicates that O (26) and O (22) in kaolinite have electrophilic reaction with Na+ and K+ easily, which would promote the rupture of aluminum-oxygen bonds. The O2- of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal oxide would easily have nucleophilic reaction with Si (6) and Si (8) and prompt the rupture of bridging oxygen bonds (Si-O-Si). Kaolinite would be transformed into some other minerals that contains Na+ or K+ which have trend to form eutectics or evaporate into the flue gas easily, the degree of fouling and slagging on heating surface can be reduced based on these two most easily reaction paths.
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Wang, Q., T. Endo, P. Apar, L. Gui, Q. Chen, N. Mitsumura, Q. Qian, H. Niida, S. Animesh, and K. Sekiguchi. "Study on heterogeneous reaction between tar and ash from waste biomass pyrolysis and gasification." In ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/esus130251.

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Watanabe, Hiroaki, Kazuyoshi Ichikawa, Maromu Otaka, and Jun Inumaru. "Numerical Simulation of Coal Ash Particle Behavior in Entrained Flow Coal Gasifier." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45744.

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The objective of this study is to develop an evaluation tool for a design and performance of a coal gasifier by a numerical simulation technique. In the present paper, a gas-particle two phase reacting flow calculation is carried out for a prediction of phenomena in an entrained flow coal gasifier due to coal and ash particles behavior, such as ash deposition on the wall. A transportation of the coal particles is modeled via a Lagrangian manner. The ash particle adhesion on the wall of the gasifier is discriminated by an empirical ash adhesion model based on a liquid phase fraction concept in the ash particle. The gas phase properties are calculated by three dimensional time-mean Eulerian conservation equations. The turbulent flow field is determined by the k-ε two equations model. Radiative heat transfer is calculated by the discrete transfer radiation method. Coal gasification reaction model is composed of three chemical processes in the current model: a pyrolysis, a char gasification and gas phase reactions. 2 tons/day (t/d) air-blown pressurized entrained flow coal gasifier, which has been constructed and operated by Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI) was targetted. As a result, a relationship between an operating condition (air ratio) of the gasifier and the gasifier performance is presented. The trend of the ash deposition on the gasifier inner wall is also presented. Comparison between the computational and the experimental results shows that the most feature of the gasifier performance and the profile of the ash deposition have been captured by the present model. It was confirmed that the numerical simulation approach is very useful for the assessment of gasifier performance and operation support.
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Bulewicz, E. M., K. Go´ra, and E. J. Anthony. "The Behavior of Free Lime in CFBC Ashes." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-152.

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Ash disposal and ash use are critical to FBC technology and in turn the reactions of FBC ash with water are key to both of these two issues. An effective ash reactivation technology would improve the economics for FBC firing of high-sulphur fuels. Similarly, controlled ash hydration before disposal is the standard method for conditioning FBC ashes when firing high-sulphur fuels with limestone addition. Ashes can be hydrated with liquid water or by steam under pressure and our earlier work suggested that when FBC ashes were hydrated by either method, the components derived from the coal and those from the sorbent can interact chemically. As a result, the amount of “free CaO” (defined as the proportion of CaO and Ca(OH)2, expressed as CaO) may change. Usually, “free CaO” increases after hydration, particularly under pressure. However, there is also evidence that some of the CaO, derived from excess limestone sorbent, enters into reaction with the ash components, possibly silica or silicates. Such processes must modify the exothermicity of the ashes with water and affect their subsequent behaviour. This implies that it is incorrect to assume, as has often been done, that the heat of the hydration process is directly proportional to the CaO content of the ash. Furthermore, the results presented here also strongly support the view that one must include these interactions when looking at FBC hydration.
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Pa, Faizul Che, and Abdullah Chik. "Effect of NaOH concentration and reaction time on zeolite synthesized from treated oil palm ash." In GREEN DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE: ADVANCED AND EMERGING APPLICATIONS: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Green Design and Manufacture 2018. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5066855.

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Song, Xue, Jianjun Shi, and Zhaoyu Chen. "Fly Ash on the Waste Cathode Ray Tube Glass Mortar Alkali Aggregate Reaction Inhibition Studies." In 2015 International Conference on Architectural, Civil and Hydraulics Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icache-15.2015.39.

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Malino, Mariana B., Jimmy, and Boni P. Lapanporo. "The dependence of grain size of silicon from rice husk ash on metallothermic reaction time." In THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THEORETICAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICTAP) 2014. AIP Publishing LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4943710.

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Reports on the topic "Ash reaction"

1

Brown, P. W. Hydrothermal reaction of fly ash. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/369604.

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Baral, Aniruddha, Jeffrey Roesler, M. Ley, Shinhyu Kang, Loren Emerson, Zane Lloyd, Braden Boyd, and Marllon Cook. High-volume Fly Ash Concrete for Pavements Findings: Volume 1. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-030.

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High-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) has improved durability and sustainability properties at a lower cost than conventional concrete, but its early-age properties like strength gain, setting time, and air entrainment can present challenges for application to concrete pavements. This research report helps with the implementation of HVFAC for pavement applications by providing guidelines for HVFAC mix design, testing protocols, and new tools for better quality control of HVFAC properties. Calorimeter tests were performed to evaluate the effects of fly ash sources, cement–fly ash interactions, chemical admixtures, and limestone replacement on the setting times and hydration reaction of HVFAC. To better target the initial air-entraining agent dosage for HVFAC, a calibration curve between air-entraining dosage for achieving 6% air content and fly ash foam index test has been developed. Further, a digital foam index test was developed to make this test more consistent across different labs and operators. For a more rapid prediction of hardened HVFAC properties, such as compressive strength, resistivity, and diffusion coefficient, an oxide-based particle model was developed. An HVFAC field test section was also constructed to demonstrate the implementation of a noncontact ultrasonic device for determining the final set time and ideal time to initiate saw cutting. Additionally, a maturity method was successfully implemented that estimates the in-place compressive strength of HVFAC through wireless thermal sensors. An HVFAC mix design procedure using the tools developed in this project such as the calorimeter test, foam index test, and particle-based model was proposed to assist engineers in implementing HVFAC pavements.
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Lager, Daniel, Lia Kouchachvili, and Xavier Daguenet. TCM measuring procedures and testing under application conditions. IEA SHC Task 58, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task58-2021-0004.

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This Subtask aims to have reliable thermal analysis methods/protocols and procedures for the characterization of aterial and reaction properties for sorption and chemical reactions of thermal energy storage (TES) applications. One goal is an inventory of already standardized measurement procedures for TCM as well as of needed characterization procedures.
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Brown, P. W. Hydrothermal reactions of fly ash. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7233118.

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Brown, P. W. Hydrothermal reactions of fly ash. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5427457.

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Syvash, Kateryna. AUDIENCE FEEDBACK AS AN ELEMENT OF PARASOCIAL COMMUNICATION WITH SCREEN MEDIA-PERSONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11062.

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Parasocial communication is defined as an illusory and one-sided interaction between the viewer and the media person, which is analogous to interpersonal communication. Among the classic media, television has the greatest potential for such interaction through a combination of audio and visual series and a wide range of television content – from newscasts to talent shows. Viewers’ reaction to this product can be seen as a defining element of parasociality and directly affect the popularity of a media person and the ratings of the TV channel. In this article we will consider feedback as part of parasocial communication and describe ways to express it in times of media transformations. The psychological interaction «media person – viewer» had been the focus of research by both psychologists and media experts for over 60 years. During the study, scientists described the predictors, functions, manifestations and possible consequences of paracommunication. One of the key elements of the formed parasocial connections is the real audience reaction. Our goal is to conceptualize the concept of feedback in the paradigm of parasocial communication and describe the main types of reactions to the media person in long-term parasocial relationships. The research focuses on the ways in which the viewer’s feedback on the television media person is expressed, bypassing the issue of classifying the audience’s feedback as «positive» and «negative». For this purpose, more than 20 interdisciplinary scientific works on the issue of parasocial interaction were analyzed and their generalization was carried out. Based on pre­vious research, the types and methods of feedback in the television context are separated. With successful parasocial interaction, the viewer can react in different ways to the media person. The type of feedback will directly depend on the strength of the already established communication with the media person. We distinguish seven types of feedback and divide them into those that occur during or after a television show; those that are spontaneous or planned; aimed directly at the media person or third parties. We offer the following types of feedback from TV viewers: «talking to the TV»; telling about the experience of parasocial communication to others; following on social networks; likes and comments; imitation of behavior and appearance; purchase of recommended brands; fanart.
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Sukh Sidhu and Patanjali Varanasi. Fly Ash and Mercury Oxidation/Chlorination Reactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1009958.

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Brown, P. W. Hydrothermal reactions of fly ash. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/375912.

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Brown, P. W. Hydrothermal reactions of fly ash. [Progress report], October 1, 1991--December 31, 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10146550.

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Brown, P. W. Hydrothermal reactions of fly ash. [Quarterly] report, July 1, 1993--September 30, 1993. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10109313.

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