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Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Rocha, Rosana Moreira, Edlin Guerra-Castro, Carlos Lira, Sheila Marquez Pauls, Ivan Hernández, Adriana Pérez, Adriana Sardi, et al. "Inventory of ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) from the National Park La Restinga, Isla Margarita, Venezuela." Biota Neotropica 10, no. 1 (March 2010): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032010000100021.

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Although ascidians form a conspicuous part of sessile assemblages in the Caribbean, no specialized inventories have been developed in Venezuela, except for a list of 15 species reported from Margarita Island (1984). Here we present the results of a taxonomic workshop held in the Universidad de Oriente, Boca del Rio, Margarita Island during April 20-25 of 2009, sponsored by the NaGISA-Caribbean Sea program. La Restinga National park was surveyed and we found 29 species belonging to 19 genera and 10 families. The most abundant colonial species were Clavelina oblonga, Aplidium accarense, Polyclinum constellatum, Distaplia bermudensis, Symplegma rubra, S. brakenhielmi, Botrylloides nigrum and Ecteinascidia turbinata. Among the solitary ascidians Phallusia nigra, Ascidia curvata, Microcosmus exasperatus, Styela canopus, Styela sp.1 and Styela sp. 2 were the most abundant. The ascidian diversity in this lagoon is one of the highest for similar habitats in the Caribbean and seven species are new registers for Venezuela (Ascidia curvata, Ecteinascidia styeloides, Aplidium accarense, Distaplia stylifera, Trididemnum orbiculatum, Symplegma rubra, and S. brakenhielmi). One point of concern for the conservation of la Restinga National Park is the presence of possible introduced species, and some management procedures are suggested.

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2

Nichols, Claire L., Gretchen Lambert, and Marie L. Nydam. "Continued persistence of non-native ascidians in Southern California harbors and marinas." Aquatic Invasions 18, no. 1 (April 18, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/ai.2023.18.1.101962.

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Non-native ascidians have long dominated the artificial structures in southern California’s (United States) marinas and harbors. To determine the change in ascidian abundance and community composition over the last several decades, in 2019–2020 we replicated surveys from 1994–2000. We then created nMDS plots using the abundance data collected in the 1994–2000 and 2019–2020 surveys to compare the two groups. Range and average abundance per species were analyzed to determine trends and changes in ascidian community composition. Of the species used for comparison, four are native, three are cryptogenic, and 12 are non-native. As predicted by Lambert and Lambert, non-native species have persisted in southern California; however, ranges and abundances have changed. The only native species found consistently in both sets of surveys, Ascidia ceratodes, remained rare in 2019–2020, with an unchanged average abundance. Several non-native species increased in abundance or remained common. The non-native colonial species Polyandrocarpa zorritensis had the greatest influence on the dissimilarity between the surveys, increasing from rare in 1994–2000 to more common in 2019–2020, and spreading north to Santa Barbara. Several non-native species confined to San Diego in the 1994–2000 surveys have also spread north, such as Botrylloides giganteus and Styela canopus which were found in Santa Barbara in 2019–2020. A formerly unidentified Aplidium sp. has now been identified as the non-native Aplidium accarense. There have also been additional introductions since 2000, including Ascidia cf. virginea and the first report of Ascidiella aspersa in the NE Pacific. The overwhelming trends of the surveys indicate that we will continue to see an increase and persistence of newly introduced non-natives in Southern California marinas, with possible continued northward expansion.

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3

Hirose, Euichi, Ryuma Adachi, and Koji Kuze. "Sexual reproduction of the Prochloron-bearing ascidians, Trididemnum cyclops and Lissoclinum bistratum, in subtropical waters: seasonality and vertical transmission of photosymbionts." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, no. 1 (January 12, 2006): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315406013002.

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The seasonality of sexual reproduction was studied in two Prochloron-bearing ascidians, Trididemnum cyclops and Lissoclinum bistratum, on a subtropical coral reef off Okinawajima Island, Japan. These colonial ascidians had testes and/or eggs/embryos from spring to summer. Embryos with tails occurred in summer. Whereas many photosymbiotic didemnids are thought to be sexually mature throughout the year in the tropics, sexual reproduction of the same species in subtropical waters may be limited to spring and summer. The subtropical winter may be too cold for gonad formation. A histological study of sexually mature colonies showed no Prochloron cells attached to ascidian larvae in the pre-hatch stage.

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4

SANAMYAN, KAREN, DANIEL F. GLEASON, and NADEZHDA SANAMYAN. "A new species of Polyzoa (Ascidiacea: Styelidae) from the Atlantic coast of N America, U.S.A." Zootaxa 2088, no. 1 (May 1, 2009): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2088.1.7.

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A new species of colonial Styelid ascidian of the genus Polyzoa was found attached to the test of solitary ascidians collected by divers off the coast of Georgia, U.S.A. The colony of this new species, consisting of small sandy zooids, is cryptic and difficult to detect. The species is characterized by three longitudinal branchial vessels on each side of the body and is the second species of the genus reported for the Atlantic.

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5

Hirose, Euichi, Kaori Ohtsuka, Masaharu Ishikura, and Tadashi Maruyama. "Ultraviolet absorption in ascidian tunic and ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, no. 4 (August 2004): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404009956h.

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To characterize the ultraviolet (UV) light-absorbing function of the ascidian tunic, the light absorption spectrum was compared in 22 ascidian species collected from tropical and temperate waters. Non-photosymbiotic ascidians (17 species) had transparent tunics transmitting both visible and UV light, or pigmented or opaque tunics equally absorb both UV and visible light. However, a prominent absorption peak around 320 nm was exclusively found in the colonial ascidians hosting the algal symbiont Prochloron sp., and this absorption peak corresponded to absorption of UV-A (320–400 nm) and UV-B (280–320 nm). The UV-absorbing substances were extracted with methanol. They were mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs): mycosporine-glycine, palythine, shinorine, and porphyra-334. The MAAs are thought to be synthesized by the shikimic acid pathway that does not occur in animals. Since the isolated Prochloron cells contain MAAs, the symbionts are the most possible candidates as the source of the MAAs in the tunic. In Diplosoma virens, the composition of MAAs was different between isolated Prochloron cells and colony residue from which Prochloron cells were extracted.

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6

Bates, William R. "Environmental factors affecting reproduction and development in ascidians and other protochordates." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-164.

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Protochordate reproduction and development are influenced by many kinds of environmental factors. For example, spawning, sexual and asexual reproduction, larval behaviour, and life-cycle transitions (metamorphosis) are key processes known to be affected by environmental factors. This review must be restricted primarily to only one group of protochordates, the ascidians or "sea squirts", because information on the reproductive ecology of hemichordates and cephalochordates is limited to only a few studies. Topics discussed in the present review include (i) environmental factors that regulate larval settlement, (ii) how pelagic embryos avoid damage to DNA caused by UV radiation, (iii) the effect of water temperature and food availability on sexual reproduction in colonial ascidians, (iv) environmental regulation of asexual budding, (v) environmental regulation of metamorphosis, and (vi) the possible role of the environment in the evolution of direct-developing ascidians. A novel role for HSP90 and nitric oxide signaling in the integration of environmental factors with cell signaling pathways in ascidians is discussed near the end of this review. Throughout this review, the multiple roles of environmental stress on ascidian reproduction and development are emphasized.

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7

Manni, Lucia, Federico Caicci, Chiara Anselmi, Virginia Vanni, Silvia Mercurio, and Roberta Pennati. "Morphological Study and 3D Reconstruction of the Larva of the Ascidian Halocynthia roretzi." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010011.

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The swimming larva represents the dispersal phase of ascidians, marine invertebrates belonging to tunicates. Due to its adhesive papillae, the larva searches the substrate, adheres to it, and undergoes metamorphosis, thereby becoming a sessile filter feeding animal. The larva anatomy has been described in detail in a few species, revealing a different degree of adult structure differentiation, called adultation. In the solitary ascidian Halocynthia roretzi, a species reared for commercial purposes, embryogenesis has been described in detail, but information on the larval anatomy is still lacking. Here, we describe it using a comparative approach, utilizing 3D reconstruction, as well as histological/TEM observations, with attention to its papillae. The larva is comparable to those of other solitary ascidians, such as Ciona intestinalis. However, it displays a higher level of adultation for the presence of the atrium, opened outside by means of the atrial siphon, and the peribranchial chambers. It does not reach the level of complexity of the larva of Botryllus schlosseri, a phylogenetically close colonial ascidian. Our study reveals that the papillae of H. roretzi, previously described as simple and conform, exhibit dynamic changes during settlement. This opens up new considerations on papillae morphology and evolution and deserves to be further investigated.

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8

Rocha, Rosana M. da, and Luciana V. G. Costa. "Ascidians (Urochordata: Ascidiacea) from Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 95, no. 1 (March 2005): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212005000100009.

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Simple and colonial ascidians were collected at different depths at Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, between 2000 and 2003. The collection here presented includes representatives of the families Clavelinidae (Clavelina oblonga), Polycitoridae (Cystodytes dellechiajei), Polyclinidae (Polyclinum constellatum and Polyclinum molle sp. nov.), Holozoidae (Distaplia bermudensis), Ascidiidae (Ascidia sydneiensis and Phallusia nigra), Styelidae (Botrylloides giganteum, Botrylloides nigrum, Symplegma brakenhielmi, Symplegma rubra, Polyandrocarpa anguinea, Eusynstyela floridana, Eusynstyela tincta and Styela plicata), Pyuridae (Herdmania pallida and Microcosmus exasperatus). Didemnids were also collected in the area but were not considered here. Of the 17 species found, one (Polyclinum molle sp. nov.) is a new species in the family Polyclinidae and the others are all species with tropical distribution.

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9

Mackie, G. O., and P. Burighel. "The nervous system in adult tunicates: current research directions." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 151–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-177.

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This review covers 25 years of progress on structural, functional, and developmental neurobiology of adult tunicates. The focus is on ascidians rather than pelagic species. The ascidian brain and peripheral nervous system are considered from the point of view of ultrastructure, neurotransmitters, regulatory peptides, and electrical activity. Sensory reception and effector control are stressed. Discussion of the dorsal strand plexus centres on its relationship with photoreceptors, the presence in it of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its role in reproductive control. In addition to hydrodynamic sense organs based on primary sensory neurons (cupular organs), ascidians are now known to have coronal sense organs based on axonless hair cells resembling those of the vertebrate acustico-lateralis system. The peripheral nervous system is remarkable in that the motor neuron terminals are apparently interconnected synaptically, providing the equivalent of a nerve net. Development of the neural complex in ascidians is reviewed, highlighting recent embryological and molecular evidence for stomodeal, neurohypophyseal, and atrial placodes. The nervous system forms similarly during embryogenesis in the oozooid and blastogenesis in colonial forms. The regeneration of the brain in Ciona intestinalis (L., 1767) is discussed in relation to normal neurogenesis. Finally, the viviparous development of salps is considered, where recent work traces the early development of the brain, outgrowth of nerve roots, and the targetting of motor nerves to the appropriate muscles.

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10

Carroll, AR, BF Bowden, and JC Coll. "Studies of Australian Ascidians. I. Six New Lamellarin-Class Alkaloids From a Colonial Ascidian, Didemnum sp." Australian Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 4 (1993): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9930489.

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Six new polyaromatic alkaloids, lamellarin I (3), J (6), K (7), L (9), M (11) and the triacetate (13) of lamellarin N, and four known alkaloids, lamellarin A (I), B (15), C (16) and the triacetate (14) of lamellarin D, have been isolated from the marine ascidian Didemnum sp. The structures were deduced by high-field n.m.r. spectroscopy including 13C-1H shift-correlated two-dimensional (2D) n.m.r. experiments and n.O.e . measurements. The triacetates (8) and (10) of two of the compounds, lamellarin K (7) and lamellarin L (9), were dehydrogenated in high yield by treatment with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone in ethanol heated under reflux. The products obtained were identical in all respects to the triacetates of lamellarin M and N, respectively. The re-isolation of lamellarins A-D, which were previously obtained from the prosobranch mollusc Lamellaria sp., lends further support for the idea that these molluscs sequester the compounds from ascidians as food sources.

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11

Hirose, Euichi, Teruhisa Ishii, and Yasuho Taneda. "Two modes of tunic cuticle restoration in a colonial ascidian Aplidium yamazii (Ascidiae, compositae)." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 21, no. 1 (January 1997): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-305x(97)87966-9.

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12

Carroll, AR, BF Bowden, and JC Coll. "Studies of Australian Ascidians. III. A New Tetrahydrocannabinol Derivative From the Ascidian Synoicum castellatum." Australian Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 7 (1993): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9931079.

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Extracts of the colonial ascidian Synoicum castellatum have yielded four compounds derived from prenylated hydroquinones . These included a new tetrahydrocannabinol derivative (6), the first to be isolated from a marine source. Its structure was identified on the basis of one- and two-dimensional n.m.r. experiments at 300 MHz. The known quinone (3), the hydroquinone (4) and the chromene (5) were readily identified by spectral comparison with literature values. Cytotoxicity for (6) against a panel of cultured cell lines is reported.

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13

Lee, Taekjun, and Sook Shin. "First Record of Colonial Ascidian, Botrylloides diegensis Ritter and Forsyth, 1917 (Ascidiacea, Stolidobranchia, Styelidae), in South Korea." Water 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 2164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13162164.

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Botrylloides species are important members of the fouling community colonizing artificial substrates in harbors and marinas. During monitoring in 2017–2020 of non-indigenous species in Korea, one colonial ascidian species was distinctly different from other native colonial ascidians, such as B. violaceus and Botryllus schlosseri, in South Korea. This species was identified as B. diegensis. DNA barcodes with mitochondrial COI were used to identify one-toned and two-toned colonies of B. diegensis. Intraspecific variations between Korean and other regions of B. diegensis from the NCBI ranged from 0.0% to 1.3%. The Korean B. diegensis was clearly distinct from other species of Botrylloides at 15.8–24.2%. In phylogenetic analysis results, Korean B. diegensis was established as a single clade with other regions of B. diegensis and was clearly distinct from Korean B. violaceus. After reviewing previous monitoring data, it was found that two-toned B. diegensis was already found in six harbors by July 2017. It has now spread into 14 harbors along the coastal line of South Korea. This means that B. diegensis might have been introduced to South Korea between 1999 and 2016.

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14

Ritzmann, Nicole F., Rosana M. da Rocha, and James J. Roper. "Sexual and asexual reproduction in Didemnum rodriguesi (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae)." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 99, no. 1 (March 2009): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212009000100015.

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Sexual and asexual reproduction and associated population dynamics were investigated in the colonial ascidian Didemnum rodriguesi Rocha & Monniot, 1993 (Didemnidae) in southern Brazil. Investment in sexual (production of new individuals) and asexual (colony growth) reproduction was compared between seasons. Permanently marked quadrats were repeatedly photographed to measure changes in colonies. Eggs and larvae were counted monthly in collected colonies. This species alternates seasonally between sexual (summer) and asexual (winter) reproduction. In summer, colonies were smaller, brooded eggs and larvae and recruitment rates were greater, while in winter, colony size was larger and eggs and larvae were absent. There is a relationship between fecundity and colony area. Fragmentation and fusion of colonies were similar in summer and winter, as well as mortality. In conclusion, D. rodriguesi has a lifecycle usual for high latitude ascidians with a limited time length for sexual reproduction and alternate investment in sexual and asexual reproduction along the year.

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Hiebert, Laurel Sky, Edson A. Vieira, Gustavo M. Dias, Stefano Tiozzo, and Federico D. Brown. "Colonial ascidians strongly preyed upon, yet dominate the substrate in a subtropical fouling community." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1899 (March 27, 2019): 20190396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0396.

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Higher diversity and dominance at lower latitudes has been suggested for colonial species. We verified this pattern in species richness of ascidians, finding that higher colonial-to-solitary species ratios occur in the tropics and subtropics. At the latitudinal region with the highest ratio, in southeastern Brazil, we confirmed that colonial species dominate space on artificial plates in two independent studies of five fouling communities. We manipulated settlement plates to measure effects of predation and competition on growth and survivorship of colonial versus solitary ascidians. Eight species were subjected to a predation treatment, i.e. caged versus exposed to predators, and a competition treatment, i.e. leaving versus removing competitors, to assess main and interactive effects. Predation had a greater effect on growth and survivorship of colonial compared to solitary species, whereas competition did not show consistent patterns. We hypothesize that colonial ascidians dominate at this subtropical site despite being highly preyed upon because they regrow when partially consumed and can adjust in shape and space to grow into refuges. We contend that these means of avoiding mortality from predation can have large influences on diversification patterns of colonial species at low latitudes, where predation intensity is greater.

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16

Moreno-Dávila, Betzabé, Leonardo Huato-Soberanis, Jaime Gómez-Gutiérrez, Carolina Galván-Tirado, Carlos Sánchez, Teresa Alcoverro, Eduardo F. Balart, and Xavier Turon. "Taxonomic identity of Distaplia stylifera (Tunicata, Ascidiacea), a new arrival to the eastern Pacific displaying invasive behavior in the Gulf of California, Mexico." ZooKeys 1157 (April 5, 2023): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1157.95986.

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A colonial ascidian of the genus Distaplia caused a mass mortality of the pen shell Atrina maura (Sowerby, 1835) during June 2016 in the southwest of the Gulf of California (Mexico), with a significant socio-economic cost. Tentatively identified in previous works as Distaplia cf. stylifera, a precise taxonomic determination was still lacking. In the present work, based on a detailed morphological study, it is confirmed that this aggressive species is Distaplia stylifera (Kowalevsky, 1874). Originally described from the Red Sea, the species currently has a wide circumtropical distribution (with the exception of the Eastern Pacific to date) and is reported as introduced in parts of its range. The present account thus represents an important range extension of this species. However, when revising the original description and later observations, the reported variability of several characters makes it likely that the binomen is in fact a complex of species, as is common in other ascidians with wide distributions. A complete morphological and genetic study including populations from the entire range of distribution would be necessary to settle the status of D. stylifera. Taxonomic uncertainties hinder a correct interpretation of biogeographical patterns and inference on the origin of the studied population. Nevertheless, the known introduction potential of the species, coupled with an explosive growth in an anthropized environment, and the lack of any previous reports in the Eastern Pacific, strongly suggest that the investigated population represents yet another instance of ascidian introduction. From the point of view of management, its invasive behavior is cause for great concern and warrants mitigation measures.

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17

Hirose, Euichi, and Marie Akahori. "Comparative Morphology of the Stolonic Vessel in a Didemnid Ascidian and Some Related Tissues in Colonial Ascidians." Zoological Science 21, no. 4 (April 2004): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.21.445.

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18

Arenas, F., J. D. D. Bishop, J. T. Carlton, P. J. Dyrynda, W. F. Farnham, D. J. Gonzalez, M. W. Jacobs, et al. "Alien species and other notable records from a rapid assessment survey of marinas on the south coast of England." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, no. 6 (December 2006): 1329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315406014354.

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In September 2004, a rapid assessment survey for non-native species was conducted at 12 harbours along the south coast of England from East Sussex to Cornwall, focusing on communities of algae and invertebrates colonizing floating pontoons in marinas. Over 80 taxa each of algae and invertebrates were recorded, including 20 recognized non-native species. The southern hemisphere solitary ascidian Corella eumyota was recorded in the UK for the first time and was present at three sites. The colonial ascidian Botrylloides violaceus was also recorded as new to the UK, but was very widespread and has probably been present for a number of years but misidentified as the native congener B. leachi, which was infrequent. Other ascidians included Styela clava, introduced at Plymouth in the early 1950s, which was recorded at all locations visited, and Perophora japonica, which was found only at the Plymouth locality where it first occurred in the UK in 1999. The diverse algal flora included nine alien species previously recorded in the British Isles. Range extensions and population increases were noted for the kelp Undaria pinnatifida and the bryozoan Tricellaria inopinata, both first recorded in UK waters during the 1990s. The widespread occurrence of another non-native bryozoan, Bugula neritina, appears significant, since in earlier times this was known in UK waters predominantly from artificially heated docks. The results of this survey indicate that dock pontoon systems in southern England are significant reservoirs of non-native species dispersed by vessels and other means. The proliferation of these structures is therefore of conservation importance. The new UK records highlight the need for periodic monitoring of ports for non-native species.

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Feng, Yunjiang, and Bruce F. Bowden. "Studies of Australian Ascidians. VI. Virenamides D and E, Linear Peptides from the Colonial Didemnid Ascidian Diplosoma virens." Australian Journal of Chemistry 50, no. 4 (1997): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/c96117.

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Two new linear cytotoxic tripeptides, virenamides D and E, have been isolated as minor constituents of extracts of the didemnid ascidianDiplosoma virens collected on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Their structures were deduced from one-dimensional and two-dimensional n.m.r. spectroscopic data, and the absolute stereochemistry of virenamide E is proven by synthesis from virenamide A.

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20

ANZANI, LUTHFI, HAWIS H. MADDUPPA, I. WAYAN NURJAYA, and P. JOANA DIAS. "Short Communication: Molecular identification of White Sea Squirt Didemnum sp. (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) colonies growing over corals in Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200304.

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Abstract. Anzani L, Madduppa HH, Nurjaya IW, Dias PJ. 2019. Short Communication: Molecular identification of White Sea Squirt Didemnum sp. (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) colonies growing over corals in Raja Ampat Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 636-642. Indonesia is at the center of the Coral Triangle, the region with the world’s highest marine biodiversity. The Raja Ampat archipelago in east Indonesia has one of the oldest networks of marine protected areas in the country and is a top priority area for marine conservation. The area is however under anthropogenic pressure from growing tourism, developments and exploration of natural resources. The most likely associated introduction of non-native species is however largely unexplored. Colonial ascidians or ‘sea squirts’ comprise a high number of species, many of them reported as introduced or invasive worldwide. In this study, we investigate the presence of white colonial ascidian colonies noticed to overgrow sections of the coral reefs in central Raja Ampat. We use DNA barcoding to address the colonies’ species identification and explore haplotype diversity to determine the species native or introduced status. We produced 22 DNA barcodes belonging to four potential cryptic Didemnum sp. species present in the Raja Ampat archipelago, Indonesia. Overall, the high number of haplotypes found in the area suggest these to most likely to be native species. The present work represents, as far as the authors are aware, the first time that such species were investigated in Raja Ampat. We hope with this work to create awareness for the topic of introduced and invasive species in the area and motivate further studies in Indonesia.

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21

CARROLL, A. R., B. F. BOWDEN, and J. C. COLL. "ChemInform Abstract: Studies of Australian Ascidians. Part 1. Six New Lamellarin-Class Alkaloids from a Colonial Ascidian, Didemnum sp." ChemInform 24, no. 30 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199330277.

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22

NAGAYA, KAZUHIKO, and EUICHI HIROSE. "Pattern of stigma numbers as a taxonomic character in some didemnid ascidians (Aplousobranchia: Didemnidae)." Zootaxa 3608, no. 1 (January 13, 2013): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3608.1.7.

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Colonial animals are often lacking in taxonomic characters due to their small size and the simple morphology of zooids. Since zooid size is nearly uniform in many colonial ascidians, the stigma numbers in each row can be a useful taxonomic character. To evaluate their potential utility, we investigated intraspecific variations in stigma patterns in a subset of photosymbiotic didemnid ascidians, including five morphotypes of Didemnum molle, Lissoclinum midui, Trididemnum clinides, and T. nubilum. Stigma number patterns were almost stable in L. midui and T. nubilum. In contrast, there was considerable variation in stigma number even among clone zooids within the same colony in D. molle and T. clinides. Further, the stigma patterns did not differentiate the five morphotypes of D. molle. There was no significant correlation between the total number of stigma and the length of the thorax in any of the species examined here, suggesting that stigma number is probably invariable within each zooid. Stigma patterns can be usable as a taxonomic character in didemnid ascidians, particularly in species having one or a few patterns. Even in species with various patterns, the range of variation will be informative once such ranges are comprehensively described for didemnid species.

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23

RAMOS-ESPLA, A., and O. OCAÑA. "A striking colony morphotype of Aplidium proliferum (Milne Edwards, 1841) (Ascidiacea: Polyclinidae) from the Strait of Gibraltar." Mediterranean Marine Science 18, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1940.

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An unusual colonial ascidian with 1-2m in length, belonging to the genus Aplidium (Ascidiacea: Polyclinidae), has been sampled from the Strait of Gibraltar (Ras Leona, Morocco). The characteristics of the colony, zooids and larvae point us to A. proliferum. The species seems common in the NE Atlantic from the Shetland Islands to Mediterranean Sea, but it never has observed the size of colonies as found in this area, the Strait is the largest so far reported, which it is probably represents one of the longest ascidian worldwide.

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24

Ballarin, Loriano, Francesca Cima, and Armando Sabbadin. "Phagocytosis in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 18, no. 6 (November 1994): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-305x(06)80002-9.

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25

Kürn, Ulrich, Snjezana Rendulic, Stefano Tiozzo, and Robert J. Lauzon. "Asexual Propagation and Regeneration in Colonial Ascidians." Biological Bulletin 221, no. 1 (August 2011): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/bblv221n1p43.

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26

Yokobori, Shin-ichi, Atsushi Kurabayashi, Brett A. Neilan, Tadashi Maruyama, and Euichi Hirose. "Multiple origins of the ascidian-Prochloron symbiosis: Molecular phylogeny of photosymbiotic and non-symbiotic colonial ascidians inferred from 18S rDNA sequences." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40, no. 1 (July 2006): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.025.

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27

FENG, Y., and B. F. BOWDEN. "ChemInform Abstract: Studies of Australian Ascidians. Part 6. Virenamides D and E, Linear Peptides from the Colonial Didemnid Ascidian Diplosoma virens." ChemInform 28, no. 43 (August 3, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199743207.

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28

Marks, Jessica A. "Three sibling species of didemnid ascidians from northern Norway: Didemnum albidum (Verrill, 1871), Didemnum polare (Hartmeyer, 1903), and Didemnum romssae sp.nov." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 357–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-043.

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Recent advances in taxonomy have disclosed the prevalence of cryptic sibling species in marine systems. In didemnid ascidians, morphological variation between species is often slight, and many species may have been overlooked. Species boundaries within this group are often equivocal, and patterns among taxa are reminiscent of those formed by reticulate evolution in plants. Specimens of the sessile colonial ascidian Didemnum albidum (Verrill, 1871) were examined for life-history and morphological characters and found to constitute at least three sympatric sibling species. One of these, Didemnum romssae, is described here as a new species. Colonies were collected from hard-bottom assemblages in Troms and Finnmark counties in northern Norway. Zooid morphology in D. romssae is similar to that of D. albidum, but varies within each species, even for traits usually considered specific. Didemnum romssae is proposed as a distinct species on the basis of consistent differences in (i) the shape and size of calcium carbonate spicules within the common test; (ii) larval size and the number of lateral ampullae; (iii) timing of reproduction; and (iv) the absence of a seasonal nonfeeding, overwintering stage, which occurs in D. albidum. Examination of specimens from museum collections considered synonymous with D. albidum confirmed the presence of a third species, Didemnum polare (Hartmeyer, 1903), which differed from the other two species in zooid and larval morphology as well as spicule shape. Complexes of sibling species such as these provide a tractable system for studying the consequences of life-history variation among closely related taxa.

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29

Carroll, AR, BF Bowden, and JC Coll. "Studies of Australian Ascidians. II. Novel Cytotoxic Iodotyrosine-Based Alkaloids From Colonial Ascidians, Aplidium sp." Australian Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 6 (1993): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9930825.

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Samples of colonial ascidians, Aplidium sp., have yielded three novel iodinated L-tyrosine alkaloids (1)-(3). The structures of these compounds were delineated on the basis of one and two-dimensional n.m.r. experiments at 300 MHz, and confirmed by the total synthesis of one of them (2).

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30

CARROLL, A. R., Y. FENG, B. F. BOWDEN, and J. C. COLL. "ChemInform Abstract: Studies of Australian Ascidians. Part 5. Virenamides A-C, New Cytotoxic Linear Peptides from the Colonial Didemnid Ascidian Diplosoma virens." ChemInform 27, no. 41 (August 4, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199641199.

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31

Forward, Richard B., James M. Welch, and Craig M. Young. "Light induced larval release of a colonial ascidian." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 248, no. 2 (May 2000): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00168-4.

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32

Brown, Federico D., and Billie J. Swalla. "Vasa expression in a colonial ascidian, Botrylloides violaceus." Evolution & Development 9, no. 2 (March 16, 2007): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142x.2007.00147.x.

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33

Laird, Diana J., and Irving L. Weissman. "Continuous development precludes radioprotection in a colonial ascidian." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 28, no. 3 (March 2004): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2003.08.007.

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34

SANAMYAN, KAREN, and DANIEL F. GLEASON. "Ascidians of the genus Aplidium collected on shallow hard-bottom reefs of coastal Georgia (Atlantic coast of N America, U.S.A.)." Zootaxa 2066, no. 1 (April 8, 2009): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2066.1.2.

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Four shallow-water species of colonial ascidians of the genus Aplidium are identified in the collections made by divers off the coast of Georgia, U.S.A. One of the specimens, Aplidium ruzickai n. sp., is characterized by a combination of high numbers of rows of stigmata and stomach folds and is described as a new species.

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35

Hara, Kenji, Shigeki Fujiwara, and Kazuo Kawamura. "Retinoic Acid can Induce a Secondary Axis in Developing Buds of a Colonial Ascidian, Polyandrocarpa misakiensis. (retinoic acid/budding/axial induction/morphogenesis/ascidians)." Development, Growth and Differentiation 34, no. 4 (August 1992): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169x.1992.00437.x.

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36

Kaleemullah Khan, B., L. K. Praba, and H. Abdul Jaffar Ali. "Ascidians as Bioresources: An Anti-inflammatory Activity of Colonial Ascidians Eudistoma ovatum and Didemnum perlucidum." Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature 11, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2021.1919208.

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37

OLSON, RICHARD RANDOLPH. "PHOTOADAPTATIONS OF THE CARIBBEAN COLONIAL ASCIDIAN-CYANOPHYTE SYMBIOSISTRIDIDEMNUM SOLIDUM." Biological Bulletin 170, no. 1 (February 1986): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1541381.

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38

Wawrzyniak, Marta K., Lluìs Albert Matas Serrato, and Simon Blanchoud. "Artificial seawater based long-term culture of colonial ascidians." Developmental Biology 480 (December 2021): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.08.005.

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39

Hirose, Euichi. "Colonial Allorecognition, Hemolytic Rejection, and Viviparity in Botryllid Ascidians." Zoological Science 20, no. 4 (April 2003): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.20.387.

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40

Wright, Amy E., Dorilyn A. Forleo, Geewananda P. Gunawardana, Sarath P. Gunasekera, Frank E. Koehn, and Oliver J. McConnell. "Antitumor tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids from the colonial ascidian Ecteinascidia turbinata." Journal of Organic Chemistry 55, no. 15 (July 1990): 4508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00302a006.

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41

Martínez-García, Manuel, Marta Díaz-Valdés, Gerhard Wanner, Alfonso Ramos-Esplá, and Josefa Antón. "Microbial community associated with the colonial ascidian Cystodytes dellechiajei." Environmental Microbiology 9, no. 2 (February 2007): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01170.x.

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42

Sabbadin, Armando, and Carla Astorri. "Chimeras and histocompatibility in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 12, no. 4 (September 1988): 737–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0145-305x(88)90049-3.

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43

Brown, Federico D., Elena L. Keeling, Anna D. Le, and Billie J. Swalla. "Whole body regeneration in a colonial ascidian,Botrylloides violaceus." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 312B, no. 8 (December 15, 2009): 885–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.21303.

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44

CARROLL, A. R., B. F. BOWDEN, and J. C. COLL. "ChemInform Abstract: Australian Ascidians. Part 2. Novel Cytotoxic Iodotyrosine-Based Alkaloids from Colonial Ascidians, Aplidium sp." ChemInform 24, no. 37 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199337300.

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45

Lambert, Gretchen. "Ecology and natural history of the protochordates." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-156.

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The last comprehensive reviews of ecology and natural history of ascidians were included in the excellent 1971 publication by Millar on the biology of ascidians and the 1991 treatise on New Caledonia ascidians by Monniot, Monniot, and Laboute. Several hundred papers have been published since that time, greatly expanding our knowledge of environmental tolerances and responses to increasing levels of anthropogenically derived toxins in marine waters, energetics and feeding strategies, predator–prey relationships, competition both intra- and inter-specific that include many studies of self–nonself recognition in colonial species, modes and environmental regulation of reproduction and development, symbionts, natural-product chemistry as antifouling and antipredator defenses, and dispersal mechanisms. The relatively new field of molecular genetics is revealing the presence of cryptic species and is helping to determine the origin of anthropogenically transported individuals, an important and growing problem that affects natural ecological relationships in marine communities worldwide. We are learning more about the difficult-to-study abyssal and Antarctic species. There have been great advances in our understanding of the importance in open-ocean food webs of the planktonic Appendicularia and Thaliacea. Also included in this review is a brief discussion of recent work on the Cephalochordata and Hemichordata.

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46

Wendt, Jobst. "A rare case of an evolutionary late and ephemeral biomineralization: tunicates with composite calcareous skeletons." Journal of Paleontology 94, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 748–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.109.

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AbstractIn contrast to almost all other invertebrate phyla that constructed biomineralized skeletons during the “Cambrian explosion” and maintained them during the entire fossil record, ascidian tunicates evolved this protective and stabilizing advantage only during the Permian, although soft-bodied representatives of this subphylum made their first appearance already in the early Cambrian. It remains enigmatic why these compound calcareous skeletons persisted only until the Late Triassic, subsequently followed by less-rigid internal skeletons from the Lower Jurassic onwards, which consist of scattered isolated spicules only. In addition to recently described aragonitic ascidian exoskeletons from the Permian and Triassic, new discoveries of similar, but colonial ascidian compound endoskeletons in the lower Carnian exhibit a short-living branch of this group, which moreover contain the first indubitable calcareous spicules. The latter are embedded in the solid endoskeleton, which is composed of polygonal aragonitic plates with smooth outer and zigzag lined inner boundaries. They consist of irregular, parallel (orthogonal), or fan-shaped (clinogonal) arrangements of acicular aragonite crystals. The following taxa are described as new: order Cassianomorpha new order with the family Cassianosomidae new family and the genus Toscanisoma new genus with the species T. multipartitum new species and T. triplicatum new species.UUID: http://zoobank.org/03555353-cdab-42e8-8e99-9bfce15fa249

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47

Evans, James S., Patrick M. Erwin, Hendra F. Sihaloho, and Susanna López‐Legentil. "Cryptic genetic lineages of a colonial ascidian host distinct microbiomes." Zoologica Scripta 50, no. 4 (March 4, 2021): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12482.

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48

Ballarin, Loriano, Francesca Cima, and Armando Sabbadin. "Morula Cells and Histocompatibility in the Colonial Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri." Zoological Science 12, no. 6 (December 1995): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2108/zsj.12.757.

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49

Schmidt, GH, and GF Warner. "Spatial competition between colonial ascidians: the importance of stand-off." Marine Ecology Progress Series 31 (1986): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps031101.

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50

Yund, P. O., and P. G. O'Neil. "Microgeographic genetic differentiation in a colonial ascidian ( Botryllus schlosseri ) population." Marine Biology 137, no. 4 (November 15, 2000): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270000378.

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