Journal articles: 'As-built Information'

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Abudayyeh, Osama, and Hussien T. Al-Battaineh. "As-Built Information Model for Bridge Maintenance." Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 17, no. 2 (April 2003): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(2003)17:2(105).

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Dai, Sheng, Gang Zhao, Yong Yu, and Qiangwei Bao. "Information Modelling Method of As-built Process Data." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1824, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1824/1/012013.

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Jaw, S. W. "Acquiring underground infrastructure's as-built information for cities' sustainability." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 18 (February 25, 2014): 012190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/18/1/012190.

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Romeli, Norsyakilah, Hazry Desa, and Muhammad Azizi Azizan. "Building Information Modelling (BIM) as an UAV Information Processor for Generating an ‘As Built Drawing’." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 957 (November 25, 2020): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/957/1/012042.

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黃毓舜, 黃毓舜, 施宣光 Yu-Shun Huang, and 黃立德 Shen-Guan Shih. "公有建築物繳交建築資訊建模(BIM)竣工模型之建材與設備交付資訊內容研究." 建築學報 115, no. 115-1 (March 2021): 017–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/101632122021030115008.

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目前國內有關建築資訊塑模(Building Information Modeling, 簡稱BIM)與維運需求項目並沒有產生直接對應。根據國外文獻整理，有關建築物維運管理(Facilities Management，簡稱FM)目前常用的標準如ISO55000(2014)、ISO 19650、BS1192-4(2014)、與共同資料環境(Common Data Environment,簡稱CDE)與營建資訊的交付標準(Construction Operations Building Information Exchange，簡稱COBie)等。本研究提出建築物的維運資料架構與系統建立流程，它包含BIM模型建置、IFC資料轉檔、共同資料庫建立與建築物維運系統的發展四個階段。隨著施工過程中，逐步建立BIM竣工模型的建材與設備資料，才能達成以建築物生命週期履歷落實標準化維運管理的目標。本計畫以內政部營建署執行中的三個代辦工程討論竣工模型之建材與設備交付資訊項目。目的是協助公部門工程主辦機關從施工階段的BIM執行契約可延伸到竣工階段的維運資料。本研究的成果將提供一個通用的維運資料架構與系統雛形，協助政府部門可用於執行BIM契約資料交付。  The data translation between Building Information Modeling(BIM) and Facilities Management(FM) has not been built an automatic mechanism in Taiwan currently. According to the literature review, the standards related to building FM include ISO55000 (2014), ISO 19650, BS1192-4 (2014), Common Data Environment (CDE), and Construction Operations Building Information Exchange, (COBie). The thesis proposes a framework and data delivery process for building maintenance data translation. The process includes four stages of BIM model data input, IFC data export, CDE database, and FM system development. With the construction process, the materials and equipment data will be embedded into the completion model. The completion model will assist to achieve the goal of implementing standardized maintenance management on the building life cycle. The thesis discusses the building materials and equipment delivery information of the completed model with three public-work cases by Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior. The purpose is to assist the BIM model data can link the construction to the maintenance and operation stage. The results will provide a general data requirement table system porotype that can assist the government departments to execute BIM contracts.

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Maiezza, P. "AS-BUILT RELIABILITY IN ARCHITECTURAL HBIM MODELING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W9 (January 31, 2019): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w9-461-2019.

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Abstract. The As-Built Model cannot be considered as a simple three-dimensional mould of the studied reality but as a process of analysis, synthesis and communication of architectural complexity including, in addition to geometric-dimensional aspects, also the historical, aesthetic and architectural features of the building. Consequently, the transparency and reliability issues of the digital visualization constitutes, as well as for the field of archaeology, a matter of primary importance in the modelling of cultural heritage. The increasing interest of scholars in the application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) to historical buildings has renewed the problems related to the reliability of the As-built, related not only to the relationship between the model and the measure, but also to the other information, for example the constructive technologies. Based on the survey and modelling of some case studies, the paper's aim is to define a reference standard for the reliability declaration of the As-Built HBIM models, which considers both the geometric and information aspects.

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Kokko, Edwin J., Harry E. Martz, Diane J. Chinn, Henry R. Childs, Jessie A. Jackson, David H. Chambers, Daniel J. Schneberk, and Grace A. Clark. "As-Built Modeling of Objects for Performance Assessment." Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 6, no. 4 (June 29, 2006): 405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2353856.

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The goal of “as-built” computational modeling is to incorporate the most representative geometry and material information for an (fabricated or legacy) object into simulations. While most engineering finite element simulations are based on an object’s idealized “as-designed” configuration with information obtained from technical drawings or computer-aided design models, as-built modeling uses nondestructive characterization and metrology techniques to provide the feature information. By incorporating more representative geometry and material features as initial conditions, the uncertainty in the simulation results can be reduced, providing a more realistic understanding of the event and object being modeled. In this paper, key steps and technology areas in the as-built modeling framework are: (1) inspection using nondestructive characterization and metrology techniques; (2) data reduction (signal and image processing including artifact removal, data sensor fusion, and geometric feature extraction); and (3) engineering and physics analysis using finite element codes. We illustrate the process with a cylindrical phantom and include a discussion of the key concepts and areas that need improvement. Our results show that reasonable as-built initial conditions based on a volume overlap criteria can be achieved and that notable differences between simulations of the as-built and as-designed configurations can be observed for a given load case. Specifically, a volume averaged difference of accumulated plastic strain of 3% and local spatially varying differences up to 10%. The example presented provides motivation and justification to engineering teams for the additional effort required in the as-built modeling of high value parts. Further validation of the approach has been proposed as future work.

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Tsopa, N. V., and A. S. Karpushkin. "AS-BUILT DOCUMENTATION IN CONSTRUCTION: COMPOSITION AND PROCEDURE." Construction economic and environmental management 77, no. 4 (2021): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2519-4453-2020-4-56-65.

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The article systematizes information on as-built documentation, highlights its structure, procedure and principles of maintenance. The analysis of the goals and functions of the Executive documentation at all stages of construction, control and commissioning of the facility was made. Problems and their possible causes related to compliance with the requirements of the legislation and regulatory framework of the Russian Federation regarding the maintenance, configuration, storage and delivery of as-built documentation are identified.

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Aritomi, Koichi, Kensuke Matsuoka, Katsumi Uesaka, and Tadashi Okutani. "Proposal of an as-built management technology by three-dimensional design information." Journal of Construction Management, JSCE 11 (2004): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/procm.11.81.

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Usmani, Abdul Rahman Ahsan, Abdalrahman Elshafey, Masoud Gheisari, Changsaar Chai, Eeydzah Binti Aminudin, and Cher Siang Tan. "A scan to as-built building information modeling workflow: a case study in Malaysia." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 18, no. 4 (December 5, 2019): 923–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-07-2019-0182.

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Purpose Three dimensional (3 D) laser scanner surveying is widely used in many fields, such as agriculture, mining and heritage documentation and can be of great benefit for as-built documentation in construction and facility management domains. However, there is lack of applied research and use cases integrating 3 D laser scanner surveying with building information modeling (BIM) for existing facilities in Malaysia. This study aims to develop a scan to as-built BIM workflow to use 3 D laser scanner surveying and create as-built building information models of an existing complex facility in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach A case study approach was followed to develop a scan to as-built BIM workflow through four main steps: 3 D laser scanning, data preprocessing, data registration and building information modeling. Findings This case study proposes a comprehensive scan to as-built BIM workflow which illustrates all the required steps to create a precise 3 D as-built building information model from scans. This workflow was successfully implemented to the Eco-Home facility at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Originality/value Scan to as-built BIM is a digital alternative to manual and tedious process of documentation of as-built condition of a facility and provides a detail process using laser scans to create as-built building information models of facilities.

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Tserng, Hui-Ping, Shih-Ping Ho, and Shu-Hui Jan. "DEVELOPING BIM-ASSISTED AS-BUILT SCHEDULE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR GENERAL CONTRACTORS." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, no. 1 (March 10, 2014): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.851112.

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Construction project control attempts to obtain real-time as-built schedule information and to eliminate project delays by effectively enhancing dynamic schedule control and management. Suitable platforms for enhancing an as-built schedule visually during the construction phase are necessary and important for general contractors. As the application of building information modeling (BIM) becomes more common, schedule management integrated with the BIM approach becomes essential to enhance visual construction management implementation for the general contractor during the construction phase. To enhance visualization of the updated as-built schedule for the general contractor, this study presents a novel system called the Construction BIM-assisted Schedule Management (ConBIM-SM) system for general contractors in Taiwan. The primary purpose of this study is to develop a web ConBIM-SM system for the general contractor to enhance visual as-built schedule information sharing and efficiency in tracking construction as-built schedule. Finally, the ConBIM-SM system is applied to a case study of a commerce building project in Taiwan to verify its efficacy and demonstrate its effectiveness during the construction phase. The advantages of the ConBIM-SM system lie in improved project control and management efficiency for general contractors, and in providing BIM-assisted as-built schedule tracking and management, to access the most current as-built schedule information through a web browser. The case study results show that the ConBIM-SM system is an effective visual as-built schedule management platform integrated with the BIM approach for general contractors in a construction project.

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Zahradník, D. "ROOF LEAK DETECTION BY THERMOGRAPHY OF AS-BUILT BIM." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-5/W1-2022 (February 3, 2022): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-5-w1-2022-251-2022.

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Abstract. The horizontal roofs of industrial buildings are the weakest part of a structure. Imperfect design of horizontal roofs causes roof leakage. For roofs with a large surface area, locating leakage points is very difficult. The problem is solved by aerial thermography using drones. Modern high-resolution thermal cameras make it possible to detect roof leaks. By processing the RGB camera and thermal camera data, a thermal mesh model is created for implementation into the BIM. Building information models are data managers throughout the life cycle of buildings. BIM helps prevent clashes, improve collaboration and record building information from IOT devices. For building maintenance, the results of thermography need to be implemented in BIM. BIM managers create a roof repair plan based on the severity of the roof leakage. This paper proposes a methodology to implement the results of roof leak detection, starting from data collection and continuing with the processing of geometric and thermographic data and finalizes with implementation.

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De Winter, H., M. Bassier, and M. Vergauwen. "DIGITISATION IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION: AUTOMATION OF AS-BUILT MODELS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-5/W1-2022 (February 3, 2022): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-5-w1-2022-69-2022.

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Abstract. The construction industry is still one of the least digitised sectors worldwide and digitisation in the road construction sector in particular is even more dire. To improve the efficiency of the sector, it is of the utmost importance that construction monitoring tasks, i.e. progress, quality and quantity analyses, are automated. The goal of the presented framework is the automation of the following three vital interconnected subjects: (1) The systematic capture of remote sensing data with low-cost UAVs, (2) the information extraction from survey data and (3) the interlinking and exchange of interoperable BIM data (design, survey and extracted information) using Linked Data technologies. In this paper, the needed data for proper road construction digitisation and the desired data structure is discussed. Additionally, the automation of Real Time Kinematic (RTK)-flight processing is presented. The feasibility of the proposed workflow is examined based on real-life test cases. As a consequence of automation, the homogeneity of data across projects will increase. This will form the basis for further automation in road construction.

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Moretti, Nicola, Xiang Xie, Jorge Merino, Justas Brazauskas, and Ajith Kumar Parlikad. "An openBIM Approach to IoT Integration with Incomplete As-Built Data." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 8287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228287.

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Digital Twins (DT) are powerful tools to support asset managers in the operation and maintenance of cognitive buildings. Building Information Models (BIM) are critical for Asset Management (AM), especially when used in conjunction with Internet of Things (IoT) and other asset data collected throughout a building’s lifecycle. However, information contained within BIM models is usually outdated, inaccurate, and incomplete as a result of unclear geometric and semantic data modelling procedures during the building life cycle. The aim of this paper is to develop an openBIM methodology to support dynamic AM applications with limited as-built information availability. The workflow is based on the use of the IfcSharedFacilitiesElements schema for processing the geometric and semantic information of both existing and newly created Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) objects, supporting real-time data integration. The methodology is validated using the West Cambridge DT Research Facility data, demonstrating good potential in supporting an asset anomaly detection application. The proposed workflow increases the automation of the digital AM processes, thanks to the adoption of BIM-IoT integration tools and methods within the context of the development of a building DT.

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Cai, Chun Ming, Jian Feng Lu, and De Zhong Li. "Design and Development of As-Built Documents Management System Based on BIM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 2492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.2492.

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After factory structure, building, pipeline and equipment acting as a completed system are constructed completely and before the whole system is ready putted into use, it is necessary and significant to do some test or adjustment in order to make it work successfully as designed. At the period of operation maintenance, what Operation and Management Department wanted are not only the common design drawings, as-built documents but also some documents or information related with operation maintenance such as state data of device, material details and so on. BIM provides clients an effective approach to acquire the whole information of building by integrating building space message with parameter information of equipment. In view of advantages that brought by BIM, as-built documents management system will be designed and exploited. This system is expected to support the management of as-built documents and direct goal is implementing the whole delivery of as-built factory models.

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Son, Hyojoo, Changwan Kim, and Yong Kwon Cho. "Automated Schedule Updates Using As-Built Data and a 4D Building Information Model." Journal of Management in Engineering 33, no. 4 (July 2017): 04017012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000528.

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Carmelino, Giancarlo, and Toshihiro Hanazato. "The built environment of Japanese shopping streets as visual information on pedestrian vibrancy." Frontiers of Architectural Research 8, no. 2 (June 2019): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2019.01.003.

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Hong, Sungchul, Jaehoon Jung, Sangmin Kim, Hyoungsig Cho, Jeongho Lee, and Joon Heo. "Semi-automated approach to indoor mapping for 3D as-built building information modeling." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 51 (May 2015): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.01.005.

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Yang, X., M. Koehl, and P. Grussenmeyer. "PARAMETRIC MODELLING OF AS-BUILT BEAM FRAMED STRUCTURE IN BIM ENVIRONMENT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W3 (February 23, 2017): 651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w3-651-2017.

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A complete documentation and conservation of a historic timber roof requires the integration of geometry modelling, attributional and dynamic information management and results of structural analysis. Recently developed as-built Building Information Modelling (BIM) technique has the potential to provide a uniform platform, which provides possibility to integrate the traditional geometry modelling, parametric elements management and structural analysis together. The main objective of the project presented in this paper is to develop a parametric modelling tool for a timber roof structure whose elements are leaning and crossing beam frame. Since Autodesk Revit, as the typical BIM software, provides the platform for parametric modelling and information management, an API plugin, able to automatically create the parametric beam elements and link them together with strict relationship, was developed. The plugin under development is introduced in the paper, which can obtain the parametric beam model via Autodesk Revit API from total station points and terrestrial laser scanning data. The results show the potential of automatizing the parametric modelling by interactive API development in BIM environment. It also integrates the separate data processing and different platforms into the uniform Revit software.

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Lee, Duk Gyoo. "Construction factors affecting as-built roughness of Portland cement concrete pavement construction." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 906–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-044.

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This paper investigates the significant construction factors affecting the as-built roughness of Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement. The panel data analysis uses as-built roughness measurements and related construction factors for reconstructed, replaced, and resurfaced PCC pavement projects in Wisconsin from 1998 to 2002. Construction factors are divided into two categories in this analysis: (1) pavement characteristics and (2) contractor's quality-based performance. The analysis utilizes the fixed effects and random effects modeling techniques to identify the significant variables in the model. The research shows that the fixed effects model, of all proposed models, provides the best estimate on the basis of Akaike's information criterion (AIC). The results indicate that pavement characteristics and contractor's quality-based past performance significantly affect as-built roughness. The findings also show that geographic locations are strongly significant.Key words: panel (longitudinal) data analysis, as-built roughness, international roughness index (IRI), Akaike's information criterion (AIC), construction factor, Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement, highway construction.

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Farmer, C., and C. Rouillard. "THE FEASIBILITY OF “OSCAR” AS AN INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE REHABILITATION OF BUILT HERITAGE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-221-2017.

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This paper aims to examine the feasibility of the Online Sustainable Conservation Assistance Resource (OSCAR) as an information system and framework to help find appropriate ways to improve the sustainable performance of heritage buildings in North America. The paper reviews the need for holistic comprehensive authoritative information in the field of sustainable conservation, how OSCAR addresses this gap, the OSCAR workflow, and how it was used in two case studies. It was found that OSCAR has potential to become a practical educational tool and design aide to address the sustainable performance of heritage buildings. The paper contributes to the discourse on sustainable conservation by examining resources and tools which address the need for holistic retrofit approaches. The findings will be useful to educators and professionals in the fields of sustainable design and heritage conservation.

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Shojaei, Alireza, Jun Wang, and Andriel Fenner. "Exploring the feasibility of blockchain technology as an infrastructure for improving built asset sustainability." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 10, no. 2 (November 12, 2019): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-11-2018-0142.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to show the feasibility of blockchain technology to perform as an infrastructure for improving built asset sustainability by providing all the necessary information for better decision making at all the stages of its life cycle. Design/methodology/approach Blockchain technology can be used as a tool to build a reliable and secure decentralized information system to capture and disseminate all the data required for different sustainability assessment models. A model is designed and tested through a synthetic scenario to substantiate the research objective with empirical work. Findings It is shown that blockchain can revolutionize the current state of knowledge for long-term sustainability thinking and provide necessary information in different stages of the life cycle of a built asset. With the proposed decentralized, transparent and comprehensive database using blockchain, the life cycle assessment methods can become much more inclusive and reliable. The new holistic analysis of the built asset sustainability enables better decision making in design, build, operation and demolition of each asset. Originality/value This paper proposes and tests a model for using blockchain as an infrastructure to support built asset sustainability. Practitioners from different backgrounds at different stages of a built asset life cycle can use such a network to make better decisions and better assess the sustainability of their built assets.

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LIN, Yu-Cheng, Hsin-Yun LEE, and I.-Tung YANG. "DEVELOPING AS-BUILT BIM MODEL PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR GENERAL CONTRACTORS: A CASE STUDY." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 22, no. 5 (August 24, 2015): 608–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.914081.

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As the application of building information modeling (BIM) becomes more common, BIM model management becomes necessary and important to enhance the effectiveness of BIM implementation for a general contractor (GC) during the construction phase. Implementation of BIM models in the construction phase, which typically involves participants from different fields, often has numerous BIM-related interfaces and problems. Therefore, feedback from the most recent as-built model tracking and BIM model problems are essential for BIM process management (BIM PM) in the construction field. BIM PM has become the most important aspect of a sound as-built BIM model management strategy. Changes in as-built BIM models should be identified, updated, and tracked for BIM PM, such that version management of as-built BIM models can be improved, while minimizing rework and reducing as-built BIM models development duration. Systematic approaches and information on management platforms for enhancing BIM PM during the construction phase are lacking. This study proposes a novel approach to the BIM model management which is to manage and track all versions of as-built BIM models. The primary purpose of this study is to develop a web Construction BIM-based PM (ConBIM-PM) system to enhance a General Contractor’s ability to share BIM PM information and track construction projects more efficiently. The ConBIM-PM system provides users with a centralized storage of all versions of as-built models during the construction phase of a project so that they are able to track and manage the current status of modified as-built models and BIM PM information effectively. Finally, the ConBIM-PM system is applied to a case study of a building project in Taiwan to verify its efficacy and demonstrate its effectiveness. The case study results show that the ConBIM-PM system is effective for BIM PM work by a GC during the construction phase of the BIM implementation.

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Bassier, M., M. Vergauwen, and B. Van Genechten. "AUTOMATED CLASSIFICATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS FOR AS-BUILT BIM USING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W2 (August 16, 2017): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w2-25-2017.

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Semantically rich three dimensional models such as Building Information Models (BIMs) are increasingly used in digital heritage. They provide the required information to varying stakeholders during the different stages of the historic buildings life cyle which is crucial in the conservation process. The creation of as-built BIM models is based on point cloud data. However, manually interpreting this data is labour intensive and often leads to misinterpretations. By automatically classifying the point cloud, the information can be proccesed more effeciently. A key aspect in this automated scan-to-BIM process is the classification of building objects. In this research we look to automatically recognise elements in existing buildings to create compact semantic information models. Our algorithm efficiently extracts the main structural components such as floors, ceilings, roofs, walls and beams despite the presence of significant clutter and occlusions. More specifically, Support Vector Machines (SVM) are proposed for the classification. The algorithm is evaluated using real data of a variety of existing buildings. The results prove that the used classifier recognizes the objects with both high precision and recall. As a result, entire data sets are reliably labelled at once. The approach enables experts to better document and process heritage assets.

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Jung, Jaehoon, Cyrill Stachniss, Sungha Ju, and Joon Heo. "Automated 3D volumetric reconstruction of multiple-room building interiors for as-built BIM." Advanced Engineering Informatics 38 (October 2018): 811–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2018.10.007.

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Li, Yaxin, Wenbin Li, Shengjun Tang, Walid Darwish, Yuling Hu, and Wu Chen. "Automatic Indoor as-Built Building Information Models Generation by Using Low-Cost RGB-D Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010293.

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To generate indoor as-built building information models (AB BIMs) automatically and economically is a great technological challenge. Many approaches have been developed to address this problem in recent years, but it is far from being settled, particularly for the point cloud segmentation and the extraction of the relationship among different elements due to the complicated indoor environment. This is even more difficult for the low-quality point cloud generated by low-cost scanning equipment. This paper proposes an automatic as-built BIMs generation framework that transforms the noisy 3D point cloud produced by a low-cost RGB-D sensor (about 708 USD for data collection equipment, 379 USD for the Structure sensor and 329 USD for iPad) to the as-built BIMs, without any manual intervention. The experiment results show that the proposed method has competitive robustness and accuracy, compared to the high-quality Terrestrial Lidar System (TLS), with the element extraction accuracy of 100%, mean dimension reconstruction accuracy of 98.6% and mean area reconstruction accuracy of 93.6%. Also, the proposed framework makes the BIM generation workflows more efficient in both data collection and data processing. In the experiments, the time consumption of data collection for a typical room, with an area of 45–67 m 2 , is reduced to 4–6 min with an RGB-D sensor from 50–60 min with TLS. The processing time to generate BIM models is about half minutes automatically, from around 10 min with a conventional semi-manual method.

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Alshawabkeh, Yahya, Ahmad Baik, and Ahmad Fallatah. "As-Textured As-Built BIM Using Sensor Fusion, Zee Ain Historical Village as a Case Study." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 5135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245135.

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The work described in the paper emphasizes the importance of integrating imagery and laser scanner techniques (TLS) to optimize the geometry and visual quality of Heritage BIM. The fusion-based workflow was approached during the recording of Zee Ain Historical Village in Saudi Arabia. The village is a unique example of traditional human settlements, and represents a complex natural and cultural heritage site. The proposed workflow divides data integration into two levels. At the basic level, UAV photogrammetry with enhanced mobility and visibility is used to map the ragged terrain and supplement TLS point data in upper and unaccusable building zones where shadow data originated. The merging of point clouds ensures that the building’s overall geometry is correctly rebuilt and that data interpretation is improved during HBIM digitization. In addition to the correct geometry, texture mapping is particularly important in the area of cultural heritage. Constructing a realistic texture remains a challenge in HBIM; because the standard texture and materials provided in BIM libraries do not allow for reliable representation of heritage structures, mapping and sharing information are not always truthful. Thereby, at the second level, the workflow proposed true orthophoto texturing method for HBIM models by combining close-range imagery and laser data. True orthophotos have uniform scale that depicts all objects in their respective planimetric positions, providing reliable and realistic mapping. The process begins with the development of a Digital Surface Model (DSM) by sampling TLS 3D points in a regular grid, with each cell uniquely associated with a model point. Then each DSM cell is projected in the corresponding perspective imagery in order to map the relevant spectral information. The methods allow for flexible data fusion and image capture using either a TLS-installed camera or a separate camera at the optimal time and viewpoint for radiometric data. The developed workflows demonstrated adequate results in terms of complete and realistic textured HBIM, allowing for a better understanding of the complex heritage structures.

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Meidow, Jochen, Thomas Usländer, and Karsten Schulz. "Obtaining as-built models of manufacturing plants from point clouds." at - Automatisierungstechnik 66, no. 5 (May 25, 2018): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2017-0133.

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Abstract The capability to adapt a manufacturing plant to changing requirements gains increasing importance in industrial production environments, e. g., triggered by Industrie 4.0 scenarios. A virtual as-built model of a manufacturing plant and its surrounding factory building provides important decision support and relevant information for digital twins, e. g., to trace assets and asset types across their whole lifetime, planning of renovations, plant and machine topology changes, or the simulation-based analysis of production processes. Based on point clouds obtained by terrestrial laser scanning or photogrammetric acquisition, reverse engineering can be applied to extract and to reconstruct relevant objects in a form suitable for CAD programs. In this article, we review approaches to capture a scene by point measurements and to reconstruct the geometry of its components given specific object models. This comprises the discussion of various representation schemes for objects and their relations, strategies for object recognition, and the explication of methods for model instantiation. Furthermore, depending on the requirements for specific tasks, we identify technology gaps and specify the degree of maturity of the related techniques.

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Przyborski, Marek, and Paweł Tysiąc. "As- built inventory of the office building with the use of terrestrial laser scanning." E3S Web of Conferences 26 (2018): 00011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182600011.

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Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is an efficient tool for building inventories. Based on the red- laser beam technology it is possible to provide the high accuracy data with complete spatial information about a scanned object. In this article, authors present the solution of use a TLS in as-built inventory of the office building. Based on the provided data, it is possible to evaluate the correctness of built details of a building and provide information for further construction works, for example an area needed for Styrofoam installation. The biggest problem in this research is that an error which equals over 1cm could generate costs, which could be a problem to cover by a constructor. Based on a complicated place of the construction works (centre of a city) it was a challenge to maintain the accuracy.

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Jokinen, Olli, and Heikki Kauhanen. "Lower bounds for as-built deviations against as-designed 3-D Building Information Model from single spherical panoramic image." Automation in Construction 84 (December 2017): 274–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.09.017.

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Bolshakov, Nikolai, Vladimir Badenko, Julia Volkova, Alberto Celani, and Lei Zhang. "Multicriteria analysis and information modelling in management of built environment." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 10007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016410007.

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Building Information Modelling (BIM) proves to be the most urgent trend in construction for the last years. Still the major part of this issue is dedicated only to the first stages of building lifecycle: design and construction. This article goal is to provide a critical overview on recent achievements in BIM application for the different steps of building lifecycle as well as ongoing digitalization of facility management. The paper explores the importance of applying mathematical modelling and multicriteria analysis such as Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy logic in management of built environment and provides recent examples of such applications consequently exploring its potential. Method of analysis in this article is horizontal analysis of publication activity in related research topic. Different levels of digital built environment are considered: from building (BIM) to the whole city (GIS). The result of the research reveal that emergence of scan-to-BIM technology brings benefits not only for the buildings which are designed with BIM models (current situation in the market) but for the buildings which are already built (as-built BIM).

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Mazzoli, Cecilia, Marco Iannantuono, Vieri Giannakopoulos, Anastasia Fotopoulou, Annarita Ferrante, and Simone Garagnani. "Building Information Modeling as an Effective Process for the Sustainable Re-Shaping of the Built Environment." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094658.

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This paper focuses on the definition of a method supported by digital processes for a sustainable and user-orientated re-design of the existing building stock. Based on the analysis of the methodological and procedural aspects of the computational approach to architectural design in relation to different performance conditions, the research addresses the adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM), intended as a powerful method for coordinating the complexity of the multiple, interdisciplinary and conflicting aspects involved in the rehabilitation of buildings. In addition to the advantages in terms of control and management, the BIM process has proven its effectiveness in tackling the issue of sustainability, allowing all actors involved in the research to share information and pro-actively control various outcomes of a building’s performance, such as energy and environmental quality. To show the opportunities and limitations of the digital management in information-based processes, the activities carried out in the framework of the European Horizon 2020 project “Pro-GET-onE—Proactive synergy of inteGrated Efficient Technologies on buildings’ Envelopes” are reported. The research, based on a case study method, which is applied to a student residence in Athens, demonstrates that BIM possesses great potentialities for developing effective and efficient construction and renovation processes toward buildings with high quality standards.

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Patel, Alpeshkumar, Allan Chasey, and Samuel T. Ariaratnam. "Integrating Global Positioning System with Laser Technology to Capture As-Built Information during Open-Cut Construction." Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice 1, no. 4 (November 2010): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000065.

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Fathi, Habib, and Ioannis Brilakis. "A videogrammetric as-built data collection method for digital fabrication of sheet metal roof panels." Advanced Engineering Informatics 27, no. 4 (October 2013): 466–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2013.04.006.

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Emad Hani Al-Allaf. "Preventive Conservation as A Procedure for Safeguarding Mosul Built Heritage." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 98–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2014.07207.

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After the success of various international experiments of adopting preventive conservation approaches for safeguarding the cultural heritage such as Monumentenwacht Vlaanderen in Belgium, and Netherlands, and La consrvazione programmata in Italy, many countries attempt to put such strategies for protecting their heritage. During the last three decades or less, many monuments and heritage buildings in Mosul old city have been deteriorated progressively due to many factors the most important of which is the lack of monitoring and controlling procedures for preserving these irreplaceable outstanding constructions. Preventive conservation describes research and interventions aiming at reducing deterioration rates and minimizing risks to the constructions. It aims to identify and reduce potential hazards to cultural artifacts with thoughtful control of their surroundings, and it attempts to mitigate the occurrence of damage and deterioration through research and the implementation of procedures which enhance the safety of cultural objects and buildings. The absence of a comprehensible and efficient preservation protective policy for the responsible institutions of conservation of Mosul built heritage is a critical issue. The research aims to compare the current conservation policy of these institutions with international counterparts, and to put guidelines and recommendations for preparing a preventive conservation plan for the cultural heritage of Mosul Old City, which are represented by controlling its vital aspects such as managing of environment, risk, documentation, schedule investigation, information, regulation, human resources, and communication. The paper methodology adopts a comparative analytical study between several successful international experiments in preventive conservation field and the current existing procedures of the conservation of the Mosul built heritage

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Altyntsev, Maxim, Ivan Shcherbakov, and Stepan Tretyakov. "APPLICATION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES FOR THE AS-BUILT SURVEY OF RAILWAYS." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 1 (2019): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-1-1-111-118.

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The as-built survey of railways is one of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) application fields. Digital surface models (DSM) are the results of UAV survey data processing. Concerning railways, they are used for receiving information about railway track position and distance between tracks, obstruction clearance, for generating longitudinal and cross profiles. For generating high accuracy DSM, regularly distributed control and check points within a survey area are necessary to be used. As these points rail track axis points, measured during a hardware-software system «Profile-M» movement, can be used. The goal of the article is the accuracy study of DSM generation whose ex-ternal orientation was carried out with railway track axis points measured with this hardware-software system.

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Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael. "Information processing as one key for a unification?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30, no. 1 (February 2007): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x07000829.

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The human information-acquisition process is one of the unifying mechanisms of the behavioral sciences. Three examples (from psychology, neuroscience, and political science) demonstrate that through inspection of this process, better understanding and hence more powerful models of human behavior can be built. The target method for this – process tracing – could serve as a central player in this building process of a unified framework.

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Sun, Zheng, Jiangtao Xie, Yingying Zhang, and Yongkang Cao. "As-Built BIM for a Fifteenth-Century Chinese Brick Structure at Various LoDs." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2019): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8120577.

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Building information modeling (BIM) has received significant research attention in the field of built heritage. As-built BIM refers to a BIM representation of the “as-is” conditions of built heritage at the time of a survey. Determining the level of development (LoD) is crucial for as-built BIM owing to its relevance to model effects and modeling efforts. This study addresses this issue from the viewpoint of a brick structure based on a case study of a fifteenth-century ruin in Nanjing, China. Three LoDs are proposed based on the combined use of a commercial platform and auxiliary tools: A host model linked with raster images composed using orthoimage and relief maps (LoD 1), an as-built volume with semantic skins (LoD 2), and a brick-by-brick model with custom industry foundation class parameters at local areas (LoD 3). The results reveal that LoD 1 caters to an efficient web-based workflow for brick-damage annotations; as-built dimensions can be extracted from LoD 2; and LoD 3 enables attributes, such as damage types, to be attached at the brick level. In future studies, the detection of brick shapes is expected to automate the process of as-built surface mapping.

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Goldan, Michael, and Robert J. G. A. Kroon. "As-Built Product Modeling and Reverse Engineering in Shipbuilding Through Combined Digital Photogrammetry and CAD/CAM Technology." Journal of Ship Production 19, no. 02 (May 1, 2003): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.2003.19.2.98.

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Ship repair, as a technological "lesser brother" of shipbuilding, still contains major elements of manual labor. In the past years, ship repair and the conversion of ships and offshore structures came to rely increasingly on modern computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD and CAM) information systems for speedy generation of the required engineering information. An often-encountered problem is the lack of product information in electronic form or in any other form. Such information is needed for engineering of new parts for damaged or converted ships and platforms. In such cases one needs to build the virtual product model from the existing as-built object up to an engineering-detail level; hence, the terms "as-built modeling" and "reverse engineering." The paper presents the results of a multiyear project with the code name AMORES, which focuses on improving lead time and economic efficiency in ship and offshore platform repair and conversion in the Netherlands. Existing and newly developed photogrammetric measuring techniques were used to generate as-built models of double curved three-dimensional surfaces of ships and platforms. These were fed into standard CAD/CAM systems to engineer and manufacture new ship hull or platform parts to replace damaged areas. The main advantages of the new method are savings in lead time (measurements, engineering) and the replacing of costly manual labor by modern digital photogrammetry. The paper will focus on the new developments, the experienced difficulties, and the advantages of this new technique in ship repair.

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Xie, Lei, Ruisheng Wang, Zutao Ming, and Dong Chen. "A Layer-Wise Strategy for Indoor As-Built Modeling Using Point Clouds." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 2904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142904.

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The automatic modeling of as-built building interiors, known as indoor building reconstruction, is gaining increasing attention because of its widespread applications. With the development of sensors to acquire high-quality point clouds, a new modeling scheme called scan-to-BIM (building information modeling) emerged as well. However, the traditional scan-to-BIM process is time-tedious and labor-intensive. Most existing automatic indoor building reconstruction solutions can only fit the specific data or lack of detailed model representation. In this paper, we propose a layer-wise method, on the basis of 3D planar primitives, to create 2D floor plans and 3D building models. It can deal with different types of point clouds and retain many structural details with respect to protruding structures, complicated ceilings, and fine corners. The experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method and the robustness against noises and sparse data.

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Lin, Yu-Cheng, Cheng-Ping Lin, Hsin-Tzu Hu, and Yu-Chih Su. "Developing final as-built BIM model management system for owners during project closeout: A case study." Advanced Engineering Informatics 36 (April 2018): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2018.04.001.

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Erdélyi, Ján, Richard Honti, Tomáš Funtík, Pavol Mayer, and Aset Madiev. "Verification of Building Structures Using Point Clouds and Building Information Models." Buildings 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 2218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122218.

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The effort towards automation of the building industry processes has increased significantly over the last years worldwide. One of the key tools in this process is the modeling of buildings using Building Information Modeling (BIM). When following fundamental principles, a BIM model serves as an up-to-date pool of information. Combining the results of effective spatial data collection techniques with the information from a BIM model, it is possible to increase the effectiveness of as-built documentation of the structures or in-site clash detection between the built and planned parts. In this paper, we describe an approach for the verification of building structures by comparing the as-built model created from point clouds with the as-planned model of the building. The point clouds can be collected by laser scanning or photogrammetry, while the geometry of the planned (designed) structures is derived from the BIM model in the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format. The advantage of the approach is that the as-built model is created by regression models from point clouds preprocessed by detailed segmentation. The deviations from the design and the relative geometry (e.g., flatness) of the elements are expressed by signed color maps. The presented workflow enables semi-automated verification of building structures.

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Tah, J. H. M., A. H. Oti, and F. H. Abanda. "A state-of-the-art review of built environment information modelling (BeIM)." Organization, Technology and Management in Construction: an International Journal 9, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 1638–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/otmcj-2016-0030.

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AbstractElements that constitute the built environment are vast and so are the independent systems developed to model its various aspects. Many of these systems have been developed under various assumptions and approaches to execute functions that are distinct, complementary or sometimes similar. Furthermore, these systems are ever increasing in number and often assume similar nomenclatures and acronyms, thereby exacerbating the challenges of understanding their peculiar functions, definitions and differences. The current societal demand to improve sustainability performance through collaboration as well as whole-system and through-life thinking is driving the need to integrate independent systems associated with different aspects and scales of the built environment to deliver smart solutions and services that improve the well-being of citizens. The contemporary object-oriented digitization of real-world elements appears to provide a leeway for amalgamating the modelling systems of various domains in the built environment which we termed as built environment information modelling (BeIM). These domains include architecture, engineering, construction as well as urban planning and design. Applications such as building information modelling, geographic information systems and 3D city modelling systems are now being integrated for city modelling purposes. The various works directed at integrating these systems are examined, revealing that current research efforts on integration fall into three categories: (1) data/file conversion systems, (2) semantic mapping systems and (3) the hybrid of both. The review outcome suggests that good knowledge of these domains and how their respective systems operate is vital to pursuing holistic systems integration in the built environment.

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Freimuth, Henk, and Markus König. "A Framework for Automated Acquisition and Processing of As-Built Data with Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 17, 2019): 4513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204513.

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Planning and scheduling in construction heavily depend on current information about the state of construction processes. However, the acquisition process for visual data requires human personnel to take photographs of construction objects. We propose using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAVs) for automated creation of images and point cloud data of particular construction objects. The method extracts locations of objects that require inspection from Four Dimensional Building Information Modelling (4D-BIM). With this information at hand viable flight missions around the known structures of the construction site are computed. During flight, the UAV uses stereo cameras to detect and avoid any obstacles that are not known to the model, for example moving humans or machinery. The combination of pre-computed waypoint missions and reactive avoidance ensures deterministic routing from takeoff to landing and operational safety for humans and machines. During flight, an additional software component compares the captured point cloud data with the model data, enabling automatic per-object completion checking or reconstruction. The prototype is developed in the Robot Operating System (ROS) and evaluated in Software-In-The-Loop (SITL) simulations for the sake of being executable on real UAVs.

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Jayaram, Uma, YoungJun Kim, Sankar Jayaram, Venkata K. Jandhyala, and Tatsuki Mitsui. "Reorganizing CAD Assembly Models (as-Designed) for Manufacturing Simulations and Planning (as-Built)." Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering 4, no. 2 (May 28, 2004): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1737772.

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A CAD assembly model is a collection of components, comprised recursively of various levels of individual parts and sub-assembly models. Although the overall geometry in the CAD assembly model accurately represents the final finished product, this model is often meaningless from a manufacturing planning and simulation point of view. The grouping of the components into sub-assemblies and the assembly sequence implied by the CAD model does not accurately represent the manufacturing/assembly sequence or process. Reordering, regrouping, and modifying existing sub-assemblies, or creating new sub-assemblies in the CAD model may be needed to ensure this correspondence for simulation or assembly planning tools that derive the manufacturing sequence directly from the CAD system. Although this task can be performed using the existing functionality of the CAD system, it quickly becomes unwieldy for large industry-grade models due to the assembly constraints and relationships in place during the model creation. In industry today, there are several digital mockup and assembly planning tools that greatly outstrip the ability of CAD systems in loading complete models and creating assembly plans. Methods to organize the CAD model assembly quickly and easily for use in these systems, and to record the “as manufactured” assembly in the CAD data format are needed to close the loop and ease the transfer, storage, and maintenance of model data between the CAD systems, PDM systems, and these new age planning and mockup systems. In this paper, a new hybrid method is proposed to provide this functionality. Of key significance is the fact that using this approach, polygonal representations of any new or modified sub-assemblies designated in the reorganized hierarchy can be produced and that the original constraints used in the original assembly are transformed in a consistent manner to the new components. In addition, corresponding property files for the new components can be created for use in the assembly planning tool. In order to validate this hybrid approach, the time required to rearrange the assembly hierarchy and output the required information using both methods are compared–1) the traditional method using the CAD system alone, and 2) the new hybrid system. A statistical analysis using three treatment factors indicates that if the number of components is more than 15, then it is far more efficient to use the hybrid method over the CAD system by itself. This hybrid method implementation has now been used very successfully in virtual assembly simulations of many industry models, some with several hundred components, provided by various industry partners.

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O. E., Rubtsov, Norkina A. N., and Chicherov K.A. "Information Protection Tools for Android-based Mobile Devices." KnE Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i2.1548.

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Presently, the issue of protecting information and personal data contained in mobile devices is of vital importance. The use of cutting-edge powerful smartphones presented by manufacturers as a substitute for personal computers, laptops and tablets, stresses the need for utilizing both built-in free information protection features and special antivirus software manufactured by recognized global developers. The article reveals the effectiveness of using built-in information protection tools for Android-based mobile devices and presents a comparative characteristic of similar tools applied with the help of up-to-date antivirus software. Keywords: mobile devices, information, personal data, cyber threats, Android-based, viruses, protection of information (information protection), smartphones, security.

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Yen, Y. N., and Y. C. Lu. "RESEARCH ON HBIM AND LEVEL OF INFORMATION FOR THE LIFE CYCLE OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE BUILT HERITAGE IN TAIWAN." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 1159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-1159-2019.

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Abstract. As a witness of history, built heritage has many values that is very important to human being. Therefore, how to conserve this valuable information becomes a common issue for cultural heritage conservation in the world. Many researches about conserving the information of within built heritages were done and more issues were raised. The difference between built heritage and new building is that built heritage is not from 0 but it is already exist. This difference cause a big different for modelling process of built heritage in BIM environment. For this reason, the information of the 3D model of built heritage is added to the model after the it was created. So, what information should be conserve and what information should be provided to which user is worth of discussion. This research aims to propose a data structure, which fulfils the requirement of user, and respect the standard of important international chart of conservation. The method is to define a basic data structure of built heritage components and evaluate it layer by layer. The result shows that HBIM for built heritage, by linking information, can store more important information and take the LoI of life cycle into consideration simultaneously. The prototypical schema of this study may possibly be an upper layer concept for later researches in both Western and Eastern built heritage.

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Grin, Nadezhda. "EDUCATION IN THE MODERN INFORMATION SOCIETY." Bulletin of the Angarsk State Technical University 1, no. 15 (January 12, 2022): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-777x-2021-1-15-229-232.

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The article examines the concept of «information society» and personality as a value component of the information society. Education should be built in such a way that a person acquires not only basic knowledge to apply this knowledge in the process of work, but is able to «extract» new knowledge using modern training technologies

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Brinkhoff, Thomas. "OPEN STREET MAP DATA AS SOURCE FOR BUILT-UP AND URBAN AREAS ON GLOBAL SCALE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b4-557-2016.

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Many types of applications require information about built-up areas and urban areas. Thus, there is a need for a global, vector-based, up-to-date, and free dataset of high resolution and accuracy. The OpenStreetMap (OSM) dataset fulfills those demands in principle. However, its focus is not land use or land cover. These observations lead to following questions: (1) Which OSM features can be used for computing built-up areas on global scale? (2) How can we derive built-up and urban areas on global scale in sufficient accuracy and performance by using standard software and hardware? (3) Is the quality of the result sufficient on global scale? In this paper, we investigate the first two questions in detail and give some insights into the third question.

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Brinkhoff, Thomas. "OPEN STREET MAP DATA AS SOURCE FOR BUILT-UP AND URBAN AREAS ON GLOBAL SCALE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b4-557-2016.

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Many types of applications require information about built-up areas and urban areas. Thus, there is a need for a global, vector-based, up-to-date, and free dataset of high resolution and accuracy. The OpenStreetMap (OSM) dataset fulfills those demands in principle. However, its focus is not land use or land cover. These observations lead to following questions: (1) Which OSM features can be used for computing built-up areas on global scale? (2) How can we derive built-up and urban areas on global scale in sufficient accuracy and performance by using standard software and hardware? (3) Is the quality of the result sufficient on global scale? In this paper, we investigate the first two questions in detail and give some insights into the third question.

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Journal articles on the topic 'As-built Information'

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