Books on the topic 'As-built Information'

The Natural History Museum of the University of Florence, founded in 1775 by Grand-Duke Pietro Leopold, is the oldest scientific museum in Europe. With this second volume on the Botanical Collection, Florence University Press continues its series dedicated to the six Sections of the Museum. The first part of the volume recounts the birth of botanical sciences in Florence and the history of the museum collections from sixteenth century to today. Then follows the second part which describes the historical and modern Herbaria, for each of which the main events that went to their formation, the importance of the plants they contain and biographical information on those who built the collections are described. The third section expounds the other collections in the Botanical Section of the Museum, among which of particular interest are the wax models of plants and fruits, manufactured by the old Grand-ducal Ceroplastics Laboratory, the wood collection, plaster of Paris mushrooms and the eighteenth century still life paintings of fruits and vegetables by Bartolomeo Bimbi. Finally, the last part illustrates the importance that herbaria play today in modern scientific research, drawing attention to the fact that they are an archive that holds taxonomical, chorological and ecological information in function of the plants they contain, as well as historical-biographical information on the scholars who, through their efforts, built up the collections.

The textbook contains systematized material on key topics of the discipline "Management consulting", including information about the goals and objectives of consulting work, the organization of the consulting system, methods and methods of diagnostics and testing of the objects under study, among which may be enterprises and organizations, management systems, labor and training teams. The textbook includes exercises, business games, tests, analysis of specific situations that arise in the business environment, on the materials of which practical training sessions can be built. The thematic scope and depth of the textbook material fully meet the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation. The publication is intended for students and teachers of higher education institutions, postgraduates, as well as managers of personnel management services and consultants on management and organizational development.

The textbook introduces modern methods and techniques for analyzing the activities of a commercial organization using the information contained in its financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. Considerable attention is paid to the disclosure of calculation and analytical procedures for identifying and quantifying the impact of factors on the level of business performance. The presentation of each chapter is accompanied by practical calculation and analytical materials using the "cross-cutting task" technique, the initial information base of which is the actual financial statements of the company prepared in accordance with IFRS. After each chapter, there are control questions and tests for self-control. The tutorial includes a practical business game in the form of a built-in "Workbook". It is a solution of interrelated tasks using practical materials — the financial statements of a real commercial organization — and illustrates all the methodological methods of analysis contained in the textbook. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying under bachelor's and master's degree programs in Economics, as well as teachers and postgraduates of economic specialties, students of the system of professional training and advanced training of accountants, auditors, financial managers, practitioners of financial and analytical services of organizations.

The monography presents the fundamentals of the theory of construction new-generation modems. Modems are built on the principles of statistical communication theory, based on the use of a random signal (chaos) as a carrier of information. In such a signal, a characteristic function is modulated, which is a fundamental characteristic of a random process. The signal modulation and demodulation method is patented and allows you to create modems with efficiency and noise immunity indicators several orders of magnitude higher than those of the known devices of the same name. New-generation modems immediately improve the technical characteristics of digital IT equipment by several orders of magnitude, since they work without errors in wired and radio channels when receiving one hundred duodecillion of binary symbols. The book is recommended for scientists and specialists in the field of digital communication systems, statistical radio engineering and instrumentation, and may be useful for graduate students, masters and students of relevant specialties.

The material presented in the monograph shows the possibilities of continuous teaching of mathematics at school, namely, the significant potential of modern information and communication technologies, with the help of which it is possible to form elements of stochastic culture among students. Continuity in learning is considered from two positions: procedural and educational-cognitive. In addition, a distinctive feature of the book is the presentation of the digital transformation of general education as a way to overcome the "new digital divide". Methodological features of promising digital technologies (within the framework of teaching students the elements of the probabilistic and statistical line) that contribute to overcoming the "new digital divide": artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, additive manufacturing, machine learning, blockchain, virtual and augmented reality are described. The solution of the main questions of probability theory and statistics in the 9th grade mathematics course is proposed to be carried out using a distance learning course built in the Moodle distance learning system. The content, structure and methodological features of the implementation of the stochastics course for students of grades 10-11 of a secondary school are based on the use of such tools in the educational process as an online calculator for plotting functions, the Wolfram Alpha service, Google Docs and Google Tables services, the Yaklass remote training, the Banktest website.<url>", interactive module "Galton Board", educational website "Mathematics at school". It will be interesting for students, undergraduates, postgraduates, mathematics teachers, as well as specialists improving their qualifications in the field of pedagogical education.

It is well understood that use of information is essential not only for justifying the investments made in building information systems, but they are also essential for improving the quality and equity of healthcare delivery. The paradox is that there is a data overload that impedes relevant information use, and to solve this more IT systems are deployed, thus creating more data, which further confounds the information use problem. One reason for this is that health information systems in LMICs are typically not conceived as built for users at different levels with varying needs, but primarily to satisfy the monitoring and control needs of central apex authorities and funding agencies. While in recent years, tremendous improvements have been made in LMICs, there still tends to exist a weak understanding and use of indicators, poor data quality that is all too readily and mistakenly attributed to non-truthful reporting when there are many other remediable factors at work. The Expanded PHI approach seeks to address these issues. It posits that meanings can be best made only through ‘conversations over data’, and user friendly systems requires ‘communities of practice’ to build and sustain.

Although the Information Age is often described as a new era, a cultural leap springing directly from the invention of modern computers, it is simply the latest step in a long cultural process. Its conceptual roots stretch back to the profound changes that occurred during the Age of Reason and Revolution. When Information Came of Age argues that the key to the present era lies in understanding the systems developed in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to gather, store, transform, display, and communicate information. The book provides a concise and readable survey of the many conceptual developments between 1700 and 1850 and draws connections to leading technologies of today. It documents three breakthroughs in information systems that date to the period: the classification and nomenclature of Linnaeus, the chemical system devised by Lavoisier, and the metric system. It shows how eighteenth-century political arithmeticians and demographers pioneered statistics and graphs as a means for presenting data succinctly and visually. It describes the transformation of cartography from art to science as it incorporated new methods for determining longitude at sea and new data on the measure the arc of the meridian on land. Finally, it looks at the early steps in codifying and transmitting information, including the development of dictionaries, the invention of semaphore telegraphs and naval flag signaling, and the conceptual changes in the use and purpose of postal services. When Information Came of Age shows that like the roots of democracy and industrialization, the foundations of the Information Age were built in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century.

Abstract Every literary household in nineteenth-century Britain had a commonplace book, scrapbook, or album. Coleridge called his collection “Fly-Catchers”, while George Eliot referred to one of her commonplace books as a “Quarry,” and Michael Faraday kept quotations in his “Philosophical Miscellany.” Nevertheless, the nineteenth-century commonplace book, along with associated traditions like the scrapbook and album, remain under-studied. This book tells the story of how technological and social changes altered methods for gathering, storing, and organizing information in nineteenth-century Britain. As the commonplace book moved out of the school and into the home, it took on elements of the album. At the same time, the explosion of print allowed readers to cheaply cut-and-paste extractions rather than copying out quotations by hand. Built on the evidence of over 300 manuscripts, this study unearths the composition practices of well-known writers such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Sir Walter Scott, George Eliot, and Alfred Lord Tennyson, and their less well-known contemporaries. Divided into two parts, the first half of the book contends that methods for organizing knowledge developed in line with the period’s dominant epistemic frameworks, while the second half argues that commonplace books helped Romantics and Victorians organize people. Chapters focus on prominent organizational methods in nineteenth-century commonplacing, often attached to an associated epistemic virtue: diaristic forms and the imagination (Chapter Two); “real time” entries signaling objectivity (Chapter Three); antiquarian remnants, serving as empirical evidence for historical arguments (Chapter Four); communally produced commonplace books that attest to socially constructed knowledge (Chapter Five); and blank spaces in commonplace books of mourning (Chapter Six).

The book is devoted to the research and development of methods for combining computational structures for reconfigurable signature-based information protection tools for computer systems and networks in order to increase their efficiency. Network security tools based, among others, on such AI-based approaches as deep neural networking, despite the great progress shown in recent years, still suffer from nonzero recognition error probability. Even a low probability of such an error in a critical infrastructure can be disastrous. Therefore, signature-based recognition methods with their theoretically exact matching feature are still relevant when creating information security systems such as network intrusion detection systems, antivirus, anti-spam, and wormcontainment systems. The real time multi-pattern string matching task has been a major performance bottleneck in such systems. To speed up the recognition process, developers use a reconfigurable hardware platform based on FPGA devices. Such platform provides almost software flexibility and near-ASIC performance. The most important component of a signature-based information security system in terms of efficiency is the recognition module, in which the multipattern matching task is directly solved. It must not only check each byte of input data at speeds of tens and hundreds of gigabits/sec against hundreds of thousand or even millions patterns of signature database, but also change its structure every time a new signature appears or the operating conditions of the protected system change. As a result of the analysis of numerous examples of the development of reconfigurable information security systems, three most promising approaches to the construction of hardware circuits of recognition modules were identified, namely, content-addressable memory based on digital comparators, Bloom filter and Aho–Corasick finite automata. A method for fast quantification of components of recognition module and the entire system was proposed. The method makes it possible to exclude resource-intensive procedures for synthesizing digital circuits on FPGAs when building complex reconfigurable information security systems and their components. To improve the efficiency of the systems under study, structural-level combinational methods are proposed, which allow combining into single recognition device several matching schemes built on different approaches and their modifications, in such a way that their advantages are enhanced and disadvantages are eliminated. In order to achieve the maximum efficiency of combining methods, optimization methods are used. The methods of: parallel combining, sequential cascading and vertical junction have been formulated and investigated. The principle of multi-level combining of combining methods is also considered and researched. Algorithms for the implementation of the proposed combining methods have been developed. Software has been created that allows to conduct experiments with the developed methods and tools. Quantitative estimates are obtained for increasing the efficiency of constructing recognition modules as a result of using combination methods. The issue of optimization of reconfigurable devices presented in hardware description languages is considered. A modification of the method of affine transformations, which allows parallelizing such cycles that cannot be optimized by other methods, was presented. In order to facilitate the practical application of the developed methods and tools, a web service using high-performance computer technologies of grid and cloud computing was considered. The proposed methods to increase efficiency of matching procedure can also be used to solve important problems in other fields of science as data mining, analysis of DNA molecules, etc. Keywords: information security, signature, multi-pattern matching, FPGA, structural combining, efficiency, optimization, hardware description language.

This article describes the experience of reconstruction of a ship built by a seventeenth century ship builder. The lower hull and partial cargo of La Belle were discovered in 1995 and excavated within a dry cofferdam. The hull was documented, disassembled, and subjected to additional recording and reassembled in order to conserve it as a unit. On the basis of the present remains, the hull was reconstructed and several aspects of design and construction were understood. The discovery of new information, whether in the process of the reconstruction of the archaeological remains or from documentary research, necessitated a reexamination and/or a reworking of earlier recordings, preliminary reconstructions, and working hypotheses. Studying the design of La Belle was to a great extent a circular process—much like a design spiral in modern naval architecture.

This chapter places public health informatics within a public health context. An understanding of PHI must be built on the perspective of public health as the health of populations. In LMICs it is closely related to an understanding of the primary healthcare approach, and the role and functions of public health systems, including the measurement of health status and equity, the effective coverage of different health programmes, and the utilization of different health services. This requires an understanding of the social and environmental determinants of healthcare, which need relevant data from other sectors as well. The architecture and development of public health informatics varies across nations and is path-dependent and context-specific. Many have evolved as monitoring support to externally financed vertical programmes, some as support for comprehensive primary health programmes and some from support systems for health insurance. The current information needs of health systems, transcends their respective origins, and requires both individual-based clinical information and aggregate population-based data.

CITOYEN.NE.S is a French language method for the conversation class at the intermediate/ advanced level. Content and activities are built around the concepts of diversity, inclusivity and equity, and engage students to practice French while questioning and participating in the world they live in – to be full citizens whatever their background, their race or their gender identity. As the French spelling of the title indicates, the book embraces écriture inclusive and uses it for instructions and general information for all students.

This book proposes a broader perspective of cyber war, conceptualized as the utilization of digital networks for geopolitical purposes, including covert attacks against another state's electronic systems as well as the myriad ways the Internet is used to further a state's economic and military agendas. In particular, it examines the historical genesis of the “internet freedom” movement and considers the political, economic, and geopolitical factors driving internet-freedom policies, such as the U.S. State Department's freedom-to-connect doctrine. The book argues that efforts to create a singular, universal internet built upon Western legal, political, and social preferences alongside the “freedom to connect” is driven primarily by economic and geopolitical motivations rather than the humanitarian and democratic ideals that typically accompany related policy discourse. This introduction discusses the geopolitics of information and introduces the debates over internet freedom and information sovereignty. It also offers a brief review of the literature, describes a political economy approach to internet freedom, and provides an overview of the book's chapters.

This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online. For more information, please read the site FAQs. Wind storms impact human lives, their built as well as natural habitat. During the last century, society’s vulnerability to wind storms has been reduced by enhanced knowledge of their impact and by controlling exposure through better design. However, only two of the wind systems have so far been considered in the design of buildings and structures, i.e., synoptic winds resulting from macroscale weather systems spanning thousands of kilometers, e.g., extratropical storms, and mesoscale tropical storms spanning hundreds of kilometers and traveling fast, e.g., hurricanes/typhoons/cyclones. During the last two decades, enough evidence has surfaced to support that a third type of very localized wind storms, the non-synoptic winds, are the most damaging in some regions of the world. Thus far there are no design provisions established for the codification of these wind storms. Their characterization in terms of climatology, wind field and intensity, frequency and occurrence, as well as their impact on the built environment, is slowly developing. This handbook presents the state-of-the-art of knowledge related to all these features including their risk, insurance issues, and economics. The research in this area is on the one hand more arduous given the reduced scale, the three-dimensionality, and nonstationary aspects of these non-synoptic winds while, at the same time, its understanding and modeling are being aided by the emergence of novel modeling and simulation techniques which are addressed in this handbook. This will serve as a guiding resource for those interested in learning about and contributing to the advancement of the field.

This volume centres on a clock, known as Clock B, built in the mid-1970s that achieved considerable acclaim after an extraordinary performance in a 2015 peer-reviewed public trial at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. The clock was built according to an understanding of John Harrison’s unique theoretical approach to making precision pendulum clocks, which defies the standard approaches to making accurate clocks. The clock represents the culmination of over forty years of collaborative research into Harrison’s writing on the subject, which is scattered across a number of manuscripts and a book, printed shortly before his death. Ostensibly, Harrison set out to describe how to make his precision pendulum clock, but it is a mixture of his peripheral interests. Horological information is almost completely lost among vitriolic sentiments relating to his experiences with the Board of Longitude. However, as one reviewer surmised: ‘we are sorry to say that the public will be disappointed’ and another concluded that ‘it can only be excused by superannuated dotage’. The chapters provides contextual history and documentation of the analysis and decoding of the cryptic written descriptions. It presents this in parallel to the modern horological story of making, finishing, and adjusting Clock B; the process of testing, using electronic equipment to monitor the its performance and reaction to changes in environmental conditions, and, indeed, the mechanics behind the various compensating features of the design.

Human culture is founded upon an understanding of mathematics. Mathematics, in turn, is built upon a basic competency for abstracting and symbolizing numerical information. Although cognitive science has made great strides in the characterization of human knowledge, the understanding and use of numerical symbols remains largely unexplored. In this chapter we synthesize the current scientific understanding of numerical symbol processing using a synthesis of behavioral and neuroscientific findings. In particular, the chapter focuses on two interrelated topics: the processing of the semantics of numerical symbols and the processing of numerical symbols as audio-visual percepts. We conclude by proposing several avenues of inquiry about numerical symbols that can be traversed by future researchers.

Rays are among the largest fishes and evolved from shark-like ancestors nearly 200 million years ago. They share with sharks many life history traits: all species are carnivores or scavengers; all reproduce by internal fertilisation; and all have similar morphological and anatomical characteristics, such as skeletons built of cartilage. Rays of the World is the first complete pictorial atlas of the world’s ray fauna and includes information on many species only recently discovered by scientists while undertaking research for the book. It includes all 26 families and 633 valid named species of rays, but additional undescribed species exist for many groups. Rays of the World features a unique collection of paintings of all living species by Australian natural history artist Lindsay Marshall, compiled as part of a multinational research initiative, the Chondrichthyan Tree of Life Project. Images sourced from around the planet were used by the artist to illustrate the fauna. This comprehensive overview of the world’s ray fauna summarises information such as general identifying features and distributional information about these iconic, but surprisingly poorly known, fishes. It will enable readers to gain a better understanding of the rich diversity of rays and promote wider public interest in the group. Rays of the World is an ideal reference for a wide range of readers, including conservationists, fishery managers, scientists, fishers, divers, students and book collectors.

Fodor’s The Modularity of Mind (1983) and subsequent work propose a principled distinction between perceptual computations and background knowledge. The chapter argues that language input analyzers produce a minimally—and highly constrained—context-sensitive propositional representation of the sentence, built up from sentence constituents. Compatible with the original Modularity story, it thus takes the output of sentence perception to be a “shallow” representation—though a semantic one. The empirical data discussed bear on alleged cases of sentence indeterminacy and how such cases might be assigned (shallow) semantic representations, interact with context in highly regulated ways, and whether and how they can be enriched. The chapter proposes a semantic level of representation that serves as output of the module and as input to other systems of interpretation, arguing for a form of modularity or encapsulation that is minimally context-sensitive provided that the information from context is itself determined by linguistic principles.

Cyber conflict is often called the fifth domain of conflict. As more and more systems, networks, and information become digitized, there is contestation as to the growing nature of the threat and how exactly this domain can be exploited to coerce the enemy for either geopolitical or financial gain. Some argue that the cyber threat is exponentially growing and that offensive dominance reigns, making cyber conflict extremely unstable. Others contest that the threat is overblown and is more socially constructed. In this chapter we take a middle ground and find that much of the cyber conflict and security discourse has gotten it wrong through conjecture and worst- (or best-) case scenarios. We argue that a system of norms must be built upon and preserved to keep cyberspace a domain of relative openness and nonescalation. Arms races and deterrence strategies are not the path forward for a secure, prosperous cyberspace.

Semantic-pragmatic theorizing took a dynamic turn in the 1970s, but at the time the dynamics remained in the pragmatics and retained a more or less traditional static conception of compositional semantics. Later dynamic semantics built rules for context change into the semantics. This essay argues that the phenomena that motivated the dynamic turn are best explained at the pragmatic level, retaining a notion of propositonal content, and a distinction between content and force. It is argued that while a partial notion of propositional content can be recovered from a dynamic conception of semantic value as context-change potential, some information that plays an important role in the broader explanation of discourse is lost. It is then argued that it is important to retain a notion of speech act force, separated from content.

The use of energy in buildings is a complex problem, but it can be reduced and alleviated by making appropriate decisions. Therefore, architects face a major and responsible task of designing the built environment in such a way that its energy dependence will be reduced to a minimum, while at the same time being able to provide comfortable living conditions. Today, architects have many tools at their disposal, facilitating the design process and simultaneously ensuring proper assessment in the early stages of building design. The purpose of this book is to present ongoing research from the universities involved in the project Creating the Network of Knowledge Labs for Sustainable and Resilient Environments (KLABS). This book attempts to highlight the problem of energy use in buildings and propose certain solutions. It consists of nine chapters, organised in three parts. The gathering of chapters into parts serves to identify the different themes that the designer needs to consider, namely energy resources, energy use and comfort, and energy efficiency. Part 1, entitled “Sustainable and Resilient Energy Resources,” sets off by informing the reader about the basic principles of energy sources, production, and use. The chapters give an overview of all forms of energies and energy cycle from resources to end users and evaluate the resilience of renewable energy systems. This information is essential to realise that the building, as an energy consumer, is part of a greater system and the decisions can be made at different levels. Part 2, entitled “Energy and Comfort in the Built Environment”, explain the relationship between energy use and thermal comfort in buildings and how it is predicted. Buildings consume energy to meet the users’ needs and to provide comfort. The appropriate selection of materials has a direct impact on the thermal properties of a building. Moreover, comfort is affected by parameters such as temperature, humidity, air movement, air quality, lighting, and noise. Understanding and calculating those conditions are valuable skills for the designers. After the basics of energy use in buildings have been explained, Part 3, entitled “Energy Saving Strategies” aims to provide information and tools that enable an energy- and environmentally-conscious design. This part is the most extensive as it aims to cover different design aspects. Firstly, passive and active measures that the building design needs to include are explained. Those measures are seen from the perspective of heat flow and generation. The Passive House concept, which is explained in the second chapter of Part 3, is a design approach that successfully incorporates such measures, resulting in low energy use by the building. Other considerations that the following chapters cover are solar control, embodied energy and CO2 emissions, and finally economic evaluation. The energy saving strategies explained in this book, despite not being exhaustive, provide basic knowledge that the designer can use and build upon during the design of new buildings and existing building upgrades. In the context of sustainability and resilience of the built environment, the reduction of energy demand is crucial. This book aims to provide a basic understanding of the energy flows in buildings and the subsequent impact for the building’s operation and its occupants. Most importantly, it covers the principles that need to be taken into account in energy efficient building design and demonstrates their effectiveness. Designers are shaping the built environment and it is their task to make energy-conscious and informed decisions that result in comfortable and resilient buildings.

The rise of the Internet and cellular telecommunications has given reporters access to ever more events. The expanding ways and means—the growing reach—of newsgathering suggest a commonsense assumption: that more news events reach audiences than ever before. This chapter discusses what news insiders refer to as a “glut” they must govern. Although the form and content of the news changed, leaving room for fewer stories, fewer articles and items per page would not imply that fewer events are being reported because those remaining grew notably longer, and longer stories might include more events. Instead of running three reports on three different fires in the city, as newspapers did a century ago, an editor now might manage the information by combining all three events into one package, or a reporter might write one story built around a similarity or a theme the three events share. Did either happen? No, news stories included fewer events through the twentieth century.

Is it possible to know whether a historic structure was built to be let or for use by the owners? Which sources offer information about the residents of a house? Was there such a thing as tenancy law in the past? When did the idea of a rented flat as we know it today come about? Living in rented housing is a highly relevant social and political issue. This volume contains a series of lectures on this topic. Nine authors tackle questions on the construction of rental housing and the conditions in which tenants lived - both in general terms and in regional examples. With a topographical focus on Franconia, this work covers the period from the middle ages to the post-war period. With contributions by Christian Feja; Michael Giersch; Robert Giersch; Dieter Gottschalk; Sebastian Gulden, M.A.; Ursula Kaiser-Biburger; Julia Krieger, M.A.; Armin Kroder; Dr. Dr. Thomas Wenderoth; Bernd Windsheimer, M.A. and Prof. Dr. em. Clemens Wischermann.

The guiding premise of this book is the role of the study of the city, its display and dissemination, in the information network of digital cities. A collection of essays on the ways the city can now be studied and presented, this book surveys the current situation in regard to various visualizations of cities of the past and present, built on historical evidence and scientific hypothesis. The chapters reflect the authors’ wide-ranging fields of interest and experience, from archeology to urban planning. Current methods of visualization, including 3D models and virtual reality simulations, are described and critiqued, primarily in regard to the field of cyber-archeology. Thus, the book offers a view of cities in the digital realm as simultaneously memory, imagination, and experience. In this way, it depicts how the ever-changing character of the past, present, and future is reformulated and re-presented in our digital era.

Music in Disney’s Animated Features: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to The Jungle Book investigates how music functions in Disney Animated films. The book identifies several techniques used in a number of Disney animated movies. In addition it also presents a history of music in Disney animated films, as well as biographical information on several of the Studios’ seminal composers. The popularity and critical acclaim of Disney animated features is built as much on music as it is on animation. From Steamboat Willie through Bambi, music is the organizing element of Disney’s animation. Songs that establish character and aid in narrative form the backbone of the Studios’ animated features from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs through The Jungle Book and beyond. In the course of their early animated features the Studios’ composers developed a number of techniques and models that have been used throughout their oeuvre. Instrumental instances of a given film’s songs are used to comment on various character’s thoughts, as well as on the plot and action. Songs featured in Disney films are often transitioned into or out of using rhymed, metered dialog, functioning in much the same way as recitative in opera. The book also explores the use of theme and variation technique, leitmotif, theatrical conventions, and song archetypes.

In recent years, viticulture has seen phenomenal growth, particularly in such countries as Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Chile, and South Africa. The surge in production of quality wines in these countries has been built largely on the practice of good enology and investment in high technology in the winery, enabling vintners to produce consistently good, even fine wines. Yet less attention has been paid to the influence of vineyard conditions on wines and their distinctiveness-an influence that is embodied in the French concept of terroir. An essential component of terroir is soil and the interaction between it, local climate, vineyard practices, and grape variety on the quality of grapes and distinctiveness of their flavor. This book considers that component, providing basic information on soil properties and behavior in the context of site selection for new vineyards and on the demands placed on soils for grape growth and production of wines. Soils for Fine Wines will be of interest to professors and upper-level students in enology, viticulture, soils and agronomy as well as wine enthusiasts and professionals in the wine industry.

This chapter examines black business activities in Chicago in the 1920s. Robert S. Abbott, Jesse Binga, and Anthony Overton dominated the business activities of the Black Metropolis with their control over finance and information like no others in their community and very much like the business titans found throughout other major Chicago economic enclaves. Business was national king at this time and their collective presence provided a significant part of the foundation of making the Black Metropolis a reality. The economic influence of the 1920s built to such a crescendo that other interests and activities were virtually submerged to it as an epicenter. In fact, one internal memorandum of the NAACP concluded the following: “There are so many diversified interests in Chicago that the N.A.A.C.P. really suffers greatly from indifference on the part of the people.” These diversified interests were related to economics and the emergence of a consumers'society—working for extra money from which to increase spending and buying; spending for recreation and leisure rather than just for necessity; buying property, automobiles, and the new technological devices such as the refrigerator and record player; and investing in oil exploration, stocks, bonds, and real estate.

The American ENIAC is customarily regarded as the first electronic computer. In this fascinating volume, Jack Copeland rewrites the history of computer science, arguing that in reality Colossus--the giant computer built in Bletchley Park by the British secret service during World War II--predates ENIAC by two years. Until very recently, much about the Colossus machine was shrouded in secrecy, largely because the code-breaking algorithms employed during World War II remained in use by the British security services until a short time ago. Copeland has brought together memoirs of veterans of Bletchley Park--the top-secret headquarters of Britain's secret service--and others who draw on the wealth of declassified information to illuminate the crucial role Colossus played during World War II. A must read for anyone curious about code-breaking or World War II espionage, Colossus offers a fascinating insider's account of the world's first giant computer, the great-great-grandfather of the massive computers used today by the CIA and the National Security Agency.

This book explores how work, television, and waged labor come to have meaning in our everyday lives. However, it is not an analysis of workplace sitcoms or quality dramas. Instead, it explores the forgotten history of how American private sector workplaces used television in the twentieth century. It traces how, at the hands of employers, television physically and psychically managed workers and attempted to make work meaningful under the sign of capitalism. It also shows how the so-called domestic medium helped businesses shape labor relations and information architectures foundational to the twinned rise of the technologically mediated corporation and a globalizing information economy. Among other things, business and industry built extensive private television networks to distribute live and taped programming, leased satellite time for global “meetings” and program distribution, created complex closed-circuit television (CCTV) data search and retrieval systems, encouraged the use of videotape for worker self-evaluation, used videocassettes for training distributed workforces, and wired cantinas for employee entertainment. Television at work describes the myriad ways the medium served business’ attempts to shape employees’ relationships to their labor and the workplace in order to secure industrial efficiency, support corporate expansion, and inculcate preferred ideological orientations. By uncovering industrial television as a prolific sphere of media practice—one that continually sought to reshape the technology’s cultural meanings, affordances, and uses—Television at Work positions the medium at the heart of Post-Fordist experiments into reconfiguring the American workplace and advancing understandings of labor that increasingly revolved around dehumanized technological systems and information flows.

COVID-19 laid bare a persistent “digital divide” in both urban and rural communities at a time when access to education, work, health care, food, and government services relied on use of broadband or high-speed internet. A lifeline during the pandemic, broadband use is a fundamental resource for the future of opportunity in communities. Prior work has examined impacts for broadband infrastructure, but that indicates little about the extent to which local populations can afford and use the technology. With new data on broadband subscriptions from 2000 to 2017 and comprehensive analysis for states, counties, metros, cities, and neighborhoods, the authors argue that broadband use in the population is a form of digital human capital; like education, broadband use benefits communities as well as individuals. The evidence is compelling, with data over time that supports broadband’s causal impact across all types of communities, for economic prosperity, growth, income, employment, and policy innovation. Yet there are urban neighborhoods and rural counties where as little as one-quarter of the population has a broadband subscription, even when mobile is included. As “smart” cities and communities are built, employing artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things; as economies and jobs continue to experience rapid change; and as more information and services migrate online, it is communities with widespread broadband use that will be best positioned for inclusive innovation, with the digital human capital to thrive.

Citavi is a software that helps academicians in all processes, especially in the field of theology, in scientific research, and writing, from literature review to writing drafts of the research report (article, thesis, book) before the final revision. It differs from its peers with its features and tools that facilitate and accelerate research activities and processes and complete it with a solid weave. It fully supports many languages, including Arabic and Turkish, and offers error-free writing in these languages. It allows all kinds of date and page number entries to be written as written by the user. Citavi has brought together resource-reference management and information organization under the same roof. In this way, it has many features and useful tools such as creating bibliography and information slips, editing and changing the slips, dividing them into various categories, linking them to the chapters and headings shown in the table of contents of the research, and easily exporting them to a Word file. In this way, it transforms the time-consuming and tiring classical bibliography and information filing stage into an enjoyable and easily sustainable research process, thanks to its useful interface and advanced tools. In particular, the bibliography and information slips creation system will be welcomed by researchers with great pleasure and will be used with pleasure. Thanks to its features and tools, thesis, article, and book pre-edit drafts can be written directly in Citavi without the need for Word. Thus, the researcher can easily continue and complete his/her work directly through a single program without going back and forth between Citavi and Word applications. We wanted to ensure that researchers in our country benefit from this software, as it facilitates and accelerates the work of the researcher in almost all of the scientific research and writing processes in all fields, especially in the field of theology, and allows it to be built with a solid weave. For this purpose, a year ago, we presented the appropriate add-on for the ISNAD Citation System and the user guide to the use of researchers. Now, we are happy to present the same user manual to researchers as revised, supplemented, and visually improved.

Cybersecurity is a complex and contested issue in international politics. By focusing on "great powers"--the US, the EU, Russia and China--studies in the field often fail to capture the specific politics of cybersecurity in the Middle East, especially in Egypt and the GCC states. For these countries, cybersecurity policies and practices are entangled with those of long-standing allies in the US and Europe, and are built on reciprocal flows of data, capital, technology and expertise. At the same time, these states have authoritarian systems of governance more reminiscent of Russia or China, including approaches to digital technologies centred on sovereignty and surveillance. This book is a pioneering examination of the politics of cybersecurity in the Middle East. Drawing on new interviews and original fieldwork, James Shires shows how the label of cybersecurity is repurposed by states, companies and other organisations to encompass a variety of concepts, including state conflict, targeted spyware, domestic information controls, and foreign interference through leaks and disinformation. These shifting meanings shape key technological systems as well as the social relations underpinning digital development. But however the term is interpreted, it is clear that cybersecurity is an integral aspect of the region's contemporary politics.

This original study draws on the results of latest discoveries to describe London’s Roman origins. It presents a wealth of new information from one of the world’s most intensively studied archaeological sites, introducing many original ideas concerning London’s economic and political history. The archaeological discoveries are used to build a narrative account that explains how recent investigations in London challenge our understanding of the ancient world. The Roman city was probably converted from a fort built on the north side of London Bridge at the time of the Roman conquest, and is the place where the emperor Claudius arrived en route to claim his victory in AD 43. It was rebuilt as the commanding site for Rome’s rule of Britain. A history of social, architectural, and economic development is reconstructed from precise tree-ring dating, and used to show that investment in the urban infrastructure was provoked by the needs of military campaigns and political strategies. The story also shows how the city suffered violent destruction in resistance to Roman rule, and was brought to the verge of collapse by pandemics and political insecurity in the second and third centuries. These events had a critical bearing on the reforms of late antiquity, from which London emerged as a defended administrative enclave. Always a creature of the centralized Roman administration, and largely dependent on colonial immigration, the city was subsequently deserted when Rome failed to maintain political control. This ground-breaking study brings new information and arguments drawn from urban archaeology to our study of the way in which Rome ruled, and how empire failed.

Promoting Active Lifestyles in Schools presents a holistic perspective on physical activity, exposing teachers to a broad spectrum of curricular and noncurricular opportunities to enhance their pupils’ engagement with physical activity, as well as the tools and resources to do it. Through its research-informed, evidence-based practices built on health-related studies from around the world, this book will help teachers broaden their physical activity promotion in school-based environments. Promoting Active Lifestyles in Schools offers the following: • Tried-and-true practical learning activities that help pupils of all ages lead healthy, active lifestyles • Clear explanations of the current thinking and evidence underpinning the practical ideas and activities, helping teachers fully grasp the content and depth of the material • Developmentally appropriate procedures to monitor children’s health, activity and fitness in school, both as individuals and within a cohort • Best practices, illustrated through a diverse range of case studies, to help teachers connect with the information and help their pupils apply it in real life The practical ideas and activities in Promoting Active Lifestyles in Schools will help teachers make a positive difference in the health, well-being and quality of life of their pupils by equipping them with the knowledge, skills, competence and confidence to engage in physically active lifestyles. Schools can use this book to incorporate this important element into the curriculum in a planned and progressive manner that is accessible to all pupils.

Digital Culture is conceived as all kinds of knowledge, habits, values and skills acquired by human beings that are built and shared in the digital environment. In this sense, the collection Digital Culture in the Educational Context: a view between trends and challenges for the 21st century brings relevant theoretical and empirical notes around what the National Common Curricular Base – BNCC – whose competence is to stimulate the critical use of technological resources, inserting both educators and students in pedagogical practices in order to learn and dominate the digital universe. The first part of the work is dedicated to Theoretical Approaches, bringing notes about Media Education with the pandemic period and what has impacted the educational scenario, both in student learning and in the performance of teaching professionals. Therefore, the reader is asked: If remote education is educational chloroquine? It also brings relevant considerations about Information and Communication Technologies applied to Distance Education and Hybrid Education, such as: Literacy in Mathematics, as well as the use of computers and gamification combined with education. Finally, with the Digital Universe, it brings an alert regarding the impacts of cyberbullying. Entitled Narratives of Experiences, the second part of the collection covers various teaching experiences with respect to the Digital Age. Among them, in elementary school, it brings challenges in the process of Literacy and Literacy practices and the teaching perception in relation to Specialized Educational Service. Considerations are made about various pedagogical resources in times of adversity. Among them: the Youtube channel of storytelling, collaborating with the reinvention of teachers in Elementary Education; and, in Higher Education, the relevance of Hybrid Education the joint application of Sole and the Google Classroom. In addition to the teaching experience, finally, testimony of the dilemmas and challenges of managerial activity in the school segment of Early Childhood Education are brought up

Designed to create tangible materials which support the demands of this context, the INCLUDEED Erasmus+ project aims to integrate migrants and refugees through one of Europe’s greatest assets - their languages. This guide aims to become an ally of both those who wish to deepen their knowledge of the migration phenomenon and those who wish to facilitate the integration process of these groups. Developed from the experience that the Universities of the consortium have in this field (University of Salamanca, University of Bologna, University of Coimbra, University of Heidelberg, University of Poitiers and Trinity College Dublin), this document emanates from a common effort as well as from the will to form an egalitarian society in terms of integration. However, this would not have been possible without the support of various non-governmental organisations (Red Cross, ACCEM, CEPAIM Foundation and Sierra-Pambley Foundation) which, dedicated to the reception and integration of migrants and refugees throughout Europe, have facilitated the identification of difficulties and enabled bridges to be built between different perspectives and joint efforts to converge in the same direction. This guide addresses the various challenges that emerge during the integration period of these groups and proposes solutions that can help this complex process to be successful. Designed as a useful vade mecum for the performance of the tasks of the various groups (language teaching professionals or volunteers, non-governmental organisations and national and supranational public institutions), it is a support tool that guides the actions of those involved in the process of linguistic integration of newly arrived people. It provides them with a better understanding of the situation in which these groups find themselves and of the tools available to achieve this. In short, it is a document that seeks to bring together, through informative but rigorous text, the theoretical advances in this field and to offer various resources that can be put into practice in real life. Finally, we would like to emphasise that the contents of this guide should be understood as suggestions arising from the experience and commitment of those who have worked on its development and as a tool that will help to answer some of the questions that arise in the process of integration of migrant groups. These questions are currently being answered thanks to the committed engagement of all those who are participating in this project. In addition, information from all the countries in the consortium can be found throughout these pages, which broadens the perspective of most of the tools created so far, making this guide truly an international reference work.

Most Geographic Information Systems started as a substitute for loose paper maps. These paper maps did not have a built-in time dimension and could only represent history indirectly as a sequence of physically separate images. This was in fact imitated by these first generation systems. The time dimension could only be represented by means of separate files. A minority of Geographic Information Systems however, started their life as a substitute for ordered lists and tables with a link to paper maps. In these lists, the inclusion of a time com-ponent in the form of a data field was quite usual. This method too was copied by the systems that replaced these paper tables. The current trend in the development of Geographic Information Systems is towards the inte-gration of the classical map-oriented concepts with the table-oriented concepts. This often leads to the explicit embedding of the time component in the GIS environment. The Subcommission Geo-Information Models of the Netherlands Geodetic Commission has organized a workshop to discuss the theory and practice of time and history in GIS on 18 May 2000. This publication contains 6 articles prepared for the workshop. The first paper, written by Donna Peuquet, gives a bird’s-eye view of the current state of the art in spatio-temporal database technology and methodology. She is a well-known expert in the field of spatio-temporal information systems and the author of many articles in this field. The second article is written by Monica Wachowicz. She describes what you can do with a GIS once it contains a historical dimension and how you can detect changes in geographic phenomena. Furthermore, her article suggests how geographic visualisation and knowledge discovery techniques can be integrated in a spatio-temporal database. How to record the time dimension in a database is one thing, how to show this dimension to users is another one. In his contribution, Menno-Jan Kraak first tells about the techniques, which were used in the age of paper maps and the limitations these methods had. He goes on to explain what kind of cartographic techniques have been developed since the mass introduc-tion of the computer. Finally he describes the powerful animation methods which currently exist and can be used on CD-ROM and Internet applications. Peter van Oosterom describes how the time dimension is represented in the information sys-tems of the Cadastre and how this is used to publish updates. The Cadastre has a very long tradition in incorporating the time component, which has always been an inherent component of the cadastral registration. In former times this was translated in very precise procedures about how to update the paper maps and registers. Today it is translated in spatio-temporal database design. The article of Luc Heres tells about the time component in the National Road Database, origi-nally designed for traffic accident registration. This is one of the systems with ''table'' roots and with quite a long tradition in handling the time dimension. He elucidates first the core objects in the conceptual model and how time is added. Next, how this model is translated in a logical design and finally how this is technically implemented. Geologists and geophysicians also have a respectable tradition in handling the time dimension in the data they collect. This is illustrated in the last paper, which is written by Ipo Ritsema. He outlines how time is handled in geological and geophysical databases maintained by TNO. By means of some practical cases he illustrates which problems can be encountered and how these can be solved.

The monograph reflects the problems of Russian psycholinguistics from the moment of its inception in Russia to the present day and presents its main directions that are currently developing. In addition, theoretical developments and practical results obtained in the framework of different directions and research centers are described in a concise form. The task of the book is to reflect, as far as it is possible in one edition, firstly, the history of the formation of Russian psycholinguistics; secondly, its methodology and developed methods; thirdly, the results obtained in different research centers and directions in different regions of Russia; fourthly, to outline the main directions of the further development of Russian psycholinguistics. There is no doubt that in the theoretical, methodological and applied aspects, the main problems and the results of their development by Russian psycholinguistics have no analogues in world linguistics and psycholinguistics, or are represented by completely original concepts and methods. We have tried to show this uniqueness of the problematics and the methodological equipment of Russian psycholinguistics in this book. The main role in the formation of Russian psycholinguistics was played by the Moscow psycholinguistic school of A.A. Leontyev. It still defines the main directions of Russian psycholinguistics. Russian psycholinguistics (the theory of speech activity - TSA) is based on the achievements of Russian psychology: a cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena L.S. Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontyev. Moscow is the most "psycholinguistic region" of Russia - INL RAS, Moscow State University, Moscow State Linguistic University, RUDN, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Sechenov University, Moscow State University and other Moscow universities. Saint Petersburg psycholinguists have significant achievements, especially in the study of neurolinguistic problems, ontolinguistics. The most important feature of Russian psycholinguistics is the widespread development of psycholinguistics in the regions, the emergence of recognized psycholinguistic research centers - St. Petersburg, Tver, Saratov, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Voronezh, Yekaterinburg, Kursk, Chelyabinsk; psycholinguistics is represented in Cherepovets, Ivanovo, Volgograd, Vyatka, Kaluga, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Abakan, Maikop, Barnaul, Ulan-Ude, Yakutsk, Syktyvkar, Armavir and other cities; in Belarus - Minsk, in Ukraine - Lvov, Chernivtsi, Kharkov, in the DPR - Donetsk, in Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Chimkent. Our researchers work in Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, China, France, Switzerland. There are Russian psycholinguists in Canada, USA, Israel, Austria and a number of other countries. All scientists from these regions and countries have contributed to the development of Russian psycholinguistics, to the development of psycholinguistic theory and methods of psycholinguistic research. Their participation has not been forgotten. We tried to present the main Russian psycholinguists in the Appendix - in the sections "Scientometrics", "Monographs and Manuals" and "Dissertations", even if there is no information about them in the Electronic Library and RSCI. The principles of including scientists in the scientometric list are presented in the Appendix. Our analysis of the content of the resulting monograph on psycholinguistic research in Russia allows us to draw preliminary conclusions about some of the distinctive features of Russian psycholinguistics: 1. cultural-historical approach to the analysis of mental phenomena of L.S.Vygotsky and the system-activity approach of A.N. Leontiev as methodological basis of Russian psycholinguistics; 2. theoretical nature of psycholinguistic research as a characteristic feature of Russian psycholinguistics. Our psycholinguistics has always built a general theory of the generation and perception of speech, mental vocabulary, linked specific research with the problems of ontogenesis, the relationship between language and thinking; 3. psycholinguistic studies of speech communication as an important subject of psycholinguistics; 4. attention to the psycholinguistic analysis of the text and the development of methods for such analysis; 5. active research into the ontogenesis of linguistic ability; 6. investigation of linguistic consciousness as one of the important subjects of psycholinguistics; 7. understanding the need to create associative dictionaries of different types as the most important practical task of psycholinguistics; 8. widespread use of psycholinguistic methods for applied purposes, active development of applied psycholinguistics. The review of the main directions of development of Russian psycholinguistics, carried out in this monograph, clearly shows that the direction associated with the study of linguistic consciousness is currently being most intensively developed in modern Russian psycholinguistics. As the practice of many years of psycholinguistic research in our country shows, the subject of study of psycholinguists is precisely linguistic consciousness - this is a part of human consciousness that is responsible for generating, understanding speech and keeping language in consciousness. Associative experiments are the core of most psycholinguistic techniques and are important both theoretically and practically. The following main areas of practical application of the results of associative experiments can be outlined. 1. Education. Associative experiments are the basis for constructing Mind Maps, one of the most promising tools for systematizing knowledge, assessing the quality, volume and nature of declarative knowledge (and using special techniques and skills). Methods based on smart maps are already widely used in teaching foreign languages, fast and deep immersion in various subject areas. 2. Information search, search optimization. The results of associative experiments can significantly improve the quality of information retrieval, its efficiency, as well as adaptability for a specific person (social group). When promoting sites (promoting them in search results), an associative experiment allows you to increase and improve the quality of the audience reached. 3. Translation studies, translation automation. An associative experiment can significantly improve the quality of translation, take into account intercultural and other social characteristics of native speakers. 4. Computational linguistics and automatic word processing. The results of associative experiments make it possible to reveal the features of a person's linguistic consciousness and contribute to the development of automatic text processing systems in a wide range of applications of natural language interfaces of computer programs and robotic solutions. 5. Advertising. The use of data on associations for specific words, slogans and texts allows you to predict and improve advertising texts. 6. Social relationships. The analysis of texts using the data of associative experiments makes it possible to assess the tonality of messages (negative / positive moods, aggression and other characteristics) based on user comments on the Internet and social networks, in the press in various projections (by individuals, events, organizations, etc.) from various social angles, to diagnose the formation of extremist ideas. 7. Content control and protection of personal data. Associative experiments improve the quality of content detection and filtering by identifying associative fields in areas subject to age restrictions, personal information, tobacco and alcohol advertising, incitement to ethnic hatred, etc. 8. Gender and individual differences. The data of associative experiments can be used to compare the reactions (and, in general, other features of thinking) between men and women, different social and age groups, representatives of different regions. The directions for the further development of Russian psycholinguistics from the standpoint of the current state of psycholinguistic science in the country are seen by us, first of all:  in the development of research in various areas of linguistic consciousness, which will contribute to the development of an important concept of speech as a verbal model of non-linguistic consciousness, in which knowledge revealed by social practice and assigned by each member of society during its inculturation is consolidated for society and on its behalf;  in the expansion of the problematics, which is formed under the influence of the growing intercultural communication in the world community, which inevitably involves the speech behavior of natural and artificial bilinguals in the new object area of psycholinguistics;  in using the capabilities of national linguistic corpora in the interests of researchers studying the functioning of non-linguistic and linguistic consciousness in speech processes;  in expanding research on the semantic perception of multimodal texts, the scope of which has greatly expanded in connection with the spread of the Internet as a means of communication in the life of modern society;  in the inclusion of the problems of professional communication and professional activity in the object area of psycholinguistics in connection with the introduction of information technologies into public practice, entailing the emergence of new professions and new features of the professional ethos;  in the further development of the theory of the mental lexicon (identifying the role of different types of knowledge in its formation and functioning, the role of the word as a unit of the mental lexicon in the formation of the image of the world, as well as the role of the natural / internal metalanguage and its specificity in speech activity);  in the broad development of associative lexicography, which will meet the most diverse needs of society and cognitive sciences. The development of associative lexicography may lead to the emergence of such disciplines as associative typology, associative variantology, associative axiology;  in expanding the spheres of applied use of psycholinguistics in social sciences, sociology, semasiology, lexicography, in the study of the brain, linguodidactics, medicine, etc. This book is a kind of summarizing result of the development of Russian psycholinguistics today. Each section provides a bibliography of studies on the relevant issue. The Appendix contains the scientometrics of leading Russian psycholinguists, basic monographs, psycholinguistic textbooks and dissertations defended in psycholinguistics. The content of the publications presented here is convincing evidence of the relevance of psycholinguistic topics and the effectiveness of the development of psycholinguistic problems in Russia.