Academic literature on the topic 'As-built Information'

<p>目前國內有關建築資訊塑模(Building Information Modeling, 簡稱BIM)與維運需求項目並沒有產生直接對應。根據國外文獻整理，有關建築物維運管理(Facilities Management，簡稱FM)目前常用的標準如ISO55000(2014)、ISO 19650、BS1192-4(2014)、與共同資料環境(Common Data Environment,簡稱CDE)與營建資訊的交付標準(Construction Operations Building Information Exchange，簡稱COBie)等。本研究提出建築物的維運資料架構與系統建立流程，它包含BIM模型建置、IFC資料轉檔、共同資料庫建立與建築物維運系統的發展四個階段。隨著施工過程中，逐步建立BIM竣工模型的建材與設備資料，才能達成以建築物生命週期履歷落實標準化維運管理的目標。本計畫以內政部營建署執行中的三個代辦工程討論竣工模型之建材與設備交付資訊項目。目的是協助公部門工程主辦機關從施工階段的BIM執行契約可延伸到竣工階段的維運資料。本研究的成果將提供一個通用的維運資料架構與系統雛形，協助政府部門可用於執行BIM契約資料交付。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>The data translation between Building Information Modeling(BIM) and Facilities Management(FM) has not been built an automatic mechanism in Taiwan currently. According to the literature review, the standards related to building FM include ISO55000 (2014), ISO 19650, BS1192-4 (2014), Common Data Environment (CDE), and Construction Operations Building Information Exchange, (COBie). The thesis proposes a framework and data delivery process for building maintenance data translation. The process includes four stages of BIM model data input, IFC data export, CDE database, and FM system development. With the construction process, the materials and equipment data will be embedded into the completion model. The completion model will assist to achieve the goal of implementing standardized maintenance management on the building life cycle. The thesis discusses the building materials and equipment delivery information of the completed model with three public-work cases by Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior. The purpose is to assist the BIM model data can link the construction to the maintenance and operation stage. The results will provide a general data requirement table system porotype that can assist the government departments to execute BIM contracts. </p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The As-Built Model cannot be considered as a simple three-dimensional mould of the studied reality but as a process of analysis, synthesis and communication of architectural complexity including, in addition to geometric-dimensional aspects, also the historical, aesthetic and architectural features of the building. Consequently, the transparency and reliability issues of the digital visualization constitutes, as well as for the field of archaeology, a matter of primary importance in the modelling of cultural heritage. The increasing interest of scholars in the application of Building Information Modelling (BIM) to historical buildings has renewed the problems related to the reliability of the As-built, related not only to the relationship between the model and the measure, but also to the other information, for example the constructive technologies. Based on the survey and modelling of some case studies, the paper's aim is to define a reference standard for the reliability declaration of the As-Built HBIM models, which considers both the geometric and information aspects.</p>

The goal of “as-built” computational modeling is to incorporate the most representative geometry and material information for an (fabricated or legacy) object into simulations. While most engineering finite element simulations are based on an object’s idealized “as-designed” configuration with information obtained from technical drawings or computer-aided design models, as-built modeling uses nondestructive characterization and metrology techniques to provide the feature information. By incorporating more representative geometry and material features as initial conditions, the uncertainty in the simulation results can be reduced, providing a more realistic understanding of the event and object being modeled. In this paper, key steps and technology areas in the as-built modeling framework are: (1) inspection using nondestructive characterization and metrology techniques; (2) data reduction (signal and image processing including artifact removal, data sensor fusion, and geometric feature extraction); and (3) engineering and physics analysis using finite element codes. We illustrate the process with a cylindrical phantom and include a discussion of the key concepts and areas that need improvement. Our results show that reasonable as-built initial conditions based on a volume overlap criteria can be achieved and that notable differences between simulations of the as-built and as-designed configurations can be observed for a given load case. Specifically, a volume averaged difference of accumulated plastic strain of 3% and local spatially varying differences up to 10%. The example presented provides motivation and justification to engineering teams for the additional effort required in the as-built modeling of high value parts. Further validation of the approach has been proposed as future work.

The article systematizes information on as-built documentation, highlights its structure, procedure and principles of maintenance. The analysis of the goals and functions of the Executive documentation at all stages of construction, control and commissioning of the facility was made. Problems and their possible causes related to compliance with the requirements of the legislation and regulatory framework of the Russian Federation regarding the maintenance, configuration, storage and delivery of as-built documentation are identified.

Purpose Three dimensional (3 D) laser scanner surveying is widely used in many fields, such as agriculture, mining and heritage documentation and can be of great benefit for as-built documentation in construction and facility management domains. However, there is lack of applied research and use cases integrating 3 D laser scanner surveying with building information modeling (BIM) for existing facilities in Malaysia. This study aims to develop a scan to as-built BIM workflow to use 3 D laser scanner surveying and create as-built building information models of an existing complex facility in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach A case study approach was followed to develop a scan to as-built BIM workflow through four main steps: 3 D laser scanning, data preprocessing, data registration and building information modeling. Findings This case study proposes a comprehensive scan to as-built BIM workflow which illustrates all the required steps to create a precise 3 D as-built building information model from scans. This workflow was successfully implemented to the Eco-Home facility at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Originality/value Scan to as-built BIM is a digital alternative to manual and tedious process of documentation of as-built condition of a facility and provides a detail process using laser scans to create as-built building information models of facilities.

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Conservação e Restauro apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.
As metodologias associadas ao software BIM (Building Information Modeling) representam nos dias de hoje um dos sistemas integrados mais utilizado para a construção de novos edifícios. Ao usar BIM no desenvolvimento de projetos, a colaboração entre os diferentes intervenientes num projeto de arquitetura, engenharia e construção, melhora de um modo muito significativo. Esta tecnologia também pode ser aplicada para intervenções em edifícios existentes. Na presente tese pretende-se melhorar os processos de registo, documentação e gestão da informação, recorrendo a ferramentas BIM para estabelecer um conjunto de diretrizes de fluxo de trabalho, para modelar de forma eficiente as estruturas existentes a partir de nuvens de pontos, complementados com outros métodos apropriados. Há vários desafios que impedem a adoção do software BIM para o planeamento de intervenções em edifícios existentes. Volk et al. (2014) indica que os principais obstáculos de adoção BIM são o esforço de modelação/conversão dos elementos do edifício captados em objetos BIM, a dificuldade em actualizar informação em BIM e as dificuldades em lidar com as incertezas associadas a dados, objetos e relações que ocorrem em edifícios existentes. A partir desta análise, foram desenvolvidas algumas diretrizes de fluxo de trabalho BIM para modelação de edifícios existentes. As propostas indicadas para as diretrizes BIM em edifícios existentes, incluem tolerâncias e standards para modelar elementos de edifícios existentes. Tal metodologia permite que as partes interessadas tenham um entendimento e um acordo sobre o que é suposto ser modelado. Na presente tese, foi investigado um conjunto de tópicos de pesquisa que foram formuladas e colocadas, enquadrando os diferentes obstáculos e direcionando o foco de pesquisa segundo quatro vectores fundamentais: 1. Os diferentes tipos de dados de um edifício que podem ser adquiridos a partir de nuvens de pontos; 2. Os diferentes tipos de análise de edifícios; 3. A utilização de standards e BIM para edifícios existentes; 4. Fluxos de trabalho BIM para edifícios existentes e diretrizes para ateliers de arquitectura. A partir da pesquisa efetuada, pode-se concluir que é há necessidade de uma melhor utilização da informação na tomada de decisão no âmbito de um projeto de intervenção arquitetónica. Diferentes tipos de dados, não apenas geométricos, são necessários como base para a análise dos edifícios. Os dados não geométricos podem referir-se a características físicas do tecido construído, tais como materiais, aparência e condição. Além disso, o desempenho ambiental, estrutural e mecânico de um edifício, bem como valores culturais, históricos e arquitetónicos, essenciais para a compreensão do seu estado atual. Estas informações são fundamentais para uma análise mais profunda que permita a compreensão das ações de intervenção que são necessárias no edifício. Através de tecnologias Fotogrametria (ADP) e Laser Scanning (TLS), pode ser gerada informação precisa e actual. O produto final da ADP e TLS são nuvens de pontos, que podem ser usadas de forma complementar. A combinação destas técnicas com o levantamento tradicional Robotic Total Station (RTS) fornece uma base de dados exata que, juntamente com outras informações existentes, permitem o planeamento adequado da intervenção. Os problemas de utilização de BIM para intervenção em edifícios existentes referem-se principalmente à análise e criação de geometria do edifício, o que geralmente é uma etapa prévia para a conexão de informação não-geométrica de edifícios. Por esta razão, a presente tese centra-se principalmente na busca de diretrizes para diminuir a dificuldade em criar os elementos necessários para o BIMs. Para tratar dados incertos e pouco claros ou informações semânticas não visíveis, pode-se complementar os dados originais com informação adicional. Os fluxos de trabalho apresentados na presente tese focam-se principalmente na falta de informação visível. No caso de projetos de remodelação, a informação não visível pode ser adquirida de forma limitada através de levantamentos ADP ou TLS após a demolição de alguns elementos e/ou camadas de parede. Tal metodologia permite um melhor entendimento das camadas de materiais não visíveis dos elementos do edifício, quando a intervenção é uma demolição parcial. Este processo é útil apenas se uma parte do material do elemento é removida e não pode ser aplicada a elementos não intervencionados. O tratamento da informação em falta pode ser feito através da integração de diferentes tipos de dados com diferentes origens. Devem ser implementados os fluxos de trabalho para a integração da informação. Diferentes fluxos de trabalho podem criar informação em falta, usada como complemento ou como base para a tomada de decisão quando não há dados disponíveis. Relativamente à adição de dados em falta através da geração de nuvem de pontos, os casos de estudo destacam a importância de planear o levantamento, fazendo com que todas as partes compreendam as necessidades associadas ao projeto. Além da precisão, o nível de tolerância de interpretação e modelação, requeridos pelo projeto, também devem ser acordados e entendidos. Nem todas as ferramentas e métodos de pesquisa são adequados para todos os edifícios. A escala, os materiais e a acessibilidade do edifício desempenham um papel importante no planeamento do levantamento. Para lidar com o elevado esforço de modelação, é necessário entender os fluxos de trabalho necessários para analisar a geometria dos elementos do edifício. Os BIMs construídos são normalmente gerados manualmente através de desenhos CAD e/ou nuvens de pontos. Estes são usados como base geométrica a partir da qual a informação é extraída. A informação utilizada para planear a intervenção do edifício deve ser verificada, confirmando se é uma representação do estado actual do edifício. As técnicas de levantamento 3D para capturar a condição atual do edifício devem ser integradas no fluxo de trabalho BIM, construído para capturar os dados do edifício sobre os quais serão feitas as decisões de intervenção. O resultado destas técnicas deve ser integrado com diferentes tipos de dados para fornecer uma base mais precisa e completa. O atelier de arquitetura deve estar habilitado com competências técnicas adequadas para saber o que pedir e o que utilizar da forma mais adequada. Os requisitos de modelação devem concentrar-se principalmente no conteúdo deste processo, ou seja, o que modelar, como desenvolver os elementos no modelo, quais as informações que o modelo deve conter e como deve ocorrer a troca de informações no modelo. O levantamento das nuvens de pontos deve ser efectuado após ter sido estipulado o objetivo do projeto, standards, tolerâncias e tipo de conteúdo na modelação. As tolerâncias e normas de modelação são diferentes entre empresas e países. Independentemente destas diferenças, os documentos standard têm como objetivo produzir e receber informação num formato de dados consistente e em fluxos de trabalho de troca eficiente entre os diferentes intervenientes do projeto. O pensamento crítico do fluxo de trabalho de modelação e a comunicação e acordo entre todas os intervenientes são os principais objetivos das diretrizes apresentadas nesta tese. O estabelecimento e o acordo de tolerâncias de modelação e o nível de desenvolvimento e detalhes presentes nas BIMs, entre as diferentes partes envolvidas no projeto, são mais importantes do que as definições existentes atualmente e que são utilizadas pela indústria da AEC. As ferramentas automáticas ou semi-automáticas para extração da forma geométrica, eliminação ou redução de tarefas repetitivas durante o desenvolvimento de BIMs e a análise de condições de ambiente ou de cenários, são também um processo de diminuição do esforço de modelação. Uma das razões que justifica a necessidade de standards é a estrutura e a melhoria da colaboração, não só para os intervenientes fora da empresa, mas também dentro dos ateliers de arquitetura. Os dados e standards de fluxo de trabalho são difíceis de implementar diariamente de forma eficiente, resultando muitas vezes em dados e fluxos de trabalho confusos. Quando tal situação ocorre, a qualidade dos resultados do projeto reduz-se e pode ficar comprometida. As normas aplicadas aos BIMs construídos, exatamente como as normas aplicadas aos BIMs para edifícios novos, contribuem para a criação de informação credível e útil. Para atualizar um BIMs durante o ciclo de vida de um edifício,é necessário adquirir a informação sobre o estado actual do edifício. A monitorização de dados pode ser composta por fotografias, PCM, dados de sensores, ou dados resultantes da comparação de PCM e BIMs e podem representar uma maneira de atualizar BIMs existentes. Isto permite adicionar continuamente informações, documentando a evolução e a história da construção e possibilita avaliar possíveis intervenções de prevenção para a sua valorização. BIM não é geralmente usado para documentar edifícios existentes ou intervenções em edifícios existentes. No presente trabalho propõe-se melhorar tal situação usando standards e/ou diretrizes BIM e apresentar uma visão inicial e geral dos componentes que devem ser incluídos em tais standards e/ou linhas de orientação.
ABSTRACT: Building information modeling (BIM) is most often used for the construction of new buildings. By using BIM in such projects, collaboration among stakeholders in an architecture, engineering and construction project is improved. This scenario might also be targeted for interventions in existing buildings. This thesis intends to enhance processes of recording, documenting and managing information by establishing a set of workflow guidelines to efficiently model existing structures with BIM tools from point cloud data, complemented with any other appropriate methods. There are several challenges hampering BIM software adoption for planning interventions in existing buildings. Volk et al. (2014) outlines that the as-built BIM adoption main obstacles are: the required modeling/conversion effort from captured building data into semantic BIM objects; the difficulty in maintaining information in a BIM; and the difficulties in handling uncertain data, objects, and relations occurring in existing buildings. From this analysis, it was developped a case for devising BIM workflow guidelines for modeling existing buildings. The proposed content for BIM guidelines includes tolerances and standards for modeling existing building elements. This allows stakeholders to have a common understanding and agreement of what is supposed to be modeled and exchanged.In this thesis, the authors investigate a set of research questions that were formed and posed, framing obstacles and directing the research focus in four parts: 1. the different kind of building data acquired; 2. the different kind of building data analysis processes; 3. the use of standards and as-built BIM and; 4. as-built BIM workflows and guidelines for architectural offices. From this research, the authors can conclude that there is a need for better use of documentation in which architectural intervention project decisions are made. Different kind of data, not just geometric, is needed as a basis for the analysis of the current building state. Non-geometric information can refer to physical characteristics of the built fabric, such as materials, appearance and condition. Furthermore environmental, structural and mechanical building performance, as well as cultural, historical and architectural values, style and age are vital to the understanding of the current state of the building. These information is necessary for further analysis allowing the understanding of the necessary actions to intervene. Accurate and up to date information information can be generated through ADP and TLS surveys. The final product of ADP and TLS are the point clouds, which can be used to complement each other. The combination of these techniques with traditional RTS survey provide an accurate and up to date base that, along with other existing information, allow the planning of building interventions. As-built BIM adoption problems refer mainly to the analysis and generation of building geometry, which usually is a previous step to the link of non-geometric building information. For this reason the present thesis focus mainly in finding guidelines to decrease the difficulty in generating the as-built-BIMs elements. To handle uncertain data and unclear or hidden semantic information, one can complement the original data with additional missing information. The workflows in the present thesis address mainly the missing visible information. In the case of refurbishment projects the hidden information can be acquired to some extend with ADP or TLS surveys after demolition of some elements and wall layers. This allows a better understanding of the non visible materials layers of a building element whenever it is a partial demolition. This process is only useful if a part of the element material is removed, it can not be applied to the non intervened elements. The handling of visible missing data, objects and relations can be done by integrating different kind of data from different kind of sources. Workflows to connect them in a more integrated way should be implemented. Different workflows can create additional missing information, used to complement or as a base for decision making when no data is available. Relating to adding missing data through point cloud data generation the study cases outlined the importance of planning the survey, with all parts understanding what the project needs are. In addition to accuracy, the level of interpretation and modelling tolerances, required by the project, must also be agreed and understood. Not all survey tools and methods are suitable for all buildings: the scale, materials and accessibility of building play a major role in the survey planning. To handle the high modeling/conversion effort one has to understand the current workflows to analyse building geometry. As-built BIMs are majorly manually generated through CAD drawings and/or PCM data. These are used as a geometric basis input from where information is extracted. The information used to plan the building intervention should be checked, confirming it is a representation of the as-is state of the building. The 3D surveys techniques to capture the as-is state of the building should be integrated in the as-built BIM workflow to capture the building data in which intervention decisions are made. The output of these techniques should be integrated with different kind of data to provide the most accurate and complete basis. The architectural company should have technical skills to know what to ask for and to use it appropriately. Modeling requirements should focus primarily on the content of this process: what to model, how to develop the elements in the model, what information should the model contain, and how should information in the model be exchanged. The point clouds survey should be done after stipulating the project goal, standards, tolerances and modeling content. Tolerances and modeling guidelines change across companies and countries. Regardless of these differences the standards documents have the purpose of producing and receiving information in a consistent data format, in efficient exchange workflows between project stakeholders. The critical thinking of the modeling workflow and, the communication and agreement between all parts involved in the project, is the prime product of this thesis guidelines. The establishment and agreement of modeling tolerances and the level of development and detail present in the BIMs, between the different parts involved on the project, is more important than which of the existing definitions currently in use by the AEC industry is chosen. Automated or semi-automated tools for elements shape extraction, elimination or reduction of repetitive tasks during the BIMs development and, analysis of environment or scenario conditions are also a way of decreasing the modeling effort. One of the reasons why standards are needed is the structure and improvement of the collaboration not only with outside parts but also inside architectural offices. Data and workflow standards are very hard to implement daily, in a practical way, resulting in confusing data and workflows. These reduce the quality of communication and project outputs. As-built BIM standards, exactly like BIM standards, contribute to the creation of reliable and useful information. To update a BIMs during the building life-cycle, one needs to acquire the as-is building state information. Monitoring data, whether consisted by photos, PCM, sensor data, or data resulting from the comparison of PCM and BIMs can be a way of updating existing BIMs. It allows adding continuously information, documenting the building evolution and story, and evaluating possible prevention interventions for its enhancement. BIM environments are not often used to document existing buildings or interventions in existing buildings. The authors propose to improve the situation by using BIM standards and/or guidelines, and the authors give an initial overview of components that should be included in such a standard and/or guideline.
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As-built information from construction project sites is often required by project participants to address various user-specific needs such as assessing the construction quality or planning for upcoming renovations, or guiding future repairs during building operations. However, most of this information is still being captured through traditional methods like tape measure, or referring to 2D drawings which are found to be inefficient. Although many data acquisition tools such as 3D laser scanning and photogrammetry currently exist, they suffer from numerous limitations such as the lack of affordability or requiring expertise to operate. This has encouraged both researchers and technology vendors to look into new alternative capture technologies that are cost effective, easy to use, and efficient. This need for better alternatives led to the rapid development of various new capture technologies that are now needed to be evaluated for construction industry purposes. With such new technologies being released regularly, there is also an increased confusion among industry professionals to identify the best suitable capture technology for addressing their specific needs. Thus, the objective of this research is to develop a framework for evaluating the potential of new as-built information capture technologies to support construction purposes. The research also focuses on using the developed framework to evaluate the potential of two new capture technologies, mobile laser scanning and spherical imaging, that have recently been gaining traction in the construction industry. For this, a case study based research approach was developed and four construction projects were chosen as sample case studies for this work. Current industry practices for capturing the necessary as-built information to address different use case scenarios within these projects were first observed and analyzed. Then, the framework was developed by conducting an in-depth analysis of the current industry practices, reviewing relevant literature and by also having a series of informal discussions with various project team members involved in the chosen case study projects. The potential of mobile laser scanning and spherical imaging technologies was then assessed by testing them on the relevant use case scenarios. The benefits and limitations were identified based on a structured assessment using the developed framework.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

This research aims to develop automated methods of retrieve as-built information from vision data in LNG plants and to use the developed methods to improve the productivity in the LNG industry. This research investigates class-level and further object-level interpretation of point cloud objects in LNG plants. By developing scaffolding detection methods, this research also contributes novel scaffolding construction monitoring methods using intrinsically safe cameras.

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau Mestre em Engenharia Civil – Perfil de Construção
As vantagens na utilização de modelos Building Information Modeling (BIM) tridimensionais (3D) na fase de exploração das construções têm sido estudadas nos últimos anos. Sabe-se que as operações de manutenção e reparação podem ser feitas de forma mais rápida e menos dispendiosa utilizando modelação BIM. Porém, o sucesso destas operações é influenciado pela capacidade de o modelo BIM reproduzir fielmente a realidade. Surge, assim, a necessidade de obter modelos actualizados que consigam representar de forma precisa o que foi construído, designados por modelos as-built. No entanto, uma vez criado na fase de projecto, o modelo BIM permanece qua-se sempre inalterado até ao final da obra, ignorando todo um conjunto de alterações que, por variadas razões, são introduzidas ao projecto inicial. O presente estudo apresenta um modelo conceptual que tem por objectivo contribuir para resolver o problema da actualização dos modelos BIM durante a fase de construção. O modelo integra um método para detectar e registar alterações aos projectos de construção, que tem por base a produ-ção de autos de medição apoiados em quantidades extraídas dos modelos BIM, com a Realidade Aumentada (RA) a permitir a visualização do modelo sobre o ambiente real. Essa é , aliás, uma característica fundamental para a identificação de alterações. As alterações registadas são depois utilizadas para actualizar os modelos BIM. De acordo com o proposto neste trabalho, os autos de medição dependerão do modelo BIM. Isso levará a que seja do interesse do empreiteiro e do dono de obra manter o modelo actualizado. Aplicados os procedimentos do modelo, identificam-se vantagens na medição de quantidades. As operações de medição passam a ter uma menor dependência do operador, sendo os erros e impre-cisões reduzidos, ao mesmo tempo que essa tarefa é desempenhada de forma mais rápida. Além disso, uma vez que o modelo prevê a utilização do mesmo modelo BIM por todos os intervenien-tes, reduzem-se também as divergências nas quantidades apuradas.

Potentialen att tillhandhålla stora mängder information under hela byggprocessen är något BIM(byggnadsinformationsmodellering på svenska) är mest förknippat med. Dock är den praktiskaanvändningen av BIM i förvaltningen minimal vid jämförelse mot projekteringen.Vårdbyggnader är otroligt viktiga och komplicerade byggnader i samhället som konstant behöverunderhållas och detta arbete tar upp BIM och relationsmodellernas potential att fungera som ettkomplement till dagens och framtidens förvaltningssystem.Studien har fokuserat på att ta reda på hur förvaltningen för vårdbyggnader arbetar idag medBIM och hur de önskar arbeta i framtiden. Detta har gjorts genom intervjuer ochdokumentanalyser där en litteraturstudie ligger till grund över utformningen av de frågeformulärsom tagits fram. Syftet har varit att undersöka vilken information som en BIM-relationsmodell(även kallat förvaltningsmodell) måste innehålla för att vara användbar och till nytta iförvaltningen.Teorin för arbetet beskriver vad BIM är och hur sambandet med BIM och fastighetsförvaltningenser ut. Teorin tar också upp vikten av hållbar information i öppna filformat.Resultatet av insamlade data visar att BIM är väl känt hos fastighetsförvaltningsorganisationernamen används inte i den utsträckning som önskas. Några anledningar till detta är brist på; kunskapinom organisationen, inflytande i byggprocessen och interna arbetsmetoder. Allaintervjurepresentanter är positiva till BIM och ser potentialen i att använda BIM-modeller somderas digitala verktyg att visualisera och hantera information inom förvaltningen. Dock har,framförallt, representanterna med ansvar för CAD/BIM för fastighetsdokumentationen svårt atttydligt påvisa vilken information som de vill ha och ser mer information som bättre.Slutsatsen visar att organisationerna är beroende av att utvärdera sina behov och hitta nyttor medBIM i förvaltningen för att sedan kunna sätta rätt krav på slutleveransen av BIM-modellen somska användas i förvaltningen. Behovet av att på ett konsekvent sätt lägga till, ta ut, uppdatera ochmodifiera information ser alla intervjurepresentanter som en viktig fråga för framtiden.Under diskussionskapitlet tas bland annat problematiken upp med att många som intervjuats seratt ju mer information den levererade BIM-modellen innehåller desto bättre är det. Författarenspersonliga åsikt är att modellen måste anpassas så att rätt information finns.
The potential for supplying large amounts of information throughout the construction process issomething BIM is mostly associated with. However, the practical use of BIM in facilitymanagement is minimal when compared to the project planning phase.Healthcare buildings are incredibly important and complex buildings in the society thatconstantly need to be maintained and this study addresses the potential of BIM and the use of asbuiltmodels to serve as a complement to today's and future facility management systems.This study has focused on finding out how the management of healthcare facilities uses andworks with BIM today and how they wish to work in the future. This has been done throughinterviews and document analyzes where a literature study forms the basis for the formulation ofthe questionnaires produced. The purpose has been to investigate what information a BIM asbuiltmodel (also called facility management model) must contain to be useable and useful in thefacility management.The theory of this study describes what BIM is and how the relationship with BIM and facilitymanagement looks. It also addresses the importance of sustainable information in open fileformats.The result of the collected data from the interviews shows that BIM is well known to facilitymanagement organizations but is not used to the extent desired. A few reasons for this are lackof; knowledge within the organization, influence in the construction process and workingmethods. All interviewees are positive to BIM and see the potential of using BIM models as theirdigital tools to visualize and manage information within the facility management. However have,in particular, the CAD/BIM representatives of the facility documentation difficulty in clearlyidentifying what information they want and thinks a lot of information in the models is better.The conclusion shows that organizations are dependent on evaluating their needs and findingbenefits with BIM in their facility management and then be able to set the right requirements forthe final delivery of the BIM model to be used in the facility management. The need to add,extract, update and modify information consistently, is something all interviewees sees as animportant question for the future.In the discussion chapter the problem arises about the fact that many interviewed thinks that themore information the BIM model contains, the better it is. The author's opinion is that the modelmust be adapted so that the right information is available.

This diploma thesis focuses on processing and data collecting for the use of creating functional 3D informating model that we call BIM (Building Information Modelling) which is getting more and more attention throughout building industry and it is used by all of the participants in the industry from designers and architects to those who are dealing with building installations. This process is slowly getting into legislations of many countries including Czechia. The thesis is divided into two parts where one of them is describing the Building Information Modeling in general and the other part is describing the work which is behind the colleting good data which is needed when making the 3D documentation in Revit software which is wildly used for designing building constructions. Practical part of the land surveyor´s work is devided here into two parts where one of them is dedicated to collecting data by laser scanning process, GNSS and measuring by total station and levelling machine. Second part focuses on the description of the data processing in order to make 3D model. The example of the output production data is the BIM 3D model of the family house in selected level of detail and besides that we also have the visualization of both interior and exterior and 2D simplified building documentations.

Environmental factors within communities play a significant role on the health and well-being of residents. These social and physical determinants have a substantial effect on health. This interaction can result in environmental injustices, inequality, and ultimately poor health for residents. The community of Galena Park, Texas, is a predominantly minority community of Hispanic and African-American residents with previously undocumented concerns related to air quality, the built environment, access to healthcare and the food environment. Through participatory engagement with Galena Park residents using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this research examines the degree to which GIS is an effective tool in illustrating and visualizing environmental and social injustices. Findings from this research suggest that GIS only relays part of the story and is most powerful when the lived experiences of residents are integrated into the analytical process.

The documentation of complete and timely as-built information related to construction projects is essential for tracking progress, planning corrective action, and analyzing the schedule. The collection of site information, however, is currently a challenging, time-consuming, and error-prone manual process. To improve the tracking of as-built information, this research focused on the development of a low-cost voice-visual framework that utilizes commonly available communication tools such as email and interactive voice response (IVR). The goal of this research was to create project-wide bidirectional communication between site personnel and head office to automate the tracking of daily site information. The research involved an in-depth analysis of the possible site events and progress-tracking needs related to construction activities. Accordingly, activity-specific email forms and logical-flow diagrams were developed as a means of facilitating site data collection. A framework was then developed that integrates several components: the developed tracking forms; a cloud-based IVR service; a customized scheduling application; and an email application. During construction, the automated system identifies eligible activities to be tracked; collects as-built details from the relevant supervisors; and uses the daily time segments of the schedule as an integrated depository for all as-built details, including progress information, events by all parties, and requests for information (RFIs), quality/safety issues, and other video/audio/drawing-markup notes. The developed system generates detailed as-built schedule that clearly show the evolution of all as-built events and their accurate timing on the daily segments for each activity. The project schedule is thus converted from a static report into information-rich, visualization media, and decision-support tool that provides decision makers with timely progress details so that they can easily follow the project progress , facilitates schedule updates, facilitates accurate schedule forensics, delay analysis, , and the planning of appropriate corrective action. The developed framework was validated though a number of case studies that demonstrated its usefulness and practicality. This research contributes to construction efficiency through the facilitation of bidirectional communication between site personnel and head office and the provision of timely and legible as-built data for decision-making. Ultimately, the research will assist construction firms to have better control over construction projects and more effective decisions during construction through improved communication.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
107
In recent years, after the government's active promotion, building information modeling technology has been gradually valued in the AEC industry. Many public works facilities follow standardized information delivery patterns and import BIM technology and COBie information. However, when driving the As-built BIM Model, the inability to extend the model to the management operation phase will increase the difficulty of BIM in its use and promotion. Therefore, the model in the completion delivery model needs to establish a standardized format and with a systematic detection method. This study analyzes the specifications of the attribute data operation of the As-built BIM Model, the regulations of chapters three and four of the Building Technical Regulations, the reference guidelines for the planning and design of hardware facilities of the sports center and the standards for the establishment of general hospitals to set up the Revit template and apply Autodesk Revit's external tools, Model Checker Configurator in BIM Interoperability Tools establish the detection configuration for as-built delivery. To carry out model checking, through the model checking condition template Established by Model Checker Configurator and combined with Revit's built-in schedule features to propose the mechanism of operation and verify the actual work. In addition to saving time to transfer out of the archive, further reduce subsequent input errors. Cases of using public housing in Taipei City as a set model checking mechanism in this study, explored its benefits and limitations, as the basis of the sports center verification. The most important thing in design phase import rule and As-built model checking is that ensure the data of the Building Information Modeling is correct. It can not only improve the quality of information model and building efficiency, but also reduce the situation of repeated errors. Being part of the AEC workflow, not just regularizing the input information to model more quickly, is the first step toward automation. Promote BIM technology implementation and apply this procedure to make design requirements easier to achieve.

The Natural History Museum of the University of Florence, founded in 1775 by Grand-Duke Pietro Leopold, is the oldest scientific museum in Europe. With this second volume on the Botanical Collection, Florence University Press continues its series dedicated to the six Sections of the Museum. The first part of the volume recounts the birth of botanical sciences in Florence and the history of the museum collections from sixteenth century to today. Then follows the second part which describes the historical and modern Herbaria, for each of which the main events that went to their formation, the importance of the plants they contain and biographical information on those who built the collections are described. The third section expounds the other collections in the Botanical Section of the Museum, among which of particular interest are the wax models of plants and fruits, manufactured by the old Grand-ducal Ceroplastics Laboratory, the wood collection, plaster of Paris mushrooms and the eighteenth century still life paintings of fruits and vegetables by Bartolomeo Bimbi. Finally, the last part illustrates the importance that herbaria play today in modern scientific research, drawing attention to the fact that they are an archive that holds taxonomical, chorological and ecological information in function of the plants they contain, as well as historical-biographical information on the scholars who, through their efforts, built up the collections.

The textbook contains systematized material on key topics of the discipline "Management consulting", including information about the goals and objectives of consulting work, the organization of the consulting system, methods and methods of diagnostics and testing of the objects under study, among which may be enterprises and organizations, management systems, labor and training teams. The textbook includes exercises, business games, tests, analysis of specific situations that arise in the business environment, on the materials of which practical training sessions can be built. The thematic scope and depth of the textbook material fully meet the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the last generation. The publication is intended for students and teachers of higher education institutions, postgraduates, as well as managers of personnel management services and consultants on management and organizational development.

The textbook introduces modern methods and techniques for analyzing the activities of a commercial organization using the information contained in its financial statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards. Considerable attention is paid to the disclosure of calculation and analytical procedures for identifying and quantifying the impact of factors on the level of business performance. The presentation of each chapter is accompanied by practical calculation and analytical materials using the "cross-cutting task" technique, the initial information base of which is the actual financial statements of the company prepared in accordance with IFRS. After each chapter, there are control questions and tests for self-control. The tutorial includes a practical business game in the form of a built-in "Workbook". It is a solution of interrelated tasks using practical materials — the financial statements of a real commercial organization — and illustrates all the methodological methods of analysis contained in the textbook. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying under bachelor's and master's degree programs in Economics, as well as teachers and postgraduates of economic specialties, students of the system of professional training and advanced training of accountants, auditors, financial managers, practitioners of financial and analytical services of organizations.

The monography presents the fundamentals of the theory of construction new-generation modems. Modems are built on the principles of statistical communication theory, based on the use of a random signal (chaos) as a carrier of information. In such a signal, a characteristic function is modulated, which is a fundamental characteristic of a random process. The signal modulation and demodulation method is patented and allows you to create modems with efficiency and noise immunity indicators several orders of magnitude higher than those of the known devices of the same name. New-generation modems immediately improve the technical characteristics of digital IT equipment by several orders of magnitude, since they work without errors in wired and radio channels when receiving one hundred duodecillion of binary symbols. The book is recommended for scientists and specialists in the field of digital communication systems, statistical radio engineering and instrumentation, and may be useful for graduate students, masters and students of relevant specialties.

The material presented in the monograph shows the possibilities of continuous teaching of mathematics at school, namely, the significant potential of modern information and communication technologies, with the help of which it is possible to form elements of stochastic culture among students. Continuity in learning is considered from two positions: procedural and educational-cognitive. In addition, a distinctive feature of the book is the presentation of the digital transformation of general education as a way to overcome the "new digital divide". Methodological features of promising digital technologies (within the framework of teaching students the elements of the probabilistic and statistical line) that contribute to overcoming the "new digital divide": artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, additive manufacturing, machine learning, blockchain, virtual and augmented reality are described. The solution of the main questions of probability theory and statistics in the 9th grade mathematics course is proposed to be carried out using a distance learning course built in the Moodle distance learning system. The content, structure and methodological features of the implementation of the stochastics course for students of grades 10-11 of a secondary school are based on the use of such tools in the educational process as an online calculator for plotting functions, the Wolfram Alpha service, Google Docs and Google Tables services, the Yaklass remote training, the Banktest website.<url>", interactive module "Galton Board", educational website "Mathematics at school". It will be interesting for students, undergraduates, postgraduates, mathematics teachers, as well as specialists improving their qualifications in the field of pedagogical education.

It is well understood that use of information is essential not only for justifying the investments made in building information systems, but they are also essential for improving the quality and equity of healthcare delivery. The paradox is that there is a data overload that impedes relevant information use, and to solve this more IT systems are deployed, thus creating more data, which further confounds the information use problem. One reason for this is that health information systems in LMICs are typically not conceived as built for users at different levels with varying needs, but primarily to satisfy the monitoring and control needs of central apex authorities and funding agencies. While in recent years, tremendous improvements have been made in LMICs, there still tends to exist a weak understanding and use of indicators, poor data quality that is all too readily and mistakenly attributed to non-truthful reporting when there are many other remediable factors at work. The Expanded PHI approach seeks to address these issues. It posits that meanings can be best made only through ‘conversations over data’, and user friendly systems requires ‘communities of practice’ to build and sustain.

Although the Information Age is often described as a new era, a cultural leap springing directly from the invention of modern computers, it is simply the latest step in a long cultural process. Its conceptual roots stretch back to the profound changes that occurred during the Age of Reason and Revolution. When Information Came of Age argues that the key to the present era lies in understanding the systems developed in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to gather, store, transform, display, and communicate information. The book provides a concise and readable survey of the many conceptual developments between 1700 and 1850 and draws connections to leading technologies of today. It documents three breakthroughs in information systems that date to the period: the classification and nomenclature of Linnaeus, the chemical system devised by Lavoisier, and the metric system. It shows how eighteenth-century political arithmeticians and demographers pioneered statistics and graphs as a means for presenting data succinctly and visually. It describes the transformation of cartography from art to science as it incorporated new methods for determining longitude at sea and new data on the measure the arc of the meridian on land. Finally, it looks at the early steps in codifying and transmitting information, including the development of dictionaries, the invention of semaphore telegraphs and naval flag signaling, and the conceptual changes in the use and purpose of postal services. When Information Came of Age shows that like the roots of democracy and industrialization, the foundations of the Information Age were built in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century.

Abstract Every literary household in nineteenth-century Britain had a commonplace book, scrapbook, or album. Coleridge called his collection “Fly-Catchers”, while George Eliot referred to one of her commonplace books as a “Quarry,” and Michael Faraday kept quotations in his “Philosophical Miscellany.” Nevertheless, the nineteenth-century commonplace book, along with associated traditions like the scrapbook and album, remain under-studied. This book tells the story of how technological and social changes altered methods for gathering, storing, and organizing information in nineteenth-century Britain. As the commonplace book moved out of the school and into the home, it took on elements of the album. At the same time, the explosion of print allowed readers to cheaply cut-and-paste extractions rather than copying out quotations by hand. Built on the evidence of over 300 manuscripts, this study unearths the composition practices of well-known writers such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Sir Walter Scott, George Eliot, and Alfred Lord Tennyson, and their less well-known contemporaries. Divided into two parts, the first half of the book contends that methods for organizing knowledge developed in line with the period’s dominant epistemic frameworks, while the second half argues that commonplace books helped Romantics and Victorians organize people. Chapters focus on prominent organizational methods in nineteenth-century commonplacing, often attached to an associated epistemic virtue: diaristic forms and the imagination (Chapter Two); “real time” entries signaling objectivity (Chapter Three); antiquarian remnants, serving as empirical evidence for historical arguments (Chapter Four); communally produced commonplace books that attest to socially constructed knowledge (Chapter Five); and blank spaces in commonplace books of mourning (Chapter Six).

AbstractCustomer relationship management (CRM) is proving to be one of the most promising business strategies. However, in the field of destination marketing literature, a problem exists as to how data-supported CRM can be established. While customer data management has already been well exploited in other industries, DMOs lack customer proximity and data sovereignty. The aim of this paper is to fill this research gap and show how a data-based CRM can be deployed by DMOs based on the principles of social exchange theory. In 13 expert interviews, these aspects were examined from the DMO’s point of view. The results show that the exchange relationship must be established taking into account the DMO’s extraordinary conditions and critical success factors. In order to stimulate guests’ desire for dialogue or the willingness to disclose personal data, DMOs should offer high-quality customer benefits. A combination of hedonic and utilitarian benefits are found to be the most effective stimuli. In return, only the most necessary customer information should be requested and subsequently built passively. Only if the cost and benefit ratio of the exchange relationship is positive for both parties, a database for the CRM can be built in order to foster long-lasting relationships with potential and returning guests.

AbstractWe have established that false information online harms the civic body, driven by the economics of emotion and the politics of emotion. What should be done about this? Multi-stakeholder solutions have been proffered by various countries’ governmental inquiries into disinformation and fake news, and by supranational bodies including the United Nations, European Union and Commonwealth. This chapter assesses seven solution areas: namely, (1) coercive and non-coercive government action, (2) cybersecurity, (3) digital intermediaries/platforms, (4) advertisers, (5) professional political persuaders and public relations, (6) media organisations and (7) education. As well as being intrinsically difficult areas to solve individually, let alone in concert, the chapter concludes that such solutions merely tinker at the edges as they do not address a fundamental incubator for false information online: namely, the business model for social media platforms built on the economics of emotion.

AbstractWhen a renovation process takes place, different stakeholders are responsible of several activities and their interaction occurs at different stages of the building process. Therefore, a deep analysis of possible activities for different stakeholders in each different stage of the life cycle helps outlining how to optimize their interaction, thanks to the use of BIM-based tools that can smooth collaboration and data gathering. As it is commonly agreed that information losses, data lacks or redundancies are one of the main causes of time delay and cost increase, a flowchart representing the building process in case of renovation has been developed and then used to design a BIM management system (BIMMS) to allow every stakeholder along the life cycle of a building (and built asset) finding required information and share existing or new datasets in a straightforward and conflict-free manner. A particular attention has been paid in individualising differences between the public and private sectors, to be successfully applied to the renovation process in both the sectors.

AbstractAs global travel emerges from the pandemic, pent up interest in travel will lead to consumers making their choice between global destinations. Instagram is a key source of destination inspiration. DMO marketing success on this channel relies on projecting a destination image that resonates with this target group. However, usual text-based marketing intelligence on this channel does not work as content is consumed first and foremost as a visual projection. The author has built a deep learning based visual classifier for destination image measurement from photos. In this paper, we compare projected and perceived destination images in Instagram photography for four of the most Instagrammed destinations worldwide. We find that whereas the projected destination image aligns well to the perceived image, there are specific aspects of the destinations that are of more interest to Instagrammers than reflected in the current destination marketing.

AbstractThe introduction of the sharing economy has revolutionized resident-tourist relationships and provides further implications of destination sustainability. Built on several well-established theories, this conceptual study intends to develop a new and holistic framework to examine destination sustainability, focusing on the change of resident-tourist relationships. The framework is first guided by the stakeholder theory to identify the four key stakeholders in the new sharing economy context: residents, tourists, governments, and the sharing economy platform. With the collaboration theory and resource theory as a foundation, the framework then describes each stakeholder’s specific needs and resources. The service-dominant logic further supports service exchanges and value co-creation among stakeholders. The framework then adopts the capital theory approach to conceptualize destination sustainability in terms of human, social, natural and manufactured capital. Finally, three propositions are developed to justify the new peer-to-peer collaboration paradigm that leads to destination sustainability. The proposed framework is aligned with the six-pillar transformation in e-Tourism research and serves as an intelligent solution to destination sustainable development in the sharing economy context.

This article investigates the complex nature of information in information systems (IS). Based on the systems thinking framework, this study argues that information in IS is a system in its own right. A conceptual model of information-as-system is built on the systems thinking perspective adopted from Gharajedaghi’s holistic thinking rooted from Ackoff systems approach, which is developed through Peirce’s semiotics with the validity support of Metcalfe and Powell’s perspective of information perception, Mingers and Brocklesby’s schema of situational actions, Toulmin’s theory of argumentation and Ulrich’s theory of systems boundary. The proposed model of information-as-systems is described in terms of triads–on the structure, function, and process, all interdependent–in a context of information-as-system in IS.

Topicality of modeling information transparency is determined by the influence it has on the effectiveness of management decisions made by an economic entity in the context of uncertainty and information asymmetry. It has been found that information transparency is a poorly structured category which acts as a qualitative characteristic of information and at certain levels forms an additional spectrum of properties of the information that has been adequately perceived or processed. As a result of structuring knowledge about the factor environment, a fuzzy cognitive model of information transparency was constructed in the form of a weighted digraph. Structural analysis and scenario forecasting of optimal alternatives of the fuzzy cognitive model made it possible to evaluate the classes of factors, identify their limited relations, establish the centrality of the roles of information transparency and information and communication security in the system built and evaluate their importance when modeling the situation self-development. Information visibility, reliability and availability have been found to have the strongest impact on the system. Taking into account different initial weights of the key factors — information transparency and information and communication security — the study substantiates the strategic ways for economic entities to achieve their goals in the context of uncertainty and information asymmetry, which allows us to use this approach as a tool for strategic management in the information environment.

Disruptive socio-natural transformations and climatic change, where system invariants and symmetries break down, defy the traditional complexity paradigms such as machine learning and artificial intelligence. In order to overcome this, we introduced non-ergodic Information Physics, bringing physical meaning to inferential metrics, and a coevolving flexibility to the metrics of information transfer, resulting in new methods for causal discovery and attribution. With this in hand, we develop novel dynamic models and analysis algorithms natively built for quantum information technological platforms, expediting complex system computations and rigour. Moreover, we introduce novel quantum sensing technologies in our Meteoceanics satellite constellation, providing unprecedented spatiotemporal coverage, resolution and lead, whilst using exclusively sustainable materials and processes across the value chain. Our technologies bring out novel information physical fingerprints of extreme events, with recently proven records in capturing early warning signs for extreme hydro-meteorologic events and seismic events, and do so with unprecedented quantum-grade resolution, robustness, security, speed and fidelity in sensing, processing and communication. Our advances, from Earth to Space, further provide crucial predictive edge and added value to early warning systems of natural hazards and long-term predictions supporting climatic security and action.

Information epidemiology or infodemiology is the study of infodemics - defined by the World Health Organization as an overabundance of information, some accurate and some not, that occurs during a pandemic or other significant event that may impact public health. Infodemic management is the practice of infodemiology and may sit within the risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) pillar of a public health response. However, it is relevant to all aspects of preparedness and response, including the development and evaluation of interventions. Social scientists have much to contribute to infodemic management as, while it must be data and evidence driven, it must also be built on a thorough understanding of affected communities in order to develop participatory approaches, reinforce local capacity and support local solutions.

Information epidemiology or infodemiology is the study of infodemics - defined by the World Health Organization as an overabundance of information, some accurate and some not, that occurs during a pandemic or other significant event that may impact public health. Infodemic management is the practice of infodemiology and may sit within the risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) pillar of a public health response. However, it is relevant to all aspects of preparedness and response, including the development and evaluation of interventions. Social scientists have much to contribute to infodemic management as, while it must be data and evidence driven, it must also be built on a thorough understanding of affected communities in order to develop participatory approaches, reinforce local capacity and support local solutions.

Information epidemiology or infodemiology is the study of infodemics - defined by the World Health Organization as an overabundance of information, some accurate and some not, that occurs during a pandemic or other significant event that may impact public health. Infodemic management is the practice of infodemiology and may sit within the risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) pillar of a public health response. However, it is relevant to all aspects of preparedness and response, including the development and evaluation of interventions. Social scientists have much to contribute to infodemic management as, while it must be data and evidence driven, it must also be built on a thorough understanding of affected communities in order to develop participatory approaches, reinforce local capacity and support local solutions.

Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.

Review question / Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of escitalopram and agomelatine in the major depressive disorder. Condition being studied: Major depressive disorder (MDD), is one of the most common, costly, and disabling mental health conditions worldwide, with an estimated 246 million sufferers globally in 2020.At present, there is a great demand for effective antidepressant treatment in medicine. Information sources: We will search, with no time restrictions, the following databases for relevant English language literature: PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Web of Science. The search string will be built as follows: (escitalopram) AND (agomelatine) AND (major depressed disorder).

Many description logics (DLs) combine knowledge representation on an abstract, logical level with an interface to 'concrete' domains such as numbers and strings with built-in predicates such as <, +, and prefix-of. These hybrid DLs have turned out to be quite useful for reasoning about conceptual models of information systems, and as the basis for expressive ontology languages. We propose to further extend such DLs with key constraints that allow the expression of statements like 'US citizens are uniquely identified by their social security number'. Based on this idea, we introduce a number of natural description logics and perform a detailed analysis of their decidability and computational complexity. It turns out that naive extensions with key constraints easily lead to undecidability, whereas more careful extensions yield NEXPTIME-complete DLs for a variety of useful concrete domains.