Journal articles on the topic 'Arunta Complex'
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1
GOSCOMBE, B. "High-Grade Reworking of Central Australian Granulites: Metamorphic Evolution of the Arunta Complex." Journal of Petrology 33, no. 4 (August 1, 1992): 917–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/33.4.917.
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Rickard, M. J. "Central Australia (Arunta Complex and Amadeus Basin)—history of work and outline of problems." Tectonophysics 158, no. 1-4 (February 1989): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90311-9.
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Norman, A. R., and G. L. Clarke. "A barometric response to late compression in the Strangways Metamorphic Complex, Arunta Block, central Australia." Journal of Structural Geology 12, no. 5-6 (January 1990): 667–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(90)90081-9.
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Zhao, Jian-Xin, and John A. Cooper. "The Atnarpa Igneous Complex, southeast Arunta Inlier, central Australia: implications for subduction at an Early-Mid Proterozoic continental margin." Precambrian Research 56, no. 3-4 (May 1992): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(92)90103-u.
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Sivell, W. J., and J. D. Foden. "Amphibolites from the Entia Gneiss Complex, Eastern Arunta inlier: Geochemical evidence for a proterozoic transition from extensional to compressional tectonics." Precambrian Research 38, no. 3 (March 1988): 235–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(88)90004-6.
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Carr, Lidena, Russell Korsch, Wolfgang Preiss, Sandra Menpes, Josef Holzschuh, and Ross Costelloe. "Structural and stratigraphic architecture of Australia's frontier onshore sedimentary basins: the Arckaringa, Officer, Amadeus, and Georgina basins." APPEA Journal 51, no. 2 (2011): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj10083.
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The Onshore Energy Security Program—funded by the Australian Government and conducted by Geoscience Australia—has acquired deep seismic reflection data in conjunction with state and territory geological surveys, across several frontier sedimentary basins to stimulate petroleum exploration in onshore Australia. Here, we present data from two seismic lines collected in SA and NT. Seismic line 08GA-OM1 crossed the Arckaringa and Officer basins in SA and the southern-most Amadeus Basin in NT. Seismic line 09GA-GA1 crossed the northeastern part of the Amadeus Basin and the complete width of the southern Georgina Basin in NT. Structural and sequence stratigraphic interpretations of the seismic lines will be presented here, followed by an assessment of the petroleum potential of the basins. Seismic line 08GA-OM1 also crosses the Neoproterozoic to Devonian eastern Officer Basin. The basin is structurally complex in this area, being dominated by south-directed thrust faults and fault-related folds—providing potential for underthrust petroleum plays. The northern margin of the basin is overthrust to the south by the Mesoproterozoic Musgrave Province. To the north, the Moorilyanna Trough of the Officer Basin is a major depocentre of up to 7,000 m deep. Both seismic lines cross parts of the eastern Amadeus Basin. Seismic line 08GA-OM1 shows that the southern margin of the basin is overthrust to the north by the Musgrave Province with the main movement during the Petermann Orogeny. In the northeast, seismic line 09GA-GA1 crosses two parts of the basin separated by the Paleoproteroozic to Mesoproterozoic Casey Inlier (part of the Arunta Region). The northern margin of the basin is imaged seismically as a southward-verging, thinned-skinned thrust belt, showing considerable structural thickening of the stratigraphic succession. Seismic line 09GA-GA1 was positioned to cross that part of the southern Georgina Basin that was considered previously to be in the oil window. Here, the basin has a complex southern margin, with Neoproterozoic stratigraphy being thrust interleaved with basement rocks of the Arunta Region. The main part of the basin, containing a Neoproterozoic to Devonian succession, is asymmetric, thinning to the north where it overlies the Paleoproterozoic Davenport Province. The well, Phillip–2, drilled adjacent to the seismic line, intersected basement at a depth of 1,489 m, and has been used to map the stratigraphic sequences across the basin.
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Maidment, DW, M. Hand, and IS Williams. "Tectonic cycles in the Strangways Metamorphic Complex, Arunta Inlier, central Australia: geochronological evidence for exhumation and basin formation between two high-grade metamorphic events*." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 2 (April 2005): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120090500139414.
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Ferdinand, Richard W. "Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment and site analyses of Arusha International Conference Centre (AICC), Arusha, Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 826–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i2.37.
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This work presents the evaluation of earthquake resistance of the Arusha International ConferenceCentre (AICC) complex, in Tanzania. The evaluation included probabilistic seismic hazardanalysis (PSHA) and site response analysis. Seismic sources considered to constitute a seismichazard in this study were randomly occurring seismicity located within five tectonic provincesaround the site. For each province the seismic hazard is based on a cursory analysis of earthquakedata from compiled ESARSWG bulletins and temporary deployed networks within the NorthTanzania Divergence (NTD). Bedrock response signal together with the information of materialcharacteristics from boreholes around the AICC site were used in analysis of site response. PSHAresults indicated uniform hazard spectra values of 0.15, 0.2 and 0.27 g for return periods of 475,975 and 2475 years, respectively. The surface ground response results indicated a maximumamplification factor of 3.7 and a spectral response of 4.5 g for a wave period of 0.6 sec thatmatches the natural frequency of the 6-7 storey buildings of the AICC complex. It is thisresonance effect on the buildings that is assumed to have caused intense shaking in the earthquakeof December 5th 2005 from Lake Tanganyika.
Keywords: Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis; Arusha International Conference Centre; EastAfrican Rift System; Uniform hazard spectra; Site effect.
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Jike, Wuhe, Mingai Li, Nicola Zadra, Enrico Barbaro, Gaurav Sablok, Giorgio Bertorelle, Omar Rota-Stabelli, and Claudio Varotto. "Phylogenomic proof of Recurrent Demipolyploidization and Evolutionary Stalling of the “Triploid Bridge” in Arundo (Poaceae)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 5247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155247.
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Polyploidization is a frequent phenomenon in plants, which entails the increase from one generation to the next by multiples of the haploid number of chromosomes. While tetraploidization is arguably the most common and stable outcome of polyploidization, over evolutionary time triploids often constitute only a transient phase, or a “triploid bridge”, between diploid and tetraploid levels. In this study, we reconstructed in a robust phylogenomic and statistical framework the evolutionary history of polyploidization in Arundo, a small genus from the Poaceae family with promising biomass, bioenergy and phytoremediation species. Through the obtainment of 10 novel leaf transcriptomes for Arundo and outgroup species, our results prove that recurrent demiduplication has likely been a major driver of evolution in this species-poor genus. Molecular dating further demonstrates that the species originating by demiduplication stalled in the “triploid bridge” for evolutionary times in the order of millions of years without undergoing tetratploidization. Nevertheless, we found signatures of molecular evolution highlighting some of the processes that accompanied the genus radiation. Our results clarify the complex nature of Arundo evolution and are valuable for future gene functional validation as well as reverse and comparative genomics efforts in the Arundo genus and other Arundinoideae.
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Di Fidio, Nicola, Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti, Sara Fulignati, Domenico Licursi, Federico Liuzzi, Isabella De Bari, and Claudia Antonetti. "Multi-Step Exploitation of Raw Arundo donax L. for the Selective Synthesis of Second-Generation Sugars by Chemical and Biological Route." Catalysts 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10010079.
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Lignocellulosic biomass represents one of the most important feedstocks for future biorefineries, being a precursor of valuable bio-products, obtainable through both chemical and biological conversion routes. Lignocellulosic biomass has a complex matrix, which requires the careful development of multi-step approaches for its complete exploitation to value-added compounds. Based on this perspective, the present work focuses on the valorization of hemicellulose and cellulose fractionsof giant reed (Arundo donax L.) to give second-generation sugars, minimizing the formation of reaction by-products. The conversion of hemicellulose to xylose was undertaken in the presence of the heterogeneous acid catalyst Amberlyst-70 under microwave irradiation. The effect of the main reaction parameters, such as temperature, reaction time, catalyst, and biomass loadings on sugars yield was studied, developing a high gravity approach. Under the optimised reaction conditions (17 wt% Arundo donax L. loading, 160 °C, Amberlyst-70/Arundo donax L. weight ratio 0.2 wt/wt), the xylose yield was 96.3 mol%. In the second step, the cellulose-rich solid residue was exploited through the chemical or enzymatic route, obtaining glucose yields of 32.5 and 56.2 mol%, respectively. This work proves the efficiency of this innovative combination of chemical and biological catalytic approaches, for the selective conversion of hemicellulose and cellulose fractions of Arundo donax L. to versatile platform products.
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Danelli, Tommaso, Marina Laura, Marco Savona, Michela Landoni, Fabrizio Adani, and Roberto Pilu. "Genetic Improvement of Arundo donax L.: Opportunities and Challenges." Plants 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111584.
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Arundo donax L., the giant reed—being a long-duration, low-cost, non-food energy crop able to grow in marginal lands—has emerged as a potential alternative to produce biomass for both energy production, with low carbon emissions, and industrial bioproducts. In recent years, pioneering efforts have been made to genetically improve this very promising energy crop. This review analyses the recent advances and challenges encountered in using clonal selection, mutagenesis/somaclonal variation and transgenesis/genome editing. Attempts to improve crop yield, in vitro propagation efficiency, salt and heavy metal tolerance by clonal selection were carried out, although limited by the species’ low genetic diversity and availability of mutants. Mutagenesis and somaclonal variation have also been attempted on this species; however, since Arundo donax is polyploid, it is very difficult to induce and select promising mutations. In more recent years, genomics and transcriptomics data are becoming available in Arundo, closing the gap to make possible the genetic manipulation of this energy crop in the near future. The challenge will regard the functional characterization of the genes/sequences generated by genomic sequencing and transcriptomic analysis in a complex polyploid genome.
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Intan, Tania. "CINDERELLA COMPLEX PADA TEEN LIT “EIFFEL I’M IN LOVE” KARYA RAHMANIA ARUNITA DAN “FAIRISH” KARYA ESTI KINASIH." JENTERA: Jurnal Kajian Sastra 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jentera.v8i2.1476.
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R. Mamdoh, Zainab, and Sahira S. Abd-Ulrazzaq. "Adsorption of P-Aminodiphenylamine with Iodine Charge Transfer Complex on Surface Arundo Plant." Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/anjs.22.4.01.
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You, Ting-Ting, Li-Ming Zhang, Su-Kun Zhou, and Feng Xu. "Structural elucidation of lignin–carbohydrate complex (LCC) preparations and lignin from Arundo donax Linn." Industrial Crops and Products 71 (September 2015): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.070.
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Petuch, Edward, and David Berschauer. "Two New Species of Tenorioconus (Gastropoda: Conidae) from Aruba." Festivus 47, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.54173/f473195.
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Two new members of the Caribbean Province endemic conid genus Tenorioconus Petuch and Drolshagen, 2011 are described from the Netherlands Antilles island of Aruba. One of the new species, Tenorioconus monicae n. sp., was found to belong to the Tenorioconus mappa species complex and is most similar to the Venezuelan coastal species T. sanguineus (Kiener, 1850) and T. caracanus (Hwass, 1792). The other new species, T. rosi n. sp., was found to belong to the T. aurantius species complex and is most similar to the Aruban endemic T. curassaviensis (Hwass, 1792) and the Curacao and Bonaire endemic T. aurantius (Hwass, 1792). The discovery of these two new taxa demonstrates that three distinct, endemic species of Tenorioconus occur in shallow water areas around Aruba.
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Shatalov, A. A., and H. Pereira. "Ethanol-Enhanced Alkaline Pulping of Arundo donax L. Reed: Influence of Solvent on Pulp Yield and Quality." Holzforschung 56, no. 5 (August 26, 2002): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.078.
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Summary The effect of solvent on yield and properties of ethanol-alkali pulps from Arundo donax L. was studied. Selectivity of pulping was significantly improved with increase in solvent proportion in the cooking liquor. A rise in ethanol concentration from 20 to 60% (by vol.) increased pulp yield from 44.0 to 48.9%, while decreasing residual lignin from 5.0 to 3.0%. Ethanol addition had a positive effect on preservation of carbohydrate complex against degradation in alkaline medium. Intrinsic viscosity of cellulose was improved up to 35% and xylan content increased from 8.6 to 12.1% with increase in ethanol concentration from 20 to 60%. The preservation of minor non-cellulosic polysaccharides with solvent addition was also observed. The papermaking properties of ethanol-alkali pulps were best for 20% ethanol content. An increase in solvent charge led to a drop in burst, tear and tensile pulp strength. Solvent addition assisted the conversion of glucuronic to hexenuronic acids, whereas the content of HexA in ethanol-alkali pulps of Arundo donax (about 10 μmol/g) was substantially lower than reported for kraft pulps from wood.
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Ofer, Yosef. "Methods of Encoding in Samuel De Archevolti's Arugat Ha-Bosem." European Journal of Jewish Studies 2, no. 1 (2008): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187247108786120864.
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AbstractThe grammar book Arugat Ha-Bosem is the major work compiled by the Italian scholar R. Sh'muel ben Elhanan Ya'acov Archevolti, born c. 1530 and died in 1611. The book was completed in the city of Padua in 1602 and was published in Venice. It is a comprehensive, 32-chapter book dealing with the Hebrew language. Chapter Thirty in this book discusses many different ways of encoding a text, its perspective being that these too are types of human “languages of communication,” and are thus worthy of being discussed in a book dealing with language. The writer discusses ways of communicating with a deaf mute who neither hears nor speaks, with physical encoding by means of hidden inks, and mainly with the systematic encoding of messages, some systems being simple and others more complex.
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Saltonstall, Kristin, Adam Lambert, and Laura A. Meyerson. "Genetics and Reproduction of Common (Phragmites australis) and Giant Reed (Arundo donax)." Invasive Plant Science and Management 3, no. 4 (December 2010): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-09-053.1.
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AbstractGenetic diversity and reproductive characteristics may play an important role in the invasion process. Here, we review the genetic structure and reproductive characteristics of common reed and giant reed, two of the most aggressive, large-statured invasive grasses in North America. Common reed reproduces both sexually and asexually and has a complex population structure, characterized by three subspecies with overlapping distributions; of which, one is introduced, one native, and the third is of unknown origins. These three subspecies show varying levels of genetic diversity, with introduced common reed having high levels of nuclear diversity, indicating that multiple introductions have likely occurred. In contrast, giant reed has low genetic diversity and appears to reproduce solely via asexual fragments yet is highly aggressive in parts of its introduced range. Both species are well-adapted for growth in human-dominated landscapes, which is presumably facilitated by their rhizomatous growth habit.
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Arunan, Elangannan, and Devendra Mani. "Dynamics of the chemical bond: inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bond." Faraday Discussions 177 (2015): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00167b.
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In this discussion, we show that a static definition of a ‘bond’ is not viable by looking at a few examples for both inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding. This follows from our earlier work (Goswami and Arunan,Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.2009,11, 8974) which showed a practical way to differentiate ‘hydrogen bonding’ from ‘van der Waals interaction’. We report results fromab initioand atoms in molecules theoretical calculations for a series of Rg⋯HX complexes (Rg = He/Ne/Ar and X = F/Cl/Br) and ethane-1,2-diol. Results for the Rg⋯HX/DX complexes show that Rg⋯DX could have a ‘deuterium bond’ even when Rg⋯HX is not ‘hydrogen bonded’, according to the practical criterion given by Goswami and Arunan. Results for ethane-1,2-diol show that an ‘intra-molecular hydrogen bond’ can appear during a normal mode vibration which is dominated by the O⋯O stretching, though a ‘bond’ is not found in the equilibrium structure. This dynamical ‘bond’ formation may nevertheless be important in ensuring the continuity of electron density across a molecule. In the former case, a vibration ‘breaks’ an existing bond and in the later case, a vibration leads to ‘bond’ formation. In both cases, the molecule/complex stays bound irrespective of what happens to this ‘hydrogen bond’. Both these cases push the borders on the recent IUPAC recommendation on hydrogen bonding (Arunanet al. Pure. Appl. Chem.2011,831637) and justify the inclusive nature of the definition.
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Feghali, James, and Judy Huang. "Updates in arteriovenous malformation management: the post-ARUBA era." Stroke and Vascular Neurology 5, no. 1 (September 21, 2019): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/svn-2019-000248.
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Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are complex and heterogeneous lesions that can rupture, causing significant morbidity and mortality. While ruptured lesions are usually treated, the management of unruptured AVMs remains unclear. A Randomized trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA) was the first trial conducted to compare the effects of medical and interventional therapy. Although it concluded that medical therapy was superior in preventing stroke and death over a follow-up period of 33 months, the findings were met with intense criticism regarding several aspects of study design, progression, and analysis/conclusion. Namely, the increased use of stand-alone embolisation relative to microsurgery in a cohort with predominantly low-grade lesions combined with a short follow-up period amplified treatment risk. Subsequently, several observational studies were conducted on ARUBA-eligible patients to investigate the safety and efficacy of microsurgery, radiosurgery, and endovascular embolisation over longer follow-up periods. These reports showed that favourable safety profiles and cure rates can be achieved with appropriate patient selection and judicious use of different treatment modalities in multidisciplinary centres. Since large prospective randomised trials on AVMs may not be feasible, it is important to make use of practice-based data beyond the flawed ARUBA study to optimise patients’ lifetime outcomes.
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Petuch, Edward, David Berschauer, and Andre Poremski. "Additions to the Cone Shell Faunas of Australia and Aruba (Conidae, Conilithidae)." Festivus 47, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54173/f474219.
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Two new cone shells, one in the family Conidae and one in the family Conilithidae, are described from eastern Australia and Aruba. The new conid, Tesselliconus devorsinei n. sp., was dredged from 30 m depth off southern Queensland, Australia, and represents the newest member of a poorly-known deeper Neritic Zone Tesselliconus species complex that includes T. sandwichensis and T. athenae from Hawaii, T. kashiwajimensis from southern Japan, and T. edaphus from the Panamic Province. The new conilithid, Jaspidiconus vantwoudti n. sp., was found to be endemic to the Dutch Antilles island of Aruba, where it occurs in shallow subtidal rocky areas in the surf and surge zone.
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OZCELIK, Sezai, and Belma ENGIN GUDER. "BURUNDI: A CONFLICT INTERVENTION DESIGN DURING THE 1990S." Conflict Studies Quarterly, no. 38 (January 2022): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/csq.38.3.
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Among many various conflict analysis methods, Dennis J. D. Sandole’s three pillar model presents a systematic road-map to identify the main issues, causes, and conditions of conflicts, as well as third-party conflict intervention approach. Three pillar model is also well suited to the analysis of complex conflict in Burundi and its intervention process by the third parties during the 1990s. This paper touches on the issues, causes, and conditions of Burundian conflict as Sandole’s first and second pillars suggest, but primarily focuses on the intervention aspect in line with the third pillar of the model. In this context, the conflict intervention framework in Burundi is examined based on the regionally launched Arusha peace process, which resulted in a peace agreement. Following that, given the multi-level nature of the conflict in Burundi, it is discussed how an effective conflict intervention can be designed in order to resolve conflicts and ensure positive peace in the country. Keywords: Burundi, conflict analysis, Sandole’s Three Pillar Model, conflict intervention.
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Vasmara, Ciro, Stefania Galletti, Stefano Cianchetta, and Enrico Ceotto. "Advancements in Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) Biomass Pre-Treatments for Biogas Production: A Review." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020949.
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Giant reed is a non-food, tall, rhizomatous, spontaneous perennial grass that is widely diffused in warm-temperate environments under different pedo-climatic conditions. In such environments, it is considered one of the most promising energy crops in terms of economic and environmental sustainability, as it can also be cultivated on marginal lands. Owing to its complex and recalcitrant structure due to the lignin content, the use of giant reed as a feedstock for biogas production is limited. Thus, pre-treatment is necessary to improve the methane yield. The objective of this review was to critically present the possible pre-treatment methods to allow the giant reed to be transformed in biogas. Among the studied pre-treatments (i.e., hydrothermal, chemical, and biological), alkaline pre-treatments demonstrated better effectiveness in improving the methane yield. A further opportunity is represented by hybrid pre-treatments (i.e., chemical and enzymatic) to make giant reed biomass suitable for bio-hydrogen production. So far, the studies have been carried out at a laboratory scale; a future challenge to research is to scale up the pre-treatment process to a pilot scale.
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Vandeginste, Stef. "Political Representation of Minorities as Collateral Damage or Gain: The Batwa in Burundi and Rwanda." Africa Spectrum 49, no. 1 (April 2014): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971404900101.
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There is a remarkable discrepancy between the political representation of the Batwa ethnic minority group in Burundi compared to in Rwanda. Whereas Rwanda's focus on citizenship prevents the Batwa from claiming recognition as a politically salient societal segment, Burundi's governance model, characterized by ethnic, consociational power-sharing, guarantees the political representation of the Batwa in the legislative assemblies. The difference is mainly due to the various modalities of political transition that both countries have experienced. While in Rwanda, regime change came about through a military victory, Burundi's transition from conflict to peace involved a long and complex peace-negotiations process, with international mediators viewing the armed conflict and its resolution in explicitly ethnic terms. The Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement was a foundational moment for the recognition of the political participation rights of the Batwa in Burundi, despite the fact that they were not actively involved in Burundi's armed conflict, or in the peace negotiations. The comparative analysis in this paper offers insights into the potential of peace processes with respect to improved minority-rights protection following violent conflict.
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Näripea, Eva. "SCREENING SPACE IN FILM ADAPTATIONS OF ESTONIAN HISTORICAL FICTION: “THE LAST RELIC” (1969) AND “BETWEEN THREE PLAGUES” (1970)." Culture Crossroads 14 (November 9, 2022): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol14.93.
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This article analyses the spatial representations of “The Last Relic” (Viimne reliikvia, Grigori Kromanov, 1969) and “Between Three Plagues” (Kolme katku va? hel, Virve Aruoja, 1970). While almost diametrically different in terms of intention, execution and reception, the films exemplify the complex interplay of the past and the present that is typical to screen adaptations of historical fiction. “The Last Relic” and “Between Three Plagues” belong to the same wave of cinematic works that was inspired by debates on the architectural heritage of Tallinn’s Old Town in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Using this historical urban environment, as well as its broader field of connotations, as a central point of reference, the films provide intriguing critiques of the late Soviet period that was characterised by negotiations of power, identity and history. As specimens of the heritage film genre, “The Last Relic” and “Between Three Plagues” open up a room for discussing the discursive intricacies of narrating the nation, demonstrating that industrial conditions, audio-visual struc- tures and ideological undercurrents can sometimes lead to unexpected, even conflicting constellations.
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Chidaushe, Wilbert Kudakwashe. "The Impediments and Evolution of Derivatives in Sub Sahara Africa." Journal of Business Strategy Finance and Management 1 and 2, no. 1 and 2 (December 28, 2019): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/jbsfm.01.0102.06.
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The research follows on the Arusha declaration of 2005 and the global financial crisis of 2008 and explored the impediments and the evolution of derivatives in Sub Sahara Africa with special attention onZimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. The research has been based on a review of literature of the seminal authors and through a conduct of questionnaire surveys in each of the three countries of Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa. The purpose of the study was to identify any disparities in the evolution of commodities and financial derivatives in the Sub-Saharan African countries. The study uncovered that registered banks in Botswana and Zimbabwe relied so much on the forward agreement to protect against financial risk. Credit default swaps (CDS), currency options and simple foreign exchange swaps also were relatively used in Botswana by most commercial banks to hedge against risk. In South Africa, a wide variety of simple and complex futures and options products are effectively applied on commodities and currencies to protect against financial losses. Rodrigues, Schwarz and Seeger (2012) noted that the initiation of formal derivative markets can accelerate growth in the economies and decrease the fluctuations of the Gross Domestic Product.
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Hambati, Herbert. "Weathering the Storm: Community Socio-Economic and Physical Vulnerability Assessment of Informal Settlements to Disasters in Arusha City, Tanzania." Tanzania Journal of Science 48, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v48i2.10.
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Urban population growth has demonstrated a synergetic relationship with the growth of informal settlements and vulnerability to disasters in urban areas. This study employed Community Participatory Vulnerability Assessment (CPVA) to analyse vulnerability in informal settlements in Arusha City, Tanzania. The results show that a plethora of factors, including socio-economic and physical realities interact in complex non-linear ways to shape vulnerability to disasters in informal settlements in the city. The study shows that coping strategies of some individuals in informal settlements reinforce their risks to disasters. This is particularly demonstrated by the stones that are positioned on weak roof structures for protection, and which may potentially serve as projectiles in the event of storm. This quick-fix coping strategy, which results from short-sighted narrow conception of human relationship to the natural environment, may appear sustainable in the short-term. However, given the rising uncertainties of the future, it is unlikely to be sustainable. The study concludes that indigenous knowledge holds great potential in community responses to long term considerations regarding environmental hazards. The study also recommends that measures and strategies aimed at reducing disasters should address the whole set of issues leading to poverty and exposure disparities within the community.
Keywords: Assessment; vulnerability, disaster, informal settlements, Tanzania.
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Yesakhmetova, L. "Increase in exports of grain processing products." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2021-1-2708-9991.21.
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The implementation of strategic goals of the development of agro-industrial complex can be achieved due to the significant potential for growth in production volume of flour-cereals industry, competitive advantages. The article discusses the raw material reserves of domestic flour-cereal industry, sufficient for sustainable and balanced production of various types and varieties of flour, to fully meet the needs of the bakery, confectionery and pasta industries. Production indicators of flour output when all production capacities are loaded are presented, which determines the possibility of expanding export markets. The author states that flour and cereal industry, which is part of grain products subcomplex of agro-industrial complex, is included into the links of the added value chain, interacts with technologically related industries, which improve its structure, expand export opportunities, and contribute to the growth of the competitiveness of national economy. The importance of production of flour-milling products is determined by its contribution to the formation of food security in the country due to the significant increase in production of high-quality domestic food products. The author points out, that in Kazakhstan, the Roadmap on development of grain processing will be developed. The activities of the subsidiary LLP BioOperations (Tayinsha town, North Kazakhstan region) are aimed at production of bioethanol, wheat gluten, starch, flour and animal feed. The main direction of functioning of LLP "Aruana- 2010" is production of flour (wheat, bakery), providing it to trade enterprises and manufacture of bakery products. Flour of the "PATSHA" trademark is made from high quality grain, with high protein content, grown in ecologically clean fields of Kazakhstan.
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Mlowe, Fredy, Esron Karimuribo, Ernatus Mkupasi, Ayubu Churi, Antony D. Nyerere, Veronika Schmidt, Helena Ngowi, Andrea S. Winkler, and James Mlangwa. "Challenges in the Diagnosis of Taenia solium Cysticercosis and Taeniosis in Medical and Veterinary Settings in Selected Regions of Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study." Veterinary Medicine International 2022 (June 30, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7472051.
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Background. Taenia solium (neuro) cysticercosis/taeniosis (TSCT) is a zoonotic disease complex. There is a perceived inefficient diagnosis of infections by either form, the adult pork tapeworm (taeniosis) and the larval stage of it (cysticercosis), in low-income settings, including Tanzania. This study aimed at identifying potential gaps around TSCT diagnosis and knowledge of primary healthcare providers (officers in charge (OICs) of primary healthcare facilities (PHFs)) and veterinarians (meat inspectors (MIs)) on various aspects of TSCT disease complex and addressing effective disease control in Tanzania. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted between January and April 2020 in Manyara, Dodoma, Ruvuma, Iringa, and Arusha regions in Babati, Mbulu, Kongwa, Mbinga, and Nyasa districts. We interviewed 152 OICs of PHFs and 108 MIs using a structured questionnaire and 33 medical and veterinary officers from level I healthcare facilities and district livestock offices, respectively, from selected study districts to the respective ministerial level using key informant interviews. Results. Quantitative data revealed inadequate microscopic diagnostic facilities (54.6%) and personnel (100%) for taeniosis diagnosis in PHFs (n = 152). Approximately 81.2% of MIs compared with only 42.1% of OICs of PHFs scored above average regarding T. solium cysticerci knowledge. Nevertheless, 61.2% of OICs of PHFs compared with only 42.6% of MIs scored above average regarding the adult T. solium tapeworm knowledge. Qualitative data revealed inadequate availability of advanced diagnostic facilities (neuroimaging) and trained personnel for specific diagnosis of TSCT with a focus on neurocysticercosis (NCC) in secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities. Inadequately number of qualified MIs, slaughter slabs, and resource facilitation challenged porcine cysticercosis diagnosis. Conclusion. It is concluded that diagnostic capacity and knowledge of OICs of PHFs and MIs regarding TSCT are insufficient in both medical and veterinary sectors. A One Health approach should be adopted to improve TSCT diagnostic capacity and practitioners’ knowledge in both medical and veterinary sectors.
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Antonetti, Claudia, Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti, Domenico Licursi, Sara Fulignati, Nicola Di Fidio, Federica Zanetti, Andrea Monti, Tommaso Tabanelli, and Fabrizio Cavani. "Niobium and Zirconium Phosphates as Green and Water-Tolerant Catalysts for the Acid-Catalyzed Valorization of Bio-Based Chemicals and Real Lignocellulosic Biomasses." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101189.
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Commercial niobium and synthesized zirconium phosphates were tested as water-tolerant heterogeneous acid catalysts in the hydrothermal conversion of different bio-based substrates. Different acid-catalyzed reactions were performed using biomass-derived model compounds and more complex real lignocellulosic biomasses as the substrate. The conversion of glucose and cellulose was preliminarily investigated. Then, a wide plethora of raw lignocellulosic biomasses, such as conifer wood sawdust, Jerusalem artichoke, sorghum, miscanthus, foxtail millet, hemp and Arundo donax, were valorized towards the production of water-soluble saccharides, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid (LA) and furfural. The different catalytic performances of the two phosphates were explained on the basis of their acid features, total acidity, Brønsted/Lewis acid sites ratio and strength. Moreover, a better insight into their structure–acidity relationship was proposed. The different acid properties of niobium and zirconium phosphates enabled us to tune the reaction towards target products, achieving from glucose maximum HMF and LA yields of 24.4 and 24.0 mol%, respectively. Remarkably, when real Jerusalem artichoke biomass was adopted in the presence of niobium and zirconium phosphate, maximum yields of furanic compounds and cellulose-derived sugars of 12.7 and 50.0 mol%, respectively, were obtained, after only 1 h of reaction. The synthesized hydrolysates, which were found to be rich in C5 and C6 carbohydrates, can be better exploited for the cascade production of more added-value bio-products.
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Raj, A. Samson Arun, R. Venkatesan, S. Malathi, V. D. Ambeth Kumar, E. Thenmozhi, Anbarasu Dhandapani, M. Ashok Kumar, and B. Chitra. "A Mathematical Queuing Model Analysis Using Secure Data Authentication Framework for Modern Healthcare Applications." Journal of Sensors 2022 (September 16, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8397635.
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Healthcare application is one of the most promising developments to provide on-time demand services to the end users, vehicles, and other Road Side Units (RSUs) in the urban environment. In recent years, several application interfaces have been developed to connect, communicate, and share the required services from one source to another. However, the urban environment holds a complex entity of both homogenous and heterogeneous devices to which the communication/sensing range between the devices leads to connectivity breakage, lack of needed service in time, and other environmental constraints. Also, security plays a vital role in allowing everyone in the urban area to access/request services according to their needs. Again, this leads to a massive breakthrough in providing reliable service to authentic users or a catastrophic failure of service denial involving unauthorized user access. This paper proposes a novel topological architecture, Secure Authentication Relay-based Urban Network (S-ARUN), designed for healthcare and other smart city applications for registered transportation stakeholders. The registered stakeholders hold a built-in data security framework with three subsystems connected to the S-ARUN topology: (1) authentication subsystem: the stakeholder must identify themselves to the source responder as part of the authentication subsystem before transmitting the actual data service request; (2) connectivity subsystem: to periodically check the connection state of stakeholders as they travel along with the road pattern; and (3) service subsystem: each source responder will keep a separate queue for collecting data service requests, processing them quickly, and sending the results to the appropriate stakeholder. The Kerberos authentication method is used in working with S-ARUN’s model to connect the stakeholders securely and legitimately. The performance of the proposed S-ARUN is assessed, and the performance metric toward key generation and other data security-related metrics is tested with existing schemes.
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Panteva, M., T. Varadinova, and I. Turel. "Effect of Copper Acyclovir Complexes on Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) Infection in Cultured Cells." Metal-Based Drugs 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/mbd.1998.19.
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We have found that when copper, zinc or cobalt is bound to a suitable ligand, the appropriate complex exhibited a significant anti-HSV effect (Varadinova et al., 1993; 1996). Recently published data by Sagripanti et al. (1997) also show that the inhibition of HSV by copper was enhanced by reducing agents and that mechanism of the inactivation is similar as for copper-mediated DNA damage (Aruoma, et al. 1991; Dizdaroglu, et al., 1991; Toyokuni and Sagripanti, 1994). Therefore it was interesting to study the efect of Cu(ll) coordination compounds with acyclovir (ACV) on the replication of HSV in cultured cells. The experiments on cytotoxicity as well as on the activity of three different Cu-ACV complexes [Cu(ACV)2Cl2(H2O)2] = (A); [Cu(ACV)2(H2O)3](NO3)2.H2O = (B) and [Cu(ACV)2(H2O)2](NO3)2] = (C) towards virus replication, with special attention on the growth of ACV-resistant strain R-100 were performed on MDBK cells. ACV was used as a reference compound. The following results were obtained: 1) Increased cell’s viability in the presence of 20-40(g/ml ACV and decreased one in the presence of Cu-ACV complexes with relative level (A) >> (B) > (C); 2) Cu-ACV complexes are more cytotoxic than the ligand - ACV and the relative level is (C)>(B)>(A); 3) The anti-HSV effect of ACV can be modulated by copper at levels depending on the specificity of the particular virus strain: (i) for the ACV sensitive strain DA (HSV-1) - ACV ((A) > (C) > (B); (ii) for the ACV sensitive strain Bja (HSV-2) (A) > ACV > (C) > (B); (iii) for strain R-100 ( ACVR, TKa) - (A) > ACV > (C) > (B). This findings are consistent with previously published data and undoubtedly show that Cu-ACV complexes could be useful in the treatment of HSV infections, especially when the causative agent is a resistant to ACV mutant.
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Bettencourt, Arthur Fernandes, Daniel Gonçalves da Silva, Bruna Martins de Menezes, Tisa Echevarria Leite, Joseane Anjos da Silva, Isabelle Damé Veber Angelo, Vicente de Paulo Macedo, and Elisa Cristina Modesto. "Influence of pasture, silvopastoral, and feedlot production systems and the recording interval of behavioral activities on the ingestive behavior of lambs." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 43, no. 4 (April 27, 2022): 1481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n4p1481.
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The evaluation of the ingestive behavior of ruminant animals is important to identify the animal response to the particularities of the different production systems. However, the five-minute evaluation technique requires personnel, making it difficult to adhere to farms and research in more complex pastoral systems. Thus, this study objected to evaluating the influence of pasture, silvopastoral, and feedlot production systems on the ingestive behavior of lambs and to defining the behavior recording interval in each of the systems. Twenty-four lambs were distributed in an experimental design in split plots. The plots were the production systems (pasture without shading - PS, silvopastoral - SS, and feedlot systems - FS) and the subplots were the behavior observation intervals (5, 10, 15, and 20 min.). In the pasture without shading and silvopastoral systems, the lambs were kept on Aruana grass (Megathyrsus maximus) pasture and supplemented with concentrate at 1.5% of body weight per day, on a dry matter (DM) basis. In the feedlot system, the lambs received a diet consisting of 200 g kg DM-1 of annual ryegrass hay (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and 800 g kg DM-1 of concentrate. There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between the production system and the recording interval of behavioral activities. The time spent on food intake was higher (P < 0.05) in the pasture (533 min d-1) and silvopastoral (513 min d-1) systems than in the feedlot (225 min d-1). In contrast, for water intake, time was higher (P < 0.05) in the feedlot (21 min d-1) and lower in the silvopastoral system (5 min d-1). There was no difference (P > 0.05) between the systems for rumination and idle activities, of which daily averages were 378 and 587 min d-1, respectively. There was also no difference (P > 0.05) between the observation intervals for feed, water, rumination, and idleness activities. Lambs in pasture-based systems spend more time feeding, and feedlot lambs spend more time ingesting water. Feedlot lambs ruminate as much as grazing animals when fed hay, even though hay represents only 20% of the total diet. The recording interval of behavioral activities in these production systems can be up to 20 minutes.
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"Tectonic evolution and fabric development of the arunta complex in the Harts Range, Central Australia." Journal of Structural Geology 7, no. 3-4 (January 1985): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(85)90072-0.
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Holloway, Ron. "Delhi 2005." Kinema: A Journal for Film and Audiovisual Media, November 20, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/kinema.vi.1093.
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CINEFAN FESTIVAL OF ASIAN CINEMA IN DELHI 2005 Back in 1999, when the First Cinefan Festival of Asian Cinema was launched in New Delhi by publicist Aruna Vasudev, together with UNESCO friends and with the support of Delhi Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit, the program numbered only 27 Asian films. Seven years later, in partnership with entrepreneur Neville Tuli and his Indian auction house for popular art and Hollywood-Bollywood memorabilia, the re-christened 7th Ocean's Cinefan Festival of Asian Cinema (15-24 July 2005) could offer its public of feast of 121 Asian films from 35 countries. The films were presented on four screens in the Siri Fort Complex, plus an extra venue at the Alliance Française. The evening shows were nearly all sold out. How did Delhi become one of the biggest and most representative festivals of Asian cinema? Only Pusan in Korea and Filmex in Tokyo are comparable oases of...
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Broekhuizen, Henk, Monic Lansu, Jakub Gajewski, Chiara Pittalis, Martilord Ifeanyichi, Adinan Juma, Paul Marealle, et al. "Using Group Model Building to Capture the Complex Dynamics of Scaling Up District-Level Surgery in Arusha Region, Tanzania." International Journal of Health Policy and Management, December 13, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2020.249.
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Background: Scaling up surgery at district hospitals (DHs) is the critical challenge if the Tanzanian national Surgical, Obstetric, and Anesthesia Plan (NSOAP) objectives are to be achieved. Our study aims to address this challenge by taking a dynamic view of surgical scale-up at the district level using a participatory research approach. Methods: A group model building (GMB) workshop was held with 18 professionals from three hospitals in the Arusha region. They built a graphical representation of the local system of surgical services delivery through a facilitated discussion that employed the nominal group technique. This resulted in a causal loop diagram (CLD) from which the participants identified the requirements for scaling-up surgery and the stakeholders who could satisfy these. After the GMB sessions, we identified clusters of related variables using inductive thematic analysis and the main feedback loops driving the model. Results: The CLD consists of 57 variables. These include the 48 variables that were obtained through the nominal group technique and those that participants added later. We identified 6 themes: patient benefits, financing of surgery, cost sharing, staff motivation, communication, and effects on referral hospital. There are 5 self-reinforcing feedback loops: training, learning, meeting demand, revenues, and willingness to work in a good hospital. There are four self-correcting feedback loops or ‘resistors to change:’ recurrent costs, income lost, staff stress, and brain drain. Conclusion: This study provides a systems view on the scaling up of surgery from a district level perspective. Its results enable a critical appraisal of the feasibility of implementing the NSOAP. Our results suggest that policy-makers should be wary of ‘quick fixes’ that have short term gains only. Long term policy that considers the complex dynamics of surgical systems and that allows for periodic evaluation and adaption is needed to scale up surgery in a sustainable manner.
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Dicpinigaitis, Alis J., Jonathan V. Ogulnick, Stephan A. Mayer, Chirag D. Gandhi, and Fawaz Al‐Mufti. "Increase in Ruptured Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations and Mortality in the United States: Unintended Consequences of the ARUBA Trial?" Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology, July 14, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/svin.122.000442.
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BACKGROUND The findings of the ARUBA (A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformation) trial, which determined that medical management was superior to prophylactic interventional therapy for the treatment of unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations (cAVMs), remain polarizing and controversial. METHODS Adult cAVM patient admissions were identified in the National Inpatient Sample from 2009 to 2019. The incidence of cAVM rupture and in‐hospital mortality were compared between the pre‐ (2009–2013) and post‐ARUBA trial eras (2014–2019) using complex samples‐weighted estimates and multivariable logistic regression analyses. A control cohort composed of an alternate pathology (ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms) was also assessed during the study period to evaluate potential bias. RESULTS Among 121 415 hospitalizations for cAVM during the study period, 31 389 (25.9%) were admissions for ruptured malformations. The incidence of ruptured cAVM increased in the post‐ARUBA trial era (13.3% versus 34.4%; P <0.001) as well as rates of in‐hospital mortality (2.0% versus 7.6%; P <0.001). Following multivariable regression analysis adjusting for age, illness severity, and acute neurological condition, the post‐ARUBA trial era was independently associated with both cAVM rupture (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.99; [95% CI, 1.72–2.29]; P <0.001) and in‐hospital mortality (adjusted OR, 1.94; [95% CI, 1.37–2.75]; P <0.001). Control cohort comparative analysis revealed that rates of hospitalizations for ruptured cerebral aneurysms relative to all aneurysm admissions did not differ before and after 2014 (84.5% versus 84.3%; P =0.185). CONCLUSION The incidence of ruptured cAVM increased following 2014, potentially a reflection of a paradigm shift to conservative and noninterventional management strategies in patients with unruptured cAVM. Further studies may be necessary to exclude other confounders contributing to this rise.
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Pariz, Cristiano Magalhães, Nídia Raquel Costa, Ciniro Costa, Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol, André Michel de Castilhos, Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles, Juliano Carlos Calonego, et al. "An Innovative Corn to Silage-Grass-Legume Intercropping System With Oversown Black Oat and Soybean to Silage in Succession for the Improvement of Nutrient Cycling." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4 (November 24, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.544996.
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In the context of sustainable tropical agriculture, an innovative corn (Zea mays L.) to silage-grass-legume intercropping system can promotes plant diversity, improves agronomic performance and land-use efficiency, and increases the yield of oversown black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to silage in succession. Thus, during three growing seasons on a Typic Haplorthox in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, four treatments of a corn to silage production system were implemented in summer/autumn with black oat oversown in winter/spring: (1) corn intercropped with palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha “Marandu”) and black oat overseeded in lines; (2) corn intercropped with palisade grass and black oat overseeded in a broadcast system with superficial incorporation; (3) corn intercropped with palisade grass + pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and black oat overseeded in lines; and (4) corn intercropped with palisade grass + pigeon pea and black oat overseeded in a broadcast system with superficial incorporation. During winter/spring, the black oat pastures were grazed by lambs, but results on forage allowance and nutritive value for animal grazing and on animal performance are not reported in the present manuscript. In the fourth growing season, the effect of soybean to silage intercropped with guinea grass (Panicum maximum “Aruana”), with only a residual effect of the four production systems from the previous three growing seasons, was evaluated. Despite greater interspecific competition of palisade grass and pigeon pea intercropped with corn, this more complex system produced better results. Thus, when analyzing this system as a whole, the triple intercrop (corn + pigeon pea + palisade grass) combined with oversown black oat in lines was the most effective option for silage production and for the improvement of other elements of system productivity, such higher surface mulch quantity, leaf nutrient concentrations, and yield of soybean to silage intercropped with guinea grass. This intercrop also generated better nutrient cycling because an increased quantity of nutrients was retained in standing plant residue and surface mulch, which resulted in better land- and nutrient-use efficiency, with an emphasis on nitrogen and potassium.
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Ifeanyichi, Martilord, Henk Broekhuizen, Adinan Juma, Kondo Chilonga, Edward Kataika, Jakub Gajewski, Ruairi Brugha, and Leon Bijlmakers. "Economic Costs of Providing District- and Regional-Level Surgeries in Tanzania." International Journal of Health Policy and Management, February 23, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.09.
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Background: Access to surgical care is poor in Tanzania. The country is at the implementation stage of its first National Surgical, Obstetric, and Anesthesia Plan (NSOAP; 2018-2025) aiming to scale up surgery. This study aimed to calculate the costs of providing surgical care at the district and regional hospitals. Methods: Two district hospitals (DHs) and the regional referral hospital (RH) in Arusha region were selected. All the staff, buildings, equipment, and medical and non-medical supplies deployed in running the hospitals over a 12 month period were identified and quantified from interviews and hospital records. Using a combination of step-down costing (SDC) and activity-based costing (ABC), all costs attributed to surgeries were established and then distributed over the individual types of surgeries. These costs were delineated into pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative components. Results: The total annual costs of running the clinical cost centres ranged from $567k at Oltrumet DH to $3453k at Mt Meru RH. The total costs of surgeries ranged from $79k to $813k; amounting to 12%-22% of the total costs of running the hospitals. At least 70% of the costs were salaries. Unit costs and relative shares of capital costs were generally higher at the DHs. Two-thirds of all the procedures incurred at least 60% of their costs in the theatre. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) performed at the regional hospital was cheaper ($618) than surgical debridement (plus conservative treatment) due to prolonged post-operative inpatient care associated with the latter ($1177), but was performed infrequently due mostly to unavailability of implants. Conclusion: Lower unit costs and shares of capital costs at the RH reflect an advantage of economies of scale and scope at the RH, and a possible underutilization of capacity at the DHs. Greater efficiencies make a case for concentration and scale-up of surgical services at the RHs, but there is a stronger case for scaling up district-level surgeries, not only for equitable access to services, but also to drive down unit costs there, and free up RH resources for more complex cases such as ORIF.
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Haripriya Devi, Maibam, and Potsangbam Kumar Singh. "Diversity pattern of habitats of Macrophytes in Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP), a floating mat (Phumdi) environment of Loktak Lake, Manipur, India." IRA-International Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2455-4499) 3, no. 2 (May 30, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jas.v3.n2.p7.
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Keibul Lamjao National Park (KLNP), Loktak lake Manipur, north-east India which is one of the 25 Ramsar sites of international importance and the biggest fresh water Lake in India. Macrophytes of the floating Phumdi mat environment of KLNP play an important role in the aquatic environment. An investigation was planned during the period of about three years from March, 2010 to December 2012, to study the diversity pattern of habitats of macrophytes available in six study sites of KLNP viz., 1.Kumbi, 2.Khordak, 3.Keibul, 4.Toya, 5. Nongmaikhong and 6. Sargam. All total 85 dominant plant species were recorded. Maximum plant species (49) was observed in Site-1 Kumbi (Altitude-780m) and minimum (27) in Site-3 Keibul (Altitude-772). The variation of plant species may be because of the slight variation of altitude. As the six study sites are distributed as floating aquatic environment in KLNP Loktak Lake, there is favourable place of the plants in higher altitude and altitude represents a complex gradient along which many environmental variables change concomitantly. In all the six study sites, common distribution of ten dominant plant macrophytes viz., Ageratum conizoides, Hedychium coronarium, Leersia hexandra, Oenanthe javanica, Phragmites karka, Polygonum sagittatum, Saccharum munja, Thelypteris interrupta and Zizania latifolia was noticed. Individual dominant plant was recorded in other sites also viz., Azola piñata in site-6; Xanthium atrumarium, Polygonum orientale, Dichrocephala latifolia and Cymbopogon citratus in site-2; Arundo plinii, Cuscuta reflexa, Gnaphalium luteo-album, Hydrilla verticillata, Marsilia minuta, Saccolepis interrupta, Selvenia cuculata and Utricularia spp. in site-1. Variation of IVI value of dominant plant species was observed in this study. Even though 85 dominant plants were selected for all the 6 sites, however, maximum plant richness expressed in IVI was recorded in case of Zizania latifolia (Site-5, IVI-87.5) and minimum IVI in case of Xanthium strumarium (Site-2, IVI-1.13). The diversity pattern and habitats of macrophytes in KLNP Phumdi environment might be due to water availability along the altitudinal gradient and other environmental factors suited in the study sites and expected to be an important factor affecting the survival and fecundity of plant population. We need to conserve the natural habitat of KLNP thereby maintaining the luxuriant growth of the seasonal and perennial, macrophytes, so as to maintain the natural flora and fauna of the park. These plants are the food of man and animal therefore, it needs a proper care and attention to protect them from over exploitation. Considering the diversity pattern of habitats of Macrophytes in KLNP, a floating mat Phumdi environment with high floral diversity and unique vegetation assemblage, it has been suggested that this track and adjoining sites should be declared as ecologically sensitive area not only the World Heritage Site.