Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Artists' responses to Paris'

Artists have the potential to achieve higher levels of success in business management, leadership roles, and entrepreneurial endeavors if equipped with the proper knowledge. Although artists may have a creative perspective and could possess many of the attributes sought after by organizations and communities in need of innovative leaders, their approaches to entrepreneurial management differ from traditional business managers or community leaders. The problem was poor understanding of how artists in Midwestern regions of the United States respond to the demands of entrepreneurial management. The purpose of this qualitative multiple-case study was to understand how 20 individuals who self-identified as artists and living or working in a specific county located in the Midwestern United States responded to entrepreneurial management demands. The key research question involved how these self-identified artists perceived and dealt with the demands of entrepreneurship through the lens of aesthetic leadership. Data from interviews, field notes, and observations were coded and categorized using NVivo to assist in identifying patterns and themes. Findings indicated that the self-identified artists indicated a need for entrepreneurial support, educational systems, and business development support from state and local community service programs that recognize and support their creative entrepreneurial endeavors. Understanding the intrinsic motivations that influence artists can help educators and contribute to business development that incorporates their unique circumstances. Art is transformational on many levels and benefits individuals, communities, organizations, and societies by promoting a more humanistic vision of the world.

Cette thèse se focalise sur le groupe artistique international Abstraction-Création, créé pour servir de forum à l’art non figuratif à Paris entre 1931-1936. Au fil des années, il a eu une centaine de membres, y compris certains artistes hongrois, notamment Étienne Béothy, Alfred Reth, Lajos Tihanyi et Ferenc Martyn, tandis que László Moholy-Nagy était membre sans vivre à Paris. Ce n’est que dans les années 1970 que les premières recherches approfondies ont été menées sur Abstraction-Création. Depuis, l’activité d’Abstraction-Création n’a été que rarement étudiée, sa structure, ses objectifs ou son histoire ont été largement négligés. Le constat est le même pour l’état de la recherche relative à chacun des membres hongrois : jusqu’à présent, seule la participation de Béothy et de Martyn a été analysée en détail. Outre l’objectif principal de cette thèse, notamment la mise en perspective des artistes hongrois dans le groupe, la réévaluation et l’interprétation de l’ensemble de l’activité d’Abstraction-Création sont également mises en lumière. A la base d’une analyse théorique et historique, ce travail compare Abstraction-Création avec deux groupes parisiens non figuratifs. Cette thèse vise à clarifier les différences qui les séparent en soulignant qu’Abstraction-Création ne peut pas être considéré comme une combinaison des deux. Grâce à des documents jusqu’alors non analysés, l'auteur donne un aperçu de la structure organisationnelle de ce forum et discute, à partir d’une perspective entièrement nouvelle, le rôle du comité, leurs débats, leur formation, cessation et leurs plateformes, y compris les réunions, la galerie et le cahier. La thèse démontre la relation entre Abstraction-Création et Surréalisme au moyen d'une analyse stylistique et théorique. Elle prétend que, grâce aux activités des membres hongrois, toutes les facettes du groupe peuvent être présentées. L'auteur révèle quels ont été les objectifs initiaux de l'adhésion des membres hongrois et comment ils ont tiré profit de leur participation. La thèse décrit la période abstraite parisienne des artistes hongrois dans les années 1930, et ce, dans un contexte artistique international et dans un contexte historique plus large
This dissertation focuses on the international artistic group, called Abstraction-Création (1931-1936. Out of the approximately 100 members joining the association a few were Hungarian artists, namely Étienne Béothy, Alfred Reth, Lajos Tihanyi and Ferenc Martyn, whereas László Moholy-Nagy received an external membership. A deeper research into the Parisian non-figurative formations of the 1930s, including Abstraction-Création, only took shape in the 1970s. Since then, Abstraction-Création has been discussed only occasionally, and a deeper discussion concerning the structure, the goals, or the history of the group is still missing. The same applies to the research on individual Hungarian artists; while for each of them the participation in the forum was presented as an important stage of their lives, so far only the participation of Béothy and Martyn has been examined in detail. Beyond the basic goal of the study to concentrate on Hungarian artists in the group, the re-evaluation and a new examination of Abstraction-Création are also placed in the focus. Based on a theoretical and historical analysis, the study compares Abstraction-Création with two non-figurative Parisian groups, clarifying the differences between them and pointing out that Abstraction-Création could not be viewed as a combination of the two of them. Drawing on hitherto unanalyzed documents, the author gives an overview of the organizational structure of the forum, and discusses, from an entirely new perspective, the role of the committee, their debates, their formation and cessation and their platforms, including their meetings, gallery and journal. The dissertation demonstrates the relation between Abstraction-Création and Surrealism by means of a stylistic and theoretical analysis. It claims that through the activities of the Hungarian members, all the facets of the group can be shown, particularly because of the fact that they did not form a special group within the association, but had their different individual roles and routes. The author presents what the original aims behind the admission of the Hungarian members were and how they benefited from the participation. The dissertation depicts the Parisian abstract period of Hungarian artists in the 1930s in an international artistic context and against a broader historical background

Measurement and evaluation in the publicly funded arts sector is a contested area. On the one hand measurement is constantly demanded by funders to justify the value of art projects, on the other hand, there is a lack of consensus on how it should be done and whether effective evaluation is even possible in the arts. In this context, there is widespread resistance to practices of evaluation within the sector. Previous Cultural Policy research has focussed on what cultural value is, and whether it is desirable, or even possible, to measure value at all in the arts. In contrast, there is relatively little research into the experience of those at the heart of the measurement: the arts practitioners working in settings where evaluation is required and how evaluation regimes affect their practices. There is a similar lack of research into the role of the organisation as an intermediary within the interpretation of value and measurement. Using a longitudinal, ethnographic case study research, the thesis examines how artists and other workers in a cultural organization, respond to expectations of evaluation and shape their practices as a result of those expectations. The thesis adapts the institutional logics perspective frame, creating a sector specific frame to explore how logics of the family, state, corporation, community, religion, profession and market all operate within evaluation. Seen through this lens, the artists’ responses to evaluation are shown to be a response to intersecting and clashing logics. This approach gives a richer understanding of artists’ responses, and also offers a new frame for considering other challenges within the sector. Using this understanding, I develop an alternative approach to arts evaluation, based on evaluation as a practice, not an output, and taking into account the multiple logics in action and arising from artists’ own valuation practices.

La communauté des maîtres peintres et sculpteurs parisiens a connu une importante évolution entre les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. La création de l’Académie royale en 1648 correspond à un temps de bouleversement : l’ancien et le nouveau corps se joignent alors, et tentent de cohabiter dans une même structure. La fin du XVIIe siècle correspond à l’essor de la population de la maîtrise, à la publication des listes de ses membres, ainsi que des statuts, dans une remise en ordre globale de la communauté. C’est donc une corporation forte d’une nombreuse population et bien organisée qui obtient en 1705 une déclaration de Louis XIV lui permettant d’ouvrir une école de dessin fondée sur le modèle vivant. La toute nouvelle Académie de Saint-Luc peut s’installer durablement dans le paysage artistique de la première moitié du XVIIIe siècle. Installée dans des nouveaux locaux dont elle se porte acquéreuse, rue du Haut-Moulin en la Cité, elle transforme considérablement ses statuts, en accordant une place importante en son sein à un corps d’artistes, chargés d’assurer l’enseignement de l’école. Les années 1750 à 1775 sont des années où les évènements se précipitent, pour l’Académie de Saint-Luc. Des expositions, suivies du public, permettent de faire connaître nombre de ses membres, et d’inscrire la petite académie dans les débats artistiques du milieu du XVIIIe siècle. Le perfectionnement de l’école d’après le modèle, permet dans les années 1765-1775 de reconnaître davantage encore un statut propre pour les artistes, au sein de la communauté. L’évolution est donc spectaculaire sur plus d’un siècle, et témoigne d’une adaptation remarquable de la vieille corporation, qui a su assimiler ainsi un fonctionnement académique à l’organisation hiérarchique d’une communauté de métier
The community of Parisian master painters and sculptors went through important evolutions between the 17th and 18th centuries. The creation of the Royal Academy in 1648 corresponds to a time of upheaval: the old and the new profession then came together and tried to coexist within the same structure. In the late 17th century, the population of the maîtrise increased and the list of its members as well as its statutes were published, in an overall re-ordering of the community. Thus, in 1705, the guild was strong in numbers and well-organised when it obtained a declaration from Louis XIV allowing it to open a drawing school based on live models : the brand-new Academy of St Luke became established in the artistic landscape of the early 18th century. It purchased new premises on rue du Haut-Moulin-en-la-Cité. From there, it significantly altered its statutes, giving an important role to a body of artists who was put in charge of teaching within its school. In the years 1750 to 1775, things moved faster for the Academy of St Luke. Several well-attended exhibitions put members of the Academy of St Luke on the map and involved the small academy in mid-18th century artistic debates. The improvement in the life-drawing school in the years 1765-1775 led to an even better recognized status for artists within the community. Over more than a century, this spectacular evolution shows the remarkable adaptation of the old guild, which thus managed to integrate its academic functioning to the hierarchical organization of a professional community

Cette thèse de doctorat se propose d’étudier les Salons sous l’ère napoléonienne, connus surtout pour le rôle important qu’ils jouèrent dans le cadre de l’instrumentalisation politique de l’art contemporain. Ainsi, après 1799, le Salon devint rapidement un important outil de la vaste politique culturelle du Consulat et de l’Empire, qui servit à représenter de manière symbolique le système politique. Face à ce changement radical du Salon et de sa politique artistique, les artistes, eux aussi, ont dû se positionner et s’adapter aux nouvelles structures politiques et administratives, tout en réagissant aux nouvelles tendances artistiques et à l’évolution du milieu artistique, afin de s’imposer au Salon. Le succès rencontré par les Salons en ces années-là ne se manifeste pas seulement par le chiffre croissant des exposants et des visiteurs : les diverses formes de la réception du Salon – journaux, brochures, récits de voyage, lettres et œuvres graphiques - témoignent également de l’écho rencontré par l’exposition, et ceci bien au-delà des frontières nationales. Jouxtant les salles du fameux Musée Napoléon qui regroupe les chefs-d’œuvre artistiques les plus importants, saisis par les armées françaises dans des collections de l’Europe, le Salon profite de la forte fréquentation du Louvre entre 1800 et 1815, de la part de visiteurs aussi bien français qu’étrangers. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser l’organisation de l’exposition, le paysage des artistes exposants ainsi que l’écho rencontré par cet évènement sur la scène internationale en tenant compte de cette mutation complexe de la vie artistique parisienne au début du XIXème siècle. Dans cette perspective, le présent travail s’interroge sur les rapports entre la politique artistique, les pratiques artistiques et culturelles ainsi que leur réception
This doctoral thesis examines the Salons of living artists under the reign of Napoleon I, which are primarily known for the prominent role they played in the context of cultural politics of that time. After 1799, the Salon rapidly became an important instrument of art and cultural politics used by the ruling government to symbolically legitimise and support the political system. Given the major changes to the exhibition in these years, artists had also had to adapt to the new political and administrative structures whilst, at the same time, reacting to new artistic trends in order to stand up to the strong competition at the Salon. The exhibition's success in these years is not only reflected by the rising numbers of exhibiting artists and visitors. Also its wide-ranging coverage in the media, such as newspaper articles, letters, travelogues and graphic anthologies, is further proof of the exhibition's relevance and reach, sometimes even beyond national frontiers. Indeed, the exhibition's close locality to the famous Musée Napoléon, with its large collection of master pieces confiscated from European collections by the French armies, added further attention paid by European travellers to the Salon and the French contemporary art on display there. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to analyse the organisation of the exhibition, the range of participating artists as well as the international response it created whilst taking into consideration the complex transformation of art and the French art scene at the beginning of 19th century. By doing so, the dissertation focuses on the reciprocal relationship between art politics, artistic production and their reception

This thesis is a study of the racial equality proposal at the Paris Peace Conference. It explores Japanese motivations for submitting the proposal, and the responses of the British and American governments which eventually defeated it. The thesis uses an analytical framework based on five categories of possible explanations for the proposal: immigration, universal principle, great power status, peace conference politics and bargaining, and domestic politics. The thrust of the analysis contained in the thesis is as follows. For Japan, the proposal meant three things: a means of reaffirming its great power status by securing racial equality with the western great powers in the League of Nations; a justification for Prime Minister Hara whose pro- League position was maintained by a fragile domestic consensus against sceptics in the government and the wider public; and a means of resolving Japanese immigration problems in the United States and British Dominions. But for Japan the proposal was not originally intended as a demand for universal racial equality. For Britain, the proposal was unacceptable because it meant "free immigration" of non-white immigrants into the Dominions. In particular, Australia adamantly opposed it also because of its political significance for Australian public opinion. For the United States, Wilson's determination to create the League of Nations at almost any cost led him to impose a unanimity ruling at the crucial vote on llth April 1919. Other explanations worked in the background. The proposal highlighted the importance of the link between race and great power status for Japan, Japan's insecurity concerning the League of Nations and the West, and Japan's different approach to international relations. Moreover, the failure of the proposal revealed the limits of Wilsonian idealism in that neither Britain nor the United States at that time seriously considered the possibility of universal racial equality.

Après la Première Guerre mondiale, des artistes affluent du monde entier vers la France, en particulier vers Paris, qui devient le principal foyer artistique européen durant l'entre-deux-guerres et qui voit se développer des courants mêlant tradition et avant-garde. C'est à cette période qu'immigrent de nombreux artistes originaires des pays du sud et de l'est de l'Europe (surtout pour des raisons sociales, religieuses et politiques, conséquences, notamment, des pogroms juifs et de la révolution russe). Paris, phare culturel du monde à l'époque, attire de plus en plus d'artistes qui rejoignent ceux déjà présents depuis le début du XXème siècle, tels Picasso, Braque ou Matisse. Entre temps, le centre artistique de la ville a migré du quartier de Montmartre vers celui de Montparnasse, qui compte parmi les artistes les plus représentatifs l'italien Modigliani, le suisse Giacometti, l'espagnol Dali, le russe Soutine, le biélorusse Chagall, ou encore le roumain Brancusi.Certains sont plus attirés par le Nouveau Monde et rejoignent Duchamp à New York, tandis que peu d'artistes américains émigrent vers Paris : ce sont plutôt des écrivains américains qui font le voyage inverse et s'installent dans la Ville Lumière (on pense à Ernest Hemingway ou Ezra Pound). Mais qu’en est-il des artistes anglais à Paris ? C’est le sujet de notre travail de recherche : qui sont, précisément, les artistes qui migrent ? Quelles sont leurs motivations ? Quel type d'œuvres ont-ils produit ? Quelles ont été leurs relations avec le milieu artistique et le public parisiens ? Quels échanges franco-anglais sont issus de cette présence anglaise en France ?
There were many English artists in France between 1919 and 1939. Yet this has been neglected. This project will do explore the English presence on the Parisian artistic scene and the reception of English artists by their French counterparts.After the First World War, artists came from the entire world to Paris. It became the main European artistic centre during the interwar period, where several artistic movements developed. Some of these artists came from Southern and Eastern Europe, often for social, religious and political issues.Paris attracted more and more artists who joined those who had been there since the beginning of the 20th Century – Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque or Henri Matisse, among others. At the same time, the artistic centre of Paris moved from Montmartre to Montparnasse, which gathered the Italian Amedeo Modigliani, the Swiss Alberto Giacometti, the Spanish Salvador Dali, the Russian Chaïm Soutine, the Belarusian Marc Chagall or even the Romanian Constantin Brancusi. Some artists preferred the appeal of the New World and joined Marcel Duchamp in New York, although relatively few American artists moved to Paris. French scholars have taken an interest in the period: the Franco-Russian artistic cooperation in Paris has been recently analysed by Tatiana Trankvillitskaia, while the Belgian presence is being studied by Céline De Potter.However, English artists in Paris have yet to be studied. Their contribution to artistic life or the impact of Paris on the English art at that time have been neglected by French historians.This current project traces the details of that English presence in France during the interwar years: who were the artists that came over? What was their subject matter? What kind of works did they produce? What were their relationships both with the artistic milieu and the Parisian public? What was the impact of French works on English art? The goal is to define the place of English artists within the “École de Paris.” Who were they and what were they attracted to?

Attirés par l'émulation artistique et par les possibilités qu'offrait le marché de l'art français, les artistes catalans de la fin du XIXe siècle et du début du XXe se rendirent en masse à Paris, dans un mouvement largement international. L'histoire que propose de traverser cette étude est celle des mobilités d'artistes, des transferts artistiques et culturels, des circulations, de la diffusion et de la réception d'œuvres. Quelle incidence eut l'origine de ces artistes dans leur parcours parisien? Quel fut leur degré d'acculturation? Quels réseaux parvinrent-ils à tisser? Quel fut l'accueil de leur œuvre : quelle lecture et quel usage? Comment construisirent-ils une identité à travers leur art? Ce travail entend combler une lacune de l'historiographie de l'art catalan contemporain et des rapports artistiques entre la Catalogne et la France, rejoignant les préoccupations actuelles sur les relations artistiques transnationales au travers de l'étude d'une communauté homogène d'artistes à une période déterminée. Accordant une place fondamentale à la réception, nous étudions la manière dont la capitale internationale de l'art - qu'était Paris - a réagi à l'intégration de ces étrangers et a accueilli leur œuvre
Attracted by the artistic emulation and the possibilities offered by the French art market, nearly all Catalan artists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth went to Paris, in a broadly international movement. This essay mainly focuses on the mobility of artists, on artistic and cultural transfers, and on the reception of artworks. How did these artists integrate into the Parisian artistic milieu at the turn of the century? How did living in Paris affect their artistic production? And, alternatively , how did their presence affect the Parisian artistic landscape? Thus, joining the current concerns about transnational artistic relations, this work aims to fill a gap in the historiography of contemporary Catalan art and of the artistic relations between Catalonia and France. By providing a fundamental role to the critical reception, this work throws light on how the international capital of art - that was Paris - reacted to the integration of these foreign artists and to their work

This thesis is about two Swedish artists named Julia Beck (1852–1935) and Maj Bring (1880–1971). The idea was to see what kind of differences there were between these two Swedish female artists. They both studied at the Swedish Art academy and both had very successful careers, though they belong to different generations of artist. The first question to be answered, was is if you could see any similarities or differences in their education and career. The other question in this thesis was how the female art was perceived during the different art exhibitions which Julia Beck or Maj Bring participated in. Could you see if the art were perceived and judged differently due to, they being female artist? And could you see if there were any kind of resistance towards them as artists or towards their art and if so, how did it express itself? To answer that question the analysis is based on art exhibit reviews with a theory based on a gender perspective and of Linda Nochlins essay Why have there been no great women artists? This to help with looking after what kind of social barriers or resistance is visible in these art critics reviews.                                                                  The results of the biographical comparison showed many similarities and some differences. Such as them both studying in Paris after their education in the Swedish Art academy and both frequently traveled back and forth to stay in France for as long as possible. Eventually Julia Beck moved to France and stayed there until her death. While Maj Bring lived her entire life in Sweden and started an art school in Stockholm and paused her artist career for a while. Meanwhile Julia Beck dedicated her entire life to her artistic career. In the results of the analysis, you could clearly see several kinds of resistance to both the female art and the female artists. They were very much treated differently than their male colleagues. For example, in Paris there were specific places where the female artists showed their art. The critique reviews often explained the female art with female qualities and said that female artist had specific characteristics that made them more qualified in specific areas that was thought women belonged too.

Dès le XVIIIe siècle, l’Opéra de Paris est considéré comme un « établissement public ». Ses missions sont nombreuses. Le théâtre doit proposer traditionnellement aux spectateurs des ouvrages lyriques appartenant à un genre national, mais son rôle est aussi de représenter le pouvoir politique, de servir les relations diplomatiques, ou encore de soutenir un pan de l’artisanat. Le fonctionnement du « service public de l’Opéra » soulève des questions d’ordre public et de gestion. Un encadrement normatif a été mis en place. La police des spectacles a été réformée et adaptée aux singularités de l’établissement : le régime de la censure, la surveillance policière, comme les dispositifs de lutte contre les incendies ont été l’objet de mesures précises. La gestion du théâtre a connu plusieurs bouleversements. Les autorités ont hésité entre un système ambigu de délégation à des entrepreneurs subventionnés et un mode de gestion en régie directe. Ces réformes institutionnelles ont eu des incidences sur la condition juridique des interprètes, comme sur le déroulement des carrières et l’organisation de leur caisse de pensions. Toutes les informations nécessaires à l’élaboration de ce travail ne se trouvent pas dans les règlements. La méthode a été de croiser les sources juridiques avec les archives administratives et les bilans comptables, afin de confronter la marche effective de l’établissement avec le fonctionnement « idéal », imaginé dans les bureaux, loin des difficultés matérielles d’exécution. Cette étude révèle la force normative des usages en matière d'administration, ainsi que le phénomène de détournement des textes par les administrateurs. Ce mode de fonctionnement, souvent ignoré de la bureaucratie, demeure le seul élément de stabilité à l’Opéra, depuis le règne de Louis XIV jusqu’à la IIIe République
Since the eighteenth century, the Paris Opera has been considered to be a “public service corporation”. Many missions were assigned to the theatre: the Opera should traditionally offer the viewer lyrical opuses in a national genre, but it’s role was also to represent the authorities, serve foreign affairs and support a section of the craft industry. The functioning of the "public service of the Opera” raises questions of public order and management. A legal framework was implemented. The police for the theatres was reformed and adapted to the peculiarities of the activity: censorship, police surveillance and fire fighting arrangements were organized by specific measures. The administration of the Opera underwent several upheavals. The authorities hesitated between an ambiguous system of delegation to subsidized contractors and direct state control (or local government control). These institutional reforms had an impact on the legal status of the artists, on the development of their careers and on the organization of their pension fund. All the information necessary for the development of this work is not to be found in the legal regulations. Our method was to cross the legal sources with administrative records and balance sheets, in order to compare the actual running of the theatre with it’s "ideal" functioning, planned in offices, far from the material difficulties of the actual execution. This study reveals the normative force of customary uses in administration, as well as the phenomenon of diversion of the rules by the administrators and the staff. This mode of functioning, often unknown to the bureaucracy, remains the only element of stability in the Opera, since the reign of Louis XIV until the Third Republic

À l’aide de nouvelles informations, la présente étude vise à interroger l’impact de la guerre d’Espagne sur la communauté artistique espagnole à Paris, qui regroupe tant les artistes ayant tissé des liens forts avec la capitale française lorsque la guerre éclate, que ceux dont l’installation en France est précipitée par le conflit. Notre objectif est de restituer les singularités des dynamiques individuelles dans une histoire d’ensemble, en envisageant la prise de position de ces créateurs, jusqu’alors apolitiques, en faveur de chacun des deux camps sous le prisme de l’engagement de leur identité artistique espagnole et parisienne. Celle-ci, qui se définit selon le rapport revendiqué dans leur création plastique et leur mode de vie avec la modernité ou la tradition, s’imprègne de connotations idéologiques au début de la guerre. Nous chercherons notamment à mettre en perspective et à mieux comprendre la complexité, les paradoxes et les contradictions de l’activité artistique idéologisée des Espagnols à Paris au fil de ces années troubles, notamment sous l’Occupation, et jusqu’à la reprise de relations normalisées avec le régime franquiste dans les années 1950, qui marque la fin de notre cadre chronologique. L’engagement massif et manifeste d’un grand nombre d’artistes espagnols, installés ou fortement liés à la capitale française, dans ce conflit local, qui est le prélude à une conflagration mondiale, nous permettra de mettre en évidence à quel point ces Espagnols de Paris, en dépit de leurs motivations plastiques, se sont constamment trouvés au point de convergence de l’art, de l’engagement et de la politique dans ces années tourmentées du XXe siècle
Nourished with new information, this study aims to examine the impact of the Spanish Civil War on the community of Spanish artists settled in Paris. We will consider artists with longstanding ties to the French capital when the war breaks out, as well as those whose arrival in France is precipitated by the conflict. Our objective is to situate the specificities of individual trajectories in a global history, by considering the political engagement of these previously apolitical creators for both sides of the Spanish conflict through the prism of their artistic identity which is both Spanish and Parisian. Defined by the ties to modernity or tradition that each artist claims in his work or his social practices, this artistic identity becomes permeated with ideological connotations at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. Our aim is to shed light on and put into perspective the complexity, the paradoxes and the contradictions of this politicized activity undertaken by Spanish artists in Paris over the course of these tumultuous years, especially during the Nazi Occupation of Paris. The renewal of normalized relations with Francoist Spain in the 1950s marks the end of our study. The massive and ostentatious political engagement of a considerable number of Spanish artists residing in or with strong ties to the French capital will allow us to clarify the point to which these Spaniards in Paris, in spite of their artistic ambitions, find themselves at the point of convergence of art and politics throughout these troubled years of the XXth century

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wollongong, 2004.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Mar. 6, 2006). Includes bibliographical references (p. 299-323). Also issued as a print manuscript. Print manuscript includes ill. omitted from online version.

Quelle place la musique indépendante brésilienne, notamment celle liée à la chanson d'auteur, occupe-t-elle dans le marché des musiques du monde ? Quels sont les liens que la nouvelle génération de compositeurs et de musiciens Brésiliens entretient avec ce marché ? Ces questions forment le socle des questionnements qui nourrissent ce travail de recherche. Comprendre la place de la musique d'auteur et la circulation de cette pratique est fondamental dans ce contexte. Pour cela, je fais des Rencontres de Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais) au Brésil le point de départ de ce travail. J’enquête sur ces compositeurs et ces musiciens qui se réunissent, depuis 2006, dans le but de créer un espace de création et de diffusion de leurs pratiques musicales. Dans quelle mesure les choix stylistiques viennent-ils questionner les représentations caricaturales que nous avons d’une « musique brésilienne » ? Et de quelle façon sont-ils devenus un facteur de cohésion de ce groupe tout entier orienté vers un renouvellement du message poétique, social, stylistique de cette chanson ? D’une façon assez paradoxale, c’est à partir d'un puissant ancrage local que le groupe se veut porteur d’innovation à travers une démarche en réflexivité qui porte sur les grands thèmes de la tradition, du lien entre les innovations musicales et la mémoire esthétique des populations locales, de la façon d’insérer de nouvelles pratiques dans un contexte professionnel qui ne fait guère de place aux courants porteurs d’innovation. C’est à ce stade que le mouvement des jeunes créateurs devient politique, en ce sens qu’il entend prendre toute sa place dans la vie de la cité. Puis j’opère un déplacement. Quelle place cette musique indépendante occupe-t-elle hors du Brésil, et notamment à Paris ? Pour cela, j'essaie de comprendre comment ces compositeurs et musiciens brésiliens organisent leurs pratiques dans un espace autre que celui d'origine. Je m’intéresse aux raisons qui amènent ces artistes à se déplacer, à la façon dont ils élaborent leurs pratiques afin de prendre place dans ce nouvel environnement culturel porté par une langue qui n’est pas la leur. La musique devient un puissant levier d’intégration ; en même temps, ces musiciens innovants se heurtent aux attentes d’un public parisien qui nourrit de fortes attentes à l’égard de la « musique brésilienne ». Comment faire face à ces a priori ? C’est cette double dimension de la musique comme espace de création et la musique comme moyen de questionner les préjugés que ce travail met en œuvre
How is Brazilian music situated in the World Music market? How do the new generation of Brazilian musicians and composers, particularly singer songwriters, relate to this market? These questions form the core of my research. In this context, it is vital to understand the position of this music, and how it is disseminated. I started my analysis with the Encontro de Compositores (composers meetings) in Juiz de Fora, Brazil. I studied these composers and musicians, who have been gathering since 2006 to form a space for the creation and dissemination of their musical practices. In what ways do these practices and their stylistic choices challenge current stereotypes of “Brazilian music”? And how do they create cohesion in a group striving towards a renewal of the poetic, social and stylistic messages of this music. Despite this process of innovation, Juiz de Fora is strongly rooted in local history. The discussions taking place at these meetings influence the way these musicians view their musical practice and professional context, and thus allow the development of a new political consciousness. Here I will introduce another angle to my discussions. What place does this independent music occupy outside Brazil, particularly in Paris? In this regard, I examine how Brazilian composers and musicians organise their practices in a space which is foreign to their place of origin. I examine the reasons for which these artists move, and how they adapt their practices to this new cultural environment and language. Music becomes a strong means of integration. However, these innovative musicians come into conflict with a Parisian public which may have deeply-ingrained, stereotypical expectations about “Brazilian music”. How to manage this situation a priori? This dual purpose of music, as both a creative space and a means to question prejudice, is at the centre of this project
Que lugar a música independente brasileira, especialmente aquela produzida por cantores-compositores ou cantautores, ocupa no mercado da World Music? Quais relações a nova geração de compositores e músicos brasileiros estabelece com esse mercado? Estas questões representam a base dos questionamentos deste trabalho de pesquisa que visa a compreender as dinâmicas de produção que envolvem o universo da música independente e como se dá sua circulação. O Encontro de Compositores de Juiz de Fora (MG), que desde 2006 reúne músicos e compositores na tentativa de conceber um espaço de criação e difusão da música independente local, representa o ponto de partida deste trabalho. Entender como estas cancões interferem na imagem difundida do que se concebe como sendo a « música brasileira » e como a dinâmica essencialmente coletiva da produção musical independente influi no contexto de produção e circulação musical estão na base de nossas reflexões. Nesse sentido, entender os laços que os membros do Encontro de Compositores mantém com o passado e com a historia musical local ainda que em um cenário de inovação se faz fundamental. Organizados em grupo, estes artistas buscam, a partir de uma nova consciência política, melhores condições de trabalho, além de procurar difundir suas obras em um mercado que se encontra ainda resistente a esse tipo de produção. A analise desse realidade me faz refletir sobre novas questões, referentes a outro contexto : que lugar a música independente brasileira ocupa fora do país, em uma capital europeia como Paris por exemplo ? Na tentativa de compreender esta questão, me proponho a verificar como compositores e músicos brasileiros organizam suas praticas em uma realidade diferente daquela vivida em seu país de origem. Interesso-me, particularmente, pelas razões que motivam esses artistas a mudar de país e à forma como difundem suas praticas em um novo ambiente, cultural e linguisticamente diferente. A música pode, neste sentido, representar um instrumento de integração e ao mesmo tempo, um elemento de reflexão em face de um mercado imbuído de clichês. Esta dupla dimensão da música como lugar de criação e a relação entre novidade e expectativas acompanham minhas reflexões ao longo deste projeto

Cette thèse porte sur les artistes suédois et norvégiens en France de 1889 à 1908. Ces années ont traditionnellement été considérées comme une période de retour au pays et d’abandon de la France pour les artistes scandinaves qui se seraient tournés de nouveau vers Paris seulement en 1908 avec l’arrivée des élèves d’Henri Matisse. Une étude approfondie de leur présence aux Salons parisiens a été menée afin de constater que leur nombre ne baisse pas et que les départs des uns sont aussitôt comblés par l’arrivée d’autres artistes scandinaves. À travers l’examen de la taille et de l’activité de cette communauté d’artistes installés en France durant ces deux décennies, dites nationalistes, il s’avère que l’hypothèse du retour vers la Scandinavie dans les années 1890 est un mythe créé par une historiographie faussée. La plupart des artistes scandinaves expatriés en France de 1889 à 1908 menèrent des carrières couronnées de succès dans un environnement cosmopolite et international. Les raisons de la mauvaise interprétation de cette période de l’histoire de l’art scandinave ont été analysées à travers les ouvrages d’histoire de l’art anciens et actuels. D’autres investigations ont été entreprises, basées sur la correspondance de ces artistes principalement conservée à l’Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts de Suède et dans les archives d’Auguste Rodin, ainsi que sur l’étude de leur accueil critique en France. Elles démontrent que la colonie scandinave de Paris de ces années-là a été exclue des expositions organisées en France par leurs propres pays et que la carrière de ces artistes expatriés, ainsi que le rôle de la France, ont été minimisés dans l’histoire de l’art scandinave
This dissertation is about the presence of Swedish and Norwegian artists in France during the years 1889 to 1908. Traditionally these years have been considered as a period when Scandinavian artists left France to return to their homelands and according to this traditional view, they only returned to Paris and French influence with the arrival of Henri Matisse’s students around 1908. A thorough study of their presence in the Parisian Salons has been conducted which determines that their numbers do not decrease and that the departure of certain Scandinavian artists was balanced by the arrival of others. By examining the size and the activity of this artistic community in France during these two so-called nationalistic decades, it appears in fact that the hypothesis about the return to Scandinavia in the 1890’s is a myth created by a distorted historiography. Most Scandinavian expatriate artists living in France between 1889 and 1908 led successful careers in a cosmopolitan and international environment. The reasons for the misinterpretation of this period in Scandinavian art history have been analysed using historical and current texts and art history handbooks. Further investigation based on the correspondence of these artists, kept chiefly by the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts and in the archives of Auguste Rodin, as well as the study of their critical reception in France, have shown that the Parisian colony of Scandinavian artists has often been excluded from exhibitions organized in France by their home countries and that the career of these expatriate artists as well as the role of France during this period has been minimized in Scandinavian art history

En 1888, une communauté de peintres s’associe sous l’appellation « Nabis ». Ce terme, issu de l’hébreu, signifie à la fois les « prophètes » et les « initiés ». Paul Sérusier qui vécut sa rencontre avec Paul Gauguin comme une révélation est à l’origine de la formation du groupe. Une année auparavant, le symbolisme littéraire triomphe en France et suscite l’émulation parmi une nouvelle génération d’écrivains qui se cristallise autour de /La Revue Blanche/ et le /Mercure de France/. Entre les Nabis et les symbolistes s’établit dès lors un intense réseau de collaborations. Tant dans l’élaboration des décors et programmes du Théâtre de l’œuvre de Lugné-Poe que dans l’illustration d’ouvrages d’André Gide, d’Alfred Jarry ou encore de Jules Renard, les Nabis participent activement à la vie littéraire de leur temps tout en s’incarnant volontairement comme une avant-garde picturale. Les échanges nombreux entre peintres et écrivains sont alors loin de se limiter à de simples commandes. Ils aboutissent souvent à des amitiés durables comme celles qui unirent Gide à Maurice Denis et Jarry à Pierre Bonnard. La recherche s’interroge sur la motivation de cette nouvelle génération d’écrivains qui sollicita le groupe nabi, ainsi que sur la nature des projets qui les unirent. Les revues littéraires occupent une place importante dans le rassemblement entre les écrivains et ce groupe de peintres. La volonté d'identifier une aile picturale qui fasse écho dans le champ artistique au désir d'innover dans le champ littéraire stimule les sollicitations des écrivains de la seconde génération symboliste. Les Nabis, qui se méfient toutefois d'une soumission trop grande au fait littéraire, induisent par leurs développements artistiques et leurs théories les paramètres d'une nouvelle relation entre peintres et écrivains dans laquelle ces derniers ne recherchent plus la domination stratégique de l'art littéraire sur la peinture.

Outre ces considérations historiques, le rapprochement souhaité entre les deux groupes fut tel que la production littéraire ne put qu’être influencée par les théories des Nabis. La tendance "formaliste" représentée par ce groupe pictural a souvent conduit les chercheurs à prendre acte de l'autonomie tant du littéraire que du pictural dans les échanges entre Nabis et écrivains. Les influences sont cependant nombreuses de la peinture vers la littérature. Il est toutefois nécessaire de prendre en compte des écrivains oubliés par l'histoire littéraire, tels Romain Coolus, Gabriel Trarieux ou Louis Lormel, pour percevoir les effets de cette influence picturale. La reprise d'un dispositif de couleurs, exaltées ou déformées, le jeu poétique sur le thème de la ligne ou de l'arabesque fondent une recherche d'effet visuel dans l'écriture qui entend renouveler les images poétiques. Ce constat entre en résonance avec la rénovation picturale revendiquée par les Nabis. Des esthétiques communes entre peintres et écrivains, tournant autour des notions de synthèse, simplicité, de la référence à l'enfance ou à la fantaisie humoristique rassemblent Nabis et poètes qui les soutiennent dans une communauté d'initiés à l'art nouveau.
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This dissertation is a study of Liszt's formative years in Paris, with a particular focus on three of his mentors: the priest Félicité Lamennais, the poet-statesman Alphonse de Lamartine, and the musician and mystic Chrétien Urhan. Of all the important figures Liszt encountered during this period, Lamennais, Lamartine and Urhan stand apart in their pursuit of a prophetic mission, whether in religion, politics, art, or a combination thereof. I contend that their influence--more than any other--shaped Liszt's fundamental identity as a liberal Catholic artist, dedicated to social and artistic progress driven by faith. I begin with an introductory chapter on important developments in Paris before and during Liszt's time in the city. The instability of the French Revolution resulted in a dynamic society in which new political, religious, and artistic movements could form and interact. Republican values continued to seek a foothold in the oppressive climates of the Restoration and July monarchies. Similarly, the Church--reinstated by Napoleon but still greatly diminished in power--struggled for relevance in an increasingly indifferent society, leading many Catholics to embrace liberal causes. Finally, the emergence of a new generation of Romantic artists dedicated to leading society forward emerged as an unexpected legacy of the Enlightenment. Each of the three central chapters of this dissertation focuses on one of the figures listed above, and on their impact on Liszt's life and music. Lamennais' radical political and religious message encouraged Liszt to express similar views in word and in music. Lamartine's innovative religious poetry prompted Liszt to seek an equivalent in music. Finally, Urhan's seamless merging of sacred and secular music inspired Liszt to adopt a similar approach in his own compositions. In the final chapter, I trace the continued impact of these figures in Liszt's life and work. Ultimately, I argue that the groundwork for Liszt's most celebrated artistic innovations had already been laid in the early 1830s, and that many of his later works are only comprehensible within the framework of the political, religious, and artistic education he received in his youth.

Thèse soutenue le 27 février 2015 devant un jury composé par Marie-Hélène Benoit-Otis (présidente, Université de Montréal), François de Médicis (Université de Montréal), Christopher Moore (Université d'Ottawa) et Michel Duchesneau (Université de Montréal).
« École de Paris » est une expression souvent utilisée pour désigner un groupe de compositeurs étrangers ayant résidé à Paris dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Toutefois, « École de Paris » dénomme des réalités différentes selon les sources. Dans un sens élargi, le terme comprend tous les compositeurs de toute époque ayant vécu au moins une partie de leur vie à Paris. Dans son sens le plus strict, il désigne le prétendu regroupement de quatre à six compositeurs arrivés à Paris dans les années 1920 et comprenant notamment Conrad Beck, Tibor Harsányi, Bohuslav Martinů, Marcel Mihalovici, Alexandre Tansman et Alexandre Tchérepnine. Dans le but de revisiter l’histoire de l’utilisation de cette expression, nous avons reconstitué le discours complexe et contradictoire à propos de la question « qu’est-ce que l’École de Paris? ». Notre « enquête », qui s’est déroulée à travers des documents historiques de l’entre-deux-guerres ainsi que des textes historiographiques et de vulgarisation parus jusqu’à nos jours, nous a mené à la conclusion que l’École de Paris est un phénomène discursif que chaque acteur a pu manipuler à sa guise, car aucun fait ne justifie une utilisation univoque de cette expression dans le milieu musical parisien des années 1920-1930. L’étude de la programmation musicale nous a permis notamment de démontrer qu’aucun évènement regroupant les compositeurs considérés comme des « membres » de l’École de Paris n’a jamais eu lieu entre 1920 et 1940. Par la suite, nous avons contextualisé ce discours pour comprendre quels faits et quelle rhétorique dominante l’ont rendu possible. L’expression utilisée en musique est une extension de celle introduite dans le milieu des arts visuels dans les années 1920, dictée par la tendance dominante dans le Paris cosmopolite à marquer une distinction nette entre les Français et les étrangers. Nous avons à ce propos approfondi les différentes formes de nationalisme musical, et leur rôle dans la création d’un discours faisant de l’École de Paris une question stylistique – une position qui affirme l’existence d’un « style École de Paris » distinct de la « musique française ». En plus des reconstitutions du discours des tiers et du contexte, nous avons interrogé les discours tenus par les compositeurs concernés. L’étude de plusieurs documents inédits nous apprend que ces compositeurs s’opposent fermement, dans l’entre-deux-guerres, aux tentatives de les considérer comme un groupe. Mais qu’après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ils épousent le discours favorable à l’image homogène et cohérente d’une École de Paris, contribuant ainsi à sa fortune historiographique.
“School of Paris” (École de Paris) is a term often used to indicate a group of foreign composers who resided in Paris in the years between World War I and II. However, depending on the source, “School of Paris” can have various meanings. In a broader sense, it includes all composers in any era who lived at least part of their lives in Paris. In its strictest sense, it refers to the alleged group of four to six composers who arrived in Paris in the 1920s: Conrad Beck, Tibor Harsányi, Bohuslav Martinů, Marcel Mihalovici, Alexandre Tansman, and Alexander Tcherepnin. In order to revisit the history of the use of this term, we have reconstructed the complex and contradictory discourse concerning the question: “what is the School of Paris?”. Our “investigation”, which took place through historical documents of the interwar years, as well as historiographical and popularized texts published up to today, led us to the conclusion that the School of Paris is a discursive phenomenon that each performer could manipulate at will, since no factual evidence justifies an unequivocal use of this term in the Parisian musical milieu of the 1920s and 1930s. Most notably, the study of musical programming allowed us to demonstrate that no particular event or gathering of the so-called “members” of the School of Paris ever took place between 1920 and 1940. Subsequently, we have contextualized this discourse to understand which facts and which prominent rhetoric made it possible. The term used in music is an extension of that which was introduced in the milieu of visual arts in the 1920s, dictated by the dominant tendency in cosmopolitan Paris to make a clear distinction between the French and the non-French. In this light, we have thoroughly examined the different forms of musical nationalism and their role in creating a discourse on the School of Paris as a question of style — a position that asserts the existence of a “School of Paris style”, distinct from that of “French music”. In addition to the reconstructions of third party and contextualized discourse, we have examined the discourses held by the composers in question. The study of several unpublished documents shows us that these composers were strongly opposed, during the interwar years, to attempts to treat them as a group. Not until after the Second World War do they couple this discourse with the favourable image of a homogeneous and coherent School of Paris, thus contributing to its historiographical fortune.

U.S. American literary and creative artists perform the work of developing a discursive response to two critical moments in Haitian history: the Revolution (1791-1804) and the U.S. Marine Occupation (1915 to 1934), inspiring imaginations and imaginary concepts. Revolutionary images of Toussaint Louverture proliferated beyond the boundaries of Haiti illuminating the complicity of colonial powers in maintaining notions of a particularized racial discourse. Frank J. Webb, a free black Philadelphian, engages a scathing critique of Thomas Carlyle’s sage prose “On the Negro Question” (1849) through the fictional depiction of a painted image of Louverture in Webb’s novel The Garies and their Friends (1857). Travel writing and ethnographies of the Occupation provide platforms for new forms of artistic production involving Vodou. Following James Weldon Johnson’s critique of U.S. policy (1920), others members of the Harlem Renaissance provide a counter narrative that reengages particular U.S. readers with Haiti’s problematic Revolution through the visual and literary lens of the Occupation experience. The pseudo journalism of William Seabrook's The Magic Island (1929) serves as the poto mitan (center point) around which other creative works produced after the Occupation appear. Katherine Dunham, Zora Neale Hurston, and Maya Deren followed in Seabrook’s wake. Literature, performances, and film, as well as complementary ethnographic records for each follow from Dunham (Dances of Haiti, 1983), Hurston (Tell My Horse, 1938), and Deren (Divine Horsemen, 1953). The artistic production of these significant cultural producers may better represent their experience of fieldwork in Haiti following the Occupation. Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), Dunham’s exposure of Haitian dances across the world stage, and Deren’s experimental films better capture the reciprocal effect of the ethnographic process on each in their continued presentation to contemporary audiences. Literature directly related to their production appears later in Ishmael Reed’s Mumbo Jumbo (1972), Arthur Flowers’s Another Good Loving Blues (1993), Edwidge Danticat’s Breath, Eyes, Memory (1994), and Nalo Hopkinson’s The Salt Roads (2005). These productive literatures and art forms actively engage in creating the transnational ideal of diaspora as we understand it today. All dance delicately with spirit.

This study explains how expatriate South Australian woman artists established both new lives and art careers in the modern metropoles of Paris and London in the early years of the twentieth century. It also argues that relocation to the modern metropole required new representational forms in their art practices. The interior view set in domestic, rather than public space was the particular form chosen by the women of this study to represent their experience of modern urban life.

The Master thesis has for its objective mapping of destiny of czech comunity in Paris from sixties to eighties. Its purpose is not to get a complete list of all artists, who came to Paris. It's just a sellection of those important persons, who broke through Paris. The personal interviews play an important part of the sources. The thesis is not structured in medallion-biography way, but it is lined up in a thematic way. Most of the artists handled in their new home country withe similar problems and situations. First theoretical part characterise the period, the environment, the czech-french relations and the general phenomena of emigration in the czech historical memory. In sixties the czech-french relations started to be reanimated and many french art critics visited Czechoslovakia and they wrote about czech art. Beside France, the czech emigration refuged in sixties largely to West Germany, United States of America, Canada, austrian Wien, Swiss and nordic countries. Individuals art centres were connected to others by friendships and artists visited themselves. Second and more extensive part of the thesis works with the oral and witten interviews. The respondent artists are Miloš Cvach, Roman Kameš, Karel Machálek-Zlín, Miloslav Moucha, Vladimír Škoda, Ivan Theimer and art historian Jana Claverie....