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Academic literature on the topic 'Artificially wetted soil'
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Journal articles on the topic "Artificially wetted soil"
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Sawada, Y., LAG Aylmore, and JM Hainsworth. "Development of a soil water dispersion index (SOWADIN) for testing the effectiveness of soil-wetting agents." Soil Research 27, no. 1 (1989): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890017.
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Computer-assisted tomography (CAT) applied to gamma-ray attenuation measurements has been used to develop an index termed the soil water dispersion index (SOWADIN), which describes quantitatively the amount and distribution of water in soil columns. The index, which is determined by classifying pixels in a scanned slice into three categories according to their attenuation coefficients, contains two numerical values. The first value corresponds to the water content of the scanned slice and the second value is a measure of the dispersion of the water throughout the slice. Artificially wetted zones were created in soil columns to give one-third of the scanned layer wetted with various patterns of wetted-area distribution. The SOWADIN values obtained accurately reflected the differences in water distribution associated with the different patterns. Application of SOWADIN to columns of a water-repellent sand before and after treatment with a soil-wetting agent clearly illustrates both the increase in water content and improvement in water distribution in the soil column following treatment.
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Halihan, Todd, John Paul Hager, Lucie Guertault, and Garey A. Fox. "Detecting Macropore Fingering Using Temporal Electrical Resistivity Imaging." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, no. 5 (2021): 861–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14294.
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HighlightsSingle macropores can be detected using temporal electrical resistivity imaging under controlled conditions.Macropore flow can be detected based on preferentially wetted fingers of increased conductance.Macropore activation does not appear to require saturated surface conditions to induce preferential flow.Abstract. Riparian soils are uniquely susceptible to the formation of macropores, which are hypothesized to promote fast transport of water and contaminants through upper soil layers. Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) can locate spatial heterogeneities in soil wetting patterns and evaluate differences due to vegetation, thus optimizing the design of riparian buffers. Temporal ERI (TERI) imaging was conducted in a fine and coarse field setting with artificial macropores to evaluate flow under unsaturated simulated rainfall conditions and saturated infiltrometer conditions. While single macropores are detectable using TERI datasets, the results in an average field setting would detect the wetted area surrounding a macropore, not the macropore itself. The results were similar for both the primary fine grain soil site in Oklahoma as well as the coarse grain site in North Carolina. TERI data indicated that without artificial conditions with low noise conditions, a single macropore would not be detected, a wetted zone would be the best detection. In ordinary field evaluation of natural macropores, the TERI technique would detect the wetted zone around a macropore similar to a high hydraulic conductivity zone in a heterogeneous soil matrix. Finally, the results confirmed that macropore activation does not require saturated conditions to generate preferential flow. Keywords: Hydrogeophysics, Preferential flowpaths, Riparian buffers, Temporal electrical resistivity imaging.
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Sokołowska, Zofia, Katarzyna Szewczuk-Karpisz, Marcin Turski, Agnieszka Tomczyk, Marta Cybulak, and Kamil Skic. "Effect of Wood Waste and Sunflower Husk Biochar on Tensile Strength and Porosity of Dystric Cambisol Artificial Aggregates." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020244.
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This paper focuses on the tensile strength (Q) and porosity of Dystric Cambisol cylinders with and without biochars (0.1% or 5% dose) obtained from wood waste (BC1) and sunflower husks (BC2). The experiments were performed on air-dried and wetted artificial aggregates remolded from unfractionated soil and its selected fractions (1–0.25, 0.25–0.1, 0.1–0.05, and <0.05 mm). The obtained results indicated that the biochar addition reduced the tensile strength of all examined samples, regardless of the type of biomass used in pyrolysis. This effect was more significant with the larger biochar dose of 5%. When cylinders formed from a wetted 1–0.25 mm fraction with 5% BC2, the Q reduction equaled as much as 0.048 MPa. The noted decrease in tensile strength was mainly associated with the formation of macropores in the cylinders (of maximum radii: 4.77 µm BC1 and 5.78 μm BC2). The highest tensile strength was observed in the air-dried samples formed from the largest silica-rich fraction (1–0.25 mm) without biochar (0.078 MPa for the air-dried cylinders and 0.066 MPa for the wetted ones). The higher Q parameter for the air-dried remolded soil aggregates was probably related to the dehydration of soil gels and the thermal transformation of iron and alumina oxides during drying.
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Menzies, NW, and LC Bell. "Evaluation of the influence of sample preparation and extraction technique on soil solution composition." Soil Research 26, no. 3 (1988): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880451.
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Soil solutions were extracted by immiscible liquid displacement with trichlorotrifluoroethane and by centrifuge drainage from surface and subsoil samples having a wide range of chemical and physical properties. Extractions were performed on field-moist samples and on air-dry samples which were re-wetted to different matric suctions and for different lengths of time. The composition of the soil solution obtained was the same with both methods of extraction when samples had been pre-wet to a matric suction of 0-1 bar. Immiscible liquid displacement extracted solution from a krasnozem surface soil at suctions as great as 15 bar; in contrast, centrifuge drainage failed to extract solution from this soil at >3 bar. The concentration of ions in solutions extracted by displacement from soils with increasing matric suction rose to a far greater extent than that anticipated if concentration was the only mechanism operating. In re-wet air-dry samples, major cations and anions were at equilibrium levels in solution after incubation for 1 day; longer incubation times resulted in an artificial elevation of ionic strength through mineralization of organic matter in some surface samples. The levels achieved after 1 day were similar to those present in solutions extracted from field-moist samples.
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Ahmed, Mutez A., Eva Kroener, Maire Holz, Mohsen Zarebanadkouki, and Andrea Carminati. "Mucilage exudation facilitates root water uptake in dry soils." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 11 (2014): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13330.
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As plant roots take up water and the soil dries, water depletion is expected to occur in the rhizosphere. However, recent experiments showed that the rhizosphere was wetter than the bulk soil during root water uptake. We hypothesise that the increased water content in the rhizosphere was caused by mucilage exuded by roots. It is probably that the higher water content in the rhizosphere results in higher hydraulic conductivity of the root–soil interface. In this case, mucilage exudation would favour the uptake of water in dry soils. To test this hypothesis, we covered a suction cup, referred to as an artificial root, with mucilage. We placed it in soil with a water content of 0.03 cm3 cm–3, and used the root pressure probe technique to measure the hydraulic conductivity of the root–soil continuum. The results were compared with measurements with roots not covered with mucilage. The root pressure relaxation curves were fitted with a model of root water uptake including rhizosphere dynamics. The results demonstrated that when mucilage is added to the root surface, it keeps the soil near the roots wet and hydraulically well conductive, facilitating the water flow from dry soils towards the root surface. Mucilage exudation seems to be an optimal plant trait that favours the capture of water when water is scarce.
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Stewart, D. J., C. M. Taylor, C. E. Reeves, and J. B. McQuaid. "Biogenic nitrogen oxide emissions from soils: impact on NO<sub>x</sub> and ozone over west Africa during AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis): observational study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 8 (April 29, 2008): 2285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2285-2008.
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Abstract. Chemical and meteorological parameters measured on board the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe 146 Atmospheric Research Aircraft during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) campaign are presented to show the impact of NOx emissions from recently wetted soils in West Africa. NO emissions from soils have been previously observed in many geographical areas with different types of soil/vegetation cover during small scale studies and have been inferred at large scales from satellite measurements of NOx. This study is the first dedicated to showing the emissions of NOx at an intermediate scale between local surface sites and continental satellite measurements. The measurements reveal pronounced mesoscale variations in NOx concentrations closely linked to spatial patterns of antecedent rainfall. Fluxes required to maintain the NOx concentrations observed by the BAe-146 in a number of cases studies and for a range of assumed OH concentrations (1×106 to 1×107 molecules cm−3) are calculated to be in the range 8.4 to 36.1 ng N m−2 s−1. These values are comparable to the range of fluxes from 0.5 to 28 ng N m−2 s−1 reported from small scale field studies in a variety of non-nutrient rich tropical and sub-tropical locations reported in the review of Davidson and Kingerlee (1997). The fluxes calculated in the present study have been scaled up to cover the area of the Sahel bounded by 10 to 20 N and 10 E to 20 W giving an estimated emission of 0.03 to 0.30 Tg N from this area for July and August 2006. The observed chemical data also suggest that the NOx emitted from soils is taking part in ozone formation as ozone concentrations exhibit similar fine scale structure to the NOx, with enhancements over the wet soils. Such variability can not be explained on the basis of transport from other areas. Delon et al. (2008) is a companion paper to this one which models the impact of soil NOx emissions on the NOx and ozone concentration over West Africa during AMMA. It employs an artificial neural network to define the emissions of NOx from soils, integrated into a coupled chemistry-dynamics model. The results are compared to the observed data presented in this paper. Here we compare fluxes deduced from the observed data with the model-derived values from Delon et al. (2008).
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Lastiri-Hernández, Marcos Alfonso, Dioselina Álvarez-Bernal, Gustavo Cruz-Cárdenas, J. Teodoro Silva-García, Eloy Conde-Barajas, and Ernesto Oregel-Zamudio. "Potential of Epipremnum aureum and Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst for Saline Phytoremediation in Artificial Wetlands." Water 15, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010194.
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The aim of this research was to evaluate the phytoremediative potential of Epipremnum aureum and Bacopa monnieri to improve the chemical properties of irrigation water exposed to the following two saline concentrations: highly saline (EC 2000 μS cm−1) and severely saline (EC 4000 μS cm−1). The artificial wetlands used in this experiment were of the free water surface type, considering a hydraulic retention time of 42 days. The evaluated treatments were configured as follows: T1 (B. monnieri [control, 300 μS cm−1]), T2 (B. monnieri [2000 μS cm−1]), T3 (B. monnieri [4000 μS cm−1]), T4 (E. aureum [control, 300 μS cm−1]), T5 (E. aureum [2000 μS cm−1]), T6 (E. aureum [4000 μS cm−1]), T7 (B. monnieri + E. aureum [control, 300 μS cm−1]), T8 (B. monnieri + E. aureum [2000 μS cm−1]), and T9 (B. monnieri + E. aureum [4000 μS cm−1]). The results showed that the species B. monnieri and E. aureum (both separately and together) showed a good ability to reduce the salinity of the irrigation water. However, B. monnieri showed a greater ability of phytoremediation, to the point of improving its chemical properties and reducing potential damage to the soil to use this water. In the highly saline group, B. monnieri accumulated 7.992 g per experimental unit and achieved to reduce of the pH from 7.96 to 7.75, EC from 2000 μS cm−1 to 670 μS cm−1, SAR from 13.54 to 3.91 and ESP from 20.17 to 5.83, which allowed it to go from (C3-S3) to (C3-S1). In the severely saline group, B. monnieri accumulated 13.494 g per experimental unit and achieved to reduce the pH from 8.14 to 7.91, EC from 4000 μS cm−1 to 1730 μS cm−1, SAR from 27.35 to 8.73, ESP from 40.35 to 13.01, which allowed it to go from (C4-S4) to (C3-S2).
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Tiemeyer, B., and P. Kahle. "Nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) losses from an artificially drained grassland on organic soils." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 3023–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-3023-2014.
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Abstract. Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) as well as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) concentrations and losses were studied for three respectively two years in a small catchment dominated by a degraded peatland used as intensive grassland. Concentrations in the shallow groundwater were spatially and temporally very variable with NO3-N being the most dynamic component (7.3 ± 12.5 mg L–1). Average NO3-N concentrations of 10.3 ± 5.4 mg L–1 in the ditch draining the catchment and annual NO3-N losses of 19, 35 and 26 kg ha–1 confirmed drained peatlands as an important source of diffuse N pollution. The highest NO3-N losses occurred during the wettest year. Resulting from concentrations of 2.4 ± 0.8 mg L–1, DON added further 4.5 to 6.4 kg ha–1 to the N losses and thus formed a relevant component of the total N losses. Ditch DOC concentrations of 24.9 ± 5.9 mg L–1 resulted in DOC losses of 66 kg ha–1 in the wet year 2006/07 and 39 kg ha–1 in the dry year 2007/08. Both DOC and N concentrations were governed by hydrological conditions, but NO3-N reacted much faster and clearer on rising discharge rates than DOC which tended to be higher under dryer conditions. In the third year of the study, the superposition of a very wet summer and land use changes from grassland to arable land in a part of the catchment suggests that under re-wetting conditions with a high groundwater table in summer, NO3-N would diminish quickly, while DOC would remain on a similar level. Further intensification of the land use, on the other hand, would increase N losses to receiving water bodies.
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Tiemeyer, B., and P. Kahle. "Nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) losses from an artificially drained grassland on organic soils." Biogeosciences 11, no. 15 (August 6, 2014): 4123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4123-2014.
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Abstract. Nitrate–nitrogen (NO3–N) as well as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) concentrations and losses were studied for three and two years, respectively, in a small catchment dominated by a degraded peatland used as intensive grassland. Concentrations in the shallow groundwater were spatially and temporally very variable, with NO3–N being the most dynamic component (7.3 ± 12.5 mg L−1) and ranging from 0 to 79.4 mg L−1. Average NO3–N concentrations of 10.3 ± 5.4 mg L−1 (0 to 25.5 mg L−1) in the ditch draining the catchment and annual NO3–N losses of 19, 35 and 26 kg ha−1 confirmed drained peatlands as an important source of diffuse N pollution. The highest NO3–N losses occurred during the wettest year. Resulting from concentration of 2.4 ± 0.8 mg L−1 (0.7 to 6.2 mg L−1), DON added a further 4.5 to 6.4 kg ha−1 to the N losses and thus formed a relevant (15%) component of the total N losses. Ditch DOC concentrations of 24.9 ± 5.9 mg L−1 (13.1 to 47.7 mg L−1) resulted in DOC losses of 66 kg ha−1 in the wet year of 2006/2007 and 39 kg ha−1 in the dry year of 2007/2008. Ditch DOC concentration were lower than the groundwater DOC concentration of 50.6 ± 15.2 mg L−1 (14.9 to 88.5 mg L−1). Both DOC and N concentrations were governed by hydrological conditions, but NO3–N reacted much faster and clearer on rising discharge rates than DOC, which tended to be higher under drier conditions. In the third year of the study, the superposition of a very wet summer and land use changes from grassland to arable land in a part of the catchment suggests that, under re-wetting conditions with a high groundwater table in summer, NO3–N would diminish quickly, while DOC would remain on a similar level. Further intensification of the land use, on the other hand, would increase N losses to receiving water bodies.
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Welsh, Molly K., Sara K. McMillan, and Philippe G. Vidon. "Impact of Riparian and Stream Restoration on Denitrification in Geomorphic Features of Agricultural Streams." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 5 (2020): 1157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13777.
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HighlightsDenitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was measured in stream sediments of restored and unrestored agricultural streams.Nitrate, sediment characteristics, riparian vegetation, and geomorphology influenced DEA.Pools at restored sites had lower organic carbon, coarser sediment textures, and lower denitrification potential.Restoration strategies should increase organic carbon and residence times through complex flowpaths.Abstract. Agricultural land use, channel modifications, and riparian vegetation composition can affect instream denitrification by altering geomorphic features, such as sediment texture, organic matter, retention time, and hyporheic exchange. Stream and riparian restoration is widely implemented in agricultural watersheds to mitigate excess nutrient export to sensitive downstream waters; however, the cumulative impact of channel reconstruction and altered channel and near-stream morphology on nitrogen dynamics remains poorly understood. We measured denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) and environmental variables (e.g., water chemistry, sediment texture, and organic matter) in different geomorphic features in agriculturally influenced streams in North Carolina with varied channel and riparian zone characteristics. Our results indicate that denitrification is primarily influenced by increased transport of nitrate (NO3-) to the streams in wetter months. Secondarily, structural factors, including riparian vegetation and stream geomorphology, impact denitrification by controlling the distribution of sediment texture and organic carbon. In the newly restored stream, we observed coarser streambed sediments and low sediment organic carbon, especially in scour pools constructed downstream from cross-vanes. Lower DEA was observed in restored pools (39.1 ng N g-1 dry mass h-1) compared to naturally occurring pools (70.7 to 278.1 ng N g-1 dry mass h-1). These results highlight the need for restoration strategies to be directed at increasing organic carbon and residence times through complex flowpaths (e.g., meanders, root wads, artificial woody debris dams). Keywords: Denitrification, Freshwater, Nitrogen, Restoration, Riparian, Stream, Water quality.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Artificially wetted soil"
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MORSHED, WASSEEM. "IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF CONDITIONING EQUIPMENT IN POULTRY FACILITY." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1079078.
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Earth-to-air heat exchangers (EAHEs) can reduce the energy consumption required for the heating and cooling of buildings. Besides soil temperature and composition, soil moisture can affect thermal performance of EAHE. The aim of this study was to compare thermal performance of EAHE in dry and artificially wetted soil. Tests were carried out in the Basra Province (Iraq), in a semi-desert area. Two experimental EAHEs were built and tested from June 2013 to February 2014, plus the entire month of August 2014. Pipe exchangers were buried at 2 m depth. One EAHE operated in dry soil (DE), while the other one in artificially wetted soil (WE). In the WE system, a drip tubing placed 10 cm above the air pipe wetted the soil around the exchanger. Air temperature at the inlet, at 12.5 m and 24.5 m distance and at the outlet of both of the exchangers, as well as soil temperature at 2 m depth, 25 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm far from the pipe were continuously monitored. The experimental results confirmed that wetting the soil around EAHE improves the general heat exchange efficiency. In the hottest day of the hottest period, the WE system recorded an average cooling coefficient performance of 9.39 against 7.69 of the DE. In the coldest day of the coldest period, the WE system recorded an average heating coefficient performance of 11.08 against 9.86 of the DE. On maximum, in the hottest hours of the day, the ∆t of the WE was 12.60°C while in the DE it was 10.60°C. Moreover, during the nighttime in summer, the WE system warmed the air more than the DE system.