Academic literature on the topic 'Artificial Social Agents'
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Journal articles on the topic "Artificial Social Agents"
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Holtgraves, T. M., S. J. Ross, C. R. Weywadt, and T. L. Han. "Perceiving artificial social agents." Computers in Human Behavior 23, no. 5 (September 2007): 2163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2006.02.017.
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Wiese, Eva, Tyler Shaw, Daniel Lofaro, and Carryl Baldwin. "Designing Artificial Agents as Social Companions." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601764.
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When we interact with others, we make inferences about their internal states (i.e., intentions, emotions) and use this information to understand and predict their behavior. Reasoning about the internal states of others is referred to as mentalizing, and presupposes that our social partners are believed to have a mind. Seeing mind in others increases trust, prosocial behaviors and feelings of social connection, and leads to improved joint performance. However, while human agents trigger mind perception by default, artificial agents are not automatically treated as intentional entities but need to be designed to do so. The panel addresses this issue by discussing how mind attribution to robots and other automated agents can be elicited by design, what the effects of mind perception are on attitudes and performance in human-robot and human-machine interaction and what behavioral and neuroscientific paradigms can be used to investigate these questions. Application areas covered include social robotics, automation, driver-vehicle interfaces, and others.
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Chaminade, Thierry, and Jessica K. Hodgins. "Artificial agents in social cognitive sciences." Interaction Studies 7, no. 3 (November 13, 2006): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.7.3.07cha.
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Wykowska, Agnieszka, Thierry Chaminade, and Gordon Cheng. "Embodied artificial agents for understanding human social cognition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1693 (May 5, 2016): 20150375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0375.
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In this paper, we propose that experimental protocols involving artificial agents, in particular the embodied humanoid robots, provide insightful information regarding social cognitive mechanisms in the human brain. Using artificial agents allows for manipulation and control of various parameters of behaviour, appearance and expressiveness in one of the interaction partners (the artificial agent), and for examining effect of these parameters on the other interaction partner (the human). At the same time, using artificial agents means introducing the presence of artificial, yet human-like, systems into the human social sphere. This allows for testing in a controlled, but ecologically valid, manner human fundamental mechanisms of social cognition both at the behavioural and at the neural level. This paper will review existing literature that reports studies in which artificial embodied agents have been used to study social cognition and will address the question of whether various mechanisms of social cognition (ranging from lower- to higher-order cognitive processes) are evoked by artificial agents to the same extent as by natural agents, humans in particular. Increasing the understanding of how behavioural and neural mechanisms of social cognition respond to artificial anthropomorphic agents provides empirical answers to the conundrum ‘What is a social agent?’
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Nakanishi, Hideyuki, Shinya Shimizu, and Katherine Isbister. "SENSITIZING SOCIAL AGENTS FOR VIRTUAL TRAINING." Applied Artificial Intelligence 19, no. 3-4 (March 9, 2005): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08839510590910192.
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Xia, Zheng You, and Chen Ling Gu. "The Role of Belief in the Emergence of Social Conventions in Artificial Social System." Advanced Materials Research 159 (December 2010): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.159.210.
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The emergence of social conventions in multi-agent systems has been analyzed mainly by considering a group of homogeneous autonomous agents that can reach a global agreement using locally available information. We use novel viewpoint to consider that the process through which agents coordinate their behaviors to reduce conflict is also the process agents use to evaluate trust relations with their neighbors during local interactions. In this paper, we propose using the belief update rule called Instances of Satisfying and Dissatisfying (ISD) to study the evolution of agents' beliefs during local interactions. We also define an action selection rule called “highest cumulative belief” (HCB) to coordinate their behavior to reduce conflicts among agents in MAS (multi-agent systems). We find that the HCB can cause a group of agents to achieve the emergence of social conventions. Furthermore, we discover that if a group of agents can achieve the emergence of social conventions through ISD and HCB rules in an artificial social system, after a number of iterations this group of agents can enter the harmony state wherein each agent fully believes its neighbors.
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Pana, Laura. "Artificial Ethics." International Journal of Technoethics 3, no. 3 (July 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jte.2012070101.
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A new morality is generated in the present scientific and technical environment, and a new ethics is needed, an ethics which may found both individual and social morality, guiding a moral evolution of different cultural fields and which has chances to keep alive the moral culture itself. Pointed out are the scientific, technical, and philosophical premises of artificial ethics. Specifically the status and the role of artificial ethics is described and detailed by selecting ethical decision procedures, norms, principles and values that are suitable to be applied both by human and artificial moral agents. Moral intelligence as a kind of practical intelligence is studied and its role in human and artificial moral conduct is evaluated. A set of ethical values that may be shared and applied by both human and artificial moral agents is presented. Common features of human and artificial moral agents as well as specific properties of artificial moral agents are analyzed. Artificial ethics is presented and integrated in the multi-set of artificial cognition, discovery, activity, organization and evolution forms. Experiments and the results of this article are explored further in the article.
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Payr, Sabine. "SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT WITH ROBOTS AND AGENTS: INTRODUCTION." Applied Artificial Intelligence 25, no. 6 (July 2011): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08839514.2011.586616.
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Coman, Alexandra, and David W. Aha. "AI Rebel Agents." AI Magazine 39, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v39i3.2762.
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The ability to say "no" in a variety of ways and contexts is an essential part of being socio-cognitively human. Through a variety of examples, we show that, despite ominous portrayals in science fiction, AI agents with human-inspired noncompliance abilities have many potential benefits. Rebel agents are intelligent agents that can oppose goals or plans assigned to them, or the general attitudes or behavior of other agents. They can serve purposes such as ethics, safety, and task execution correctness, and provide or support diverse points of view. We present a framework to help categorize and design rebel agents, discuss their social and ethical implications, and assess their potential benefits and the risks they may pose. In recognition of the fact that, in human psychology, non-compliance has profound socio-cognitive implications, we also explore socio-cognitive dimensions of AI rebellion: social awareness and counternarrative intelligence. This latter term refers to an agent's ability to produce and use alternative narratives that support, express, or justify rebellion, either sincerely or deceptively. We encourage further conversation about AI rebellion within the AI community and beyond, given the inherent interdisciplinarity of the topic.
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Tnennenholtz, Moshe. "On Social Constraints for Rational Agents." Computational Intelligence 15, no. 4 (November 1999): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00098.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Artificial Social Agents"
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Hogg, Lisa Marie Jean. "Control of social reasoning in resource bounded agents." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251682.
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de, Greeff Joachim. "Interactive concept acquisition for embodied artificial agents." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1587.
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An important capacity that is still lacking in intelligent systems such as robots, is the ability to use concepts in a human-like manner. Indeed, the use of concepts has been recognised as being fundamental to a wide range of cognitive skills, including classification, reasoning and memory. Intricately intertwined with language, concepts are at the core of human cognition; but despite a large body or research, their functioning is as of yet not well understood. Nevertheless it remains clear that if intelligent systems are to achieve a level of cognition comparable to humans, they will have to posses the ability to deal with the fundamental role that concepts play in cognition. A promising manner in which conceptual knowledge can be acquired by an intelligent system is through ongoing, incremental development. In this view, a system is situated in the world and gradually acquires skills and knowledge through interaction with its social and physical environment. Important in this regard is the notion that cognition is embodied. As such, both the physical body and the environment shape the manner in which cognition, including the learning and use of concepts, operates. Through active partaking in the interaction, an intelligent system might influence its learning experience as to be more effective. This work presents experiments which illustrate how these notions of interaction and embodiment can influence the learning process of artificial systems. It shows how an artificial agent can benefit from interactive learning. Rather than passively absorbing knowledge, the system actively partakes in its learning experience, yielding improved learning. Next, the influence of embodiment on perception is further explored in a case study concerning colour perception, which results in an alternative explanation for the question of why human colour experience is very similar amongst individuals despite physiological differences. Finally experiments, in which an artificial agent is embodied in a novel robot that is tailored for human-robot interaction, illustrate how active strategies are also beneficial in an HRI setting in which the robot learns from a human teacher.
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Casali, Ana. "On intentional and social agents with graded attitudes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7748.
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La principal contribución de esta Tesis es la propuesta de un modelo de agente BDI graduado (g-BDI) que permita especificar una arquitetura de agente capaz de representar y razonar con actitudes mentales graduadas. Consideramos que una arquitectura BDI más exible permitirá desarrollar agentes que alcancen mejor performance en entornos inciertos y dinámicos, al servicio de otros agentes (humanos o no) que puedan tener un conjunto de motivaciones graduadas. En el modelo g-BDI, las actitudes graduadas del agente tienen una representación explícita y adecuada. Los grados en las creencias representan la medida en que el agente cree que una fórmula es verdadera, en los deseos positivos o negativos permiten al agente establecer respectivamente, diferentes niveles de preferencias o de rechazo. Las graduaciones en las intenciones también dan una medida de preferencia pero en este caso, modelan el costo/beneficio que le trae al agente alcanzar una meta. Luego, a partir de la representación e interacción de estas actitudes graduadas, pueden ser modelados agentes que muestren diferentes tipos de comportamiento. La formalización del modelo g-BDI está basada en los sistemas multi-contextos. Diferentes lógicas modales multivaluadas se han propuesto para representar y razonarsobre las creencias, deseos e intenciones, presentando en cada caso una axiomática completa y consistente. Para tratar con la semántica operacional del modelo de agente, primero se definió un calculus para la ejecución de sistemas multi-contextos, denominado Multi-context calculus. Luego, mediante este calculus se le ha dado al modelo g-BDI semántica computacional. Por otra parte, se ha presentado una metodología para la ingeniería de agentes g-BDI en un escenario multiagente. El objeto de esta propuesta es guiar el diseño de sistemas multiagentes, a partir de un problema del mundo real. Por medio del desarrollo de un sistema recomendador en turismo como caso de estudio, donde el agente recomendador tiene una arquitectura g-BDI, se ha mostrado que este modelo es valioso para diseñar e implementar agentes concretos. Finalmente, usando este caso de estudio se ha realizado una experimentación sobre la flexibilidad y performance del modelo de agente g-BDI, demostrando que es útil para desarrollar agentes que manifiesten conductas diversas. También se ha mostrado que los resultados obtenidos con estos agentes recomendadores modelizados con actitudes graduadas, son mejores que aquellos alcanzados por los agentes con actitudes no-graduadas.
The central contribution of this dissertation is the proposal of a graded BDI agent model (g-BDI), specifying an architecture capable of representing and reasoning with graded mental attitudes. We consider that making the BDI architecture more exible will allow us to design and develop agents capable of improved performance in uncertain and dynamic environments, serving other agents (human or not) that may have a set of graded motivations.
In the g-BDI model, the agent graded attitudes have an explicit and suitable representation. Belief degrees represent the extent to which the agent believes a formula to be true. Degrees of positive or negative desires allow the agent to set di_erent levels of preference or rejection respectively. Intention degrees also give a preference measure but, in this case, modelling the cost/benefit trade off of achieving an agent's goal. Then, agents having different kinds of behaviour can be modelled on the basis of the representation and interaction of their graded attitudes. The formalization of the g-BDI agent model is based on Multi-context systems and in order to represent and reason about the beliefs, desires and intentions, we followed a many-valued modal approach. Also, a sound and complete axiomatics for representing each graded attitude is proposed. Besides, in order to cope with the operational semantics aspects of the g-BDI agent model, we first defined a Multi-context calculus for Multi-context systems execution and then, using this calculus we give this agent model computational meaning.
Furthermore, a software engineering process to develop graded BDI agents in a multiagent scenario is presented. The aim of the proposed methodology is to guide the design of a multiagent system starting from a real world problem. Through the development of a Tourism recommender system, where one of its principal agents is modelled as a g-BDI agent, we show that the model is useful to design and implement concrete agents.
Finally, using the case study we have made some experiments concerning the exibility and performance of the g-BDI agent model, demonstrating that this agent model is useful to develop agents showing varied and rich behaviours. We also show that the results obtained by these particular recommender agents using graded attitudes improve those achieved by agents using non-graded attitudes.
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Magalhaes, Martins Joao Pedro. "Emergent rhythmic structures as cultural phenomena driven by social pressure in a society of artificial agents." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1185.
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This thesis studies rhythm from an evolutionary computation perspective. Rhythm is the most fundamental dimension of music and can be used as a ground to describe the evolution of music. More specifically, the main goal of the thesis is to investigate how complex rhythmic structures evolve, subject to the cultural transmission between individuals in a society. The study is developed by means of computer modelling and simulations informed by evolutionary computation and artificial life (A-Life). In this process, self-organisation plays a fundamental role. The evolutionary process is steered by the evaluation of rhythmic complexity and by the exposure to rhythmic material. In this thesis, composers and musicologists will find the description of a system named A-Rhythm, which explores the emerged behaviours in a community of artificial autonomous agents that interact in a virtual environment. The interaction between the agents takes the form of imitation games. A set of necessary criteria was established for the construction of a compositional system in which cultural transmission is observed. These criteria allowed the comparison with related work in the field of evolutionary computation and music. In the development of the system, rhythmic representation is discussed. The proposed representation enabled the development of complexity and similarity based measures, and the recombination of rhythms in a creative manner. A-Rhythm produced results in the form of simulation data which were evaluated in terms of the coherence of repertoires of the agents. The data shows how rhythmic sequences are changed and sustained in the population, displaying synchronic and diachronic diversity. Finally, this tool was used as a generative mechanism for composition and several examples are presented.
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Monteiro, Júlio de Lima do Rêgo. "Simulação de parcerias entre agentes: uma extensão do sistema PART-NET." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-28022005-002806/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de simulação baseada em multiagentes para calcular a emergência de parcerias entre múltiplos agentes. A metodologia adotada foi tomar como base o sistema PART-NET [CONTE98], que efetua o cálculo da emergência de parcerias entre uma dupla de agentes, e alterá-lo de acordo com o objetivo proposto. Dessa maneira, dividiu-se o trabalho em duas etapas. Na primeira, o sistema original foi reescrito na linguagem Java, promovendo benefícios operacionais, como a melhora da interface e a apresentação dos resultados de forma gráfica. Esse sistema intermediário foi denominado PartNET+. A segunda etapa constituiu-se em expandir a funcionalidade do sistema intermediário, tornando sua arquitetura de agentes mais completa pela adição de planos, o que permite novos tipos de parcerias. Para processar essas parcerias, criou-se um novo algoritmo para cálculo de parcerias entre múltiplos agentes, com base em hipergrafos. O sistema resultante, que compreende estas extensões funcionais, foi denominado PartNET++.The purpose of this work is the development of a multiagent based simulation tool to account partnership formation among multiple agents. In order to achieve that, the PART-NET [CONTE98] system was adopted as a base. This system calculates the partnership formation of pairs of agents, and was altered according to the proposed objective. In this manner, the work was divided in two stages. In the first, the original system was redesigned using the Java language, bringing operational improvements to the predecessor, such as user interface enhancement and graphical display of the results. This intermediary system was named PartNET+. The second stage promotes new functionality to this intermediary system, adding plans to its agent architecture to allow new kinds of partnerships. A new algorithm for multiple agents partnership formation was developed based on hipergraphs, and the final system that handles this enhanced partnership formation was called PartNET++
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Kumar, Rohit. "Socially Capable Conversational Agents for Multi-Party Interactive Situations." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2011. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/162.
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Since the inception of AI research, great strides have been made towards achieving the goal of extending natural language conversation as a medium of interaction with machines. Today, we find many Conversational Agents (CAs) situated in various aspects of our everyday life such as information access, education and entertainment. However, most of the existing work on CAs has focused on agents that support only one user in each interactive session.
On the other hand, people organize themselves in groups such as teams of co-workers, family and networks of friends. With the mass-adoption of Internet based communication technologies for group interaction, there is an unprecedented opportunity for CAs to support interactive situations involving multiple human participants. Support provided by these CAs can make the functioning of some of these groups more efficient, enjoyable and rewarding to the participants.
Through our work on supporting various Multi-Party Interactive Situations (MPIS), we have identified two problems that must be addressed in order to embed effective CAs in such situations. The first problem highlights the technical challenges involving the development of CAs in MPIS. Existing approaches for modeling agent behavior make assumptions that break down in multi-party interaction. As a step towards addressing this problem, this thesis contributes the Basilica software architecture that uses an event-driven approach to model conversation as an orchestration of triggering of conversational behaviors. This architecture alleviates the technical problems by providing a rich representational capability and the flexibility to address complex interaction dynamics.
The second problem involves the choice of appropriate agent behaviors. In MPIS, agents must compete with human participants for attention in order to effectively deliver support and interventions. In this work, we follow a model of human group interaction developed by empirical research in small group communication. This model identifies two fundamental processes in human group interaction, i.e., Instrumental (Task-related) and Expressive (Social-Emotional). Behaviors that constitute this expressive process hold the key to managing and regulating user attention and serve other social functions in group interaction.
This thesis describes two socially capable conversational agents that support users in collaborative learning and group decision making activities. Their social capabilities are composed of a set of behaviors based on the Social-Emotional interaction categories identified by work in small group communication. These agents demonstrate the generalizability of our methodology for designing and implementing social capabilities across two very different interactive situations.
In addition to the implementation of these agents, the thesis presents a series of experiments and analysis conducted to investigate the effectiveness of these social capabilities. First and foremost, these experiments show significant benefits of the use of socially capable agents on task success and agent perception across the two different interactive situations listed above. Second, they investigate issues related to the appropriate use of these social capabilities specifically in terms of the amount and timing of the constituent social behaviors. Finally, these experiments provide an understanding of the underlying mechanism that explains the effects that social capabilities can achieve.
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Santos, Fernão Reges dos. "Comunidades virtuais baseadas em vídeo digital: uma proposta de conteúdo adaptativo pautada em redes de aprendizagem e agentes inteligentes." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2010. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1514.
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Previous issue date: 2010-06-07With the increasing number of participants to internet social network based systems, which uses several computer mediated communication resources like chat, instant messaging, hypertext links to videos and several objects available to facilitate the interaction between users, new frontiers emerges to apply this concepts on educational environment with collaborative forms. This work researches the applicability of Artificial Intelligence models combined with Social Network systems through use of Intelligent Agents. Initially the combination of Intelligent Agents and Social Networks proposal uses Multiagent based kernel acting to analyze and mediate the interaction process over social network.. Considering this perspective and to try stimulate the interactive user process on social network, this work brings the possibility of integrating the main kernel with a social network based on platforms using digital video, like Internet and Digital TV. Using educational content operating with a external module working as Intelligent Tutoring System which provides instructional units to be used with interactive and collaborative forms by participants, resulting a distance and collaborative learning tool. The main target for this tool combining Intelligent Agents and Social Networks, intends to provide a context where educators can research new educational strategies, interactive and collaborative perspectives.
Com o crescente número de usuários de sistemas redes sociais baseadas em Internet, cresce também a integração desses sistemas com diversos recursos de comunicação mediada por computador como serviços de comunicação instantânea e sistemas de bate-papo, vínculos hipertextuais para vídeos, arquivos de áudio e outros objetos que podem ser utilizados como facilitadores do processo interativo e de distribuição de conteúdo nas redes sociais. Nesse cenário, surgem novas possibilidades de aplicação desse tipo de ambiente de forma educacional e colaborativa. A partir desse cenário, esta dissertação aborda a aplicação de modelos de Inteligência Artificial em Sistemas de Redes Sociais por meio da utilização de Agentes Inteligentes. O objetivo da composição de Redes Sociais e Agentes Inteligentes para essa ferramenta é disponibilizar um ambiente em que possam ser investigadas as diferentes possibilidades de estratégias pedagógicas que podem aplicadas nesse novo ambiente de interação e colaboração social. De forma experimental, essa combinação entre Agentes Inteligentes e Sistemas de Redes Sociais foi proposta por meio de um modelo de sistema Multiagente, que atua como núcleo intermediador e analítico do processo interativo que ocorre na rede. Considerando essa perspectiva, e para estímulo do processo interativo entre os usuários da rede, foi estabelecida a integração desse núcleo a uma rede social que opera em plataformas de distribuição de vídeos digitais, como Internet e TV Digital Interativa, utilizando conteúdo educativo que, operando em conjunto com um módulo tutor inteligente, disponibiliza atividades para serem realizadas de forma interativa entre os participantes, resultando em uma ferramenta de Educação a Distância e aprendizado colaborativo.
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Novaro, Arianna. "Collective decision-making with goals." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30179.
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Des agents devant prendre une décision collective sont souvent motivés par des buts individuels. Dans ces situations, deux aspects clés doivent être abordés : sélectionner une alternative gagnante à partir des voix des agents et s'assurer que les agents ne manipulent pas le résultat. Cette thèse étudie l'agrégation et la dimension stratégique des décisions collectives lorsque les agents utilisent un langage représenté de manière compacte. Nous étudions des langages de type logique : de la logique propositionnelle aux CP-nets généralisés, en passant par la logique temporelle linéaire (LTL). Notre principale contribution est l'introduction d'un cadre de vote sur les buts, dans lequel les agents soumettent des buts individuels exprimés comme des formules de la logique propositionnelle. Les fonctions d'agrégation classiques issues du vote, de l'agrégation de jugements et de la fusion de croyances sont adaptées et étudiées de manière axiomatique et computationnelle. Les propriétés axiomatiques connues dans la littérature sur la théorie du choix social sont généralisées à ce nouveau type d'entrée, ainsi que les problèmes de complexité visant à déterminer le résultat du vote. Une autre contribution importante est l'étude de l'agrégation des CP-nets généralisés, c'est-à-dire des CP-nets où la précondition de l'énoncé de préférence est une formule propositionnelle. Nous utilisons différents agrégateurs pour obtenir un classement collectif des résultats possibles. Grâce à cette thèse, deux axes de recherche sont ainsi reliés : l'agrégation des CP-nets classiques et la généralisation des CP-nets à des préconditions incomplètes. Nous contribuons également à l'étude du comportement stratégique dans des contextes de prise de décision collective et de théorie des jeux. Le cadre du vote basé sur les buts est de nouveau étudié sous l'hypothèse que les agents peuvent décider de mentir sur leur but s'ils obtiennent ainsi un meilleur résultat. L'accent est mis sur trois règles de vote majoritaires qui se révèlent manipulables. Par conséquent, nous étudions des restrictions à la fois sur le langage des buts et sur les stratégies des agents en vue d'obtenir des résultats de votes non manipulables. Nous présentons par ailleurs une extension stratégique d'un modèle récent de diffusion d'opinion sur des réseaux d'influence. Dans les jeux d'influence définis ici, les agents ont comme but des formules en LTL et ils peuvent choisir d'utiliser leur pouvoir d'influence pour s'assurer que leur but est atteint. Des solutions classiques telles que la stratégie gagnante sont étudiées pour les jeux d'influence, en relation avec la structure du réseau et les buts des agents. Enfin, nous introduisons une nouvelle classe de concurrent game structures (CGS) dans laquelle les agents peuvent avoir un contrôle partagé sur un ensemble de variables propositionnelles. De telles structures sont utilisées pour interpréter des formules de logique temporelle en temps alternés (ATL), grâce auxquelles on peut exprimer l'existence d'une stratégie gagnante pour un agent dans un jeu itéré (comme les jeux d'influence mentionnés ci-dessus). Le résultat principal montre qu'un CGS avec contrôle partagé peut être représenté comme un CGS avec contrôle exclusif. En conclusion, cette thèse contribue au domaine de la prise de décision collective en introduisant un nouveau cadre de vote basé sur des buts propositionnels. Elle présente une étude de l'agrégation des CP-nets généralisés et une extension d'un cadre de diffusion d'opinion avec des agents rationnels qui utilisent leur pouvoir d'influence. Une réduction du contrôle partagé à un contrôle exclusif dans les CGS pour l'interprétation des logiques du raisonnement stratégique est également proposée. Par le biais de langages logiques divers, les agents peuvent ainsi exprimer buts et préférences sur la décision à prendre, et les propriétés souhaitées pour le processus de décision peuvent en être garantiesAgents having to take a collective decision are often motivated by individual goals. In such scenarios, two key aspects need to be addressed. The first is defining how to select a winning alternative from the expressions of the agents. The second is making sure that agents will not manipulate the outcome. Agents should also be able to state their goals in a way that is expressive, yet not too burdensome. This dissertation studies the aggregation and the strategic component of multi-agent collective decisions where the agents use a compactly represented language. The languages we study are all related to logic: from propositional logic, to generalized CP-nets and linear temporal logic (LTL). Our main contribution is the introduction of the framework of goal-based voting, where agents submit individual goals expressed as formulas of propositional logic. Classical aggregation functions from voting, judgment aggregation, and belief merging are adapted to this setting and studied axiomatically and computationally. Desirable axiomatic properties known in the literature of social choice theory are generalized to this new type of propositional input, as well as the standard complexity problems aimed at determining the result. Another important contribution is the study of the aggregation of generalized CP-nets coming from multiple agents, i.e., CP-nets where the precondition of the preference statement is a propositional formula. We use different aggregators to obtain a collective ordering of the possible outcomes. Thanks to this thesis, two lines of research are thus bridged: the one on the aggregation of complete CP-nets, and the one on the generalization of CP-nets to incomplete preconditions. We also contribute to the study of strategic behavior in both collective decision-making and game-theoretic settings. The framework of goal-based voting is studied again under the assumption that agents can now decide to submit an untruthful goal if by doing so they can get a better outcome. The focus is on three majoritarian voting rules which are found to be manipulable. Therefore, we study restrictions on both the language of the goals and on the strategies allowed to the agents to discover islands of strategy-proofness. We also present a game-theoretic extension of a recent model of opinion diffusion over networks of influence. In the influence games defined here, agents hold goals expressed as formulas of LTL and they can choose whether to use their influence power to make sure that their goal is satisfied. Classical solution concepts such as weak dominance and winning strategy are studied for influence games, in relation to the structure of the network and the goals of the agents. Finally, we introduce a novel class of concurrent game structures (CGS) in which agents can have shared control over a set of propositional variables. Such structures are used for the interpretation of formulas of alternating-time temporal logic, thanks to which we can express the existence of a winning strategy for an agent in a repeated game (as, for instance, the influence games mentioned above). The main result shows by means of a clever construction that a CGS with shared control can be represented as a CGS with exclusive control. In conclusion, this thesis provides a valuable contribution to the field of collective decision-making by introducing a novel framework of voting based on individual propositional goals, it studies for the first time the aggregation of generalized CP-nets, it extends a framework of opinion diffusion by modelling rational agents who use their influence power as they see fit, and it provides a reduction of shared to exclusive control in CGS for the interpretation of logics of strategic reasoning. By using different logical languages, agents can thus express their goals and preferences over the decision to be taken, and desirable properties of the decision process can be ensured
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Boucaud, Fabien. "Un agent touchant : modélisation du toucher social dans les interactions humain-agent en environnement immersif." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2666.
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Malgré la puissance de nos technologies de communication actuelles pour maintenir du contact social dans des situations extrêmes, elles restent insuffisantes pour totalement combler les sentiments de solitude et d'isolement. Le toucher social, est essentiel au bien-être humain, nous permet de développer et raffermir nos liens relationnels et est un puissant canal de communication des émotions. Le présent travail de thèse s'intéresse à la façon dont on peut munir des agents artificiels de capacités de toucher social. Qu'il s'agisse de robots ou de personnages virtuels, ces nouvelles entités sociales sont déjà équipées de nombreuses modalités d'interaction (paroles, gestes, expressions faciales, etc.), et munir ces nouveaux types d’entités sociales de capacités de toucher pourrait améliorer encore leurs capacités émotionnelles et relationnelles. Plus particulièrement, notre principale question de recherche est de déterminer quand et comment toucher u and allowsn humain de manière utile, autonome et respectueuse. A cet effet, nous proposons une structure théorique et une implémentation fonctionnelle d'un agent touchant capable d'interagir dynamiquement avec un humain en temps réel, au sein d'un environnement immersif. En particulier, nous décrivons un module de perception des comportements de l'humain, un modèle de décision qui prenne en compte la cohérence et l'acceptabilité du toucher en contexte, et une interface haptique SOFTLY qui puisse être utilisée en immersion dans un environnement virtuel. Les évaluations de ces développements mettent en lumière les capacités prometteuses de ce framework, ainsi que ses limites actuelles et perspectives d'amélioration pour des travaux futursDespite the current abilities of our communication technologies, they remain unable to completely counterbalance feelings of isolation and loneliness. Social touch is essential to human well-being and allows us to develop and strenghten our relationships. It is also powerful channel of emotional communication. This thesis work is aimed at endowing artificial agents with social touch abilities. Whether they are robotic or virtual artificial agents represent new kinds of social entities and are already equipped with many interactional modalities (speech, gestures, facial expressions, etc.). Endowing them with touching abilities could further enhance their abilities to communicate emotions and to bond with humans. More specifically, our main research question is to determine when and how to touch a human is meaningful, autonomous and respectful way. To answer this question, we propose a theoretical structure and a functional implementation of a touching agent, able to dynamically interact with a human in real-time in an immersive environment. We describe a perception module to detect the human’s behaviour, a decision model able to take coherence and acceptability of touch into account, and a haptic interface (SOFTLY) that can be used in the immersive setup to generate haptic feedback. Evaluations of this framework are discussed and hightlight that its abilities are promising, althought there are still clear avenues of improvement for the model
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Nakamiti, Eduardo Kiochi. "Agentes inteligentes artificiais." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5240.
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Previous issue date: 2009-09-01The diffusion of Artificial Intelligent Agents, superficially considered as elements that have independent thinking and whose decisions influence processes in the everyday human reality increasingly known, especially in electronic media, the users of banking services, on access to telephone service in our home appliances and entertainment. Its presence is sometimes felt by the ease of access to resources often so powerful and sometimes so unnoticed. It can be perceived in a negative way, when access to electronic banking services is denied without explanation. Much of learning today, relies on Internet and getting information online without the help of search engines is disappointing. Today, these mechanisms offer more than simply the result of a search. They seem to have the intelligence to offer suggestions in relation to our interest. This form of communication that are incorporating to their customs, is strongly influenced by known agents, in computer systems. In this work, we will make a history of its appearance, and technological innovations and cultural, primarily focusing on the first Artificial Intelligence in order to built a clear, detailed view of the Artificial Intelligent Agents, at present, and to establish a hypothetical path for future developments. The methodological basis of work is based on the complexity of the issue addressed. Such complexity refers to tools and distinct views, dynamic and interactive, pointing to the computer and its various aspects, the artificial intelligence and its tools, the cyber arena of interdisciplinarity as the first and, to the environment and the semiotic analysis tool of the production and mediation of knowledge and theories of complexity. The corpus of the analysis and interpretation are circumscribed to the phenomenon of Artificial Intelligent Agents of nowadays and of the future, but for both, and according to the methodology adopted, the fields of knowledge are inspected more in the expectation of higher fidelity description. The main conclusion is the remarkable trend of spraying and increasing invisibility of Artificial Intelligent Agents, as elements of support in decision making and control of the environment and the information we received
A explosão dos Agentes Inteligentes Artificiais, considerados superficialmente como elementos que apresentam raciocínio autônomo e cujas decisões influem processos, é uma realidade cada vez mais sentida no cotidiano dos seres humanos , principalmente nos meios de comunicação eletrônicos, entre usuários de serviços bancários, em acessos a serviços telefônicos, nos eletrodomésticos e em nossos entretenimentos. Sua presença é sentida às vezes pela facilidade de acesso a recursos muitas vezes de forma poderosa ou outras vezes de forma discreta. Também pode ser sentida de forma negativa, quando ocorre o bloqueio de uma operação bancária eletrônica sem explicação. Muito do aprendizado, hoje em dia, passa pela internet, e buscar informação na rede sem a ajuda de mecanismos de busca é desconcertante. Hoje em dia esses mecanismos nos oferecem mais do que simplesmente o resultado de uma procura. Eles parecem ter inteligência própria ao nos oferecer sugestões relacionadas ao nosso interesse. Esta forma de comunicação está se incorporando aos costumes e é fortemente influenciada pelos denominados agentes, contidos nos sistemas. Nesse trabalho, é feito um histórico do seu aparecimento e das inovações tecnológicas e culturais introduzidas, focalizando, primariamente, os primórdios da Inteligência Artificial para que seja construída uma visão clara e detalhada dos agentes inteligentes artificiais até o momento presente, a fim de que seja possível estabelecer uma trajetória hipotética de evolução futura. O referencial teórico do trabalho apóia-se na complexidade do tema abordado. Complexidade que evoca ferramentas e olhares distintos, dinâmicos e interatuantes, apontando para a computação e seus vários aspectos, a inteligência artificial e suas ferramentas; a cibernética como primeira arena de interdisciplinaridade e, atingindo a semiótica como ambiente e ferramenta de análise do processo de produção e mediação do conhecimento e as teorias da complexidade. O corpus da análise e interpretação restringe-se ao fenômeno dos Agentes Inteligentes Artificiais desde sua origem, a partir da inspeção de vários campos de conhecimento, necessários à compreensão do tema abordado. O trabalho levanta a hipótese da tendência marcante de pulverização e invisibilidade crescentes dos Agentes Inteligentes Artificiais, como elementos de apoio na tomada de decisão e controle da informação recebida
Books on the topic "Artificial Social Agents"
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Gershenson, Carlos. Artificial societies of intelligent agents: Virtual experiments of individual and social bahavior. Saarbrücken: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010.
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Co-ordination in artificial agent societies: Social structures and its implications for autonomous problem-solving agents. Berlin: Springer, 1999.
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1952-, Conte Rosaria, Dellarocas Chrysanthos 1967-, and Workshop on Norms and Institutions in Multi-Agent Systems (1st : 2000 : Barcelona, Spain), eds. Social order in multiagent systems. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
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N, Pelton Joseph, Oslund Robert J, and Marshall Peter, eds. Communications satellites: Global change agents. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.
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Cristiano, Castelfranchi, and Werner Eric 1944-, eds. Artificial social systems: 4th European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World, MAAMAW '92, S. Martino al Cimino, Italy, July 29-31, 1992 : selected papers. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994.
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Browning [sic] agents and active particles: Collective dynamics in the natural and social sciences. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2007.
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Browning [sic] agents and active particles: Collective dynamics in the natural and social sciences. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer, 2007.
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1972-, Trajkovski Goran, and Collins Samuel Gerald, eds. Handbook of research on agent-based societies: Social and cultural interactions. Hershey PA: Information Science Reference, 2009.
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David, Hales, ed. Multi-agent-based simulation III: 4th international workshop, MABS 2003, Melbourne, Australia, July 14, 2003 : revised papers. Berlin: Springer, 2003.
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Engineering societies in the agents world VIII: 8th international workshop, ESAW 2007, Athens, Greece, October 22-24, 2007 : revised selected papers. Berlin: Springer, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Artificial Social Agents"
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Kempt, Hendrik. "Artificial Social Agents." In Chatbots and the Domestication of AI, 77–135. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56290-8_5.
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Strasser, Anna. "Social Cognition and Artificial Agents." In Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 106–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96448-5_12.
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Lomborg, Bjørn. "Game theory vs. multiple agents: The iterated prisoner's dilemma." In Artificial Social Systems, 69–93. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58266-5_5.
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Krenn, Brigitte, Stephanie Schreitter, Friedrich Neubarth, and Gregor Sieber. "Social Evaluation of Artificial Agents by Language Varieties." In Intelligent Virtual Agents, 377–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33197-8_39.
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McCartney, Mark, and David Pearson. "Social Agents in Dynamic Equilibrium." In Artificial Neural Nets and Genetic Algorithms, 256–59. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0646-4_46.
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Caldas, José Castro, and Helder Coelho. "Strategic interaction in oligopolistic markets — experimenting with real and artificial agents." In Artificial Social Systems, 147–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58266-5_9.
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Pecune, Florian, Magalie Ochs, and Catherine Pelachaud. "A Cognitive Model of Social Relations for Artificial Companions." In Intelligent Virtual Agents, 325–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09767-1_42.
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Lettieri, Nicola, Antonio Altamura, Delfina Malandrino, and Valentina Punzo. "Agents Shaping Networks Shaping Agents: Integrating Social Network Analysis and Agent-Based Modeling in Computational Crime Research." In Progress in Artificial Intelligence, 15–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65340-2_2.
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Kita, Hajime. "Trading Agents for Artificial Futures Markets." In Digital Designs for Money, Markets, and Social Dilemmas, 241–50. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0937-5_10.
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Billari, Francesco C., and Giuseppe A. Micheli. "Social Norms on Agents’ Demographic Events." In Multiagent Systems, Artificial Societies, and Simulated Organizations, 221–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1555-5_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Artificial Social Agents"
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Subagdja, Budhitama, Han Yi Tay, and Ah-Hwee Tan. "Who Am I?: Towards Social Self-Awareness for Intelligent Agents." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/606.
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Most of today's AI technologies are geared towards mastering specific tasks performance through learning from a huge volume of data. However, less attention has still been given to make the AI understand its own purposes or be responsible socially. In this paper, a new model of agent is presented with the capacity to represent itself as a distinct individual with identity, a mind of its own, unique experiences, and social lives. In this way, the agent can interact with its surroundings and other agents seamlessly and meaningfully. A practical framework for developing an agent architecture with this model of self and self-awareness is proposed allowing self to be ascribed to an existing intelligent agent architecture in general to enable its social ability, interactivity, and co-presence with others. Possible applications are discussed with some exemplifying cases based on an implementation of a conversational agent.
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Hegde, Aditya, Vibhav Agarwal, and Shrisha Rao. "Ethics, Prosperity, and Society: Moral Evaluation Using Virtue Ethics and Utilitarianism." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/24.
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Modelling ethics is critical to understanding and analysing social phenomena. However, prior literature either incorporates ethics into agent strategies or uses it for evaluation of agent behaviour. This work proposes a framework that models both, ethical decision making as well as evaluation using virtue ethics and utilitarianism. In an iteration, agents can use either the classical Continuous Prisoner's Dilemma or a new type of interaction called moral interaction, where agents donate or steal from other agents. We introduce moral interactions to model ethical decision making. We also propose a novel agent type, called virtue agent, parametrised by the agent's level of ethics. Virtue agents' decisions are based on moral evaluations of past interactions. Our simulations show that unethical agents make short term gains but are less prosperous in the long run. We find that in societies with positivity bias, unethical agents have high incentive to become ethical. The opposite is true of societies with negativity bias. We also evaluate the ethicality of existing strategies and compare them with those of virtue agents.
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"Information Dissemination in Social Networks." In International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004917202670271.
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"Social Cognition in Silica - A ‘Theory of Mind’ for Socially Aware Artificial Minds." In International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004917606570662.
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Gourvès, Laurent, Julien Lesca, and Anaëlle Wilczynski. "Object Allocation via Swaps along a Social Network." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/31.
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This article deals with object allocation where each agent receives a single item. Starting from an initial endowment, the agents can be better off by exchanging their objects. However, not all trades are likely because some participants are unable to communicate. By considering that the agents are embedded in a social network, we propose to study the allocations emerging from a sequence of simple swaps between pairs of neighbors in the network. This model raises natural questions regarding (i) the reachability of a given assignment, (ii) the ability of an agent to obtain a given object, and (iii) the search of Pareto-efficient allocations. We investigate the complexity of these problems by providing, according to the structure of the social network, polynomial and NP-complete cases.
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Tian, Yu, Xingliang Huang, Ruigang Niu, Hongfeng Yu, Peijin Wang, and Xian Sun. "Hypertron: Explicit Social-Temporal Hypergraph Framework for Multi-Agent Forecasting." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/189.
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Forecasting the future trajectories of multiple agents is a core technology for human-robot interaction systems. To predict multi-agent trajectories more accurately, it is inevitable that models need to improve interpretability and reduce redundancy. However, many methods adopt implicit weight calculation or black-box networks to learn the semantic interaction of agents, which obviously lack enough interpretation. In addition, most of the existing works model the relation among all agents in a one-to-one manner, which might lead to irrational trajectory predictions due to its redundancy and noise. To address the above issues, we present Hypertron, a human-understandable and lightweight hypergraph-based multi-agent forecasting framework, to explicitly estimate the motions of multiple agents and generate reasonable trajectories. The framework explicitly interacts among multiple agents and learns their latent intentions by our coarse-to-fine hypergraph convolution interaction module. Our experiments on several challenging real-world trajectory forecasting datasets show that Hypertron outperforms a wide array of state-of-the-art methods while saving over 60% parameters and reducing 30% inference time.
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Jelínek, Jiří, and Roman Klimeš. "Improved Model of Social Networks Dynamics." In 8th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005682701410148.
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Larsen, John Bruntse, Virginia Dignum, Jørgen Villadsen, and Frank Dignum. "Querying Social Practices in Hospital Context." In 10th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006580904050412.
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Bullinger, Martin, Pascal Lenzner, and Anna Melnichenko. "Network Creation with Homophilic Agents." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/22.
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Network Creation Games are an important framework for understanding the formation of real-world networks. These games usually assume a set of indistinguishable agents strategically buying edges at a uniform price leading to a network among them. However, in real life, agents are heterogeneous and their relationships often display a bias towards similar agents, say of the same ethnic group. This homophilic behavior on the agent level can then lead to the emergent global phenomenon of social segregation. We study Network Creation Games with multiple types of homophilic agents and non-uniform edge cost, introducing two models focusing on the perception of same-type and different-type neighboring agents, respectively. Despite their different initial conditions, both our theoretical and experimental analysis show that both the composition and segregation strength of the resulting stable networks are almost identical, indicating a robust structure of social networks under homophily.
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Sanchez, David, and Alexandre Viejo. "Privacy Risk Assessment of Textual Publications in Social Networks." In International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005281202360241.
Full textReports on the topic "Artificial Social Agents"
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Mehmood, Hamid, Surya Karthik Mukkavilli, Ingmar Weber, Atsushi Koshio, Chinaporn Meechaiya, Thanapon Piman, Kenneth Mubea, Cecilia Tortajada, Kimberly Mahadeo, and Danielle Liao. Strategic Foresight to Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Achieve Water-related Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/lotc2968.
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The report recommends that: 1) Policymakers should conduct holistic assessments of social, economic, and cultural factors before AI adoption in the water sector, as prospective applications of AI are case- specific. It is also important to conduct baseline studies to measure the implementation capacity, return on investment, and impact of intervention. 2) To ensure positive development outcomes, policies regarding the use of AI for water-related challenges should be coupled with capacity and infrastructure development policies. Capacity development policies need to address the AI and Information and Communications Technology (ICT) needs for the AI-related skill development of all water-related stakeholders. Infrastructure development policies should address the underlying requirements of computation, energy, data generation, and storage. The sequencing of these policies is critical. 3) To mitigate the predicted job displacement that will accompany AI-led innovation in the water sector, policies should direct investments towards enabling a skilled workforce by developing water sector-related education at all levels. This skilled workforce should be strategically placed to offset dependency on the private sector. 4) Water-related challenges are cross-cutting running from grassroots to the global level and require an understanding of the water ecosystem. It is important for countries connected by major rivers and watersheds to collaborate in developing policies that advance the use of AI to address common water-related challenges. 5) A council or agency with representation from all stakeholders should be constituted at the national level, to allow for the successful adoption of AI by water agencies. This council or agency should be tasked with the development of policies, guidelines, and codes of conduct for the adoption of AI in the water-sector. These key policy recommendations can be used as primary guidelines for the development of strategies and plans to use AI to help achieve water-related SDGs.
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Roveri, Camilla. Inteligencia Artificial para el bienestar y una vida sana en Latinoamérica: Hacia un ecosistema de innovación responsable para la salud digital. Fundación Carolina, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/ac_21.2022.
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En los últimos años se está asistiendo a un rápido progreso de diferentes tecnologías emergentes, entre otras la inteligencia artificial (IA). El impacto de esta tecnología en la sociedad es evidente, sobre todo en la salud, área en la que ha traído importantes beneficios dada la transversalidad de su uso. Salud y bienestar son catalizadores del desarrollo humano de un país y elementos que indican un grado de efectivo desarrollo de una sociedad. Garantizar acceso a salud digna y de calidad para todas las personas es una cuestión que ha estado presente en las políticas públicas y en las agendas de cooperación internacional, pero ha vuelto con mucha más urgencia con la pandemia de SARS-Cov-2. De ahí la necesidad de que los avances tecnológicos se orienten a enfrentar los retos, tanto sociales como medioambientales, con el objetivo de fomentar un desarrollo humano que no deje a nadie atrás.
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Lewis, Dustin. Three Pathways to Secure Greater Respect for International Law concerning War Algorithms. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/wwxn5790.
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Existing and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts and other systems reliant upon war algorithms and data span diverse areas. Natural persons may increasingly depend upon these technologies in decisions and activities related to killing combatants, destroying enemy installations, detaining adversaries, protecting civilians, undertaking missions at sea, conferring legal advice, and configuring logistics. In intergovernmental debates on autonomous weapons, a normative impasse appears to have emerged. Some countries assert that existing law suffices, while several others call for new rules. Meanwhile, the vast majority of efforts by States to address relevant systems focus by and large on weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Partly as a result, the broad spectrum of other far-reaching applications is rarely brought into view. One normatively grounded way to help identify and address relevant issues is to elaborate pathways that States, international organizations, non-state parties to armed conflict, and others may pursue to help secure greater respect for international law. In this commentary, I elaborate on three such pathways: forming and publicly expressing positions on key legal issues, taking measures relative to their own conduct, and taking steps relative to the behavior of others. None of these pathways is sufficient in itself, and there are no doubt many others that ought to be pursued. But each of the identified tracks is arguably necessary to ensure that international law is — or becomes — fit for purpose. By forming and publicly expressing positions on relevant legal issues, international actors may help clarify existing legal parameters, pinpoint salient enduring and emerging issues, and detect areas of convergence and divergence. Elaborating legal views may also help foster greater trust among current and potential adversaries. To be sure, in recent years, States have already fashioned hundreds of statements on autonomous weapons. Yet positions on other application areas are much more difficult to find. Further, forming and publicly expressing views on legal issues that span thematic and functional areas arguably may help States and others overcome the current normative stalemate on autonomous weapons. Doing so may also help identify — and allocate due attention and resources to — additional salient thematic and functional areas. Therefore, I raise a handful of cross-domain issues for consideration. These issues touch on things like exercising human agency, reposing legally mandated evaluative decisions in natural persons, and committing to engage only in scrutable conduct. International actors may also take measures relative to their own conduct. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline several such existing measures. In doing so, I invite readers to inventory and peruse these types of steps in order to assess whether the nature or character of increasingly complex socio-technical systems reliant upon war algorithms and data may warrant revitalized commitments or adjustments to existing measures — or, perhaps, development of new ones. I outline things like enacting legislation necessary to prosecute alleged perpetrators of grave breaches, making legal advisers available to the armed forces, and taking steps to prevent abuses of the emblem. Finally, international actors may take measures relative to the conduct of others. To help illustrate this pathway, I outline some of the existing steps that other States, international organizations, and non-state parties may take to help secure respect for the law by those undertaking the conduct. These measures may include things like addressing matters of legal compliance by exerting diplomatic pressure, resorting to penal sanctions to repress violations, conditioning or refusing arms transfers, and monitoring the fate of transferred detainees. Concerning military partnerships in particular, I highlight steps such as conditioning joint operations on a partner’s compliance with the law, planning operations jointly in order to prevent violations, and opting out of specific operations if there is an expectation that the operations would violate applicable law. Some themes and commitments cut across these three pathways. Arguably, respect for the law turns in no small part on whether natural persons can and will foresee, understand, administer, and trace the components, behaviors, and effects of relevant systems. It may be advisable, moreover, to institute ongoing cross-disciplinary education and training as well as the provision of sufficient technical facilities for all relevant actors, from commanders to legal advisers to prosecutors to judges. Further, it may be prudent to establish ongoing monitoring of others’ technical capabilities. Finally, it may be warranted for relevant international actors to pledge to engage, and to call upon others to engage, only in armed-conflict-related conduct that is sufficiently attributable, discernable, and scrutable.