Journal articles: 'Artificial reef monitoring'

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Becker, Alistair, Matthew D. Taylor, and Michael B. Lowry. "Monitoring of reef associated and pelagic fish communities on Australia’s first purpose built offshore artificial reef." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 1 (August 4, 2016): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw133.

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Artificial reefs now form part of an integrated approach to enhance fisheries around the world. A responsible approach to artificial reef deployment calls for clear, well defined goals prior to any reef being placed in the field, followed by subsequent monitoring to assess whether these goals are being achieved. In this study, to evaluate if an artificial reef off Sydney was meeting its goal of providing quality fishing opportunities through the establishment of a complex fish assemblage, a 4-year monitoring program was designed. This program examined the response of reef-associated and pelagic fishes to the deployment of a purpose built offshore reef, relative to control reefs. Fish were observed immediately following deployment, but the artificial reef fish assemblage remained distinct from the three natural control reefs throughout the monitoring period. Also, the artificial reef displayed inter-annual variability associated with successional processes, which was not evident on the natural reefs. Fish length data indicated that the artificial reef was providing resources for both juvenile and adults of a number of species. This study demonstrates artificial reefs can provide habitats for a diverse group of fish, but the assemblages are unlikely to mimic those on natural reefs. We have also shown that longer term monitoring periods, covering multiple years are required to gain a robust understanding of the response of fish to reef deployment. This information can be used to understand the benefits and limitations of future artificial reef deployments.

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Dong, Zhipeng, Yanxiong Liu, Long Yang, Yikai Feng, Jisheng Ding, and Fengbiao Jiang. "Artificial Reef Detection Method for Multibeam Sonar Imagery Based on Convolutional Neural Networks." Remote Sensing 14, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 4610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14184610.

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Artificial reef detection in multibeam sonar images is an important measure for the monitoring and assessment of biological resources in marine ranching. With respect to how to accurately detect artificial reefs in multibeam sonar images, this paper proposes an artificial reef detection framework for multibeam sonar images based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). First, a large-scale multibeam sonar image artificial reef detection dataset, FIO-AR, was established and made public to promote the development of artificial multibeam sonar image artificial reef detection. Then, an artificial reef detection framework based on CNN was designed to detect the various artificial reefs in multibeam sonar images. Using the FIO-AR dataset, the proposed method is compared with some state-of-the-art artificial reef detection methods. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve an 86.86% F1-score and a 76.74% intersection-over-union (IOU) and outperform some state-of-the-art artificial reef detection methods.

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Ben-Tzvi, Ofer, Mohammad Al-Zibdah, Vladimir Bresler, Yousef Jamal, and Avigdor Abelson. "Coral Reef Monitoring: From Cytological Parameters to Community Indices." Journal of Marine Biology 2011 (2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/151268.

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Sound-ecosystem-based management of coral reefs is largely based on indicators of reef health state. Currently there are various ecological parameters that serve as reef state indices; however, their practical implications are under debate. In the present study we examine an alternative parameter, the deterioration index (DI), which does not purport to replace the traditional indices but can provide a reliable, stand-alone indication of reef state. Patterns of cytological indices, which are considered as reliable indicators of environmental stressors, have been compared to ten selected reef community indices. The DI showed the highest correlations among community indices to the cytological indices in artificial reefs and high correlation in natural reefs as well. Our results suggest that in cases of lacking adequate monitoring abilities where a full set of community indices cannot be obtained, the DI can serve in many cases as the preferred, stand-alone indicator of coral reef state.

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Blount, Craig, Valeriya Komyakova, Lachlan Barnes, Marcus Lincoln Smith, Dilys Zhang, Kate Reeds, Daryl McPhee, Matthew D. Taylor, William Macbeth, and Evan Needham. "Using ecological evidence to refine approaches to deploying offshore artificial reefs for recreational fisheries." Bulletin of Marine Science 97, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 665–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2020.0059.

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Artificial reefs have many applications but are best known for their deployments to enhance recreational fisheries by creating new habitat in areas where natural reef is otherwise limited. The expectation is that fish assemblages will take up residence on artificial reefs and that these assemblages will become at least similar, if not more diverse and abundant, to those on natural reefs. Although designed, purpose-built artificial reefs are becoming more widely used in support of recreational fisheries and many of the historic issues have been resolved, conservation practitioners and managers still face challenges as to the type, number, and arrangement of structures and where to deploy them to maximize benefits and minimize risks. The ecological literature was reviewed to develop and enhance contemporary principles of artificial reef best practices for utilization. Our review identified optimal shapes, vertical relief, void spaces, and unit arrangements for increasing volumes and diversity of catch to recreational fishers and we provide a tool for identifying the least constrained areas for artificial reef deployment. We suggest; (a) monitoring of noncatch motivators in combination with quantitative indicators of the fishing activity (e.g., catch rate and effort) will provide the best understanding of success or failure of an artificial reef deployment; (b) choosing target species for informing purpose-built artificial reef designs to be reef-associated, demersal, philopatric, territorial, and obligatory reef species that are desired by local recreational fishers; and (c) considering the ecosystem services provided by artificial reefs beyond those associated with recreational fishing.

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Hukubun, Ronald Darlly, Frederik Rijoly, and Frijona F. Lokollo. "PENERAPAN TERUMBU BUATAN (Aritificial Reef) DI PERAIRAN DESA RUTONG DALAM UPAYA REHABILITASI EKOSISITEM TERUMBU KARANG DAN PENINGKATAN USAHA PENANGKAPAN." PAKEM : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 2 (October 23, 2022): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/pakem.2.2.83-89.

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Application of artificial reefs in the waters of the Village Rutong is very well in supporting the rehabilitation of coral reefs that have been under pressure especially for reef fish resources. Methods used in these activities is the application of methods Ipteks Education through the delivery of material through the method of information about activities of the rehabilitation efforts of coral reef ecosystems to the target audience of the follow through artificial reef technology, and the training method is through the implementation of the manufacturing activities of coral artificial, haunted, and raft. Making the basic material of artificial reefs is a used car tires tied to form a triangle tires. Monitoring activities carried out 2 months after the splashdown in various types of fish that have used loopholes and surface car tires as well as a shelter looking for food. This continued to be held as ecological processes that will occur so that the initial function of artificial reefs that will serve as a fish nestt; and can be rehabilitated reef ecosystems that have been damaged will be realized

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Acarlı, Deniz, and Semih Kale. "Species-specific artificial reef models for lobster (Homarus gammarus Linnaeus 1758)." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.1.01.

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The objective of this study is to determine the possible artificial reef models preferred by lobster species (Homarus gammarus Linnaeus, 1758). For this purpose, eight artificial reef models at different shapes and sizes have been designed. These models include flat, grilled, U-type, cowl, fireplace chimney brick shapes made from the materials of wood, concrete and metal. Artificial reefs were deployed at 5, 10, 20 m water depths and 500 m from the shore on the coast of Erdek Ocaklar Bay in Marmara Sea. Then, monthly monitoring was conducted and SCUBA equipment were used during underwater monitoring. The time for deploying artificial reefs on the sea bottom (effort) was 233 minutes/diver and the time spent underwater by the divers was calculated as 540 minutes/diver. As a result of the study, 32 individuals of H. gammarus were observed in/around the artificial reefs. A significant increase was observed in the number of lobsters when the temperature dropped below 14°C. However, it was determined that lobster individuals preferred only concrete artificial reef models at the depth of 20 m. In addition, it was observed that small individuals preferred 40×80 cm flat concrete model (24 individuals) and large individuals preferred U-type concrete model (8 individuals). Therefore, it has been proposed to the usage of concrete artificial reef models in order to protect and ensure the sustainability of the reared lobster stocks and to release them into these artificial reefs while introducing them to the natural environments. In this context, this study will shed light on future studies.

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Puckeridge, AC, A. Becker, MD Taylor, MB Lowry, J. McLeod, HT Schilling, and IM Suthers. "Foraging behaviour and movements of an ambush predator reveal benthopelagic coupling on artificial reefs." Marine Ecology Progress Series 666 (May 20, 2021): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13691.

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The behaviour of coastal fishes to new habitats and trophic opportunities provided by artificial reefs may reveal the key processes which sustain fish production at these reefs. We quantified the trophic link between benthic predators and pelagic forage fish from the movement and foraging behaviour of an ambush predator, the bluespotted flathead Platycephalus caeruleopunctatus, around an artificial reef in relation to schools of small pelagic fish. We used a network of acoustic receivers to monitor the fine-scale movements of 48 acoustically tagged flathead around 5 groups of artificial reef modules for 8 mo in conjunction with acoustic surveys of pelagic baitfish and sustained monitoring of current speed and direction. Flathead were highly associated with the artificial reef, with 44% of detections within 10 m of the modules. Flathead had a considerable degree of fidelity to the reef system, with an average residency period of 84 d yr-1 (residency index = 0.23, SD = 24 d). Low activity was recorded by accelerometers in the north-east of the artificial reef. This coincided with high densities of forage fish which were also found inside the stomachs of the flathead. Artificial reefs with high vertical relief allow planktivores to feed through more of the water column, fixing more pelagic biomass into the system. Defining the residency and trophic connectivity of fish at artificial reefs is critical to clarify the production-attraction debate and the sustainability of fishing at artificial reefs.

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UCHIDA, AKIRA. "8. Monitoring of artificial reef for seaweed." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 85, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.wa2597-9.

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González-Rivero, Manuel, Oscar Beijbom, Alberto Rodriguez-Ramirez, Dominic E. P. Bryant, Anjani Ganase, Yeray Gonzalez-Marrero, Ana Herrera-Reveles, et al. "Monitoring of Coral Reefs Using Artificial Intelligence: A Feasible and Cost-Effective Approach." Remote Sensing 12, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12030489.

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Ecosystem monitoring is central to effective management, where rapid reporting is essential to provide timely advice. While digital imagery has greatly improved the speed of underwater data collection for monitoring benthic communities, image analysis remains a bottleneck in reporting observations. In recent years, a rapid evolution of artificial intelligence in image recognition has been evident in its broad applications in modern society, offering new opportunities for increasing the capabilities of coral reef monitoring. Here, we evaluated the performance of Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Networks for automated image analysis, using a global coral reef monitoring dataset. The study demonstrates the advantages of automated image analysis for coral reef monitoring in terms of error and repeatability of benthic abundance estimations, as well as cost and benefit. We found unbiased and high agreement between expert and automated observations (97%). Repeated surveys and comparisons against existing monitoring programs also show that automated estimation of benthic composition is equally robust in detecting change and ensuring the continuity of existing monitoring data. Using this automated approach, data analysis and reporting can be accelerated by at least 200x and at a fraction of the cost (1%). Combining commonly used underwater imagery in monitoring with automated image annotation can dramatically improve how we measure and monitor coral reefs worldwide, particularly in terms of allocating limited resources, rapid reporting and data integration within and across management areas.

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Danendra, Ida Bagus Indra, I. Gusti Bagus Sila Dharma, and Elok Faiqoh. "Komposisi Jenis dan Keanekaragaman Ikan Karang pada 3 Jenis Bahan Terumbu Karang Buatan (Artificial reef) yang Berbeda (Beton, Ban Bekas, dan Besi) di Teluk Jemeluk Amed, Karangasem, Bali." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2021.v07.i02.p05.

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Artificial reef at Jemeluk Bay, Karangasem, Bali is one of the area’s fisheries potential. Artificial reef is an underwater structure that is made for fishes’ protection and feeding ground. The purpose of this research is to know and understand types of reef fishes that surround the artificial reef, as well as the artificial reef’s affect onto the fish’s abundance at Jemeluk Bay. The method used for reef fish monitoring by visual census at artificial reef made from concrete, rubber tire and steel. This research is done towards six coral reef structures to get the reef fishes composition, which is made out of 7 fish families, 17 species, with an abundance total of 708 individuals. The highest fish abundance was founded at the 2nd rubber tire artificial reef with 6,4 individuals/m2, and the lowest fish abundance was found at the 1st concrete artificial reef with 3,28 individuals/m2. From the calculation at six of the artificial reef structures, the diversity index varies between 1,2 – 1,57, which is categorized as low diversity. The diversity value shows that steel artificial reef have the highest fish species diversity, however is still categorized as low.

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Androulakis, Dimitrios, Costas Dounas, Andrew Banks, Antonios Magoulas, and Dionissios Margaris. "An Assessment of Computational Fluid Dynamics as a Tool to Aid the Design of the HCMR-Artificial-ReefsTM Diving Oasis in the Underwater Biotechnological Park of Crete." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 13, 2020): 4847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124847.

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Since recreational diving activities have increased in recent decades, resulting in additional environmental pressure on the coastal zone, the deployment of artificial reefs as a conservation strategy to divert mass ecotourism from fragile natural reefs has been proposed and realized in many areas of the world. Twelve units of a patented naturoid artificial reef technology developed by the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR) were deployed in 2015 in the Underwater Biotechnological Park of Crete (UBPC) in order to create an experimental diving oasis and investigate the potential of achieving this aim for the over-exploited coastal ecosystems of this part of the Eastern Mediterranean. Assessment of the degree of establishment of artificial reefs and their ability to mimic natural ecosystems is often monitored through biological surveys and sampling. The measurement of the chemical, physical, and hydrodynamic characteristics of the water mass surrounding artificial reefs is also essential to fully understand their comparison to natural reefs. In particular, the flow field around reefs has been shown to be one of the most important physical factors in determining suitable conditions for the establishment of a number of key species on reef habitats. However, the combination of biological establishment monitoring and realistic flow-field simulation using computational fluid dynamics as a tool to aid in the design improvement of already existing reef installations has not been fully investigated in previous work. They are often reported separately as either ecological or engineering studies. Therefore, this study examined a full-scale numerical simulation of the field flow around individual already installed naturoid reef shapes, and part of their present arrangement on the sea bottom of the UPBC combined with the field-testing of the functionality of the installed artificial reefs concerning fish species aggregation. The results show that the simulated flow characteristics around the HCMR diving oasis artificial reefs were in good general agreement with the results of former studies, both for flows around a single deployed unit and for flows around a cluster of more than one unit. The results also gave good indications of the performance of individual reef units concerning key desirable characteristics such as downstream shadowing and sediment/nutrient upwelling and resuspension. In particular, they confirmed extended low flow levels (less than 0.3 m/s) and in some cases double vortexes on the downstream side of reef units where observed colonization and habitation of some key fish species had taken place. They also showed how the present distribution of units could be optimized to perform better as an integrated reef cluster. The use of computational fluid dynamics, with field survey data, is therefore suggested as a useful design improvement tool for installed reef structures and their deployment arrangement for recreational diving oases that can aid the sustainable development of the coastal zone.

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Bravo, Gonzalo, Juan Pablo Livore, and Gregorio Bigatti. "Monitoring rocky reef biodiversity by underwater geo-referenced photoquadrats." Underwater Technology 38, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3723/ut.38.017.

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Digital images are an excellent tool for divers to sample hard-bottom subtidal habitats as bottom time is limited and high-definition images can be collected quickly and accurately. The present paper describes a sampling protocol for benthic rocky reef communities using geo-referenced photoquadrats and tests the method over several rocky reefs of Atlantic Patagonia. This method was tested in two localities, separated by 100 km in a semi-enclosed gulf, covering a total of 5800 m of 11 rocky reefs using track roaming transects. The protocol is non-destructive, relatively low-cost and can adequately assess changes in marine habitats as rocky reefs. The implementation of artificial intelligence analysis using human expert training may reduce analysis time and increase the amount of data collected. The present study recommends this sampling methodology for programs aimed at monitoring changes in biodiversity.

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Keller, Krystle, James A. Smith, Michael B. Lowry, Matthew D. Taylor, and Iain M. Suthers. "Multispecies presence and connectivity around a designed artificial reef." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 8 (2017): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16127.

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A goal of designed artificial reefs (ARs) is to enhance fish abundance, species diversity and fishing opportunities by providing food and refuge for fish. Quantifying the contribution of ARs to coastal ecosystems and fisheries productivity requires an understanding of fish presence at the structure and connectivity with surrounding habitats. In the present study, the movements and presence of 10 eastern fiddler rays (Trygonorrhina fasciata), 17 Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) and 18 bluespotted flathead (Platycephalus caeruleopunctatus) were monitored using acoustic telemetry around a designed AR in 38-m depth near Sydney, Australia. Fiddler rays exhibited an average short-term presence of 43% at the AR, and 26% over the ~20-month monitoring period, which was significantly higher than the other two species. Fish tagged at the AR showed high affinity to the site at which they were tagged compared with fish tagged on natural reef. All three species moved frequently between the AR and the other reefs in the area, indicating that the AR may increase the connectivity between adjacent habitats and aid the dispersion of benthic species. The moderate presence at the AR suggests that these species may contribute to some biomass production at this AR by incorporating this reef in their natural range.

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Lima, Juliano Silva, Javier Atalah, Pablo Sanchez-Jerez, and Ilana Rosental Zalmon. "Evaluating the performance and management of artificial reefs using artificial reef multimetric index (ARMI)." Ocean & Coastal Management 198 (December 2020): 105350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105350.

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Florisson, James H., James R. Tweedley, Tim H. E. Walker, and Jennifer A. Chaplin. "Reef vision: A citizen science program for monitoring the fish faunas of artificial reefs." Fisheries Research 206 (October 2018): 296–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2018.05.006.

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Kaiser, Mark J. "The Louisiana artificial reef program." Marine Policy 30, no. 6 (November 2006): 605–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2005.04.005.

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Black, Kerry, and Derick Steinhobel. "Utilising Natural Attributes of Tropical Islands for Beach Protection." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2021): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111208.

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This study reveals the coastal protection benefits of small artificial reefs on tropical islands. A monitored case study involving field and computer modelling investigations, as well as construction of a 95 m long reef and 12,000 m3 of local sand nourishment in a tropical lagoon on the north-east coast of Mauritius, is presented. Monitoring showed that a large salient widened the beach by 50 m in one year. The salient has continued to grow slowly and has remained stable for four years, including during a cyclone. Only a simple and inexpensive artificial reef was needed in the shallow lagoon to rebalance the shoreline wave conditions, because most wave energy was lost by breaking further offshore on the natural reef. With rising sea levels, inshore reefs with nourishment can overcome increases in wave height, wave set-up and wave run-up at the shoreline, which are jointly responsible for erosion and the flooding of homes by erosion and over-topping. To find suitable nourishment sources, regional computer modelling identified the following dominant circulation patterns: currents both coming into the lagoon over the reef crest (driven by breaking wave energy) and exiting via relict river channels or zones of lower waves. Sand for nourishment may be extracted from the exit locations with reduced environmental impact, because net currents are driving sand out of the lagoon system into deeper water. These relict sands have the same grain size as the natural beach and are readily accessible.

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Palomino-Alvarez, Lilian A., Xochitl G. Vital, Raúl E. Castillo-Cupul, Nancy Y. Suárez-Mozo, Diana Ugalde, Gabriel Cervantes-Campero, María R. Muciño-Reyes, et al. "Evaluation of the Use of Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) for Describing the Species Diversity of Two Coral Reefs in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico." Diversity 13, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13110579.

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Autonomous reef monitoring structures (ARMS) have been proposed as a standardized, passive, nondestructive sampling tool. This study assessed the ability of ARMS to capture the cryptic species diversity of two coral reefs by recording species richness and taxonomic representativeness using conventional taxonomy. The capacity of ARMS, as artificial substrates, to favor the establishment of nonindigenous species over native species was also evaluated. The use of ARMS allowed the detection of 370 species morphotypes from nine phyla, yielding 13 new records of geographic distribution expansion, one exotic species for the Gulf of México and the Caribbean Sea, and six newly described species. It was also possible to make spatial comparisons of species richness between both reefs. ARMS captured cryptic diversity exceptionally well, with the exception of echinoderms. Furthermore, these artificial structures did not hinder the colonization ability of native species; in fact, the colonization patterns on the structures themselves represented the spatial differences in the structure of benthic assemblages. This study represents the first effort to make a conventional taxonomic description of the cryptic fauna of the Yucatan Peninsula using ARMS. It is recommended to assess coral reef species diversity, but more taxonomists specialized in marine invertebrates are needed.

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Tassetti, A. N., S. Malaspina, and G. Fabi. "USING A MULTIBEAM ECHOSOUNDER TO MONITOR AN ARTIFICIAL REEF." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W5 (April 9, 2015): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w5-207-2015.

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Artificial reefs (ARs) have become popular technological interventions in shallow water environments characterized by soft seabed for a wide number of purposes, from fisheries/environmental protection and enhancement to research and tourism. AR deployment has the potential for causing significant hydrographical and biological changes in the receiving environments and, in turn, ARs are strongly affected by the surrounding area in terms of spatial arrangement and structural integrity as well as colonization by benthic communities and finfish. In this context, ARs require a systematic monitoring program that a multibeam echosounder (MBES) can provide better than other sampling methods such as visual dives and ROV inspections that are not quantitative and often influenced by water visibility and diver experience/skills. In this paper, some subsequent MBES surveys of the Senigallia scientifically-planned AR (Northern Adriatic Sea) are presented and state-of-the art data processing and visualization techniques are used to draw post-reef deployment comparisons and quantify the evolution of the reef in terms of spatial arrangement and bulk volume. These multibeam surveys play a leading part in a general multi-year program, started simultaneously with the AR design and deployment and aimed to map how the reef structure quantitatively changes over time, as well as it affects the sea-bottom morphology and the fishery resource. All the data, surveyed over years making use of different sampling methods such as visual and instrumental echosounding observations and catch rate surveys, gain a mechanistic and predictive understanding of how the Senigallia AR functions ecologically and physically across spatial and temporal scales during its design life

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Sadhukhan, Koushik, T. Shanmugaraj, Ramesh Chatragadda, and M.V. Ramana Murthy. "Photographic evidence of fish assemblage in artificial reef site of Palk Bay - an implication for marine resource management." Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, no. 12 (December 26, 2022): 22270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7553.14.12.22270-22276.

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In 2021, a reef restoration programme was introduced to the selected sites of Palk Bay to improve coral nurseries and assist with the establishment of artificial reefs by implementing local coral transplantation. To monitor the growth and survival of transplanted corals, numerous fish assemblages have been observed in restoration sites which are positive sign of reef recovery and also enrich marine resources in Palk Bay. Photographic evidence of the fish assemblages were collected during surveys and detailed observations have been discussed in the present paper.

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Ng, Chin Soon Lionel, Tai Chong Toh, and Loke Ming Chou. "Artificial reefs as a reef restoration strategy in sediment-affected environments: Insights from long-term monitoring." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 27, no. 5 (April 7, 2017): 976–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.2755.

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Sutton, Stephen G., and Sally L. Bushnell. "Socio-economic aspects of artificial reefs: Considerations for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park." Ocean & Coastal Management 50, no. 10 (January 2007): 829–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2007.01.003.

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Taylor, Matthew D., Nicholas L. Payne, Alistair Becker, and Michael B. Lowry. "Feels like home: homing of mature large-bodied fish following translocation from a power-station canal." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 1 (October 5, 2016): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw168.

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Fish translocation is a common method of conservation and fisheries enhancement. Monitoring post-translocation movements and migration provides useful information to inform translocation strategies. Three species of large-bodied fish (Yellowfin Bream Acanthopagrus australis, Luderick Girella tricuspidata, and Tarwhine Rhabdosargus sarba) impounded in a cooling water canal at a power station were translocated into the adjacent estuary (Lake Macquarie, New South Wales). Translocated fish were tagged with acoustic tags (n = 34) equipped with accelerometer sensors (providing a relative measure of fish activity) and released on either an artificial reef or a natural reef. In addition, 8 free-ranging Yellowfin Bream were captured and tagged on the artificial reef. Fish were tracked throughout Lake Macquarie on a dispersed array of 18 VemcoVR2W receivers, and on the artificial reef using a VR4-UWM Vemco Positioning System, for up to 11 months. Yellowfin Bream and Luderick rapidly migrated back to the power station, whereas Tarwhine remained near the release location. Translocated Yellowfin Bream showed divergent behavioural patterns to free-ranging Yellowfin Bream on the artificial reef, with much higher activity levels, elevated nocturnal activity, and different patterns of habitat usage, possibly reflecting divergent foraging behaviour. This study presents a rare example of non-natal homing to an artificial habitat in several large-bodied marine fish species. The role of low frequency sound in the homing of translocated fish, and factors contributing to the observed behavioural patterns are discussed. The presence of a homing signal which can facilitate return migration may decrease the efficacy of translocation efforts for adult marine fishes; however, these responses are species-specific and will require evaluation on a case-by-case basis.

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Macdonald, John M. "Artificial reef debate: Habitat enhancement or waste disposal?" Ocean Development & International Law 25, no. 1 (January 1994): 87–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908329409546027.

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Vivier, B., J. C. Dauvin, M. Navon, L. Chasselin, M. Deloor, A. M. Rusig, I. Mussio, M. Boutouil, J. Salaün, and P. Claquin. "Diversity, structures assemblages and production of benthic communities on artificial reefs, a comparative case study in the English Channel." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1245, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1245/1/012003.

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Abstract In this study, the diversity and structures assemblages of benthic communities present on artificial reefs (AR) immersed for 5 years were monitoring during a full year in 2020. The comparison of two different sites Bernières in the Bay of Seine and Cherbourg in the central part of the English Channel brings innovative results on the efficiency of such structures. Benthic fauna and macroalgae communities were studied; several biotic indices like Shannon-Wiener diversity index were calculated. Benthic fauna was classified according to their trophic group and the biomass was estimated. Our results pointed out strong differences for several indicators between sites and seasons. Benthic fauna was more abundant in the Bay of Seine and more diversified than in the Bay of Cherbourg. Primary producers’ diversity and biomass were higher in the Bay of Cherbourg and dominated by Rhodophyceae species. Primary production results showed that the Bay of Cherbourg was a more productive system than the Bay of Seine. This study highlighted the efficiency of such structures to create habitats and promote biomass and diversity of associated living communities. In comparable conditions, different systems were highlighted: a “primary producer reef” and a “primary consumer reef”.

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Le, Quynh Thi Ngoc, Somi Jung, and Won-Bae Na. "Wake Region Estimates of Artificial Reefs in Vietnam: Effects of Tropical Seawater Temperatures and Seasonal Water Flow Variation." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 6191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156191.

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From the perspective of saving energy of marine species and creating feeding areas, the wake volume of an artificial reef (AR) should be considered as a parameter in any wake region estimation. Wake regions of AR modules (reef ball, cylinder reef, and cube reef) and sets were numerically estimated considering tropical seawater temperatures and water flow variation in Vietnamese coastal waters. In addition, we considered an efficiency index (i.e., total wake volume per reef volume) and wake volume diagram (i.e., wake volume dependency on water flow direction) to characterize wake volumes. From the results, first, it was found that the effect of temperature on the wake volumes was minor in comparison with the effect of flow direction. It was also found that the optimum installation angles were 30° (reef ball and its set), 30° (cylinder reef and its set), and 0° (cube and its set) along the major flow direction. Second, it was found that the cylinder reef and its set were attractive because they generated the maximum wake volumes, regardless of seawater temperature. Thus, the module and set showed better average efficiency indices (9.28 for module and 6.81 for set) than the other cases. We found that the wake volume was dominant in the efficiency index and, accordingly, wake volume diagrams are sufficient to indicate the dependence on flow direction.

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Munasik, Munasik, Agus Sabdono, Eunike Dorothea Hutapea, Sugiyanto Sugiyanto, and Denny Nugroho Sugianto. "Coral Recruitment on Artificial Patch Reefs Deployed in The Marginal Reefs: Effect of Multilevel Substrate on Density of Coral Recruit." Jurnal Segara 17, no. 1 (August 2, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/segara.v17i1.10064.

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A study of coral recruitment on Artificial Patch Reefs (APR) was performed in the marginal reef of Panjang Island, Central Java (Java Sea) to examine whether multilevel substrates of APR affect the density of coral recruits. Long-term and short-term observations were applied in yearly monitoring 2017-2019 and biweekly observations for 3 months in early 2019. Coral recruitment significantly varied among level substrates of APR (F(a,b) .05=3.08; p-value<0.05) and there was a significant difference at the beginning of the year (F(a,b) .05=5.52; p-value<0.05). The density of recruits on the substrates after 4 years post-deployment of APRs was 0.2 to 129.2 m-2 while the recruitment rate within short-term observations was 0.28-1.28 m-2 per month. The highest coral recruitment occurred at the middle to the top level of APR, while the lowest recruitment was found in the lowest level of APR. This is possibly due to high resuspension from the seabed. Oulastrea was dominant in both long- and short-term recruitment periods while Pocillopora was rare due to post-settlement mortality which trigger the overgrown coral-killing sponges. The results indicated that the adaptation of coral recruitment in the marginal environment is determined by the high recruitment of the small-colony coral species which possessed stress-tolerant for turbidity disturbance, such as Oulastrea crispata. This study suggested that the multilevel substrates, Artificial Patch Reefs (APR) are one of the reef rehabilitation methods which can be applied in the marginal environment enhancing coral recruitment.

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Bieler, Rüdiger, Camila Granados-Cifuentes, Timothy A. Rawlings, Petra Sierwald, and Timothy M. Collins. "Non-native molluscan colonizers on deliberately placed shipwrecks in the Florida Keys, with description of a new species of potentially invasive worm-snail (Gastropoda: Vermetidae)." PeerJ 5 (April 5, 2017): e3158. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3158.

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Artificial reefs created by deliberately sinking ships off the coast of the Florida Keys island chain are providing new habitat for marine invertebrates. This newly developing fouling community includes the previously reported invasive orange tube coralTubastraea coccineaand the non-native giant foam oysterHyotissa hyotis. New SCUBA-based surveys involving five shipwrecks spanning the upper, middle, and lower Florida Keys, showT. coccineanow also established in the lower Keys andH. hyotislikewise extending to new sites. Two additional mollusks found on the artificial reefs, the amathinid gastropodCyclothyca paceiand gryphaeid oysterHyotissa mcgintyi, the latter also common in the natural reef areas, are discussed as potentially non-native. A new species of sessile, suspension-feeding, worm-snail,Thylacodes vandyensis Bieler, Rawlings & Collins n. sp. (Vermetidae), is described from the wreck of theUSNS Vandenbergoff Key West and discussed as potentially invasive. This new species is compared morphologically and by DNA barcode markers to other known members of the genus, and may be a recent arrival from the Pacific Ocean.Thylacodes vandyensisis polychromatic, with individuals varying in both overall head-foot coloration and mantle margin color pattern. Females brood stalked egg capsules attached to their shell within the confines of their mantle cavity, and give rise to crawl-away juveniles. Such direct-developing species have the demonstrated capacity for colonizing habitats isolated far from their native ranges and establishing rapidly growing founder populations. Vermetid gastropods are common components of the marine fouling community in warm temperate and tropical waters and, as such, have been tagged as potentially invasive or with a high potential to be invasive in the Pacific Ocean. As vermetids can influence coral growth/composition in the Pacific and have been reported serving as intermediate hosts for blood flukes of loggerhead turtles, such new arrivals in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary are of concern. Growing evidence indicates that artificial reefs can act as permanent way-stations for arriving non-natives, providing nurseries within which populations may grow in an environment with reduced competition compared to native habitats. Consequently, artificial reefs can act as sentinels for the appearance of new species. Ongoing monitoring of the developing molluscan fauna on the artificial reefs of the Florida Keys is necessary to recognize new invasions and identify potential eradication targets, thereby assuring the health of the nearby natural barrier reef.

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Coneo-Gómez, Shanly, Silvia Sierra-Escrigas, Pedro R. Dueñas-Ramírez, and Rocío García-Urueña. "Nuevos registros de anélidos del banco de las Ánimas, Caribe colombiano." Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 51, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 9–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25268/bimc.invemar.2022.51.1.1083.

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The banco de las Ánimas is a poor studied underwater environment with a characteristic reef fauna and an unknown large number of cryptic species. Annelids are one of the most common invertebrate groups in the coral formations of the Colombian Caribbean; these organisms are very abundant and variable in their body shapes (parapodia, setae, and gill structures), which imply a great evolutionary radiation. In order to know the diversity of annelids in the reef ecosystem in the Banco de las Ánimas, four artificial structures (known as autonomous reef monitoring structures) used as fauna collectors were located at a depth of 14 m in the Montículo sector. The first records for the Colombian Caribbean of 23 species of annelids of the families Amphinomidae, Eunicidae, Polynoidae, Lumbrineridae, Sabellidae, Serpulidae, Sigalionidae, Syllidae, and Terebellidae. The contribution to the knowledge of the fauna of reef annelids of a little poor known area of the Colombian Caribbean is highlighted.

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Fletcher, Stephen, Pia Bateman, and Andrew Emery. "The governance of the Boscombe Artificial Surf Reef, UK." Land Use Policy 28, no. 2 (April 2011): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.08.002.

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Lan, Chun-Hsiung, Chung-Chiang Chen, and Che-Yu Hsui. "An approach to design spatial configuration of artificial reef ecosystem." Ecological Engineering 22, no. 4-5 (July 2004): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.04.004.

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Addis, Dustin T., William F. Patterson, and Michael A. Dance. "The Potential for Unreported Artificial Reefs to Serve as Refuges from Fishing Mortality for Reef Fishes." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 36, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2015.1084406.

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Wood, Georgina, Tim P. Lynch, Carlie Devine, Krystle Keller, and Will Figueira. "High‐resolution photo‐mosaic time‐series imagery for monitoring human use of an artificial reef." Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 19 (September 9, 2016): 6963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2342.

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Tong, Fei, Guobao Chen, Xue Feng, Yan Liu, and Pimao Chen. "The Effect of the Artificial Reef on the Structure and Function of Sediment Bacterial Community." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 14728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214728.

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The bacterial community in sediment is sensitive to artificial disturbance, and they respond differently to human disturbance, such as changing the nutrient cycling and energy flow in marine ecosystems. However, little is known about the dynamics and distribution of bacterial community structures in marine sediments and potential biogeochemical functions during the long-time succession in marine ranching. In the present study, we compared the dynamics of the bacterial composition and potential biogeochemical functions of sediment to ten years (TR) and one-year new artificial reef (NR) areas using metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology. Results revealed that NR reduces the Pielou’s evenness and Shannon index. Similarly, nonmetric multidimensional scaling showed that the beta diversity of sediment bacterial communities in NR significantly differed between TR and non-artificial reef areas. Previously, TR biomarkers were frequently associated with organic matter decomposing and assimilating in the organically enriched sediments (i.e., Acinetobacter). The soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were thought to be the primary driving forces in shaping the microbial community in sediment. Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, and Ralstonia have a significant positive correlation with SRP, TP, nitrate, and TN, but a negative association with pH, Salinity, Hg, and depth. NR was found to have more negative correlation nodes, indicating that taxa face more competition or predation press. Vibrio served as the module-hubs in the network in all areas. In addition, chemoheterotrophy, aerobic chemoheterotrophy, and fermentation were the three most prominent functions of the three areas, accounting for 59.96% of the relative abundance of the functional annotation. Different bacteria in sediments may change the amount of biogeochemical cycle in the marine ranching ecosystem. These findings can increase our understanding of the succession of the microecosystem for the marine ranching sedimentary environment by revealing how artificial reefs affect the indigenous sediment bacterial community and their responses to environmental variation.

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Jackson, Angus, Rodger Tomlinson, Bobbie Corbett, and Darrell Strauss. "LONG TERM PERFORMANCE OF A SUBMERGED COASTAL CONTROL STRUCTURE: A CASE STUDY OF THE NARROWNECK MULTI-FUNCTIONAL ARTIFICIAL REEF." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 14, 2012): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.structures.54.

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In response to the increasing occurrences of beach erosion along Surfers Paradise and Main Beaches - Gold Coast, Australia, the Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy [NGCBPS] was developed to widen the beach by 20-30m as well as improving surfing conditions as a secondary objective. The strategy, implemented in 1999- 2000, involved large-scale beach nourishment and construction of a submerged breakwater “reef” to act as a control point at Narrowneck. Construction of the reef involved innovative filling and placement methods using very large sand filled geotextile containers coupled with significant advances with regards to design of the geotextile material and containers. In the 11 years since construction, there has been substantial monitoring of the project since its completion in late 2000 including: - video imaging using webcams; hydrographic and beach surveys; aerial and oblique photography; surf and surf safety observations and GPS surfing track plots; and geotextile container condition and stability. This paper presents an update on the performance of the reef over the last four years. In particular, the response of the structure and the shoreline to a series of major storm events in 2009 has been examined. The results have shown that the erosion caused by these major events was accommodated within the wider beach created in 1999. Over the next 2 years there was a gradual recovery in the lee of the reef with a subtle groyne effect resulting in an even larger increase in the width of the updrift beach. A detailed underwater condition survey was also undertaken in 2011, to determine changes in the condition of the geotextile containers. This revealed a number of containers missing or damaged, and that seaward containers were covered by sand. The marine habitat which has been a feature of the reef has been impacted by the increased coverage of sand, but still shows high abundance and biodiversity.

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Yuan, Yang, Jie Feng, Weiwei Xian, and Hui Zhang. "Analysis of the Ecosystem Characteristics and Ecological Carrying Capacity of the Main Commercial Fish in the Artificial Reef Ecosystem in Laizhou Bay Using the Ecopath Model." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 13933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113933.

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In this study, we constructed an Ecopath model of the artificial reef ecosystem in Laizhou Bay, with special emphasis on the stock enhancement opportunities. Laizhou Bay is the largest semi-enclosed bay in the Bohai Sea, China, where multiple factors, especially overfishing, have led to the decline of many commercial marine fish stocks. Artificial oyster reefs were developed in 2011 in this region, providing shelter, feeding, and breeding sites for marine organisms. Additionally, stock enhancement by release can be used to replenish fishery species resources. Ad hoc stock enhancement, however, can fail to bring economic benefits and may impact ecosystem stability. Therefore, we estimated the ecological carrying capacity of the three main economic fish species in Laizhou Bay, including black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), fat greening (Hexagrammos otakii), and Chinese seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) before release to ensure the sustainable use of fishery resources. The Ecopath model in Laizhou Bay was divided into 17 functional groups based on commercial relevance, dietary similarity, and habitat needs of the species present in the area. The ecological parameters, such as the ratio of total primary productivity to total respiration (1.205), connectance index (0.207), and system omnivory index (0.090) indicated that the artificial reef ecosystem in Laizhou Bay has a relatively simple food web structure. The ecological carrying capacities of S. schlegelii, H. otakii, and L. maculatus were assessed at 0.4676 t/km2, 0.5472 t/km2, and 0.3275 t/km2, respectively. This study provides a reference for the formulation of fishery strategies to maintain ecosystem stability and biodiversity and to maximize fishery returns and sustainability in Laizhou Bay.

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Pope, David L., Thomas F. Moslow, and John B. Wagner. "Geological and technological assessment of artificial reef sites, Louisiana outer continental shelf." Ocean & Coastal Management 20, no. 2 (January 1993): 121–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-5691(93)90055-4.

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Hylkema, Alwin, Adolphe O. Debrot, Ronald Osinga, Patrick S. Bron, Daniel B. Heesink, Ayumi Kuramae Izioka, Callum B. Reid, et al. "Fish assemblages of three common artificial reef designs during early colonization." Ecological Engineering 157 (October 2020): 105994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.105994.

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Keller, Krystle, Aldo S. Steffe, Michael Lowry, Jeffrey J. Murphy, and Iain M. Suthers. "Monitoring boat-based recreational fishing effort at a nearshore artificial reef with a shore-based camera." Fisheries Research 181 (September 2016): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2016.03.025.

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Ueda, Masato, Chihiro Sawatari, Tomoyuki Takahashi, Hiroaki Tsuruta, Hidenobu Tokushige, Hirohisa Hikosaka, Daigo Yonetsu, and Masahiko Ikeda. "Utilisation of Titanium and Titanium Dioxide as Scaffolds for Proliferating Coral Reef." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1497.

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Estimated 30 percent or more of coral reefs are now in danger of extinction by coastal construction increases and global temperatures rise. Several restoration techniques such as fragmentation, forming, Biorock have been developed in the past few years. In vertebrates such as mammals, osteoblast is known to form the bones composed of hydroxyapatite. Therefore, bone substitutional devices are generally surface modified to improve the adhesion of osteoblasts on the surfaces. Titanium dioxide film is often employed as the surface material for hard tissue substitutes made of titanium and its alloys. In hard corals, on the other hand, the soft tissue covered on the skeletons made of calcium carbonate has osteoblasts as well. The purpose of this work was to investigate the potential of titanium (Ti) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) as scaffolds for proliferating coral reefs by analysing the several interfacial reactions. The rods of pure Ti were anodised in aqueous phosphoric acid at a constant voltage of 80 V. The surfaces were confirmed to be anatase type TiO2. The coral fragments were kept in contact with the rods in a lab-scale aquarium with artificial seawater for several days. The colony of polyps vigorously expanded on the surfaces. Fragments of coral were placed on pure Ti, TiO2 coated pure Ti in Petri dishes and were reared in artificial seawater. Fine spherical precipitates of calcium carbonate with aragonite structure, which is the same inorganic substance as corals, were observed radially and regularly on the surfaces of TiO2. In addition, the adherence of planula larva to the sputtered TiO2 film was observed by using a QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) method. The approach and adhesion of planula larva to the surface could be detected by monitoring the resonance frequency and resistance. The surfaces might have a great potential in coral reef regenerations.

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Noguchi, Yukiyasu, Marc Humblet, Yasuo Furushima, Shohei Ito, and Toshihiro Maki. "Wide-Area Three-Dimensional Imaging of Mesophotic Coral Reefs Using a Low-Cost AUV." Marine Technology Society Journal 56, no. 4 (August 23, 2022): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.56.4.4.

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Abstract Surveys and monitoring are essential to study the biology and ecology of coral reefs in order to understand the reasons behind reef demise and recovery. However, mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) remain largely unknown compared to their shallow counterparts because it is difficult to observe the seafloor below 30 m depths. Here, we propose a seafloor observation method using a low-cost autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). This method was developed to allow many people to easily perform underwater observations of MCEs, and is also applicable to general seafloor surveys, such as underwater artificial structures, hydrothermal vent fields, etc. The method possesses three important attributes to achieve effective surveys. First, it can be applied in highly rugged terrains and enables the AUV to track omnidirectional surfaces at high speed (Max. ~1 m/s). Second, it can produce a reliable three-dimensional (3D) image of the seafloor based on a depth sensor. Third, it can be used to estimate the flow velocity field. The proposed method was tested by using the AUV HATTORI-2, which is a lightweight, one-man portable AUV equipped with commercial off-the-shelf sensors. Our study area is the Sekisei Lagoon in the South Ryukyus, which represents the largest coral reef complex in Japan. The method enabled us not only to obtain a wide and high-definition 3D image of mesophotic coral reefs that captures detailed characteristics of marine habitats but also to acquire environmental data, such as flow velocity field and seawater temperature, spatially and temporally aligned with the 3D image.

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Ramos, Jorge, Miriam Tuaty-Guerra, Mariana Almeida, Ana C. Raposo, Maria J. Gaudêncio, Alexandra D. Silva, Nuno Rodrigues, Sérgio M. Leandro, and Miguel Caetano. "An artificial reef at the edge of the deep: An interdisciplinary case study." Ocean & Coastal Management 210 (September 2021): 105729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105729.

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Fan, Wei, Dongdong Pan, Canbo Xiao, Tiancheng Lin, Yiwen Pan, and Ying Chen. "Experimental Study on the Performance of an Innovative Tide-Induced Device for Artificial Downwelling." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 5268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195268.

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Hypoxia has been increasingly observed in estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems around the world. In this paper, a tide-powered artificial downwelling device is proposed to potentially alleviate hypoxia in bottom waters. The downwelling device mainly consists of a vertical square tube, a 90° bend sitting on the top of the tube, two symmetrical-guide plates which installed alongside the vertical tube, a static mixer, and an artificial reef. Scale model experiments are performed with respect to different density difference heads, horizontal current velocities, and tube geometries. The results show that the downwelling flow rate is dependent on horizontal current velocity, tube geometry parameters, and the density profile of ambient water. In addition, increasing the equivalent diameter and bend radius of the device can decrease the total loss coefficient in the tube, which in turns enhance the downwelling efficiency. The two symmetrical-guide plates also generate obvious downwelling of surface water which further improves the whole performance of the device. Further work will need to determine the influence of the other parts of the device, such as the static mixer and artificial reef, on the downwelling efficiency.

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Gregg, Kurtis L. "Comparisons of Three Manufactured Artificial Reef Units in Onslow Bay, North Carolina." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15, no. 2 (May 1995): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0316:cotmar>2.3.co;2.

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Pascaline, Bodilis, Seytre Catherine, Eric Charbonnel, and Francour Patrice. "Monitoring of the artificial reef fish assemblages of golfe juan marine protected area (France, North-Western Mediterranean)." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 59, spe1 (2011): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592011000500018.

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Hemery, Lenaïg G., Kailan F. Mackereth, Cailene M. Gunn, and Edward B. Pablo. "Use of a 360-Degree Underwater Camera to Characterize Artificial Reef and Fish Aggregating Effects around Marine Energy Devices." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 5 (April 19, 2022): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050555.

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Marine energy devices must be attached to the seafloor by their foundations, pilings, or anchors, and will have other parts in the water column like the devices themselves, mooring lines, and power export cables running along the seafloor. The installation and presence of these artificial structures will create physical changes that can disrupt or create new habitats, and potentially alter the behavior of mobile organisms such as fish around a device by attracting them to these new artificial reefs and fish aggregating devices. In this study, we tested a new approach for monitoring fish activity around a marine energy device anchor: a 360-degree underwater camera to keep the target (a wave energy converter’s anchor) in the field of view of the camera. The camera was deployed in three configurations (hand-held, tripod, video lander) at sites with different hydrodynamics and underwater visibilities. The video lander was the best configuration: very stable, versatile, and easy to handle. The 360-degree field of view enabled observing and counting fishes, which were more abundant at dusk than dawn or noon, around the anchor. Despite remaining challenges, 360-degree cameras are useful tools for monitoring animal interactions with marine energy devices.

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Kaiser, Mark J., and Richard A. Kasprzak. "The impact of the 2005 hurricane season on the Louisiana Artificial Reef Program." Marine Policy 32, no. 6 (November 2008): 956–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2008.02.006.

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Raphael, Alina, Zvy Dubinsky, Nathan S. Netanyahu, and David Iluz. "Deep Neural Network Analysis for Environmental Study of Coral Reefs in the Gulf of Eilat (Aqaba)." Big Data and Cognitive Computing 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc5020019.

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Coral reefs are undergoing a severe decline due to ocean acidification, seawater warming and anthropogenic eutrophication. We demonstrate the applicability of Deep Learning (DL) for following these changes. We examined the distribution and frequency appearance of the eleven most common coral species at four sites in the Gulf of Eilat. We compared deep learning with conventional census methods. The methods used in this research were natural sampling units via photographing the coral reef, line transects for estimating the cover percentage at the four test sites and deep convolutional neural networks, which proved to be an efficient sparse classification for coral species using the supervised deep learning method. The main research goal was to identify the common coral species at four test sites in the Gulf of Eilat, using DL to detect differences in coral cover and species composition among the sites, and relate these to ecological characteristics, such as depth and anthropogenic disturbance. The use of this method will produce a vital database to follow changes over time in coral reefs, identify trend lines and recommend remediation measures accordingly. We outline future monitoring needs and the corresponding system developments required to meet these.

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Low, R. A., and C. W. Waltz. "Seasonal Utilization and Movement of Black Sea Bass on a South Carolina Artificial Reef." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 11, no. 2 (May 1991): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1991)011<0131:suamob>2.3.co;2.

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Yang, Hyun-Min, Nosang V. Myung, Han-Seung Lee, and Jitendra Kumar Singh. "L-Arginine-Incorporated Cement Mortar as Sustainable Artificial Reefs." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 6346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166346.

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L-arginine is one of the amino acids found in plant seeds. In the present study, various amounts (i.e., 3%, 5%, 10%) of L-arginine were added to cement mortar to investigate the compressive strength, workability, leaching behavior, and pH change in distilled and natural seawater, as well as dissolved nitrogen and growth of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) by immersion in natural seawater. The compressive strength of the cement mortar is decreased with increase in L-arginine content owing to the high flow/slump and air content. A concentration of 10% L-arginine significantly promoted the growth of Chl-a on the cement mortar for up to 56 days of immersion in natural seawater. This is due to the availability of high dissolved nitrogen and pH inside the pores. This study recommends the use of L-arginine in artificial reef structures where marine ecosystems can be maintained.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Artificial reef monitoring'

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