Relevant bibliographies by topics / Artificial insemination, Human Victoria

Academic literature on the topic 'Artificial insemination, Human Victoria'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Artificial insemination, Human Victoria"

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Hromovchuk, M., and D. Byelov. "Religion and human rights in artificial insemination." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 64 (August 14, 2021): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.64.9.

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It is pointed out that modern man is particularly sensitive to the imposition of any worldview and way of life. The only language in today's world is the language of freedom, even if there is a substitution of this concept and its abuse. The value of freedom is not indifferent to religion. Therefore, the only way to spread the religious worldview in society is not the force of coercion, but the force of gravity. It is noted that the problem of the relationship between bioethics and religion is determined by a number of reasons, both scientific and theoretical, and socio-cultural plan. The current stage of development of scientific thought is characterized by the emergence of a new phenomenon - bioethics. Bioethics is an integrative science that synthesizes knowledge about man, which is already substantiated in medicine, psychology, psychiatry, religious anthropology, philosophical anthropology and others. The moral aspect is the center of bioethics, it is associated with its attitude to all living things, to life as such. Because of this we can talk about the formation of a bioethical worldview as a holistic system of views on the human problem. The beginning of the process of forming a bioethical worldview is closely connected with scientific progress, biomedical practices, and the aggravation of religious problems. The uniqueness of bioethical discourse creates the preconditions for the development of philosophical and methodological ground for the study of bioethical worldview. The methodological significance of the problem is related to the need to rethink the fundamental philosophical problems that relate to demental philosophical problems that relate to the definition of attributive characteristics of man. It is established that the religious problems that arise when using the IVF method are associated with several components: the production of germ cells, the lack of connection between conception and the natural idea of marital intimacy, obtaining an excessive number of embryos and manipulating them (elimination, reduction, freezing) embryos, preimplantation diagnosis), the use of germ cells of third parties. In this case, in vitro fertilization can be morally justified by religion and an acceptable method of infertility therapy for the Orthodox Christian, if it does not kill embryos and does not break the bond "in the flesh" even at the level of gametes.
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Curto, J. M., Fabrizzi E. Gonzalez, A. Algarra, M. Tilli, and T. Palamas. "R-039. Homologous artificial insemination in human reproduction." Human Reproduction 12, Suppl_2 (June 1997): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/12.suppl_2.253-b.

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Critser, John K., and Jeanne V. Linden. "Therapeutic insemination by donor I: A review of its efficacy." Reproductive Medicine Review 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962279900001022.

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Of all the assisted reproductive technologies in current use, artificial insemination has by far the longest history. While the earliest verifiable reports using this technique date to the eighteenth century for nonhuman artificial insemination and to the nineteenth century for human artificial insemination, systematic use of this approach to assist reproduction did not occur until the early part of this century. During the early 1900s, in Russia, Ivanov developed methods for semen collection from and insemination of horses. These techniques were later modified to apply to other agriculturally important species so that by the 1930s, millions of horses, cattle and sheep were being bred using artificial insemination. The adaptation of widespread use of artificial insemination (primarily in cattle) in agriculture extended to Britain in the early 1940s and to the USA in the 1950s. Corresponding implementation of artificial insemination in human reproductive medicine closely followed these innovations in the animal husbandry field.
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SUROV, A. I. "NEW MACHINE FOR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF SHEEP." Sheep, goats, woolen business, no. 2 (2022): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2074-0840-2022-2-60-63.

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The article presents data on a rotary machine for artificial insemination of sheep with the function of fixing the head and, separately, the back of the trunk. The machine eliminates the need for capital structures and premises for artificial insemination of sheep, thereby reducing material costs when working with animals. The versatility of the design indicates its versatility, in addition, it is convenient to store and transport, and also helps to reduce the cost of manual labor by more than 2 times. Artificial insemination and other veterinary measures with the use of this machine become more efficient, more convenient and less traumatic. In addition, it reduces the use of human resources from 25% to 60%.
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Góngora, Alfredo, José A. Miranda, Enrique Gordillo, and Jacobo Dabbah. "Statistical analysis on Artificial Insemination Human Fertility Centre, Mexico City." International Congress Series 1271 (September 2004): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.06.018.

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Russi, Lívia dos Santos, Eliane Vianna da Costa-e-Silva, Carmem Estefânia Serra Neto Zúccari, and Caciliana da Silva Recalde. "Human resources in artificial insemination of beef cattle: profile of managers and inseminators." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 7 (July 2010): 1464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000700010.

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The objective of the present study was to outline the profile of managers and inseminators involved in beef cattle artificial insemination programs to characterize the management processes involved in this activity. Additionally, by interviewing managers and inseminators, it was searched to detect particularities concerned to personal life and work that can be used to evaluate the quality of life of inseminators on farms. The open questions were analyzed by frequency of answer, after being grouped by similarity. Accordingly to the results, managers associate the concept of human resource management to work supervision, mainly, prioritizing technical factors such as professional experience and indexes in the selection processes, although problems in interpersonal relationships have been shown as the main reason for dismissal. In general, education level of the inseminators is not good because most of these workers studied only to the first series of primary school. Inseminators prefer conventional artificial insemination although they recognize that fixed-time artificial insemination can make animal handling on the farm easier. The performance of these workers seems to be determined more by interpersonal relationships than by the salaries.
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Alkan, Hasan, and Huseyin Erdem. "Effect of progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone + human chorionic gonadotropin treatment on conception rates in repeat breeder cows." Acta Veterinaria Brno 89, no. 4 (2020): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202089040307.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hormonal support on the pregnancy rate in repeat breeder cows. Prostaglandin F2α + Ovsynch oestrus synchronization protocol was applied to the cows. Following the fixed time insemination (day 0), the cows were divided into 4 groups. In Group 1 (n = 42), progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID) was placed vaginally at 84 h and removed on the 9th day after the artificial insemination. In Group 2 (n = 40), the cows were administered human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on the 7th day. Group 3 (n = 45) was applied a combination of progesterone and hCG. Group 4 (n = 42) was not given any treatment. Blood samples were collected from all cows 4 times on days 3.5, 7, 12, and 18 to evaluate progesterone concentrations. The pregnancy rates were 40.47%, 37.50%, 44.44%, and 30.95% in Group 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (P > 0.05). In addition, in cows with progesterone concentrations <2 ng/ml on day 3.5, the pregnancy rates were found to be lower than in the cows with progesterone concentrations >2 ng/ml in Group 4 (P < 0.05). Progesterone supplementation in cows with progesterone concentrations < 2 ng/ml appeared to increase pregnancy rates (P < 0.05) in Groups 1 and 3. As a result, post-insemination hormonal applications in the repeat breeder cows did not increase the pregnancy rate. However, it was concluded that determination of progesterone concentrations on day 3.5 following artificial insemination and then hormonal support in the cows with low concentrations would increased the pregnancy rate.
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Wolf, D. P. "Artificial insemination and the assisted reproductive technologies in non-human primates." Theriogenology 71, no. 1 (January 2009): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.09.002.

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Valiuškaitė, Viktorija, Vidas Raudonis, Rytis Maskeliūnas, Robertas Damaševičius, and Tomas Krilavičius. "Deep Learning Based Evaluation of Spermatozoid Motility for Artificial Insemination." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010072.

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We propose a deep learning method based on the Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) architecture for the evaluation of sperm head motility in human semen videos. The neural network performs the segmentation of sperm heads, while the proposed central coordinate tracking algorithm allows us to calculate the movement speed of sperm heads. We have achieved 91.77% (95% CI, 91.11–92.43%) accuracy of sperm head detection on the VISEM (A Multimodal Video Dataset of Human Spermatozoa) sperm sample video dataset. The mean absolute error (MAE) of sperm head vitality prediction was 2.92 (95% CI, 2.46–3.37), while the Pearson correlation between actual and predicted sperm head vitality was 0.969. The results of the experiments presented below will show the applicability of the proposed method to be used in automated artificial insemination workflow.
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Thorsen, Poul, Birger R. Møller, Lars Halkier-sørensen, Ellis From, and Niels Christian Nielsen. "Survival of chlamydiae in human semen prepared for artificial insemination by donor." Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 70, no. 2 (January 1991): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016349109006195.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Artificial insemination, Human Victoria"

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Laffoon, Michael R. "Artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization an Orthodox perspective /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1986. http://www.tren.com.

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Cheung, Ka-lung. "Proteomic profiling of uterine flushing from IVF patients : comparison between natural and stimulated cycles /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36434164.

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McCarthy, Brendan. "An examination and evaluation of the debate encompassing the Warnock Committee's Report on Human Fertilisation and Embrology : theological and ethical implications." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239012.

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Cheung, Ka-lung, and 張嘉隆. "Proteomic profiling of uterine flushing from IVF patients: comparison between natural and stimulated cycles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4501064X.

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Chan, Po-heung, and 陳寶香. "Use of letrozole versus clomiphene citrate for superovulation in patients undergoing intrauterine insemination : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206904.

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Background: Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)is one of the common first-line assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for couples suffering infertility. Controlled ovarian stimulation (COH) with clomiphene citrate (CC) or aromatase inhibitor (like Letrozole) is often used in adjunct to IUI to increase the pregnancy outcome. Both CC and letrozole can be given alone as a single ovulation induction agent or they can be combined with injectable gonadotropin for purpose of superovulation. Study objectives: To systematically review the efficacy and adverse outcomes of letrozole and CC for supervulation in infertility patients undergoing IUI. Method: Systematic review of pertinent randomised controlled trials (RCT) using the bibliographic databases EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane, Medline (OVID), Academic Search Premier and CINAHL. References of selected articles identified were hand-searched for additional relevant citations. RCTs that have compared the pharmacological performance of CC and letrozole as a single agent or combination with equal dose of gonadotropins were included. Results: Ten published randomized controlled trials were included in this review. The mean age, infertility diagnosis and duration of infertility of the recruited participants were comparable. Pregnancy rate was found to be comparable in clomiphene citrate (CC) group and letrozole (L) group. Higher peak estrogen concentration and greater number of dominant follicles were reported in CC group. Endometrial thickness was found significantly greater in L group. Adverse outcomes of rate of miscarriage, multiple pregnancies, ectopic pregnancies, OHSS and fetal anomalies were not significantly different between the two intervention groups. Conclusion: Letrozole and CC, considered equally patient-friendly agent due to oral route administration. Both agents achieved similar pregnancy rates without any increased risk of adverse events in either group. Letrozole can be used as alternative first-line OI agent to CC in reproductive treatments. Drug selection for patients should be done according to the cost effectiveness, duration of therapy, characteristics and compliance of patients.
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Rütz, Eva Maria K. "Heterologe Insemination - die rechtliche Stellung des Samenspenders Lösungsansätze zur rechtlichen Handhabung /." Berlin : Springer, 2008. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10217538.

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Makkar, Guneet. "The Role of conventional sperm parameters, quantitative motile characteristics and acrosome reaction of spermatozoa in predicting successful outcome following artificial insemination." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22505507.

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Makkar, Guneet. "The Role of conventional sperm parameters, quantitative motile characteristics and acrosome reaction of spermatozoa in predictingsuccessful outcome following artificial insemination." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31224933.

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Gentis, Roxanne. "A controlled randomised study to compare the IUI biochemical pregnancy outcome between a routine swim-up and the Sep-D Kit semen preparation method." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80098.

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Thesis (MScMedSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Male factor infertility is a general term that describes couples in which an inability to conceive is associated with a problem identified in the male partner. Intrauterine insemination (IUI) together with ovulation induction has been shown to be an effective treatment method for male factor infertility. Oocyte production by the ovaries is stimulated by the use of fertility drugs. A prepared sperm sample is then injected into the uterus through the vagina using an IUI catheter which brings the oocytes and spermatozoa into close proximity. Semen preparation is an integral part of an IUI cycle. In a developing country, a simple inexpensive semen preparation method for IUI procedures, not necessitating a lot of equipment, is essential. An example of such a method, the Sep-D Kit (Surelife Sep-D Kit, Surelife Media Technologies Pty Ltd, Singapore) has been proposed as a possible preparation method. In a pilot study performed by the principal investigator (Roxanne Gentis), comparing the Sep-D Kit and standard swim-up preparation methods, it was found that the Sep-D Kit compared very well with the swim-up method regarding most pre- and post-preparation semen parameters. The Sep-D Kit method, however, still needed further testing to see whether or not pregnancy rates resulting from the method are comparable with that resulting from the standard swim-up method, as this ultimately is the required result of an IUI. The primary aim of this study was to compare the Sep-D Kit method to the standard swim-up method with regards to biochemical pregnancy outcome, post-preparation sperm count, motility, total motile count (TMC), morphology, DNA compaction and fragmentation (CMA3 and TUNEL). The secondary aim was to evaluate which variables, male and female, affect biochemical pregnancy outcome. The study took place at Drs Aevitas Fertility Clinic, Vincent Pallotti Hospital, Pinelands. The study was a prospective analytical study and was conducted from December 2010 until October 2012. A total of 473 IUI cycles were evaluated. Results showed that the Sep-D Kit semen preparation method was non-inferior to the standard swim-up method with regards to biochemical pregnancy rates, post-preparation count and TMC. The swim-up method produced samples with a significantly higher post-preparation motility compared to the Sep-D Kit method, however both methods still managed to produce similar biochemical pregnancy rates (10.39% for the swim-up group versus 11.57% for Sep-D Kit group). For the total cohort of cycles analysed the only female parameter which significantly predicted biochemical pregnancy outcome in this study was age. Sperm motility (post-preparation) was the only male parameter that significantly affected biochemical pregnancy outcome. The Sep-D Kit method is more cost effective and also time saving compared to the swim-up method. There is also no need for expensive laboratory equipment or a trained embryologist using the Sep-D Kit preparation method. The Sep-D Kit may therefore be used with confidence as a standard semen preparation method, and may be implemented in developing countries for use in routine IUI procedures.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Manlike faktor infertiliteit is 'n algemene term wat gebruik word om paartjies te beskryf wat 'n onvermoë toon om swanger te raak as gevolg van 'n probleem wat geassosieer word met die man. Die kombinasie van intra-uteriene inseminasie (IUI) en ovulasie induksie kan doeltreffend gebruik word om manlike faktor infertiliteit te behandel. Vrugbaarheidsmiddels word gebruik om oösietproduksie in die die eierstokke te stimuleer en 'n voorbereide spermmonster word dan transvaginaal in die baarmoeder ingespuit om sodoende die spermatozoa en oösiete na-aan mekaar te bring. Semenvoorbereiding is 'n integrale deel van 'n IUI siklus en in 'n ontwikkelende land is 'n eenvoudige, goedkoop semenvoorbereidingsmetode – wat die gebruik van duur toerusting uitsluit – noodsaaklik. Die Sep-D Kit metode (Surelife Sep-D Kit, Surelife Media Technologies Pty Ltd, Singapore) is 'n voorbeeld van so 'n voorbereidingsmetode. 'n Loodsstudie, uitgevoer deur die hoofnavorser, (Roxanne Gentis), het gewys dat die Sep-D Kit en standaard opswem voorbereidingmetodes goed vergelyk ten opsigte van meeste semenparameters voor- en na voorbereiding. Dit is egter ook noodsaaklikheid vir verdere navorsing om vas te stel of swangerskapuitkoms na die gebruik van die twee semenvoorbereidingsmetodess vergelykbaar is, aangesien dit die uiteindelike, verlangde uitkoms van 'n IUI is. Die primêre doel van hierdie studie was om die Sep-D Kit metode te vergelyk met die standaard opswemmetode met betrekking tot biochemiese swangerskapuitkoms asook spermtelling, motiliteit, totale motiele spermtelling (TMS), morfologie, DNA kompaksie en fragmentering (CMA3 en TUNEL) na spermvoorbereiding. Die sekondêre doel was om te evalueer watter veranderlikes, manlik en vroulik, die bichemiese swangerskapuitkoms beïnvloed. Die studie is uitgevoer by die Drs Aevitas Fertiliteitskliniek, Vincent Pallotti Hospitaal, Pinelands. Die studie was prospektief analities en het gestrek vanaf Desember 2010 tot en met Oktober 2012. 'n Totaal van 473 IUI siklusse is evalueer en ontleed. Die resultate van die studie het getoon dat die Sep-D Kit semenvoorbereidingsmetode nie ondergeskik aan die opswemmetode was ten opsigte van biochemiese swangerskap, spermtelling en TMS na semenvoorbereiding nie, Spermmotiliteit was betekenisvol hoër vir die opswemmetode vergelykend met die Sep-D Kit, maar ten spite van die verskil was die biochemiese swangerskapsyfers in die twee groepe nie verskillend nie (10.39% in die opswem groep en 11.57% in Sep-D Kit groep). In die totale kohort siklusse wat ontleed is was dit net die ouderdom van die vrou wat 'n betekenisvolle effek op biochemiese swangerskapuitkoms gehad het. Die enigste manlike faktor wat 'n betekenisvolle effek op biochemiese swangerskapuitkoms gehad het was die motiliteit na semenvoorbereiding. Die Sep-D Kit metode is meer koste-effektief en tydbesparend as die standard opswemmetode. Die uitvoer van die Sep-D Kit metode vereis ook ook geen duur apparaat of 'n opgeleide embrioloog nie. Die Sep-D Kit metode kan dus met vertroue gebruik word as 'n standaard semenvoorbereidingsmetode en kan in ontwikkelende lande vir gebruik tydens roetine IUI prosedures geïmplementeer word.
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Hendricks, Mark William. "The ethical implications of the Levitical incest laws for medically assisted procreation." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1999. http://www.tren.com.

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Books on the topic "Artificial insemination, Human Victoria"

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Musgrove, Michèle. Artificial insemination: Bibliography. Ottawa: Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies, 1992.

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Artificial conception: Report 1 : Human artificial insemination. [Sydney, N.S.W: The Commission], 1986.

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Achilles, Rona Grace. Donor insemination: An overview. Ottawa: Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies, 1992.

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Künstliche Befruchtung in wissenschafts- und sozialgeschichtlicher Sicht. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1996.

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M, Seibel Machelle, and Crockin Susan L, eds. Family building through egg and sperm donation: Medical, legal, and ethical issues. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1996.

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American Bar Association. Section of Family Law., ed. Artificial insemination and legal reality. [Chicago, Ill.]: American Bar Association, Section of Family Law, 1992.

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Vercollone, Carol. Helping the stork: The choices and challenges of donor insemination. New York, NY: Macmillan USA, 1997.

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Hank, Pizer, ed. Having a baby without a man: The woman's guide to alternative insemination. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985.

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Susan, Robinson. Having a baby without a man: The women's guide to alternative insemination. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985.

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Law Reform Commission of Saskatchewan. Proposals for a human artificial insemination act. Saskatoon: The Commission, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Artificial insemination, Human Victoria"

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Caggiati, A., A. Lenzi, F. Claroni, L. Gandini, A. Luzi, F. Dondero, and P. M. Motta. "A scanning electron microscopic study on the selection of spermatozoa for artificial insemination." In Morphological Basis of Human Reproductive Function, 205–9. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1953-5_27.

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"Chapter 1. Human Rights in Life, Health, and Death." In Morals and Medicine: The Moral Problems of the Patient's Right to Know the Truth, Contraception, Artificial Insemination, Sterilization, Euthanasia, 1–33. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868377-005.

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"Chapter 7. The Ethics of Personality: Morality, Nature, and Human Nature." In Morals and Medicine: The Moral Problems of the Patient's Right to Know the Truth, Contraception, Artificial Insemination, Sterilization, Euthanasia, 211–28. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400868377-011.

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Nwoga, Cornelius, Nnanna Ikeh, Matthew Onodugo, Paul Baiyeri, and Ndubuisi Machebe. "Assisted Reproductive Technologies as Veritable Tools for Improving Production Efficiencies of N’dama and Muturu Cattle Breeds in Nigeria-A Review." In Bovine Science - Challenges and Advances. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100066.

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Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that have come to stay and are still being improved upon in developed countries are still in their infancy stage in developing countries like Nigeria. Nigeria’s cattle population is estimated to be around 18.4 million. The number is far insufficient to meet the country’s demand for meat, milk, and other cow products, let alone contribute to GDP. N’dama and Muturu are both Nigerian breeds that are resistant to trypanosomosis. They are humpless longhorn and humpless shorthorn types of beef cattle. The dairy and beef cow industries’ inadequate adoption of ART is partly to blame for Nigeria’s low cattle output. Sex determination, multiple-ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET), oestrus synchronization, artificial insemination (AI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), cloning, and genetic engineering are all examples of assisted reproductive technologies. It has been reported in humans, rodents and domestic animals, abnormal fetuses, newborns and adult offspring arise from ART. Improper matching of breeding animals mostly leads to overfat calves. This review centers on the applications and potentials of ART in the production of trypanotolerant N’dama and Muturu cattle breeds. Some unorthodox medicines which have proven effective in human reproduction can circumvent the shortfalls in the adoption of ART.
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Knapik, Wioletta. "Bioetyka a problem ryzyka." In Etyka a moralność. Aksjonormatywny kontekst współczesnej pracy i wybranych zawodów. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/7525-488-4.08.

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The bioethics appointing biomedical criteria indicates ways of the true development; this is not the activity directed against the freedom of scientific research, but the state the encouragement to the renewed reflection over methods and aims of individual research. The bioethics, as the knowledge domain is an interdisciplinary science; except voices of ethicists, moralists and doctors, takes into account also opinions of lawyers, sociologists, psychologists, educators and economists. The life of the contemporary society which Ulrich Beck called a society risks, is domineered by the objective and subjective sense of security. Thereby changes the value-system: the inequality is replaced an uncertainty. People often drives the motivation not aiming to attaining of something „good”, but wishes of the avoidance of something „bad”. Bioethical problems make the integral part of the widely understood social risk. On the basis chosen aspects of concerning ethical behaviours in reference to the human foetus was described the risk which undertake parents decisive themselves on the artificial insemination, taking advantage of services of surogat mothers, whether the risk of women who are the surogat mothers, as well as bioethical problems in gynaecologists’ work.
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