Journal articles: 'Artificial dendrite'

1

Jia, Dongbao, Weixiang Xu, Dengzhi Liu, Zhongxun Xu, Zhaoman Zhong, and Xinxin Ban. "Verification of Classification Model and Dendritic Neuron Model Based on Machine Learning." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (July 4, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3259222.

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Artificial neural networks have achieved a great success in simulating the information processing mechanism and process of neuron supervised learning, such as classification. However, traditional artificial neurons still have many problems such as slow and difficult training. This paper proposes a new dendrite neuron model (DNM), which combines metaheuristic algorithm and dendrite neuron model effectively. Eight learning algorithms including traditional backpropagation, classic evolutionary algorithms such as biogeography-based optimization, particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm, population-based incremental learning, competitive swarm optimization, differential evolution, and state-of-the-art jSO algorithm are used for training of dendritic neuron model. The optimal combination of user-defined parameters of model has been systemically investigated, and four different datasets involving classification problem are investigated using proposed DNM. Compared with common machine learning methods such as decision tree, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, and artificial neural networks, dendritic neuron model trained by biogeography-based optimization has significant advantages. It has the characteristics of simple structure and low cost and can be used as a neuron model to solve practical problems with a high precision.

2

Tanaka, Makito, Tetsuro Sasada, Tetsuya Nakamoto, Sascha Ansén, Osamu Imataki, Alla Berezovskaya, Marcus Butler, Lee Nadler, and Naoto Hirano. "Immunogenicity of Artificial Dendritic Cells Is Upregulated by ROCK Inhibition-Mediated Dendrite Formation." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 3022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3022.3022.

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Abstract Abstract 3022 Poster Board II-998 Dendritic cells (DC) are “professional” antigen-presenting cells (APC) that can prime T cells. Their characteristic morphology and phenotype segregate them from other APC. Many studies suggest that mature DC are able to induce potent antitumor T cell immunity that can reject tumors. Based on this, numerous cancer vaccine trials using ex vivo generated DC have been conducted in humans. However, the observed objective response rates in these studies have been disappointing. This could partially be attributed to difficulties in generating large numbers of clinical grade, optimally matured DC. Also, it is widely accepted that the quality and quantity of DC generated ex vivo vary substantially among individuals. We have hypothesized that the generation of standardized artificial DC (aDC) will overcome the time, expense, and suboptimal reproducibility of DC cultures and prompt the development of DC-based immunotherapy for cancer. Previously, we developed a renewable and standardized artificial APC (aAPC) by transducing HLA-A2, CD80, and CD83 to the human erythroleukemic suspension cell line, K562. This aAPC can naturally process and present HLA-A2-restricted peptides and uniquely support the priming and prolonged expansion of large numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ CTL. Generated antigen-specific CTL display a central ∼ effector memory phenotype consistent with in vivo persistence, possess potent effector function, and specifically recognize tumor cells. Furthermore, CTL can be maintained in vitro for a prolonged period of time up to >1 year without any feeder cells or cloning. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that adoptive transfer of anti-tumor CTL with a memory phenotype generated ex vivo using this aAPC, IL-2, and IL-15 can persist in cancer patients as memory T cells for >6 months without any lymphodepletion, adjuvants, or cytokine administration. Clinical responses have also been observed in some patients. To develop a standardized aDC, we have undertaken an approach to differentiate our K562-based aAPC into aDC. In neurogenesis, it has been well established that a family of Rho GTPases (Rho, Rac, and Cdc42) critically regulates the outgrowth of neurites, i.e. dendrites and axon. We have found that the inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK), which is a key effector molecule of Rho, can promote the differentiation of monocyte-derived immature DC into mature DC both morphologically and phenotypically. Intriguingly, when aAPC were forced to attach via a newly identified surface molecule, PladX, and ROCK activity was subsequently blocked, K562-derived aAPC “differentiated” into DC-like cells by acquiring dendrite extensions and growth cone-like structures at the end of the extensions (see picture). PladX-mediated strong attachment was critical for differentiation, since ROCK inhibition without attachment or following attachment via conventional adhesion molecules such as poly-L lysine, fibronectin, or collagen was not sufficient to induce dendrites. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that dendrites were composed of F-actin rich filopodia and lamellipodia. Furthermore, F-actin and microtubules were differentially localized in the “growth cones” and “dendrite shafts” of aDC, respectively. While treatment with actin inhibitors blocked the generation of “growth cones” but not dendritic shafts, exposure to microtubule inhibitors abrogated the extension of dendritic shafts. Finally, we were able to demonstrate that aDC were more potent than aAPC in CD8+ T cell stimulatory activity. This was the case despite the fact that differentiation of aAPC into aDC does not alter the expression level of molecularly engineered immunoaccessory molecules MHC class I, CD80, and CD83. The effects of the differentiation on processing and presentation of antigenic peptides were negligible since CD8+ T cell antigen was exogenously pulsed as a fully processed synthetic peptide. Taken together, this result indicates that the dendrite formation and the resultant enlarged surface area are critical determinants of DC's enhanced immunogenicity. We have succeeded in producing infinite number of aDC with enhanced immunogenicity by differentiating our renewable and standardized K562-based aAPC, which has been already tested in the clinic. This novel aDC may overcome the cumbersome issues inherent to conventional DC and widen the applicability of DC-based immunotherapy for cancer. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

3

Liu, Yang. "Overview of the Recent Progress of Suppressing the Dendritic Growth on Lithium Metal Anode for Rechargeable Batteries." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2152, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2152/1/012060.

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Abstract The lithium metal has been considered as a competitive material for anode on the high-energy storage battery because of its various advantages, such as high capacity, low density, and the lowest electrochemical potential. However, the uncontrolled dendritic growth on the anode surface could cause the short circuit, even explosion of the battery. Therefore, strategies about how to effectively inhibit the formation of dendrites is of great importance. This paper will first give a brief introduction on the growth of dendrites. The attention is then focused on the recent advancements to suppress the dendrite growth of lithium metal, such as the optimization of electrolyte, application of artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and the modification of lithium anode. The future research directions will be presented at the end.

4

Mu, Yanlu, Tianyi Zhou, Zhaoyi Zhai, Shuangbin Zhang, Dexing Li, Lan Chen, and Guanglu Ge. "Metal organic complexes as an artificial solid-electrolyte interface with Zn-ion transfer promotion for long-life zinc metal batteries." Nanoscale 13, no. 48 (2021): 20412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr05753g.

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The schematic diagram for the plating/stripping process of Zn. (a) Corrosion, by-products, and Zn dendrites are observed on a bare Zn electrode. (b) The Zn–THBA protective layer endows a dense and dendrite-free plating/stripping morphology.

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Jing, Zhaokun, Yuchao Yang, and Ru Huang. "Dual-mode dendritic devices enhanced neural network based on electrolyte gated transistors." Semiconductor Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 024002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6641/ac3f21.

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Abstract As a fundamental component of biological neurons, dendrites have been proven to have crucial effects in neuronal activities. Single neurons with dendrite structures show high signal processing capability that is analogous to a multilayer perceptron (MLP), whereas oversimplified point neuron models are still prevalent in artificial intelligence algorithms and neuromorphic systems and fundamentally limit their efficiency and functionality of the systems constructed. In this study, we propose a dual-mode dendritic device based on electrolyte gated transistor, which can be operated to generate both supralinear and sublinear current–voltage responses when receiving input voltage pulses. We propose and demonstrate that the dual-mode dendritic devices can be used as a dendritic processing block between weight matrices and output neurons so as to dramatically enhance the expression ability of the neural networks. A dual-mode dendrites-enhanced neural network is therefore constructed with only two trainable parameters in the second layer, thus achieving 1000× reduction in the amount of second layer parameter compared to MLP. After training by back propagation, the network reaches 90.1% accuracy in MNIST handwritten digits classification, showing advantage of the present dual-mode dendritic devices in building highly efficient neuromorphic computing.

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Peng, Hong, Tingting Bao, Xiaohui Luo, Jun Wang, Xiaoxiao Song, Agustín Riscos-Núñez, and Mario J. Pérez-Jiménez. "Dendrite P systems." Neural Networks 127 (July 2020): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2020.04.014.

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Berger, Thomas, Matthew E. Larkum, and Hans-R. Lüscher. "High I h Channel Density in the Distal Apical Dendrite of Layer V Pyramidal Cells Increases Bidirectional Attenuation of EPSPs." Journal of Neurophysiology 85, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 855–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.855.

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Despite the wealth of recent research on active signal propagation along the dendrites of layer V neocortical pyramidal neurons, there is still little known regarding the traffic of subthreshold synaptic signals. We present a study using three simultaneous whole cell recordings on the apical dendrites of these cells in acute rat brain slices to examine the spread and attenuation of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials (sEPSPs). Equal current injections at each of a pair of sites separated by ∼500 μm on the apical dendrite resulted in equal voltage transients at the other site (“reciprocity”), thus disclosing linear behavior of the neuron. The mean apparent “length constants” of the apical dendrite were 273 and 446 μm for somatopetal and somatofugal sEPSPs, respectively. Trains of artificial EPSPs did not show temporal summation. Blockade of the hyperpolarization-activated cation current ( I h) resulted in less attenuation by 17% for somatopetal and by 47% for somatofugal sEPSPs. A pronounced location-dependent temporal summation of EPSP trains was seen. The subcellular distribution and biophysical properties of I h were studied in cell-attached patches. Within less than ∼400 μm of the soma, a low density of ∼3 pA/μm2 was found, which increased to ∼40 pA/μm2 in the apical distal dendrite. I h showed activation and deactivation kinetics with time constants faster than 40 ms and half-maximal activation at −95 mV. These findings suggest that integration of synaptic input to the apical tuft and the basal dendrites occurs spatially independently. This is due to a high I h channel density in the apical tuft that increases the electrotonic distance between these two compartments in comparison to a passive dendrite.

8

Zhang, Xiliang, Sichen Tao, Zheng Tang, Shuxin Zheng, and Yoki Todo. "The Mechanism of Orientation Detection Based on Artificial Visual System for Greyscale Images." Mathematics 11, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11122715.

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Human visual system is a crucial component of the nervous system, enabling us to perceive and understand the surrounding world. Advancements in research on the visual system have profound implications for our understanding of both biological and computer vision. Orientation detection, a fundamental process in the visual cortex where neurons respond to linear stimuli in specific orientations, plays a pivotal role in both fields. In this study, we propose a novel orientation detection mechanism for local neurons based on dendrite computation, specifically designed for grayscale images. Our model comprises eight neurons capable of detecting local orientation information, with inter-neuronal interactions facilitated through nonlinear dendrites. Through the extraction of local orientation information, this mechanism effectively derives global orientation information, as confirmed by successful computer simulations. Experimental results demonstrate that our mechanism exhibits remarkable orientation detection capabilities irrespective of variations in size, shape, or position, which aligns with previous physiological research findings. These findings contribute to our understanding of the human visual system and provide valuable insights into both biological and computer vision. The proposed orientation detection mechanism, with its nonlinear dendritic computations, offers a promising approach for improving orientation detection in grayscale images.

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Chakilam, Shashikanth, Dan Ting Li, Zhang Chuan Xi, Rimvydas Gaidys, and Audrone Lupeikiene. "Morphological Study of Insect Mechanoreceptors to Develop Artificial Bio-Inspired Mechanosensors." Engineering Proceedings 2, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-7-08199.

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Mechanoreceptors of the insect play a vital role for the insect to sense and monitor the environmental parameters, like flow, tactile pressure, etc. This paper presents the studies made on the morphology of the mechanoreceptor of the insect Blattella asahinai (scientific name of cockroach) that is a hair-like structure known as trichoid sensilla, by scanning electron microscope and confocal laser microscope. The scanned images show the details of sensilla components in which the hair is embedded in the sockets, which are connected with the cuticle and joint membrane, where the dendrite touches at the base of the hair passing through the cuticle layers. The images also show that the tubular bodies and microtubules are tightly compacted inside the dendrite. This paper presents the details of how the sensilla work when an external stimulus act on them. The hair deflects with the disturbance of the cuticle and joint membrane, and this deformed hair leans on the dendrite, which is attached at the base of the hair that in turn presses the tubular bodies and microtubules, which develop negative ions passing down through the dendrite to the neuron, which provides information as an electric signal to the brain of the insect so that it responds for necessary action. Based on the morphological studies, sensing mechanism, material properties of the components, and design principles will be evolved for the development of an artificial bio-inspired sensor. A solid works model of the sensilla is also presented.

10

Gong, Mingchen. "The growth mechanism and strategies of dendrite in lithium metal anode." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 83 (February 27, 2024): 533–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/0wy2hf86.

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Lithium metal batteries offer an incredibly high potential energy density when compared to the present large-scale commercial lithium-ion batteries. In recent years, with the development of technology, the energy density of lithium-ion batteries has rapidly reached its theoretical energy density. People are gradually pursuing higher energy density batteries. The negative electrode of batteries, made of lithium metal, has the lowest reduction potential and the highest theoretical specific capacity, which has great research value and a number of possible uses for the creation of secondary batteries with large capacities. However, actual uses may present safety risks. Lithium dendrites, which can result in short circuits, fires, or explosions, and decreased battery efficiency are caused by the ease with which Li+ can deposit unevenly on the anode's uneven surface. As a result, this study focuses on the development process of lithium dendrite and analyzes three elements of electrolyte regulation: artificial SEI layer, solid electrolyte, and strategies to restrict the growth of lithium dendrite.

11

LaBerge, David, and Ray Kasevich. "The apical dendrite theory of consciousness." Neural Networks 20, no. 9 (November 2007): 1004–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2007.09.006.

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12

Zhang, Yuanjun, Guanyao Wang, Liang Tang, Jiajie Wu, Bingkun Guo, Ming Zhu, Chao Wu, Shi Xue Dou, and Minghong Wu. "Stable lithium metal anodes enabled by inorganic/organic double-layered alloy and polymer coating." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 44 (2019): 25369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta09523c.

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We develop an alloy/polymer double-layered protective coating as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) to mitigate immoderate dendrite growth during the cycling process for lithium metal anodes (LMAs).

13

Hu, An Jun, and Yi Nuo Li. "A Muti-Functional Artificial Interphase for Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 939 (January 25, 2023): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-9s9iqu.

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The solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is the most intimate component affecting Li deposition in lithium metal anode (LMA). In order to guarantee the safety of LMA, the unstable intrinsic SEI needs to be replaced by the functional artificial interphase (ASEI). Herein, tailoring the interphases for realizing substantially enhanced lithium plating/striping behaviors (over 120 cycles for Li||Cu cells) is presented. This favorable ASEI containing Li3N component is in-situ fabricated by cycling after hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) were coated on the LMA surface.

14

Zhang, Xiliang, Tang Zheng, and Yuki Todo. "The Mechanism of Orientation Detection Based on Artificial Visual System." Electronics 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010054.

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As an important part of the nervous system, the human visual system can provide visual perception for humans. The research on it is of great significance to improve our understanding of biological vision and the human brain. Orientation detection, in which visual cortex neurons respond only to linear stimuli in specific orientations, is an important driving force in computer vision and biological vision. However, the principle of orientation detection is still unknown. This paper proposes an orientation detection mechanism based on dendrite calculation of local orientation detection neurons. We hypothesized the existence of orientation detection neurons that only respond to specific orientations and designed eight neurons that can detect local orientation information. These neurons interact with each other based on the nonlinearity of dendrite generation. Then, local orientation detection neurons are used to extract local orientation information, and global orientation information is deduced from local orientation information. The effectiveness of the mechanism is verified by computer simulation, which shows that the machine can perform orientation detection well in all experiments, regardless of the size, shape, and position of objects. This is consistent with most known physiological experiments.

15

Zhuang, Dongmei, Xianli Huang, Zhihui Chen, Haowen Wu, Lei Sheng, Manman Zhao, Yaozong Bai, et al. "A novel artificial film of lithiophilic polyethersulfone for inhibiting lithium dendrite." Electrochimica Acta 403 (January 2022): 139668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139668.

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Xu, Rui, Xue-Qiang Zhang, Xin-Bing Cheng, Hong-Jie Peng, Chen-Zi Zhao, Chong Yan, and Jia-Qi Huang. "Artificial Soft-Rigid Protective Layer for Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anode." Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 8 (January 8, 2018): 1705838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201705838.

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Wu, Nae-Lih (Nick), Shu Jui Chang, and Hsi Chen. "Using Artificial Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Coatings for Enhancing Safety of High-Energy Li-Ion Batteries from Material Level." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 3 (December 22, 2023): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-023485mtgabs.

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The development of high-energy-density Li-ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the demand for electric vehicles and sustainable energy storage applications simultaneously brings about more safety issues. On the anode side, graphite has been a major anode material for high-energy LIBs and is anticipated to continuously play an important role even for the high-capacity Si-graphite (Si-Gr) composite anodes in the near future. The low lithiation electrochemical potential of graphite enables a lower anode potential allowing higher energy for a full cell but is vulnerable to the plating of metallic Li dendrite, which could easily arise from either over-lithiation, due to heterogeneity in the negative electrode, or fast charging. Li dendritic deposits could penetrate through the separator to trigger cell short-circuit and eventually thermal runaway. On the cathode side, the high surface reactivity and low oxygen lattice stability of the Ni-rich layered oxide cathodes lower the thermal stability. This study focuses on enhancing the safety of LIB full-cells by modifying the properties and stability of the solid-electrolyte interphases (SEIs) respectively on the anode and cathode electrodes. A polymeric artificial SEI for the anode is developed not only to improve the electrode performance but also effectively suppress SEI and Li dendrite formation. Meanwhile, a composite coating for the cathode is derived to simultaneously enhance the cycle stability and thermal stability, due to the altered thermal decomposition pathway, of an NCM811 cathode. The overall enhanced safety of the full cells is illustrated with the nail penetration test, and the safety-enhancing mechanisms are revealed by conducting post-mortem and synchrotron-based operando studies.

18

Pan, Qianmu, Yongkun Yu, Yuxin Zhu, Chunli Shen, Minjian Gong, Kui Yan, and Xu Xu. "Constructing a LiPON Layer on a 3D Lithium Metal Anode as an Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase with Long-Term Stability." Batteries 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010030.

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The problem of lithium dendrite growth has persistently hindered the advancement of lithium metal batteries. Lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON), functioning as an amorphous solid electrolyte, is extensively employed as an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) owing to its remarkable stability and mechanical strength, which is beneficial for effectively mitigating dendrite growth. Nevertheless, the significant challenge arises from the volume changes in the Li metal anode during cycling, leading to the vulnerability of LiPON due to its high rigidity, which impedes the widespread use of LiPON. To address this problem, our study introduces a lithium-boron (Li-B) alloy as the anode, featuring a 3D structure, which can be synergistic with the artificial LiPON layer during cycling, leading to a better performance. The average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of a Li || Cu half-cell reaches 95% over 120 cycles. The symmetric cells exhibit sustained operation for 950 h with a low voltage polarization of less than 20 mV under a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2 and for 410 h under 1 mA/cm2.

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Song, Gyujin, Chihyun Hwang, Woo‐Jin Song, Jung Hyun Lee, Sangyeop Lee, Dong‐Yeob Han, Jonghak Kim, Hyesung Park, Hyun‐Kon Song, and Soojin Park. "Breathable Artificial Interphase for Dendrite‐Free and Chemo‐Resistive Lithium Metal Anode." Small 18, no. 8 (December 9, 2021): 2105724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202105724.

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Yao, Wei, Shijie He, Youcai Xue, Qinfang Zhang, Jinshan Wang, Meng He, Jianguang Xu, Chi Chen, and Xu Xiao. "V2CTx MXene Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphases toward Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anodes." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 9, no. 29 (July 15, 2021): 9961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c03904.

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Li, Zhengang, Wenjun Deng, Chang Li, Weijian Wang, Zhuqing Zhou, Yibo Li, Xinran Yuan, et al. "Uniformizing the electric field distribution and ion migration during zinc plating/stripping via a binary polymer blend artificial interphase." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 34 (2020): 17725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta05253a.

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The PAM/PVP interphase prevents direct contact of the metal Zn anode with the aqueous electrolyte and uniformizes electric field distribution and ion migration during zinc plating/stripping, suppressing the zinc dendrite growth and side reactions.

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Sossa, Humberto, and Elizabeth Guevara. "Efficient training for dendrite morphological neural networks." Neurocomputing 131 (May 2014): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2013.10.031.

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Yan, Jin, Gang Zhi, Dezhi Kong, Hui Wang, Tingting Xu, Jinhao Zang, Weixia Shen, et al. "3D printed rGO/CNT microlattice aerogel for a dendrite-free sodium metal anode." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 38 (2020): 19843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta05817c.

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Shi, Pengcheng, Xu Wang, Xiaolong Cheng, and Yu Jiang. "Progress on Designing Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphases for Dendrite-Free Sodium Metal Anodes." Batteries 9, no. 7 (June 27, 2023): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070345.

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Nature-abundant sodium metal is regarded as ideal anode material for advanced batteries due to its high specific capacity of 1166 mAh g−1 and low redox potential of −2.71 V. However, the uncontrollable dendritic Na formation and low coulombic efficiency remain major obstacles to its application. Notably, the unstable and inhomogeneous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is recognized to be the root cause. As the SEI layer plays a critical role in regulating uniform Na deposition and improving cycling stability, SEI modification, especially artificial SEI modification, has been extensively investigated recently. In this regard, we discuss the advances in artificial interface engineering from the aspects of inorganic, organic and hybrid inorganic/organic protective layers. We also highlight key prospects for further investigations.

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Chen, Yue-Sheng, and Yu-Sheng Su. "Lithium Silicates as an Artificial SEI for Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024680mtgabs.

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The major motivation of replacing lithium-ion batteries with lithium metal batteries is to obtain higher energy density by adopting the metallic lithium anode (3860 mAh g-1, theoretically), which means they can store more energy in the same volume or weight. One of the main challenges of rechargeable lithium metal batteries is the formation of lithium dendrites during the charging process.1 Lithium dendrites are tiny needle-like structures that can grow from the surface of the lithium metal electrode and penetrate the separator, causing battery short-circuiting. This can lead to safety issues, including the potential for fire or explosion. Another challenge is the formation of solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) on the surface of the lithium metal electrode, which can reduce the battery's efficiency and cycle life.2 The SEI layer can also lead to the formation of inactive lithium and increase the risk of dendrite growth. In the present work, various lithium silicates have been synthesized to be implemented as the artificial SEI layer via a facile dry coating method.3,4 The lithium silicate coating acts as a protective barrier that prevents direct contact between the lithium metal and the electrolyte, which may cause undesirable side reactions and reduce the efficiency and lifespan of the battery.4 The lithium silicate-based artificial SEI layer improves the stability and efficiency of lithium metal batteries by reducing unwanted surface reactions, improving ion transport kinetics, and protecting the lithium metal anode from mechanical deformation and unstable SEI formation during extended cycling. This laminated lithium anode structure could be an effective design for the future development of long-cycle-life lithium metal batteries. F. Wu et al., Energy Storage Materials, 15, 148–170 (2018). X.-B. Cheng et al., Adv. Sci., 3, 1500213 (2016). A. Bhat, P. Sireesha, Y. Chen, and Y. Su, ChemElectroChem, 9 (2022) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/celc.202200772. Y.-S. Su, K.-C. Hsiao, P. Sireesha, and J.-Y. Huang, Batteries, 8, 2 (2022). Figure 1

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Di, Yanyan, Zhizhen Zheng, Shengyong Pang, Jianjun Li, and Yang Zhong. "Dimension Prediction and Microstructure Study of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Based on Artificial Neural Network and Finite Element Simulation." Micromachines 15, no. 5 (April 30, 2024): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15050615.

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The dimensional accuracy and microstructure affect the service performance of parts fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Regulating the geometry and microstructure of such parts presents a challenge. The coupling method of an artificial neural network and finite element (FE) is proposed in this research for this purpose. Back-propagating neural networks (BPNN) based on optimization algorithms were established to predict the bead width (BW) and height (BH) of the deposited layers. Then, the bead geometry was modeled based on the predicted dimension, and 3D FE heat transfer simulation was performed to investigate the evolution of temperature and microstructure. The results showed that the errors in BW and BH were less than 6%, and the beetle antenna search BPNN model had the highest prediction accuracy compared to the other models. The simulated melt pool error was less than 5% with the experimental results. The decrease in the ratio of the temperature gradient and solidification rate induced the transition of solidified grains from cellular crystals to columnar dendrites and then to equiaxed dendrites. Accelerating the cooling rate increased the primary dendrite arm spacing and δ-ferrite content. These results indicate that the coupling model provides a pathway for regulating the dimensions and microstructures of manufactured parts.

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Liu, Mingqiang, Luyi Yang, Hao Liu, Anna Amine, Qinghe Zhao, Yongli Song, Jinlong Yang, Ke Wang, and Feng Pan. "Artificial Solid-Electrolyte Interface Facilitating Dendrite-Free Zinc Metal Anodes via Nanowetting Effect." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 35 (August 13, 2019): 32046–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b11243.

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Wen, Zhipeng, Yueying Peng, Jianlong Cong, Haiming Hua, Yingxin Lin, Jian Xiong, Jing Zeng, and Jinbao Zhao. "A stable artificial protective layer for high capacity dendrite-free lithium metal anode." Nano Research 12, no. 10 (August 1, 2019): 2535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2481-x.

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Deng, Kuirong, Dongmei Han, Shan Ren, Shuanjin Wang, Min Xiao, and Yuezhong Meng. "Single-ion conducting artificial solid electrolyte interphase layers for dendrite-free and highly stable lithium metal anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 21 (2019): 13113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta02407g.

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Zhong, Yunyun, Jianwei Zhang, Shuanjin Wang, Dongmei Han, Min Xiao, and Yuezhong Meng. "Effective suppression of lithium dendrite growth using fluorinated polysulfonamide-containing single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes." Materials Advances 1, no. 4 (2020): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00260g.

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Hu, Jin, Junwei Ding, Zhiguo Du, Huiping Duan, and Shubin Yang. "Zinc anode with artificial solid electrolyte interface for dendrite-free Ni-Zn secondary battery." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 555 (November 2019): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2019.07.088.

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Gao, Chunhui, Qingyuan Dong, Gang Zhang, Hailin Fan, Huangxu Li, Bo Hong, and Yanqing Lai. "Antimony‐Doped Lithium Phosphate Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Dendrite‐Free Lithium‐Metal Batteries." ChemElectroChem 6, no. 4 (January 10, 2019): 1134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.201801410.

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Luo, Liu, and Arumugam Manthiram. "An Artificial Protective Coating toward Dendrite‐Free Lithium‐Metal Anodes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." Energy Technology 8, no. 7 (June 4, 2020): 2000348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000348.

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Tian, Hua, Zhiwei Guo, Wenjun Zhao, Lin Wang, Deqi Kong, Yanyan Wang, Lixin Zhang, et al. "Electrophoresis-deposited polyacrylic acid/Ti3C2Tx MXene hybrid artificial layers for dendrite-free zinc anodes." Journal of Power Sources 597 (March 2024): 234134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.234134.

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Feng, Kaiyong, Dongxu Wang, and Yingjian Yu. "Progress and Prospect of Zn Anode Modification in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: Experimental and Theoretical Aspects." Molecules 28, no. 6 (March 17, 2023): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062721.

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Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs), the favorite of next-generation energy storage devices, are popular among researchers owing to their environmental friendliness, low cost, and safety. However, AZIBs still face problems of low cathode capacity, fast attenuation, slow ion migration rate, and irregular dendrite growth on anodes. In recent years, many researchers have focused on Zn anode modification to restrain dendrite growth. This review introduces the energy storage mechanism and current challenges of AZIBs, and then some modifying strategies for zinc anodes are elucidated from the perspectives of experiments and theoretical calculations. From the experimental point of view, the modification strategy is mainly to construct a dense artificial interface layer or porous framework on the anode surface, with some research teams directly using zinc alloys as anodes. On the other hand, theoretical research is mainly based on adsorption energy, differential charge density, and molecular dynamics. Finally, this paper summarizes the research progress on AZIBs and puts forward some prospects.

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Augustyn-Pieniążek, J., A. Lukaszczyk, and R. Zapala. "Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance Characteristics of Cr-Co-Mo Alloys Designed for Prosthetic Materials." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0148.

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Abstract The work presents the results of microscopic tests of two alloys: Co-Cr-Mo and Co-Cr-W-Mo, together with a quantitative local analysis of the chemical composition, with the use of an electron microprobe X-ray analyzer EDS. Corrosion resistance tests were also performed on the alloys, in the artificial saliva environment. The microstructure of the examined alloys was of the dendrite type. An eutectic consisting of alloy carbides and a cobalt austenite was observed in the interdendritic spaces. The dendritic matrix was a solid solution of chromium, molybdenum and carbon in cobalt (Co), and the precipitates present in the interdendritic spaces were rich with Cr and Mo - in the case of Co-Cr-Mo - and with W and Mo - in the case of Co-Cr-W-Mo. The analyzed materials exhibited a similar progress of polarization curves. The obtained currentless potential values and the wide passivation area of those alloys made it possible to conclude their high corrosion resistance in the examined environment.

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Zheng, Hao Ran. "Lithium Dendrite Growth Process and Research Progress of its Inhibition Methods." Materials Science Forum 1027 (April 2021): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1027.42.

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Metal lithium anodes, with extremely high specific capacity, low density, and lowest potential, are considered to be the most promising anode materials for next-generation high-energy density batteries. However, in the process of repeated plating and stripping of lithium, lithium dendrites are easily grown on the surface of the metal lithium anode, which greatly reduces the capacity of the battery, even causes hidden safety risks and shortens the battery life. This paper reviews the modification methods of lithium anodes based on the growth process of lithium dendrites, and introduces several current modification methods, including electrolyte additives, artificial SEI and new structure of lithium anodes. Finally, the future research direction and development trend of metal lithium anodes are prospected.

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Wan, Jiajia, Xu Liu, Stefano Passerini, and Elie Paillard. "Artificial SEI Layer Combined with Single-Ion Polymer Electrolytes to Prevent Dendrite Growth in Lithium Metal Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 4 (December 22, 2023): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-024651mtgabs.

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Li-metal batteries have the potential to become the next generation of batteries since they can provide an increased energy density vs. Li-ion batteries. However, the safety issue caused by the inhomogeneous Li deposition and Li dendrite growth greatly limits their commercial application. Several methods have been proposed to address this issue. On the one hand, when Li ions are released from one electrode and consumed at the other electrode, it causes a salt concentration gradient. Besides, the electrical migration of anions in the opposite direction aggravates the concentration of gradient since anions do not react at the electrodes. Fast dendritic growth then occurs when the current is high enough to fully deplete the Li+ ion at the anode during charge. Thus, suppressing concentration gradient by immobilizing the anions would in principle solve the fast dendritic growth issue. On the other hand, the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) plays a crucial role in the operation of Li metal batteries since it prevents further reduction and continuous electrolyte reaction. SEI derives from the passivation layer formed onto the surface of Li metal under dry air during lithium foil extrusion and then evolves further in contact with the electrolytes and during subsequent electrochemical Li stripping/plating. The SEI is inhomogeneous and since it contains lower resistance pathways for Li+ transport, it favors inhomogeneous deposition at any current. Thus, SEI engineering, in order to favor the homogeneity of current density and enhanced mechanical properties to confine lithium could, in principle, improve the performance of Li metal batteries. Thus, we studied the use of single-ion conducting polymers with high cationic transference numbers (tLi+ close to 1) as artificial SEIs (art-SEIs) since they include immobile anions and thus prevent Li+ depletion during charge and, at the same time, improve lithium metal confinement and the homogeneity of current density. Our results show much improved homogeneity of Li deposition and cycling stability after single-ion art-SEI coating using an ether-based liquid electrolyte combined with a separator. Nevertheless, it could not enable long-term cycling as the separator does not enable homogeneous pressure and current density onto the lithium anode. Thus, the use of a single-ion conducting solid polymer electrolyte was combined with a single-ion conducting art-SEI (as illustrated in Figure 1). This strategy allows the suppression of salt concentration gradients, inhomogeneous pressure and current density, thus enables homogeneous Li deposition and long-term cycling of Li metal anode. Figure 1

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Rasche, C., and R. J. Douglas. "Forward- and backpropagation in a silicon dendrite." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 12, no. 2 (March 2001): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/72.914532.

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Feng, Yangyang, Chaofan Zhang, Bing Li, Shizhao Xiong, and Jiangxuan Song. "Low-volume-change, dendrite-free lithium metal anodes enabled by lithophilic 3D matrix with LiF-enriched surface." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 11 (2019): 6090–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta10779c.

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Yang, Jingjing, Ran Zhao, Yahui Wang, Ying Bai, and Chuan Wu. "Regulating Uniform Zn Deposition via Hybrid Artificial Layer for Stable Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries." Energy Material Advances 2022 (October 3, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9809626.

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Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have great potential as promising candidates for next-generation energy conversion and storage devices, benefiting from competitive theoretical capacity, low cost, and high security. However, further applications of ZIBs are impeded by dendrite generation and side reactions. Herein, considering that Zn dendrites are caused by nonuniform metal deposition, involving uneven electric field and Zn2+ ion flux, a dual-functional carbon-coated NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP-C) artificial protective layer with large surface area is constructed onto the surface of metallic Zn to stabilize Zn anode and regulate uniform Zn deposition. Benefiting from a synergistic strategy, NTP-C coating not only takes advantages of carbon to provide abundant Zn deposition sites to homogenize nucleation, adjust electric field distribution, and reduce local current density but also utilizes the ionic channel in NTP structure to modulate the distribution of Zn2+ flux at the same time. Consequently, the NTP-C@Zn symmetrical cell exhibits a stable cycling for more than 600 h with a low polarization (18.6 mV) at 1 mA cm−2/1 mAh cm−2. Especially, the NTP-C@Zn symmetrical cell even enables a steady plating/stripping process at a harsh condition (100 mA cm−2) without short circuit, indicating a potential application of high-load electrodes or supercapacitors. Furthermore, the NTP-C@Zn//α-MnO2 full cell also displays enhanced electrochemical performance for 1200 cycles with a capacity retention of 76.6% under 5 C (~1.5 A g−1). This work provides a synergistic strategy combining two protective mechanisms and delivers new inspirations for the improvement of stable Zn anode in aqueous ZIBs.

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Shu, Yousheng, Alvaro Duque, Yuguo Yu, Bilal Haider, and David A. McCormick. "Properties of Action-Potential Initiation in Neocortical Pyramidal Cells: Evidence From Whole Cell Axon Recordings." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 1 (January 2007): 746–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00922.2006.

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Cortical pyramidal cells are constantly bombarded by synaptic activity, much of which arises from other cortical neurons, both in normal conditions and during epileptic seizures. The action potentials generated by barrages of synaptic activity may exhibit a variable site of origin. Here we performed simultaneous whole cell recordings from the soma and axon or soma and apical dendrite of layer 5 pyramidal neurons during normal recurrent network activity (up states), the intrasomatic or intradendritic injection of artificial synaptic barrages, and during epileptiform discharges in vitro. We demonstrate that under all of these conditions, the real or artificial synaptic bombardments propagate through the dendrosomatic-axonal arbor and consistently initiate action potentials in the axon initial segment that then propagate to other parts of the cell. Action potentials recorded intracellularly in vivo during up states and in response to visual stimulation exhibit properties indicating that they are typically initiated in the axon. Intracortical axons were particularly well suited to faithfully follow the generation of action potentials by the axon initial segment. Action-potential generation was more reliable in the distal axon than at the soma during epileptiform activity. These results indicate that the axon is the preferred site of action-potential initiation in cortical pyramidal cells, both in vivo and in vitro, with state-dependent back propagation through the somatic and dendritic compartments.

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Roh, Jin-Ah, A.-Hyeon Ban, Hyo-geun Kim, Woo Jin Bae, Hyunsik Woo, Jongseok Moon, and Dong-Won Kim. "High Performance Anode-Free Lithium Pouch Cells Employing Lithiophilic Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Ion Conductive Network." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 2 (August 28, 2023): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-012587mtgabs.

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Anode-free lithium metal batteries have recently emerged as a next generation battery due to increased energy density by adopting bare current collector as an anode without excess lithium source. However, lithium tends to grow in uncontrolled dendritic form when depositied on a heterogeneous current collector, which eventually leads to low coloumbic efficiency and poor life span of the battery. Recent studies have attempted to apply artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the current collector to solve theses problems. PEO-based polymeric artificial SEI is commonly used due to high lithium ion conductivity and flexiblility, but its weak physical properties limit its practical application. Herein, we report a chemically cross-linked poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)-based gel polymer electrolyte containing AgNO3 as Li nucleation seed for uniform Li deposition. It guides uniform Li-ion flux at the electrode/electrolyte interface and provides mechanical strength to suppress lithium dendrite growth. The gel polymer electrolyte was applied to anode free pouch cell and its cycling performance was investigated in the voltage range of 3.6 - 4.3 V at 0.5 C rate. Our results demonstrate that the proper combination of electrolyte and current collector can increase the conversion of polymerization and achieve stable interfacial properties with electrodes, resulting in improvement of the cycle life of anode free lithium pouch cell.

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Jung, Seunghyun, Nathaniel Harris, Isabelle I. Niyonshuti, Samir V. Jenkins, Abdallah M. Hayar, Fumiya Watanabe, Azemat Jamshidi-Parsian, Jingyi Chen, Michael J. Borrelli, and Robert J. Griffin. "Photothermal Response Induced by Nanocage-Coated Artificial Extracellular Matrix Promotes Neural Stem Cell Differentiation." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (May 4, 2021): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051216.

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Strategies to increase the proportion of neural stem cells that differentiate into neurons are vital for therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. In vitro, the extracellular matrix composition and topography have been found to be important factors in stem cell differentiation. We have developed a novel artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) formed by attaching gold nanocages (AuNCs) to glass coverslips. After culturing rat neural stem cells (rNSCs) on these gold nanocage-coated surfaces (AuNC-aECMs), we observed that 44.6% of rNSCs differentiated into neurons compared to only 27.9% for cells grown on laminin-coated glass coverslips. We applied laser irradiation to the AuNC-aECMs to introduce precise amounts of photothermally induced heat shock in cells. Our results showed that laser-induced thermal stimulation of AuNC-aECMs further enhanced neuronal differentiation (56%) depending on the laser intensity used. Response to these photothermal effects increased the expression of heat shock protein 27, 70, and 90α in rNSCs. Analysis of dendritic complexity showed that this thermal stimulation promoted neuronal maturation by increasing dendrite length as thermal dose was increased. In addition, we found that cells growing on AuNC-aECMs post laser irradiation exhibited action potentials and increased the expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels compared to laminin-coated glass coverslips. These results indicate that the photothermal response induced in cells growing on AuNC-aECMs can be used to produce large quantities of functional neurons, with improved electrochemical properties, that can potentially be transplanted into a damaged central nervous system to provide replacement neurons and restore lost function.

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Zhao, Yang, Xiaofei Yang, Qian Sun, Xuejie Gao, Xiaoting Lin, Changhong Wang, Feipeng Zhao, et al. "Dendrite-free and minimum volume change Li metal anode achieved by three-dimensional artificial interlayers." Energy Storage Materials 15 (November 2018): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2018.07.015.

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Bull, Larry. "Are Artificial Dendrites Useful in Neuro-Evolution?" Artificial Life, June 30, 2021, 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00338.

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Abstract The significant role of dendritic processing within neuronal networks has become increasingly clear. This letter explores the effects of including a simple dendrite-inspired mechanism into neuro-evolution. The phenomenon of separate dendrite activation thresholds on connections is allowed to emerge under an evolutionary process. It is shown how such processing can be positively selected for, particularly for connections between the hidden and output layers, and increases performance.

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Li Ting, Gao, Pingyuan Huang, and zhan-sheng Guo. "Understanding Charge-Transfer and Mass-Transfer Effects on Dendrite Growth and Fast Charging of Li Metal Battery." Journal of The Electrochemical Society, April 25, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acd02b.

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Abstract Lithium (Li) metal is facing the challenge of poor cyclic performance and potential safety hazards caused by Li dendrites growth. Herein, the role of charge-transfer and mass-transfer process on dendrite growth and fast charging is illustrated. The effects of charge-transfer coefficient, applied current density, concave-convex structure, and properties of artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on guiding the lithium dendrite growth are investigated via a mechano-electrochemical phase-field model. The charge-transfer coefficient is meaningful for regulating the redox rate of electrode surface. Large applied current density and high ion conductivity of artificial SEI influence the distribution of local deposition rate significantly. Different deposition behaviors are found on concave and convex Li metal surfaces. The convex surface is more sensitive than a concave surface and is easy to generate Li dendrites under the conditions of high applied current density and high ion conductivity. Moreover, the experimental results can well reflect the influence of dendrite growth and dead Li on the capacity. This study not only provides an essential perspective on designing the artificial SEI for resolving the harmful dendrite issues but also boosts the practical applicability of Li metal battery.

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Qin, Chichu, Dong Wang, Yumin Liu, Pengkun Yang, Tian Xie, Lu Huang, Haiyan Zou, Guanwu Li, and Yingpeng Wu. "Tribo-electrochemistry induced artificial solid electrolyte interface by self-catalysis." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27494-z.

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AbstractPotassium (K) metal is a promising alkali metal anode for its high abundance. However, dendrite on K anode is a serious problem which is even worse than Li. Artificial SEI (ASEI) is one of effective routes for suppressing dendrite. However, there are still some issues of the ASEI made by the traditional methods, e.g. weak adhesion, insufficient/uneven reaction, which deeply affects the ionic diffusion kinetics and the effect of inhibiting dendrites. Herein, through a unique self-catalysis tribo-electrochemistry reaction, a continuous and compact protective layer is successfully constructed on K metal anode in seconds. Such a continuous and compact protective layer can not only improve the K+ diffusion kinetics, but also strongly suppress K dendrite formation by its hard mechanical properties derived from rigid carbon system, as well as the improved K+ conductivity and lowered electronic conductivity from the amorphous KF. As a result, the potassium symmetric cells exhibit stable cycles last more than 1000 h, which is almost 500 times that of pristine K.

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Rowland, Conor, Julian H. Smith, Saba Moslehi, Bruce Harland, John Dalrymple-Alford, and Richard P. Taylor. "Neuron arbor geometry is sensitive to the limited-range fractal properties of their dendrites." Frontiers in Network Physiology 3 (January 25, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnetp.2023.1072815.

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Fractal geometry is a well-known model for capturing the multi-scaled complexity of many natural objects. By analyzing three-dimensional images of pyramidal neurons in the rat hippocampus CA1 region, we examine how the individual dendrites within the neuron arbor relate to the fractal properties of the arbor as a whole. We find that the dendrites reveal unexpectedly mild fractal characteristics quantified by a low fractal dimension. This is confirmed by comparing two fractal methods—a traditional “coastline” method and a novel method that examines the dendrites’ tortuosity across multiple scales. This comparison also allows the dendrites’ fractal geometry to be related to more traditional measures of their complexity. In contrast, the arbor’s fractal characteristics are quantified by a much higher fractal dimension. Employing distorted neuron models that modify the dendritic patterns, deviations from natural dendrite behavior are found to induce large systematic changes in the arbor’s structure and its connectivity within a neural network. We discuss how this sensitivity to dendrite fractality impacts neuron functionality in terms of balancing neuron connectivity with its operating costs. We also consider implications for applications focusing on deviations from natural behavior, including pathological conditions and investigations of neuron interactions with artificial surfaces in human implants.

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Miller, Julian Francis. "IMPROBED: Multiple Problem-Solving Brain via Evolved Developmental Programs." Artificial Life, November 3, 2021, 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00346.

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Abstract Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were originally inspired by the brain; however, very few models use evolution and development, both of which are fundamental to the construction of the brain. We describe a simple neural model, called IMPROBED, in which two neural programs construct an artificial brain that can simultaneously solve multiple computational problems. One program represents the neuron soma and the other the dendrite. The soma program decides whether neurons move, change, die, or replicate. The dendrite program decides whether dendrites extend, change, die, or replicate. Since developmental programs build networks that change over time, it is necessary to define new problem classes that are suitable to evaluate such approaches. We show that the pair of evolved programs can build a single network from which multiple conventional ANNs can be extracted, each of which can solve a different computational problem. Our approach is quite general and it could be applied to a much wider variety of problems.

Journal articles on the topic 'Artificial dendrite'

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