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Journal articles on the topic 'Articular cartilage – Surgery'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Gong, Huchen, Yutao Men, Xiuping Yang, Xiaoming Li, and Chunqiu Zhang. "Experimental Study on Creep Characteristics of Microdefect Articular Cartilages in the Damaged Early Stage." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2019 (November 13, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8526436.

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Traumatic joint injury is known to cause cartilage deterioration and osteoarthritis. In order to study the mechanical mechanism of damage evolution on articular cartilage, taking the fresh porcine articular cartilage as the experimental samples, the creep experiments of the intact cartilages and the cartilages with different depth defect were carried out by using the noncontact digital image correlation technology. And then, the creep constitutive equations of cartilages were established. The results showed that the creep curves of different layers changed exponentially and were not coincident for the cartilage sample. The defect affected the strain values of the creep curves. The creep behavior of cartilage was dependent on defect depth. The deeper the defect was, the larger the strain value was. The built three-parameter viscoelastic constitutive equation had a good correlation with the experimental results and could predict the creep performance of the articular cartilage. The creep values of the microdefective cartilage in the damaged early stage were different from the diseased articular cartilage. These findings pointed out that defect could accelerate the damage of cartilage. It was helpful to study the mechanical mechanism of damage evolution.

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2

Weitzel, Paul P. "Complications of Articular Cartilage Surgery." Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review 12, no. 3 (September 2004): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jsa.0000131857.12698.65.

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3

Erggelet, Christoph, and Matthias Steinwachs. "Articular cartilage regeneration techniques." Current Opinion in Orthopedics 10, no. 6 (December 1999): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-199912000-00006.

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4

Ulrich-Vinther, Michael, Michael D. Maloney, Edward M. Schwarz, Randy Rosier, and Regis J. OʼKeefe. "Articular Cartilage Biology." Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 11, no. 6 (November 2003): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/00124635-200311000-00006.

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5

Trice, Michael E. "Articular cartilage surgery for the athlete." Current Orthopaedic Practice 19, no. 3 (May 2008): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bco.0b013e32830349b5.

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6

Rosenberg, Lawrence C. "Articular Cartilage Lesions." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 87, no. 4 (April 2005): 921–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200504000-00033.

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7

Dziak, Rosemary. "Articular cartilage and osteoarthritis." Bone and Mineral 19, no. 1 (October 1992): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-6009(92)90848-8.

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8

Sah, Robert L., David Amiel, and Richard D. Coutts. "Tissue engineering of articular cartilage." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 6, no. 6 (December 1995): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-199512000-00011.

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9

Vogt, Stephan, and Andreas B. Imhoff. "Injuries to the Articular Cartilage." European Journal of Trauma 32, no. 4 (August 2006): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00068-006-6096-z.

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10

Karpie, John C., and Constance R. Chu. "Imaging of Articular Cartilage." Operative Techniques in Orthopaedics 16, no. 4 (October 2006): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.oto.2006.09.005.

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11

Getgood, A., R. Brooks, L. Fortier, and N. Rushton. "Articular cartilage tissue engineering." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 91-B, no. 5 (May 2009): 565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.91b5.21832.

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12

Slynarski, K., and J. Deszczynski. "Algorithms for Articular Cartilage Repair." Transplantation Proceedings 38, no. 1 (January 2006): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.12.117.

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13

Schindler, Oliver S. "(iv) Articular cartilage surgery in the knee." Orthopaedics and Trauma 24, no. 2 (April 2010): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mporth.2010.03.003.

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14

Chalmers, Peter N., Hari Vigneswaran, Joshua D. Harris, and Brian J. Cole. "Activity-Related Outcomes of Articular Cartilage Surgery." CARTILAGE 4, no. 3 (March 18, 2013): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1947603513481603.

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15

Neidel, J., J. Schmidt, and M. H. Hackenbroch. "Intra-articular injections and articular cartilage metabolism." Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery 111, no. 4 (1992): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00571486.

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16

York, Philip J., Frank B. Wydra, Matthew E. Belton, and Armando F. Vidal. "Joint Preservation Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 6 (June 20, 2017): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738117712203.

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Context: With increasing life expectancy, there is growing demand for preservation of native articular cartilage to delay joint arthroplasties, especially in younger, active patients. Damage to the hyaline cartilage of a joint has a limited intrinsic capacity to heal. This can lead to accelerated degeneration of the joint and early-onset osteoarthritis. Treatment in the past was limited, however, and surgical treatment options continue to evolve that may allow restoration of the natural biology of the articular cartilage. This article reviews the most current literature with regard to indications, techniques, and outcomes of these restorative procedures. Evidence Acquisition: MEDLINE and PubMed searches relevant to the topic were performed for articles published between 1995 and 2016. Older articles were used for historical reference. This paper places emphasis on evidence published within the past 5 years. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: Autologous chondrocyte implantation and osteochondral allografts (OCAs) for the treatment of articular cartilage injury allow restoration of hyaline cartilage to the joint surface, which is advantageous over options such as microfracture, which heal with less favorable fibrocartilage. Studies show that these techniques are useful for larger chondral defects where there is no alternative. Additionally, meniscal transplantation can be a valuable isolated or adjunctive procedure to prolong the health of the articular surface. Conclusion: Newer techniques such as autologous chondrocyte implantation and OCAs may safely produce encouraging outcomes in joint preservation.

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17

Moran, Cathal J., Cecilia Pascual-Garrido, Susan Chubinskaya, Hollis G. Potter, Russell F. Warren, Brian J. Cole, and Scott A. Rodeo. "Restoration of Articular Cartilage." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 96, no. 4 (February 2014): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.l.01329.

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18

Neame, Peter J., and John A. Ogden. "Articular Cartilage and Osteoarthiritis." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 6, no. 3 (September 1992): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-199209000-00037.

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19

Takemoto, R. C., M. J. Gage, L. Rybak, M. Walsh, and K. A. Egol. "Articular cartilage skiving: the concept defined." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 36, no. 5 (March 3, 2011): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193411398196.

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‘Skiving’ is commonly used to refer to the condition when the subchondral plate is disrupted and the overlying cartilage physically displaced without the screw tip entering the joint. In this study we sought to define radiographic parameters of skiving and compare radiographs with computed tomography (CT) for accuracy in determining joint skiving. Cadaveric specimens of the distal radius were implanted with a volar plate and screws. Arthrotomies were performed to definitively assess the positions of the screws. Standard and anatomic tilt radiographs as well as CT were performed. Orthopaedic surgeons and radiologists evaluated the images and reported whether screw penetration or skiving had occurred. For screws which penetrated or skived, measurements were made to record the distances from the screw tips to the subchondral plate. Sensitivity, specificity and percent correct interpretations were 53%, 83%, 60% respectively for radiographs; and 100%, 72%, 69% for CT. Screws penetrating the articular surface protruded an average 2.3 mm (range 2–2.6 mm) from the subchondral plate and those skiving protruded 1.4 mm (range 1–1.8 mm). This study shows that articular skiving can occur with penetration of the subchondral plate of up to 1.8 mm. CT has a greater sensitivity and lower specificity in determining skiving compared to radiographs.

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20

McAdams, Timothy R., and Bert R. Mandelbaum. "Articular cartilage regeneration in the knee." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 19, no. 1 (January 2008): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bco.0b013e3282f333a9.

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21

Hayes, Curtis W., and William F. Conway. "Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 3, no. 2 (April 1992): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-199204000-00004.

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22

Lee, Cynthia R., and Myron Spector. "Status of articular cartilage tissue engineering." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 9, no. 6 (December 1998): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-199812000-00015.

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23

Davis, J. T., and Deryk G. Jones. "Treatment of knee articular cartilage injuries." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 15, no. 2 (April 2004): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-200404000-00009.

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24

Mandelbaum, Bert R., Daniel A. Romanelli, and Thomas P. Knapp. "Articular cartilage repair:Assessment and classification." Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine 8, no. 2 (April 2000): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/otsm.2000.6572.

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25

Amin, A. K., J. S. Huntley, A. H. R. W. Simpson, and A. C. Hall. "Chondrocyte survival in articular cartilage." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 91-B, no. 5 (May 2009): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.91b5.21544.

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26

Goldring, Mary B. "Articular Cartilage Degradation in Osteoarthritis." HSS Journal 8, no. 1 (January 24, 2012): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11420-011-9250-z.

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27

Magnussen, Robert A., James R. Borchers, Angela D. Pedroza, Laura J. Huston, Amanda K. Haas, Kurt P. Spindler, Rick W. Wright, et al. "Risk Factors and Predictors of Significant Chondral Surface Change From Primary to Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A MOON and MARS Cohort Study." American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 3 (December 15, 2017): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546517741484.

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Background: Articular cartilage health is an important issue following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and primary ACL reconstruction. Factors present at the time of primary ACL reconstruction may influence the subsequent progression of articular cartilage damage. Hypothesis: Larger meniscus resection at primary ACL reconstruction, increased patient age, and increased body mass index (BMI) are associated with increased odds of worsened articular cartilage damage at the time of revision ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Subjects who had primary and revision data in the databases of the Multicenter Orthopaedics Outcomes Network (MOON) and Multicenter ACL Revision Study (MARS) were included. Reviewed data included chondral surface status at the time of primary and revision surgery, meniscus status at the time of primary reconstruction, primary reconstruction graft type, time from primary to revision ACL surgery, as well as demographics and Marx activity score at the time of revision. Significant progression of articular cartilage damage was defined in each compartment according to progression on the modified Outerbridge scale (increase ≥1 grade) or >25% enlargement in any area of damage. Logistic regression identified predictors of significant chondral surface change in each compartment from primary to revision surgery. Results: A total of 134 patients were included, with a median age of 19.5 years at revision surgery. Progression of articular cartilage damage was noted in 34 patients (25.4%) in the lateral compartment, 32 (23.9%) in the medial compartment, and 31 (23.1%) in the patellofemoral compartment. For the lateral compartment, patients who had >33% of the lateral meniscus excised at primary reconstruction had 16.9-times greater odds of progression of articular cartilage injury than those with an intact lateral meniscus ( P < .001). For the medial compartment, patients who had <33% of the medial meniscus excised at the time of the primary reconstruction had 4.8-times greater odds of progression of articular cartilage injury than those with an intact medial meniscus ( P = .02). Odds of significant chondral surface change increased by 5% in the lateral compartment and 6% in the medial compartment for each increased year of age ( P ≤ .02). For the patellofemoral compartment, the use of allograft in primary reconstruction was associated with a 15-fold increased odds of progression of articular cartilage damage relative to a patellar tendon autograft ( P < .001). Each 1-unit increase in BMI at the time of revision surgery was associated with a 10% increase in the odds of progression of articular cartilage damage ( P = .046) in the patellofemoral compartment. Conclusion: Excision of the medial and lateral meniscus at primary ACL reconstruction increases the odds of articular cartilage damage in the corresponding compartment at the time of revision ACL reconstruction. Increased age is a risk factor for deterioration of articular cartilage in both tibiofemoral compartments, while increased BMI and the use of allograft for primary ACL reconstruction are associated with an increased risk of progression in the patellofemoral compartment.

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28

Gomoll, Andreas H., and Tom Minas. "The quality of healing: Articular cartilage." Wound Repair and Regeneration 22 (May 2014): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12166.

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29

Vangsness, C., Geoffrey Higgs, James Hoffman, Jack Farr, Philip Davidson, Farrell Milstein, and Sandra Geraghty. "Implantation of a Novel Cryopreserved Viable Osteochondral Allograft for Articular Cartilage Repair in the Knee." Journal of Knee Surgery 31, no. 06 (July 24, 2017): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604138.

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AbstractRestoration and repair of articular cartilage injuries remain a challenge for orthopaedic surgeons. The standard first-line treatment of articular cartilage lesions is marrow stimulation; however, this procedure can often result in the generation of fibrous repair cartilage rather than the biomechanically superior hyaline cartilage. Marrow stimulation is also often limited to smaller lesions, less than 2 cm2. Larger lesions may require implantation of a fresh osteochondal allograft, though a short shelf life, size-matched donor requirements, potential challenges of bone healing, limited availability, and the relatively high price limit the wide use of this therapeutic approach. We present a straightforward, single-stage surgical technique of a novel reparative and restorative approach for articular cartilage repair with the implantation of a cryopreserved viable osteochondral allograft (CVOCA). The CVOCA contains full-thickness articular cartilage and a thin layer of subchondral bone, and maintains the intact native cartilage architecture with viable chondrocytes, growth factors, and extracellular matrix proteins to promote articular cartilage repair. We report the results of a retrospective case series of three patients who presented with articular cartilage lesions more than 2 cm2 and were treated with the CVOCA using the presented surgical technique. Patients were followed up to 2 years after implantation of the CVOCA and all three patients had satisfactory outcomes without adverse events. Controlled randomized studies are suggested for evaluation of CVOCA efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes.

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30

Sgaglione, Nicholas A. "Biologic Approaches to Articular Cartilage Surgery: Future Trends." Orthopedic Clinics of North America 36, no. 4 (October 2005): 485–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocl.2005.05.006.

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31

Sgaglione, Nicholas A. "Decision-Making and Approach to Articular Cartilage Surgery." Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review 11, no. 3 (September 2003): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132585-200311030-00004.

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32

Schüttler, Stefan, and Nenad Andjelkov. "Articular Cartilage Surgery in Outpatients: A Pilot Study." Journal of Knee Surgery 24, no. 02 (June 2011): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1280977.

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33

Fritz, Russell C., Akshay S. Chaudhari, and Robert D. Boutin. "Preoperative MRI of Articular Cartilage in the Knee: A Practical Approach." Journal of Knee Surgery 33, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1088–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716719.

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AbstractArticular cartilage of the knee can be evaluated with high accuracy by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in preoperative patients with knee pain, but image quality and reporting are variable. This article discusses the normal MRI appearance of articular cartilage as well as the common MRI abnormalities of knee cartilage that may be considered for operative treatment. This article focuses on a practical approach to preoperative MRI of knee articular cartilage using routine MRI techniques. Current and future directions of knee MRI related to articular cartilage are also discussed.

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34

Oak, Sameer R., and Kurt P. Spindler. "Measuring Outcomes in Knee Articular Cartilage Pathology." Journal of Knee Surgery 34, no. 01 (September 9, 2020): 011–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716362.

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AbstractMeasuring outcomes following treatment of knee articular cartilage lesions is crucial to determine the natural history of disease and the efficacy of treatments. Outcome assessments for articular cartilage treatments can be clinical (based on failure, lack of healing, reoperation, need for arthroplasty), radiographic (X-ray, MRI), histologic, or patient reported and functional. The purpose of this review is to discuss the application and properties of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) with a focus on articular cartilage injuries and surgery in the knee. The most frequently used and validated PROs for knee articular cartilage studies include: the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis and Outcome Score, International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form, and Lysholm score as knee-specific measures; the Marx Activity Rating Scale and Tegner Activity Scale as activity measures; and EQ-5D and SF-36/12 as generic quality-of-life measures. Incorporating these validated PROs in studies pertaining to knee articular cartilage lesions will allow researchers to fully capture clinically relevant outcomes that are most important to patients.

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35

O'Malley, Michael J., and Constance R. Chu. "Arthroscopic Optical Coherence Tomography in Diagnosis of Early Arthritis." Minimally Invasive Surgery 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/671308.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive, debilitating disease that is increasing in prevalence. The pathogenesis of OA is likely multifactorial but ultimately leads to progressive breakdown of collagen matrix and loss of chondrocytes. Current clinical modalities employed to evaluate cartilage health and diagnose osteoarthritis in orthopaedic surgery include, radiography, MRI, and arthroscopy. While these assessment methods can show cartilage fissuring and loss, they are limited in ability to diagnose cartilage injury and degeneration prior breakdown of the articular surface. An improved clinical ability to detect subsurface cartilage pathology is important for development and testing of chondroprotective and chondrorestorative treatments because the pathological changes following surface breakdown are generally considered to be irreversible. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), is a novel, non-destructive imaging technology capable of near-real time cross-sectional images of articular cartilage at high resolutions comparable to low power histology. This review discusses a series of bench to bedside studies supporting the potential use of OCT for enhanced clinical diagnosis and staging of early cartilage injury and degeneration. OCT was also found to be useful as a translations research tool to assist in clinical evaluation of novel quantitative MRI technologies for non-invasive evaluation of articular cartilage.

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36

Janssens, L. A., Y. M. Béosier, and R. Daems. "Grossly apparent cartilage erosion of the patellar articular surface in dogs with congenital medial patellar luxation." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 22, no. 03 (2009): 222–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/vcot-07-08-0076.

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SummaryOne hundred and forty-five stifles of client-owned dogs that underwent corrective surgery for congenital medial patellar luxation were inspected for cartilage erosion on the articular surface of the patella. The lesions were mapped in surface percentage ranges of 20% and by location. Two-thirds of the patellae had cartilage erosion. Cartilage erosion varied between 0 and 100% of the total patellar articular surface and was localised mainly on the medial and distal side of the patella. Dogs with Grade IV patellar luxations and heavier dogs were more affected. The majority of dogs in our study with congenital medial patellar luxation had grossly apparent cartilage erosion on the articular surface of the patella, which may help to explain why certain patients do not function well clinically after technically successful corrective surgery.

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37

Görtz, Simon, and William D. Bugbee. "Allografts in Articular Cartilage Repair." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 88, no. 6 (June 2006): 1374–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200606000-00030.

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38

Stannard, James P., James L. Cook, and Jack Farr. "Articular Cartilage Injury of the Knee." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 96, no. 1 (January 2014): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2014.96.1.84.

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39

Anderson, Allen F., and James R. Ramsey. "Chondroblastoma of the Talus Treated with Osteochondral Autograft Transfer from the Lateral Femoral Condyle." Foot & Ankle International 24, no. 3 (March 2003): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070302400315.

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Chondroblastoma is a benign cartilaginous lesion of bone. When occurring in a position juxtaposed to articular cartilage, treatment is directed at removal of the tumor with preservation of the articular cartilage. In this case, a chondroblastoma of the talus with erosion into the articular cartilage was treated with transfer of an osteochondral autograft from the ipsilateral femoral condyle. At two-year follow-up, the patient was symptom free and magnetic resonance imaging revealed complete incorporation of the graft. This case is presented as a representative example of osteochondral autograft transfer surgery (OATS) for the treatment of chondroblastoma.

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40

Schachar, Norman S., Locksley E. McGann, and Nigel Shrive. "Cryopreservation of articular cartilage for transplantation: Commentary." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 4, no. 5 (October 1993): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001433-199310000-00017.

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41

Leary, Emily, Aaron M. Stoker, and James L. Cook. "Classification, Categorization, and Algorithms for Articular Cartilage Defects." Journal of Knee Surgery 33, no. 11 (July 14, 2020): 1069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713778.

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AbstractThere is a critical unmet need in the clinical implementation of valid preventative and therapeutic strategies for patients with articular cartilage pathology based on the significant gap in understanding of the relationships between diagnostic data, disease progression, patient-related variables, and symptoms. In this article, the current state of classification and categorization for articular cartilage pathology is discussed with particular focus on machine learning methods and the authors propose a bedside–bench–bedside approach with highly quantitative techniques as a solution to these hurdles. Leveraging computational learning with available data toward articular cartilage pathology patient phenotyping holds promise for clinical research and will likely be an important tool to identify translational solutions into evidence-based clinical applications to benefit patients. Recommendations for successful implementation of these approaches include using standardized definitions of articular cartilage, to include characterization of depth, size, location, and number; using measurements that minimize subjectivity or validated patient-reported outcome measures; considering not just the articular cartilage pathology but the whole joint, and the patient perception and perspective. Application of this approach through a multistep process by a multidisciplinary team of clinicians and scientists holds promise for validating disease mechanism-based phenotypes toward clinically relevant understanding of articular cartilage pathology for evidence-based application to orthopaedic practice.

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42

Crecelius, Cory R., Karra J. Van Landuyt, and Robert Schaal. "Postoperative Management for Articular Cartilage Surgery in the Knee." Journal of Knee Surgery 34, no. 01 (October 27, 2020): 020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1718605.

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AbstractThe postoperative rehabilitation team plays a crucial role in optimizing outcomes after articular cartilage surgery. A comprehensive approach to postoperative physical therapy that considers the type of surgery, location in the knee, concurrent procedures, and patient-specific factors is imperative. While postoperative rehabilitation protocols should be specific to the patient and type of surgery performed and include phased rehabilitation goals and activities, the key principles for postoperative rehabilitation apply across the spectrum of articular cartilage surgeries and patients. These key principles consist of preoperative assessments that include physical, mental, and behavioral components critical to recovery; education and counseling with respect to expectations and compliance; and careful monitoring and adjustments throughout the rehabilitation period based on consistent communication among rehabilitation, surgical, and imaging teams to ensure strict patient compliance with restrictions, activities, and timelines to optimize functional outcomes after surgery.

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43

Dogan, Nazim, Ali Fuat Erdem, Cemal Gundogdu, Husnu Kursad, and Mehmet Kizilkaya. "The effects of ketorolac and morphine on articular cartilage and synovium in the rabbit knee joint." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y04-066.

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Analgesics are commonly injected intra-articularly for analgesia after arthroscopic surgery, especially of knee joints. The aim of this study was to research the effects of ketorolac and morphine on articular cartilage and synovial membrane. This study used rabbit right and left hind knee joints. The treatments, saline, morphine, or ketorolac, were administered intra-articularly 24 h after injection, and 5 joints from animals in each drug group were chosen randomly to form Group I and subgroups of Group I. The same procedures were applied after 48 h and 10 days of injection to form Groups II and III, respectively, and subgroups of these groups. Knee joints were excised and a blinded observer evaluated the histopathology according to inflammation of the articular cartilage, inflammatory cell infiltration, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia of the synovial membrane. No histopathological changes were found in the control groups. In the ketorolac and morphine groups, there were varying degrees of synovial membrane inflammatory cell infiltration and minimal, mild, or moderate synovial membrane cell hyperplasia or hypertrophy. Except for the ketorolac group at 24 h, both ketorolac and morphine groups showed more histopathological changes than controls (p < 0.05). Morphine and ketorolac both cause mild histopathological changes in rabbit knee joints, morphine causing more than ketorolac, but both of the drugs can be used intra-articularly with safety.Key words: intra-articular analgesia, knee joint, histopathological changes, articular cartilage, synovial membrane.

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44

Marx, Robert G., Jason Connor, Stephen Lyman, Annunziato Amendola, Jack T. Andrish, Christopher Kaeding, Eric C. McCarty, Richard D. Parker, Rick W. Wright, and Kurt P. Spindler. "Multirater Agreement of Arthroscopic Grading of Knee Articular Cartilage." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 11 (November 2005): 1654–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546505275129.

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Background Acute and chronic cartilage injury of the knee has an important impact on prognosis. The validity of the classification of such injuries is critical for prospective multicenter studies. The agreement among multiple surgeons at different institutions for articular cartilage lesions has not been established. Hypothesis Arthroscopic classification of articular cartilage lesions is reliable and reproducible and can be used for multicenter studies involving multiple surgeons. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 1. Methods A total of 6 surgeons from 5 centers reviewed 31 videos of articular cartilage lesions. With grade 2 and grade 3 combined for the analysis, observed agreement ranged from 81% to 94%, and kappa ranged from 0.34 to 0.87. An additional 22 videos comprising grade 2 and grade 3 lesions were analyzed, and the observed agreement was 80%, with an overall kappa of 0.47. Conclusion Arthroscopic grading of articular cartilage lesions is reproducible among surgeons at different centers. Clinical Relevance Articular cartilage lesions can be reliably classified among surgeons at different sites. Such reliability is important for multicenter clinical research studies involving arthroscopic knee surgery.

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Jiang, Shuangpeng, Weimin Guo, Guangzhao Tian, Xujiang Luo, Liqing Peng, Shuyun Liu, Xiang Sui, Quanyi Guo, and Xu Li. "Clinical Application Status of Articular Cartilage Regeneration Techniques: Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Brings New Hope." Stem Cells International 2020 (June 30, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5690252.

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Hyaline articular cartilage lacks blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves and is characterised by limited self-repair ability following injury. Traditional techniques of articular cartilage repair and regeneration all have certain limitations. The development of tissue engineering technology has brought hope to the regeneration of articular cartilage. The strategies of tissue-engineered articular cartilage can be divided into three types: “cell-scaffold construct,” cell-free, and scaffold-free. In “cell-scaffold construct” strategies, seed cells can be autologous chondrocytes or stem. Among them, some commercial products with autologous chondrocytes as seed cells, such as BioSeed®-C and CaReS®, have been put on the market and some products are undergoing clinical trials, such as NOVOCART® 3D. The stem cells are mainly pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells from different sources. Cell-free strategies that indirectly utilize the repair and regeneration potential of stem cells have also been used in clinical settings, such as TruFit and MaioRegen. Finally, the scaffold-free strategy is also a new development direction, and the short-term repair results of related products, such as NOVOCART® 3D, are encouraging. In this paper, the commonly used techniques of articular cartilage regeneration in surgery are reviewed. By studying different strategies and different seed cells, the clinical application status of tissue-engineered articular cartilage is described in detail.

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Salzmann, Gian M., Philipp Niemeyer, Alfred Hochrein, Martin J. Stoddart, and Peter Angele. "Articular Cartilage Repair of the Knee in Children and Adolescents." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 232596711876019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118760190.

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Articular cartilage predominantly serves a biomechanical function, which begins in utero and further develops during growth and locomotion. With regard to its 2-tissue structure (chondrocytes and matrix), the regenerative potential of hyaline cartilage defects is limited. Children and adolescents are increasingly suffering from articular cartilage and osteochondral deficiencies. Traumatic incidents often result in damage to the joint surfaces, while repetitive microtrauma may cause osteochondritis dissecans. When compared with their adult counterparts, children and adolescents have a greater capacity to regenerate articular cartilage defects. Even so, articular cartilage injuries in this age group may predispose them to premature osteoarthritis. Consequently, surgery is indicated in young patients when conservative measures fail. The operative techniques for articular cartilage injuries traditionally performed in adults may be performed in children, although an individualized approach must be tailored according to patient and defect characteristics. Clear guidelines for defect dimension–associated techniques have not been reported. Knee joint dimensions must be considered and correlated with respect to the cartilage defect size. Particular attention must be given to the subchondral bone, which is frequently affected in children and adolescents. Articular cartilage repair techniques appear to be safe in this cohort of patients, and no differences in complication rates have been reported when compared with adult patients. Particularly, autologous chondrocyte implantation has good biological potential, especially for large-diameter joint surface defects.

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Schreiner, Anna J., Aaron M. Stoker, Chantelle C. Bozynski, Keiichi Kuroki, James P. Stannard, and James L. Cook. "Clinical Application of the Basic Science of Articular Cartilage Pathology and Treatment." Journal of Knee Surgery 33, no. 11 (June 24, 2020): 1056–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1712944.

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AbstractThe joint is an organ with each tissue playing critical roles in health and disease. Intact articular cartilage is an exquisite tissue that withstands incredible biologic and biomechanical demands in allowing movement and function, which is why hyaline cartilage must be maintained within a very narrow range of biochemical composition and morphologic architecture to meet demands while maintaining health and integrity. Unfortunately, insult, injury, and/or aging can initiate a cascade of events that result in erosion, degradation, and loss of articular cartilage such that joint pain and dysfunction ensue. Importantly, articular cartilage pathology affects the health of the entire joint and therefore should not be considered or addressed in isolation. Treating articular cartilage lesions is challenging because left alone, the tissue is incapable of regeneration or highly functional and durable repair. Nonoperative treatments can alleviate symptoms associated with cartilage pathology but are not curative or lasting. Current surgical treatments range from stimulation of intrinsic repair to whole-surface and whole-joint restoration. Unfortunately, there is a relative paucity of prospective, randomized controlled, or well-designed cohort-based clinical trials with respect to cartilage repair and restoration surgeries, such that there is a gap in knowledge that must be addressed to determine optimal treatment strategies for this ubiquitous problem in orthopedic health care. This review article discusses the basic science rationale and principles that influence pathology, symptoms, treatment algorithms, and outcomes associated with articular cartilage defects in the knee.

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Willers, Craig, Theo Partsalis, and Ming-Hao Zheng. "Articular cartilage repair: procedures versus products." Expert Review of Medical Devices 4, no. 3 (May 2007): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17434440.4.3.373.

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Cole, Ada A., Arkady Margulis, and Klaus E. Kuettner. "Distinguishing ankle and knee articular cartilage." Foot and Ankle Clinics 8, no. 2 (June 2003): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1083-7515(03)00012-3.

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Bentley, G. "Articular cartilage changes in chondromalacia patellae." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 67-B, no. 5 (November 1985): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.67b5.4055879.

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