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1
Riley, J., DM Spratt, and PJA Presidente. "Pentastomids (Arthropoda) Parasitic in Australian Reptiles and Mammals." Australian Journal of Zoology 33, no. 1 (1985): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9850039.
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Records of pentastomid arthropods parasitic in Australian reptiles and mammals are reviewed, with particular reference to material collected recently. Specimens representative of six genera are described. Sebekia sp. from the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylusporosus, is the first record of the genus in Australia and probably represents a new species. A nymph with double hooks, from the dasyurid marsupial Satanellus hallucatus, is determined as Waddycephalus sp. This represents the first evidence of double hooks in nymphal forms of the genus and of the role of marsupials as intermediate hosts of Waddycephalus. Nymphs from the peramelid marsupial, Isoodon macrourus, and from S, hallucatus are determined as Armillifer australis Riley & Self, 1981; those from Perameles nasuta are identified as A. arborealis Riley & Self, 1981. These represent the first records of marsupials as intermediate hosts of Armillifer. Adults of the genus Elenia Heymons, 1932 are confirmed as parasites of varanid lizards. E. australis Heymons, 1932 is recognized and it is suggested that specimens described by Heymons (1939), allegedly from Varanus varius at Townsville, Qld, may represent a new species. The cosmopolitan porocephalid Linguatula serrata Frolich, 1789 is recorded from the nasopharynx of the dingo or wild dog and the validity of the indigenous species, L. dingophila Johnson, 1910 is discussed. The cephalobaenid Raillietiella amphiboluri Mahon, 1954 is reported from Amphibolurus barbatus.
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Williams, Mark, David J. Siveter, and John S. Peel. "Isoxys (Arthropoda) from the Early Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, North Greenland." Journal of Paleontology 70, no. 6 (November 1996): 947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000038646.
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The marine offshore shelf mudstones of the Early Cambrian Buen Formation at Sirius Passet, North Greenland, contain a rich Konservat-Lagerstätte which includes abundant well-preserved material of the bivalved arthropod Isoxys volucris new species. The new material confirms Isoxys Walcott, 1890 as a component of the earliest arthropod faunas worldwide. Isoxys species are known from the Early Cambrian of Spain, Siberia, South Australia and Southwest China and also from the Early to Middle Cambrian of Laurentian North America. Isoxys occurs in the Redlichiid, Bigotinid and Olenellid trilobite faunal realms but is restricted to within tropical/subtropical regions, attesting to possible paleolatitudinal controls on its distribution. Isoxys resembles some phyllocarid and bradoriid arthropods but without knowledge of its soft-parts the affinity of the genus remains uncertain.
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Rode, Alycia L., Bruce S. Lieberman, and A. J. Rowell. "A new early Cambrian bradoriid (Arthropoda) from East Antarctica." Journal of Paleontology 77, no. 4 (July 2003): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000044425.
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Although bradoriids locally are common components of the Cambrian biota, they have been reported previously from Antarctica only from Tertiary glacial deposits. Here, we describe the bradoriid,Bicarinella evansinew genus and species, collected in situ from the upper Lower Cambrian (Botomian) of the Pensacola Mountains in East Antarctica.Bicarinella evansin. gen and sp. is characterized by a subtriangular carapace with a well-defined marginal rim, subequal anterior and posterior lobes that are elongated into sharp ridges extending one-third the length of the carapace, and a broad dorsal node placed between the anterior and posterior lobes. The surface of the carapace exhibits three kinds of ornamentation: fine pitting, pustules, and reticulae. Several smaller carapaces with reduced ornamentation collected from the same bed are interpreted as instars of this species.Bicarinellan. gen. is assigned to the family Hipponicharionidae and appears to be closely related toAlbrunnicolaMartinsson, 1979, orHipponicharionMatthew, 1886. Although strong archaeocyath faunal similarities demonstrate a close biogeographic relationship between Australia and Antarctica in the Early Cambrian, the possible sister group relationship ofBicarinellan. gen. toHipponicharion, which is otherwise unknown from Gondwana, may suggest a separate biogeographic pathway to East Antarctica that did not involve Australia.
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Staples, David A. "Pycnogonids (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Great Australian Bight, southern Australia, with description of two new species." Memoirs of Museum Victoria 64 (2007): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2007.64.9.
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ARANGO, CLAUDIA P. "New species and new records of sea spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from deep waters in Western Australia." Zootaxa 1977, no. 1 (January 14, 2009): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1977.1.1.
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New species and new records of sea spiders for Australia were collected by the RV Southern Surveyor from deep waters off Western Australia during November and December 2005. This study reports fifty-three specimens from five families: Colossendeidae is represented by three species, one of them new to science, Hedgpethia calva n. sp.; there are eight species of the Callipallenidae, including Pseudopallene difficile n. sp.; two species of the Pallenopsidae, one of them a new record for Australia, and a single species of the Nymphonidae, Nymphon rottnesti. Ammotheids are represented by a juvenile of a Cilunculus and two new species, Paranymphon bifilarium n. sp. and Tanystylum zuytdorpi n. sp.
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Betts, Marissa J., Timothy P. Topper, James L. Valentine, Christian B. Skovsted, John R. Paterson, and Glenn A. Brock. "A new early Cambrian bradoriid (Arthropoda) assemblage from the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia." Gondwana Research 25, no. 1 (January 2014): 420–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.05.007.
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Chandler, Gregory T., and Michael D. Crisp. "Contributions Towards a Revision of Daviesia (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae). IV.* D. ulicifolia sens. lat." Australian Systematic Botany 10, no. 1 (1997): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb96013.
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Following a morphometric and cladistic analysis of the Daviesia ulicifolia Andrews group (Chandler and Crisp 1997), a new species, D. sejugata, is described. It occurs disjunctly in eastern Tasmania and southern Yorke Peninsula, South Australia, and is closely related to D. arthropoda F.Muell., differing in a generally more robust habit, thicker fleshy phyllodes, and larger flowers. Even with this species removed from D. ulicifolia, the latter varies considerably over a wide geographic, edaphic and altitudinal range. Daviesia ulicifolia is divided into six subspecies based on distinct phenetic and phylogenetic groups delimited in the earlier study. These are subsp. aridicola (glaucous plants in arid regions), subsp. incarnata (reddish-flowered plants in the Mt Lofty Range, South Australia), subsp. ruscifolia (plants with ovate-acuminate leaves and orange flowers in Victoria and southern New South Wales (NSW), often at high altitude), subsp. stenophylla (a narrow-leaved form in northern NSW and Queensland), subsp. pilligensis (ovate-leaved plants on sandy soil in western NSW), and subsp. ulicifolia (a paraphyletic residual from south-eastern states).
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Błażewicz-Paszkowycz, Magdalena, and Roger N. Bamber. "The Shallow-water Tanaidacea (Arthropoda: Malacostraca: Peracarida) of the Bass Strait, Victoria, Australia (other than the Tanaidae)." Memoirs of Museum Victoria 69 (2012): 1–235. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2012.69.01.
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Arango, Claudia P. "Sea spiders (Pycnogonida, Arthropoda) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia: new species, new records and ecological annotations." Journal of Natural History 37, no. 22 (November 2003): 2723–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930210158771.
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Sandford, Andrew C. "Homalonotid trilobites from the Silurian and Lower Devonian of south-eastern Australia and New Zealand (Arthropoda: Trilobita: Homalonotidae)." Memoirs of Museum Victoria 62, no. 1 (2005): 1–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2005.62.1.
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ARANGO, CLAUDIA P., and FRANZ KRAPP. "A new species of Anoplodactylus (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Great Barrier Reef and discussion on the A. tenuicorpus-complex." Zootaxa 1435, no. 1 (March 29, 2007): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1435.1.2.
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A new species of sea spider is described from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Anoplodactylus perissoporus n.sp. is in a species complex of extremely slender and tenuous forms that have serrated heel spines and are known to inhabit Indo- West Pacific coral reefs. The new species is characterized by the multiple cement gland pores on femora of males. Otherwise the species is very similar to, and probably closely related to A. tenuicorpus. The species boundaries within the A. tenuicorpus complex are difficult to discern and are not clearly defined, especially for females. Other character sets seem necessary to indicate affinities and distribution patterns of the tenuicorpus complex.
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Kwok, Alan B. C., and David J. Eldridge. "The influence of shrub species and fine-scale plant density on arthropods in a semiarid shrubland." Rangeland Journal 38, no. 4 (2016): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15019.
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Plant-resident arthropods are closely tied to the distribution of their hosts across multiple spatial scales. Shrubs provide habitat for a range of arthropods, and variations within shrubland ecosystems may affect arthropod communities. We examined the role of shrub species and density in structuring arthropod communities in an encroached Australian woodland using two common and widespread shrub species, Turpentine (Eremophila sturtii) and Silver Cassia (Senna artemisioides subsp. filifolia). We found five times more arthropods (Psocoptera, Collembola and Hemiptera) on Eremophila compared with Senna. Furthermore, Psyllidae were found only on Eremophila. In total we recorded 39 Hemipteran species; 13 from Eremophila, 16 from Senna and 10 common to both shrub species. Each shrub species supported a unique arthropod assemblage, even though they grow in close proximity (<15 m). In contrast, we found limited effects of fine-scale plant density, with plants growing in low and high density supporting similar arthropod communities. Our study indicated that isolated shrubs in these woodlands support a variety of arthropods, and shrub species is a more important driver of arthropod community structure than fine-scale density.
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Basset, Yves. "Aggregation and synecology of arboreal arthropods associated with an overstorey rain forest tree in Australia." Journal of Tropical Ecology 8, no. 3 (August 1992): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740000660x.
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ABSTRACTThe cohesion of the arthropod community associated with the rain forest tree Argyrodendron actinophyllum was studied in a warm subtropical rain forest in Australia. The distribution of most arthropods was contagious on the foliage of A. actinophyllum. Chewers and phloem-feeders were more clumped than epiphyte grazers and parasitoids. Arthropod predator-prey ratios were high and relatively constant over time, as revealed by measures of their activity. However, similar ratios in abundance and species-richness of arthropods foraging on foliage showed high variability in space and no consistent trends. Species associations on the foliage were difficult to predict and did not constitute either a single, well-united community or well-delimited subcommunitics. Most of the data suggest that on the foliage of A. actinophyllum, the cohesion of the arthropod community is not extremely strong. Apart from methodological constraints, possible reasons for this include the influence of host-tree phenology, and the high arthropod-diversity of the rain forest environment.
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Abensperg-Traun, Max, Graeme T. Smith, and Barbara York Main. "Terrestrial arthropods in a fragmented landscape: a review of ecological research in the Western Australian central wheatbelt." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 2 (2000): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000102.
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In 1985, CSIRO's Wildlife and Ecology established ''The Kelierberrin Project on Fragmented Landscapes", a study to investigate the role of remnant vegetation in sustaining the native biota in Western Australia's central wheatbelt. This paper reviews findings, and other relevant research within the wheatbelt region, with regard to the terrestrial arthropod fauna. We examine critical issues for faunal persistence with regard to disturbance effects on the biota (habitat fragmentation effects of remnant size and spatial isolation (connectivity), livestock and associated exotic weed invasion, altered fire regimes, changes in hydrology, and recolonization of restored habitat), indicators of arthropod species richness at the individual remnant scale, and endemism and taxonomic richness. We provide management recommendations for the conservation of terrestrial arthropods in the Western Australian central wheatbelt and suggest priority research.
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Mbuthia, E. W., J. H. Shariff, A. Raman, D. S. Hodgkins, H. I. Nicol, and S. Mannix. "Abundance and diversity of soil arthropods and fungi in shelterbelts integrated with pastures in the central tablelands of New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Forest Science 58, No. 12 (December 11, 2012): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/12/2012-jfs.
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Shelterbelts are important for the sustainability of agriculture because they provide a variety of benefits to farmers and the society. Several published papers demonstrate that integration of shelterbelts with agroecosystems offers positive outcomes, such as better yield, more congenial microclimate, and greater organic matter levels. Nonetheless, soil biological diversity, the driver of greater organic matter levels, has not been convincingly tested and verified yet. In addressing this gap, we measured abundance and diversity of populations of arthropods and fungi in three<br />11-year old shelterbelts integrated with pasture to determine whether a correlation exists between the abundance of and diversity in populations of arthropods and fungi in two seasons: late autumn-early winter (May–June 2011) and late winter-early spring (August–September 2011). Litter from the soil surface and soil from two depths were sampled at increasing distance from the midpoint of shelterbelts for the extraction of arthropods and isolation culturing of fungi. The relationship among distance, depth and biodiversity of different groups of arthropods and fungi was analysed using linear regression. We found that over both seasons arthropod abundance in the litter and soil declined with increasing distance from the midpoint of the shelterbelts, and with soil depth. However, fungi abundance in either season was not affected by proximity to the shelterbelt but increased with greater soil depth. Distance from the shelterbelt midpoints did not bear an impact on the diversity richness of both arthropods and fungi.
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Budzałek, Gracjana, Sylwia Śliwińska-Wilczewska, Kinga Wiśniewska, Agnieszka Wochna, Iwona Bubak, Adam Latała, and Józef Maria Wiktor. "Macroalgal Defense against Competitors and Herbivores." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 7865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157865.
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Macroalgae are the source of many harmful allelopathic compounds, which are synthesized as a defense strategy against competitors and herbivores. Therefore, it can be predicted that certain species reduce aquaculture performance. Herein, the allelopathic ability of 123 different taxa of green, red, and brown algae have been summarized based on literature reports. Research on macroalgae and their allelopathic effects on other animal organisms was conducted primarily in Australia, Mexico, and the United States. Nevertheless, there are also several scientific reports in this field from South America and Asia; the study areas in the latter continents coincide with areas where aquaculture is highly developed and widely practiced. Therefore, the allelopathic activity of macroalgae on coexisting animals is an issue that is worth careful investigation. In this work, we characterize the distribution of allelopathic macroalgae and compare them with aquaculture locations, describe the methods for the study of macroalgal allelopathy, present the taxonomic position of allelopathic macroalgae and their impact on coexisting aquatic competitors (Cnidaria) and herbivores (Annelida, Echinodermata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Chordata), and compile information on allelopathic compounds produced by different macroalgae species. This work gathers the current knowledge on the phenomenon of macroalgal allelopathy and their allelochemicals affecting aquatic animal (competitors and predators) worldwide and it provides future research directions for this topic.
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Crisol-Martínez, Eduardo, Laura T. Moreno-Moyano, and Finbarr G. Horgan. "Bioacoustics Reveal Species-Rich Avian Communities Exposed to Organophosphate Insecticides in Macadamia Orchards." Birds 1, no. 1 (December 14, 2020): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/birds1010005.
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Organophosphates are the most widely used insecticide class in agriculture. The effects of organophosphates on insectivorous birds can potentially reduce the capacity of these birds to regulate insect pest populations as well as jeopardizing the survival of vulnerable bird species in matrix habitats. In this study, we investigated the diversity of birds inhabiting commercial macadamia orchards in Australia and assessed community-wide exposure of birds to an organophosphate insecticide (trichlorfon). We also studied the impact of trichlorfon on arthropods, and how this affected bird activity. We used a novel approach, combining bird acoustic surveys, and three different arthropod trapping devices. Birds and arthropods were surveyed immediately before and after a trichlorfon application, in sprayed and unsprayed orchards, at six different sites. Surveys showed that trichlorfon applications produced no changes in bird activity, either at the species or community level. Only one species (Lichmera indistincta) showed a significant increase in acoustic activity after treatment. These results indicate that several (62) bird species, some of which have been noted as undergoing regional decline, are exposed to trichlorfon applications. Additionally, trichlorfon applications also produced rapid, negative impacts on certain arthropod groups, particularly spiders. Because almost (80%) of the bird species recorded in the study include arthropods in their diets, then arthropod contaminated by trichlorfon are likely consumed by these orchard-dwelling birds. We recommend that pest management should incorporate strategies to reduce wildlife exposure to toxic chemicals to meet the joint goals of crop production and wildlife conservation in structurally complex agricultural habitats.
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Smith, David W. "Arboviruses." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 2 (2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18018.
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Arboviruses are established as important causes of human and animal disease within Australia, as well as being high on the list of important emerging and exotic risk to Australia. They have been an integral part of the Australian ecological environment and evolved with it, adapting to our environment, to our arthropods, to our birds and to our mammals.
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Umina, Paul A. "Potential role of seed treatments in the management of emerging arthropod pests of canola." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 10 (2019): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19199.
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Conservation agriculture has changed the farming landscape. Reduced tillage, stubble retention and changes in crop agronomy have provided considerable benefits to farmers and the environment, but such practices have also influenced arthropod communities residing in these landscapes. Within Australia, there has been an increase in the pest status of several introduced arthropods including Armadillidium vulgare (common pillbug), Forficula auricularia (European earwig) and Ommatoiulus moreleti (black Portuguese millipede). In the present study, the role of insecticide seed treatments in managing these species was examined. Species differed in their responses when exposed to seedlings coated with four commercially-available seed treatments. F. auricularia numbers were reduced by treatments of fipronil (Cosmos) and a mixture of clothianidin and imidacloprid (Poncho Plus). These treatments also reduced A. vulgare numbers, as did a third product, a mixture of thiamethoxam and lambda-cyhalothrin (Cruiser Opti). Mortality of O. moreleti was affected by all four seed treatments. Importantly, arthropod mortality did not always correlate with the levels of protection conferred by each treatment. This points to a complexity of interactions between plant, chemical and pest feeding behaviour. These results are discussed in the context of developing pest management options for these widespread arthropods.
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EVANS, MEGAN L., SIOBHON EGAN, PETER J. IRWIN, and CHARLOTTE L. OSKAM. "Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery reveals large COI intraspecific divergence in Australian Ixodidae." Zootaxa 4656, no. 2 (August 14, 2019): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4656.2.13.
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Ticks (Ixodida) are haematophagous arthropods that transmit a number of pathogenic organisms, including bacteria, protozoa and viruses, to humans and animals. Globally, there are over 900 species of ticks and Australia has 73 described species, including five introduced and 68 native species. With the exception of only a few Australian tick species, there are still many unanswered questions regarding their taxonomy and systematics, and the phylogeny of Australian ticks is not properly resolved. In recent years, a putative link between tick bites and poorly defined tick-borne illness(es) has been identified (Graves & Stenos 2017) and was the subject of a 2015 Australian Senate Inquiry into Lyme-like illnesses in Australia. There is an urgent need to further categorise Australian ticks, specifically hard ticks (Ixodidae), and accurate identification of Australian ticks is therefore of high importance.
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Majer, Jonathan D., Syprianus Radho Toly, and Harry F. Recher. "Dead standing trees contribute to the conservation of arthropods in burnt woodland of Kings Park, Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 4 (2011): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110361.
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Dead, standing trees, commonly referred to as stags in Australia and as snags in North America, are a regular feature of forests and woodlands. Although previously regarded as useless, often meriting removal, stags are now recognized as important for wildlife. We quantified the abundance of arthropods that visited or used the trunks of stags in Kings Park, an inner-city woodland park in Perth, Western Australia. Stags ranging from around 4 to 11 years since death were compared with live trees of the same species; Jarrah Eucalyptus marginata, Tuart E. gomphocephala, and Fraser’s Sheoak Allocasuarina fraseriana. At the ordinal level, stags were visited or used by almost as many taxa of arthropods as live trees. One group, the beetles (Coleoptera), when considered at the morphospecies level, was found to be only slightly less diverse on Eucalyptus stags than on live trees and was more diverse on sheoak stags than live sheoaks. A large proportion of the beetle species was specific to either live trees or stags, suggesting that the existence of stags enriches the diversity of arthropods in forests and woodlands. In addition to contributing to arthropod diversity and conservation, these organisms provide a food source for insectivorous vertebrates, as well as contributing to core ecosystem functions, such as nutrient cycling. Retention of stags therefore has important conservation benefits and, other than when there is a risk to public safety, stags should be protected and allowed to fall naturally in the course of time.
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Basset, Y. "The Taxonomic Composition of the Arthropod Fauna Associated With an Australian Rain-Forest Tree." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 2 (1991): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910171.
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The composition of the arthropod fauna foraging within the canopy of Argyrodendron actinophyllum Edlin (Sterculiaceae) in a subtropical rainforest near Brisbane, Australia, was investigated during a 2-year field study. Collecting methods included flight interception traps, restricted canopy fogging, and hand-collecting. Over 50 000 canopy arthropods were collected and about 760 species sorted, from which 660 were identified at least to the generic level by taxonomists. The arthropod fauna of A. actinophyllum is characterised by the abundance of Clubionidae, Theridiidae, Psylloidea, Phlaeothripidae, Chrysomelidae, Corylophidae, Curculionidae and Braconidae, and by the scarcity of Empididae, Symphyta, Ichneumonidae and Formicidae. The major determinants of the composition of the arboreal fauna are discussed, including biogeographical and historical constraints, rainforest mesoclimate and host phenology, host architecture and biochemistry, and intrinsic composition of the foliicolous fauna. The faunistic composition of this subtropical rainforest tree species exhibits several features common to both temperate trees (such as the high numbers of homopterans and spiders and the limited populations of arboreal ants) and tropical rainforest trees (such as the large beetle populations and the high orthopteran biomass).
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Franzmann, B. A., A. T. Hardy, D. A. H. Murray, and R. G. Henzell. "Host-plant resistance and biopesticides: ingredients for successful integrated pest management (IPM) in Australian sorghum production." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08071.
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There are two major pests of sorghum in Australia, the sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett), and the corn earworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). During the past 10 years the management of these pests has undergone a revolution, due principally to the development of sorghum hybrids with resistance to sorghum midge. Also contributing has been the adoption of a nucleopolyhedrovirus for the management of corn earworm. The practical application of these developments has led to a massive reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides for the management of major pests of sorghum in Australia. These changes have produced immediate economic, environmental and social benefits. Other flow-on benefits include providing flexibility in planting times, the maintenance of beneficial arthropods and utilisation of sorghum as a beneficial arthropod nursery, a reduction in midge populations and a reduction in insecticide resistance development in corn earworm. Future developments in sorghum pest management are discussed.
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Retallack, M., L. Thomson, and M. Keller. "Native insectary plants support populations of predatory arthropods for Australian vineyards." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501004.
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We provide a summary of two recent studies that investigated the role that three native insectary plants can play in promoting predatory arthropods, and thereby to enhance biological control of vineyard pests in Australia. Native plants are preferred as supplementary flora, as they are locally-adapted to Australia's climatic conditions. Stands of mature Bursaria spinosa, Leptospermum continentale and Rytidosperma ssp. located adjacent to, or in vineyards, in South Australia were sampled for arthropods in 2013/14. Grapevines were also sampled to explore relationships between each plant and associated arthropods using common diversity indices. Twenty seven thousand and ninety-one individual invertebrate specimens were collected, comprising 20 orders and 287 morphospecies. These were categorised into functional groups of predators, herbivores and other. Predatory arthropods dominated the diversity of morphospecies present on each plant. The richness of predator morphospecies across all plant types was nearly double the number found in association with grapevines. It may be possible to increase the functional diversity of predatory arthropods by more than 3x when either B. spinosa or L. continentale is present versus grapevines only, and increase the net number of predator morphospecies by around 27% when Rytidosperma ssp. are planted in combination with grapevines. The selected plants provide a suitable habitat to support diverse and functional populations of predatory arthropods. The opportunity to plant selected native insectary species could help wine grape growers save time and resources by producing fruit with lower pest incidence, while enhancing biodiversity associated with vineyards.
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Lincoln, Tim. "Ancient Australian arthropods." Nature 394, no. 6689 (July 1998): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/28047.
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Bhullar, Simrath, and Jonathan Majer. "Arthropods on street trees: a food resource for wildlife." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 2 (2000): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000171.
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As with most cities throughout the world, the Western Australian city of Perth is beautified with rows of street trees. Here, the choice of trees tends to be dictated by their hardiness and ease of cultivation (e.g., Queensland Box Lophostemon confertus), their perceived beauty (e.g., Lemon Scented Gum Eucalyptus citriodora) and the affiliation with species from regions where many of the settlers originated (e.g., London Plane Tree Platanus acerifolia). Evidence indicates that the abundance and diversity of arthropods on a tree species is, to a large extent, a reflection of the tree in recent geological history ? the more recent the arrival, the less arthropods are likely to occur on it (Southwood 1960, 1961). From work with native eucalypt species, Recher et al. (1996) have found that arthropod density and diversity differs markedly between tree species within an ecosystem, and this phenomenon flows through to the insectivorous birds which forage on these trees. Those species with high levels of arthropods, such as Narrow-leaved Ironbark E. crebra in New South Wales are visited by pardalotes, thornbills and weebills to a much greater extent than the co-dominant Grey Box E. moluccana (Recher et al. 1994).
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Vilcins, Inger-Marie, Julie M Old, and Elizabeth M Deane. "The impact of ticks and tick-borne diseases on native animal species in Australia." Microbiology Australia 26, no. 2 (2005): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05076.
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Ectoparasites are a leading cause of arthropod-borne disease in animals, and humans. Defined as arthropods which spend an entire portion of their life cycle on the host, ectoparasites include the ticks and mites (Acarina), and the lice and fleas of the insect family. Their role in human disease transmission has been well documented, as has their importance in agricultural and domestic animals. Little however has been done to comprehensively examine the role these organisms may play in disease transmission and their impact upon native Australian fauna. It is important to consider the effects of such disease agents on the survival of both captive and wild native animal populations, particularly as exposure to a novel pathogen may remove endangered animals that are a vital pool of genetic diversity.
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Lichtwardt, Robert W., and Marvin C. Williams. "Trichomycete gut fungi in Australian aquatic insect larvae." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 1057–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-133.
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Arthropods containing gut fungi (Zygomycotina: Trichomycetes) were studied from 85 collecting sites in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. The emphasis was on the fungal order Harpellales in endemic larvae or nymphs of aquatic Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera, but included a few Eccrinales in Crustacea. Of the more than 25 species of trichomycetes dissected from arthropods, 20 are described and illustrated. Of these, 10 are new species that are possibly endemic to Australia. All new Australian species were different from new species described in a correlated study of New Zealand trichomycetes. The new Australian species are Austrosmittium aussiorum, Glotzia tasmaniensis, Smittium aciculare, Sm. boomerangum, Sm. delicatum, Sm. paludis, Sm. rupestre, Stachylina queenslandiae, St. thaumaleidarum (Harpellales), and Parataeniella latrobi (Eccrinales). Other possible new genera and species are briefly described, but not named. Thirteen axenic cultures of Harpellales were obtained; these include one of the new species, Sm. boomerangum, and another species not previously isolated, Sm. elongatum. Some unusual insect families were found infested by Australian trichomycetes. Distribution data on these fungi and their hosts are provided.
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Croft, Peter, Nick Reid, and John T. Hunter. "The bark of eucalypt trees: habitat quality for arthropods and impact of fire." Pacific Conservation Biology 18, no. 3 (2012): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130186.
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The bark of eucalypt trees is a significant habitat attribute of forests and woodlands, with different bark types supporting varying populations of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna. Bark also contributes to fuel load in wildfires and hazard reduction burning, with a concomitant loss of habitat and modification of habitat resources. We compared the composition and abundance of tree trunk invertebrates inhabiting four eucalypt bark types and determined the impact of burning the bark on population abundance and community composition. Trees of four bark types (gum, box, stringybark, ironbark) were selected at three sites and arthropod traps placed on burnt and unburnt trees of each type. Traps were left in place for 12 days and arthropod preferences for the four bark types (burnt and unburnt) were analysed. The total number of arthropods differed between bark types, with stringybark and ironbark supporting the largest numbers of invertebrates and the most diverse communities. Burnt stringybark and gum bark had reduced arthropod abundance compared to unburnt bark. The study highlights an ecological consequence of fire on an aspect of invertebrate habitat, with flow-on effects for vertebrates, that should be considered in fire management, as greater areas of land are subject to frequent hazard reduction burning in eastern Australia.
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Abbott, Ian, and Allan Wills. "Biodiversity of canopy arthropods in Jarrah forest of south-west Western Australia: review of ecological theory and conservation management." Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 2 (2001): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010101.
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A theory proposed in 1996 by Recher, Majer and Ganesh linking biodiversity of forest canopy arthropods to site productivity is analysed. Available evidence from Jarrah Eucalyptus marginata forest is inconsistent with this model. We instead propose that increased habitat variety and temperature and rainfall clines are the major environmental factors that determine canopy arthropod species richness. Biodiversity gradients for mammal, landbird and reptile species across south-west Western Australia appear to provide an appropriate model for forest insect faunas. These gradients predict that the most diverse canopy fauna should occur in the eastern Jarrah and Wandoo forests. Precautionary forest management policies and procedures currently in place to conserve the poorly collected and inadequately known arthropod fauna of tree crowns in Jarrah forest are summarized and discussed. In essence, these maximize habitat diversity at landscape scales. Major conservation threats are considered to be factors that reduce leaf area at large spatial (Phytophthora infection) and temporal scales (summer wildfire and defoliating insect outbreaks). Logging is not considered significant because it is constrained to small spatial scales (10 ha for the most extreme treatment) and long return times (2-3 decades).
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Mathews, Karen O., David Phalen, Jacqueline M. Norris, John Stenos, Jenny-Ann Toribio, Nicholas Wood, Stephen Graves, Paul A. Sheehy, Chelsea Nguyen, and Katrina L. Bosward. "Serological Evidence of Exposure to Spotted Fever Group and Typhus Group Rickettsiae in Australian Wildlife Rehabilitators." Pathogens 10, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10060745.
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Rickettsioses are arthropod-borne zoonotic diseases, several of which occur in Australia. This study aimed to assess the exposure levels and risk factors for Rickettsia spp. among Australian wildlife rehabilitators (AWRs) using serology, PCR and a questionnaire. Antibody titres against Spotted Fever Group (SFG), Typhus Group (TG) and Scrub Typhus Group (STG) antigens were determined using an immunofluorescence assay. PCR targeting the gltA gene was performed on DNA extracts from whole blood and serum. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity. Of the 27 (22.1%; 27/122) seropositive participants all were seropositive for SFG, with 5/27 (4.1%) also positive for TG. Of the 27 positive sera, 14.8% (4/27) were further classified as exposure to R. australis, 3.7% (1/27) to R. honei, 3.7% (1/27) to R. felis and 77.8% (21/27) were classified as ‘indeterminate’—most of which (85.7%; 18/21) were indeterminate R. australis/R. honei exposures. Rickettsia DNA was not detected in whole blood or serum. Rehabilitators were more likely to be seropositive if more than one household member rehabilitated wildlife, were older than 50 years or had occupational animal contact. These findings suggest that AWRs are at increased risk of contracting Rickettsia-related illnesses, however the source of the increased seropositivity remains unclear.
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O'Connor, Julie M., Sanjeev K. Srivastava, Neil W. Tindale, and Scott E. Burnett. "From carrion to Christmas beetles: the broad dietary niche of the red fox in a hybrid coastal ecosystem in south-eastern Queensland." Australian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 2 (2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo19059.
Full textAbstract:
The diet of the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was investigated through analysis of 1185 scats collected between 2010 and 2014 from coastal south-east Queensland, Australia. By both frequency of occurrence and volume, its diet was dominated by terrestrial arthropods, marine arthropods, vegetation and birds, although the remains of the short-tailed shearwater (Ardenna tenuirostris) consumed as carrion dominated the latter. Terrestrial arthropods, primarily insects of the order Coleoptera, were eaten all year (61% frequency of occurrence, FO) but varied seasonally (35–67%FO), mostly due to the consumption of large numbers of Christmas beetles (Anoplognathus spp.) in the summer months. Marine arthropods consisted almost entirely of ghost crabs (Ocypode spp.) and seasonal variation in consumption was evident (33–72%FO) and likely correlated with ghost crab abundance. Fruit and berries were an important food item for foxes all year but also varied seasonally (30–65%FO). The opportunistic diet of this fox population is discussed in the context of dietary differences, but common opportunism, reported in other Australian and overseas studies.
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Collette, Joseph H., Nigel C. Hughes, and Shanchi Peng. "The first report of a Himalayan bradoriid arthropod and the paleogeographic significance of this form." Journal of Paleontology 85, no. 1 (January 2011): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-063.1.
Full textAbstract:
Two arthropod specimens assigned to Anabarochilina australis (Hinz-Schallreuter, 1993) from the late middle Cambrian (Guzhangian Stage, Lejopyge acantha Biozone) Karsha Formation, Zanskar Valley, northern India comprise the first record of the Bradoriida from the Himalaya. These Indian specimens cannot be distinguished statistically from other A. australis material based on valve length and height ratios, and differ only slightly in other characters. These observations justify the synonymy of a number of similar forms worldwide that previously have been only questionably attributed to A. australis. The occurrence of the species in Australia, India, Laurentia, and Kazakhstan encompassed an equatorial distribution from approximately 20° north to 20° south during late middle Cambrian time and indicates that A. australis had the ability to disperse across deep ocean basins. Such a distribution is consistent with a planktonic lifestyle. In contrast, other congeneric species of Anabarochilina apparently had more localized occurrence or, in the case of A. primordialis, were distributed across several paleocontinents and climatic zones.
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Wulandari, Anggun, and Maisy Kamilah. "Studi Kunjungan Harian Arthropoda pada Tanaman Ageratum conyzoides dan Acalipa australis di Area Pertanian Dusun Ketanon Kecamatan Diwek sebagai Bahan Pengembangan E-Katalog Arthropoda." BIO-EDU: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi 6, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32938/jbe.v6i2.1187.
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Kunjungan harian Arthropoda dapat ditentukan dari frekuensi dan distribusi temporal Arthropoda pada setiap waktu pengamatan dalam mengunjungi tanaman Ageratum conyzoides dan Acalipa australis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis jenis, frekuensi, dan distribusi temporal serta bahan pengembangan e-katalog dari kunjungan Arthropoda pada tanaman Ageratum conyzoides dan Acalipa australis di area pertanian dusun Ketanon kecamatan Diwek. Metode pengambilan data dengan menggunakan metode “visual control” yang dikembangkan oleh Frei dan Manhart (1992) yang telah dimodifikasi. Penelitian dilakukan di area pertanian dusun Ketanon kecamatan Diwek dengan pengambilan data dilakukan pada pukul 06.00-07.00, 11.00-12.00, dan 16.00-17.00 sebanyak 3 kali ulangan pada masing-masing tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jenis Arthropoda berjumlah 11 famili dengan 12 macam spesies. Frekuensi kunjungan harian Arthropoda tertinggi pada tanaman Ageratum conyzoides adalah famili Agromyzidae (hama) dengan kunjungan rata-rata 4,22 individu/jam, sedangkan pada tanaman Acalipa australis adalah famili Formicidae (musuh alami) dengan kunjungan rata-rata 2,88 individu/jam. Distribusi temporal menunjukkan bahwa waktu kunjungan Arthropoda setiap individu/jam adalah berbeda disetiap kegiatan/kebutuhan berkunjung masing-masing hewan Arthropoda. Serta bahan pengembangan e-katalog diperoleh dari hasil data pengamatan yang disusun dalam bentuk bahan pengembangan e-katalog yang sederhana.
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New, T. R. "Are predatory arthropods useful indicators in Australian agroecosystems?" Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 4 (2007): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05269.
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Information on the diversity and roles of two groups of arthropod predators (Neuroptera and Araneae) in Australian cropping systems is reviewed, as a foundation for discussing the properties of such predators that may render them useful bioindicators, and for discussing their ecological roles in agroecosystems. Predators are a prime target for conservation and augmentation, reflecting their perceived or actual positive roles in pest management, but most appear to have little value as true bioindicators in agricultural environments. In Australia, Neuroptera are represented by very few species in most agroecosystems, and all of these species are polyphagous generalists. Biological knowledge of Araneae, and of the factors that influence their species richness, is too scanty to enable sound understanding of changes in assemblage composition that might otherwise be regarded as ‘indication’. The current value of these groups as bioindicators is minimal.
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W. Arnold, G., M. Abensperg-Traun, R. J. Hobbs, D. E. Steven, L. Atkins, J. J. Viveen, and D. M. Gutter. "Recovery of shrubland communities on abandoned farmland in southwestern Australia: soils, plants, birds and arthropods." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 3 (1999): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990163.
Full textAbstract:
Passive recovery of land formerly used for agricultural production may be an inexpensive and rapid method of ecosystem recovery, and may provide an alternative method to active revegetation. Passive recovery may also contribute to sustainable agriculture (soil salinity). For undisturbed and disturbed areas of the central wheatbelt of Western Australia, this paper reports the effects of farming history (clearing only, cultivation, duration of farming, and time since farming ceased) on the soil nutrient content, plant floristics (richness and composition) and structure, and the abundance, species richness and species composition of birds and arthropods. Only one site was cultivated for >6 years. We summarize as follows: (1) Previous clearing and cultivation has left no residual effects on the nitrogen or phosphorus content in the sandy soils. (2) There were no significant differences in terms of plant species richness but some differences in cover of woody plants, grass cover and plant species composition for farming history or time since farming ceased. (3) There were no significant differences in bird species richness but differences in species composition for time since farming ceased. (4) Arthropods showed few (and low) significant differences in their abundance, richness or species composition across different farming histories and time periods since farming ceased. Farming of these shrublands has left only minor changes in the composition and structure of the vegetation, and in the abundance, species richness and species composition of the passerine bird and arthropod assemblages. Abandoned parcels of land on the sandy soils which support shrubland may yield useful conservation benefits with relatively little input.
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McKenzie, Eric H. C., and Eric H. C. McKenzie. "Fungi anamorphici in Australasia." Australian Systematic Botany 14, no. 3 (2001): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb99032.
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Fungi are everywhere but mycologists are not and the fungi anamorphici, which includes hyphomycetes and coelomycetes, is an under-studied group in Australasia. It is the second largest group of fungi and its members play an important role in nutrient cycling. Plant pathogenic species are the best-documented and fungi anamorphici feature prominently in lists of plant diseases for Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. The few resident mycologists specialising in taxonomy and systematics of fungi anamorphici have made major advances in the study of plant pathogens (e.g. Bipolaris, Fusarium) and those of industrial importance (e.g. Penicillium). Visiting mycologists who have made significant collections of Australasian fungi anamorphici include B. C. Sutton in Australia, S. J. Hughes in New Zealand and T. Matsushima in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. A census of fungi anamorphici is being prepared forFungi of Australia and a database of all species recorded from New Zealand is being compiled. Australasian studies of fungi anamorphici in freshwater and marine environments and those associated with arthropods are discussed. Rainforests and numerous other habitats in Australasia remain a vast storehouse of unknown fungi anamorphici—thousands of species yet to be collected, classified and described.
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Trewin, N. H., and K. J. McNamara. "Arthropods invade the land: trace fossils and palaeoenvironments of the Tumblagooda Sandstone (?late Silurian) of Kalbarri, Western Australia." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 85, no. 3 (1994): 177–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026359330000359x.
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AbstractThe trace fossils of the Tumblagooda Sandstone (?late Silurian) of Kalbarri, Western Australia are spectacular in their variety and preservation. They provide a unique insight into the activities of the early invaders of terrestrial environments, and reveal the presence of a diverse fauna dominated by arthropods. Within the Formation trace fossil assemblages can be related to fluvial, aeolian and marine sand-dominated environments. Two distinct and diverse ichnofaunas are recognised.The Heimdallia–Diplichnites Ichnofauna occurs in sandstones deposited in broad low sinuosity braided fluvial channels, between which were mixed aeolian and waterlain sandsheets, small aeolian dunes and flooded interdune and deflation hollows. Heimdallia is the major bioturbator, favouring shallow pools. Other burrows include Tumblagoodichnus (gen. nov.), Diplocraterion, Skolithos, Beaconites and Didymaulyponomos. Arthropod trackways (Diplichnites) occur on surfaces of waterlain sands and on foreset bedding of aeolian dunes, and represent some of the earliest reported terrestrial trackways. Other trackways include Paleohelcura and Protichnites, and the digging traces Selenichnites and Rusophycus are also present. At least ten types of arthropods are required to produce the observed traces. Myriapods, eurypterids, euthycarcinoids, xiphosurids and scorpionids are considered responsible for the trackway assemblage.The Skolithos–Diplocraterion Ichnofauna occurs at the top of the exposed section in sandstones that overlie a thick fluvial sequence containing few traces. The strata are considered to represent marine influence at a fluvial/marine transition. They show variable trough cross-bedding, complex planar cross-bedding with down-climbing sets, ripple lamination, and fining-up sequences with bioturbated tops. Traces are dominated by crowded Skolithos up to 1 m long, together with two forms of Diplocraterion. Daedalus and Lunatubichnus (gen. nov.) burrows occur in a few beds and Aulichnites trails cover some foreset surfaces of cross-bedding.The trace fossils and the sedimentology of the Tumblagooda Sandstone bear a remarkable similarity to those of the lower part of the Taylor Group of Antarctica, which is probably Devonian in age. It is suggested that the two represent a similar age, stratigraphy, and range of environments on the margins of Gondwana. Large unvegetated fluvial outwash plains with variable aeolian influence were essentially coastal in character and fluvial/marine transitions occur in sand-rich environments. The animals responsible for the traces inhabited coastal areas but many could survive outwith marine influence, and arthropods responsible for some types of Diplichnites trackways walked out of water.The rich diversity of trackways attributable to arthropods illustrate that the invasion of terrestrial environments by arthropods, particularly large forms, was well-established by the beginning of the Devonian. The basis of the food chain was algal and bacterial films which bound the surface sediment in freshwater pools.
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Sharma, Prashant P., and Gonzalo Giribet. "Out of the Neotropics: Late Cretaceous colonization of Australasia by American arthropods." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1742 (May 23, 2012): 3501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0675.
Full textAbstract:
The origins of tropical southwest Pacific diversity are traditionally attributed to southeast Asia or Australia. Oceanic and fragment islands are typically colonized by lineages from adjacent continental margins, resulting in attrition of diversity with distance from the mainland. Here, we show that an exceptional tropical family of harvestmen with a trans-Pacific disjunct distribution has its origin in the Neotropics. We found in a multi-locus phylogenetic analysis that the opilionid family Zalmoxidae, which is distributed in tropical forests on both sides of the Pacific, is a monophyletic entity with basal lineages endemic to Amazonia and Mesoamerica. Indo-Pacific Zalmoxidae constitute a nested clade, indicating a single colonization event. Lineages endemic to putative source regions, including Australia and New Guinea, constitute derived groups. Divergence time estimates and probabilistic ancestral area reconstructions support a Neotropical origin of the group, and a Late Cretaceous ( ca 82 Ma) colonization of Australasia out of the Fiji Islands and/or Borneo, which are consistent with a transoceanic dispersal event. Our results suggest that the endemic diversity within traditionally defined zoogeographic boundaries might have more complex evolutionary origins than previously envisioned.
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Galbraith, JC. "The pathogenicity of an Australian isolate of Acremonium zonatum to water hyacinth, and its relationship with the biological control agent, Neochetina eichhorniae." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 1 (1987): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9870219.
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The first description of Acremonium zonatum on water hyacinth in Australia is made. Its pathogenicity was studied as part of the search for a microorganism already present in Australia which could be developed as a mychoherbicide to supplement the arthropod biological control programme in this country. Following inoculation with A. zonatum, extensive leaf infections developed, favoured by injury and free moisture, but new leaves continued to form. Feeding by the weevil, Neochetina eichhorniae, increased infection by A. zonatum in relatively dry conditions, but it is unlikely that this was due to feeding scars acting as ports of entry. A. zonatum spores were transported on the feet and in the digestive tract of the weevil. The growth of infected plants, estimated by standing crop, was reduced by 49% compared to the control. A further decrease occurred in infected plants infested by weevils, but the total reduction in growth was not equal to the sum of the individual effects of fungus and weevil. Infection did not develop in 15 other plant species inoculated with the Australian isolate of A. zonatum. Although not a virulent pathogen, A. zonatum has some favourable characteristics for consideration as a mycoherbicide and has not appeared antagonistic to N. eichhorniae in these studies. Its role probably lies in exerting a chronic stress on plants already under attack by arthropod biological control agents.
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Framenau, Volker W., Randolf Manderbach, and Martin Baehr. "Riparian gravel banks of upland and lowland rivers in Victoria (south-east Australia): arthropod community structure and life-history patterns along a longitudinal gradient." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 1 (2002): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01039.
Full textAbstract:
Riparian sand and gravel banks are inhabited by a fauna that is well adapted to varying river water levels and frequent inundation of the banks. Arthropods found in these habitats were studied from November 1998 to January 1999 in the upper and lower floodplains of the main rivers and tributaries in ten major catchments in the Victorian Alps. Wolf spiders (Lycosidae, 68%) and ground beetles (Carabidae, 7.8%) were the most abundant arthropods, with densities averaging 14.6 ± 1.8 (s.e.) and 2.3 ± 0.4 individuals m–2 respectively. Species composition and wolf spider densities changed substantially between upland and lowland rivers. These differences correspond with changes in altitude, shading, and gravel and gravel bank size. Comparison of our results with similar studies conducted in temperate Northern Hemisphere floodplains showed significant differences. Carabidae, not Lycosidae, are the dominant arthropod group in Northern Hemisphere floodplains. Wolf spider densities are higher in upper than lower reaches of rivers in the Victorian Alps, but do not change along rivers in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, carabid beetles showed similar densities between upland and lowland floodplains in Victoria, but increase in density along rivers in the Northern Hemisphere. A second, monthly sampling program on gravel banks along the Avon River (Gippsland) over a one-year period in 1996 and 1997 provided information on the life histories of eight common gravel-bank arthropods: Venatrix lapidosa, V. arenaris, two undescribed Artoria species (‘A’, ‘B’) (Lycosidae), Eudalia macleayi, Elaphropus ovensensis, Perileptus constricticeps and an unidentified Loxandrus species (‘B’) (Carabidae). Artoria sp. A and sp. B are diplochronous. Despite its smaller size, Artoria sp. B matured one month after Artoria sp. A. Lower temperatures at upland streams and rivers, the typical habitat for Artoria sp. B, may delay its development in comparison with Artoria sp. A, which is generally found further downstream. The life histories of both lycosid spiders and carabid beetles, characterised by prolonged reproductive period and short larval development, appear to have some adaptive value in regard to the disturbance-prone environment.
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WILLIAMS, MARK, THIJS R. A. VANDENBROUCKE, VINCENT PERRIER, DAVID J. SIVETER, and THOMAS SERVAIS. "A link in the chain of the Cambrian zooplankton: bradoriid arthropods invade the water column." Geological Magazine 152, no. 5 (March 5, 2015): 923–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000059.
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AbstractBradoriids are small bivalved arthropods that had global distribution for about 20 million years beginning at Cambrian Epoch 2 (c. 521 Ma). The majority of bradoriids are considered to be benthic, favouring oxygenated waters, as suggested by their anatomy, lithofacies distribution, faunal associates and provinciality. Most bradoriids were extinct by the end of the Drumian Age (middle of Cambrian Epoch 3). The post-Drumian is characterized by widespread dysoxic shelf lithofacies in southern Britain and Scandinavia and by the abundance of phosphatocopid arthropods. This interval is also associated with two bradoriid species with wide intercontinental distribution: Anabarochilina primordialis, which had a geographical range from the palaeo-tropics to high southern palaeo-latitude, and Anabarochilina australis, which extended through the palaeo-tropics from Laurentia to Gondwana. The wide environmental and geographical range of these species, coupled with a carapace anatomy that suggests an active lifestyle, is used to infer a zooplanktonic lifestyle. A possible driver of this widespread Cambrian bradoriid zooplankton was sea-level rise coupled to the periodic spread of low oxygen conditions onto continental shelves, acting in tandem with anatomical pre-adaptations for swimming. Parallels exist with the myodocope ostracod colonization of the water column during Silurian time, which may also have been influenced by extrinsic environmental controls acting on anatomical pre-adaptations for swimming. Similar biological and environmental mechanisms may have facilitated arthropod zooplankton colonizations across Phanerozoic time.
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Schoenemann, Brigitte, and Euan N. K. Clarkson. "Vision in fossilised eyes." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 106, no. 4 (December 2015): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691016000232.
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ABSTRACTThis paper presents a review of recent developments in the study of vision in fossil arthropods, beginning with a discussion of the origin of visual systems. A report of the eyes of Cambrian arthropods from different Lagerstätten, especially the compound and median arthropod eyes from the Chengjiang fauna of China, is given. Reference is made also to compound eyes from the lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale fauna of Australia and the Sirius Passet fauna of Greenland; also to the three-dimensionally preserved ‘Orsten’ fauna of Sweden. An understanding of how these eyes functioned is possible by reference to living arthropods and by using physical tools developed by physiologists. The eyes of trilobites (lower Cambrian to Upper Permian) are often very well preserved, and the structure and physiology of their calcite lenses, and the eye as a whole, are summarised here, based upon recent literature. Two main kinds of trilobite eyes have been long known. Firstly, there is the holochroal type, in which the lenses are usually numerous, small and closely packed together; this represents the ancestral kind, first found in lowermost Cambrian trilobites. The second type is the schizochroal eye, in which the lenses are relatively much larger and each is separated from its neighbours. Such eyes are confined to the single suborder Phacopina (Lower Ordovician to Upper Devonian). This visual system has no real equivalents in the animal kingdom. In this present paper, the origin of schizochroal eyes, by paedomorphosis from holochroal precursors, is reviewed, together with subsequent evolutionary transitions in the Early Ordovician. A summary of new work on the structure and mineralogy of phacopid lenses is presented, as is a discussion of the recent discovery of sublensar sensory structures in Devonian phacopids, which has opened up new dimensions in the study of trilobite vision.
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Smith, AP, and L. Broome. "The effects of season, sex and habitat on the diet of the mountain pygmy-possum (Burramys parvus)." Wildlife Research 19, no. 6 (1992): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920755.
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The mountain pygmy-possum (Burramys parvus) is a rare marsupial (approximately 2300 individuals) with a restricted distribution (10 km*3 confined to isolated patches of heath in the Australian Alps that are vulnerable to clearing and modification for ski-run development. In Mt Kosciusko National Park the diet of Burramys averaged 71% arthropods, 27% seeds and berries, and 2% other material. The diversity of arthropod prey was low and dominated by a single species, Agrotis infusa (the Bogong moth). The diversity of seed and berry intake was high (8 species) and dominated by the seed and fruit of Podocarpus lawrencei (8%) and fruit of Leucopogon montanus. The relative proportion of arthropod to seed and berry in the diet changed significantly with sex, age, reproductive state, body weight, season, elevation and habitat (Podocarpus lawrencei cover, boulder cover and moth abundance). Females had a higher intake of arthropod than males in all seasons and locations. This result is consistent with their higher protein requirement for reproduction and the need to ensure that young grow rapidly enough to gain sufficient weight to survive their first winter in hibernation. Patterns of spatial and seasonal variation in food availability explain the unique patterns of sexual segregation and daily and/or seasonal migration exhibited by Burramys. Nightly or seasonal movement is necessary to optimise exploitation of Bogong moths on high-elevation peaks in summer and seeds and berries in lower-elevation heaths during late summer and early autumn. These results signify the importance of protecting migration corridors along boulder screes, between low- and high-elevation habitats, from destruction or modification during ski-run development.
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Nicholson, Evelyn, Alan Lill, and Alan Andersen. "Do tropical savanna skink assemblages show a short-term response to low-intensity fire?" Wildlife Research 33, no. 4 (2006): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05067.
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The composition of skink assemblages at a tropical savanna site in northern Australia was documented immediately before and after low-intensity, experimental fires in the early dry season (June), and compared with the composition in neighbouring unburnt plots. The composition of the assemblage of captured skinks was not significantly affected by fire, and no change in total abundance of skinks was recorded. Arthropods constitute the principal food of the skinks and the composition of the captured arthropod samples on the treatment plots was significantly affected by the fires, with spiders, beetles and hemipterans increasing in numbers during the immediate post-fire period. Seasonal changes in captured skink assemblage composition, unrelated to the fire event, occurred between the wet–dry season transition and the early dry season. These changes were associated with variation in four weather variables and were possibly also related to seasonal reproductive activity. Our study demonstrates a high degree of resilience of savanna skinks to individual fire events; however, the longer-term effect of different fire regimes requires further investigation.
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Sallam, Mohamed N. "Classical Biological Control of Arthropods in Australia." Australian Journal of Entomology 41, no. 3 (July 2002): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6055.2002.00298.x.
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Topper, Timothy P., Christian B. Skovsted, David A. T. Harper, and Per Ahlberg. "A bradoriid and brachiopod dominated shelly fauna from the Furongian (Cambrian) of Västergötland, Sweden." Journal of Paleontology 87, no. 1 (January 2013): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12-047r.1.
Full textAbstract:
A small assemblage of shelly fossils, dominated by the brachiopod Treptotreta jucunda and the bradoriid arthropod Mongolitubulus aspermachaera new species is described from a Furongian limestone of Västergötland, south-central Sweden. Mongolitubulus aspermachaera is represented in the assemblage by individual valves and numerous, ornamented spines. Valves and spines share identical ornament and microstructure leaving no doubt that the isolated spines were once attached to the bradoriid valves. Mongolitubulus aspermachaera adds to the increasing list of spinose Cambrian bradoriid arthropods, and Mongolitubulidae new family is erected here to incorporate the genera Mongolitubulus, Tubuterium and Spinospitella. Mongolitubulus aspermachaera represents the youngest member of the new family and supplements the biodiversity of bradoriids in the Furongian, an interval when bradoriid diversity is considered to be very much on the decline. The brachiopod Treptotreta jucunda described predominantly from the ‘middle' to ‘late' Cambrian of Australia is here documented for the first time from outside Gondwana, dramatically extending the biogeographical range of the species. Other elements of the faunal assemblage include typical Baltic Furongian representatives, such as the trilobite Parabolina, the agnostoid Agnostus and the phosphatocopids Hesslandona and Vestrogothia.
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Osler, Graham H. R., Petra C. J. van Vliet, Craig S. Gauci, and Lynette K. Abbott. "Changes in free living soil nematode and micro-arthropod communities under a canola - wheat - lupin rotation in Western Australia." Soil Research 38, no. 1 (2000): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99050.
Full textAbstract:
Diversification of the crops used in wheat production systems provides alternative sources of income and can interrupt wheat pathogen lifecycles. Two important alternative crops in Western Australia are canola and lupins, which may both improve growth of following wheat. Improved growth of wheat following canola may be the consequence of biofumigation or increased root penetration by the wheat. Available nitrogen may be increased following lupins. We examined free-living soil fauna in a canola–wheat–lupin rotation near Moora, Western Australia, to determine the effects of these crops on the soil fauna. Each crop in the rotation was sampled in June, August, and October 1998. Nematodes were sorted into functional groups and arthropods were sorted to order level. Prostigmatid mites were the dominant arthropod group and they were sorted to morphospecies. An active and abundant faunal community was present under all crops, demonstrating that the canola variety in this study, Pinnacle TT, did not eliminate the free-living fauna. The structure of the mite communities changed throughout the year and the changes were different under the 3 crops. The soil arthropod communities were distinctly different under lupins compared with the other crops at the end of the growing season in 2 ways. First, 5 times more animals were present under the lupins than under wheat or canola, primarily due to an increase in the numbers of a tydeid and a tarsonemid mite species. Second, the tarsonemid species was always the second most abundant species under lupins but was infrequently the second ranked species under the other 2 crops. The soil arthropod communities were also different at the start of the growing season when the prostigmatid community under canola was dominated by a rhagidiid species, whilst under lupins and wheat a caligonellid and eupodid species dominated. The canola followed a lupin crop and therefore the difference in June may be attributed to the preceding lupins. Mite data from the lupin plots were consistent with a previously described succession from another environment. We hypothesise that if net nutrient mineralisation rates are greatest at the start of a succession then net mineralisation rates under lupins may be rapid at the end of the lupin crop and slow when the next crop is planted in the remaining lupin stubble. The difference between lupins and canola in their mite communities would then imply that net mineralisation rates are a factor creating differences between the effects of break crops on the following wheat crop.
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Paterson, John R., Diego C. García-Bellido, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. "New artiopodan arthropods from the early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale Konservat-Lagerstätte of South Australia." Journal of Paleontology 86, no. 2 (March 2012): 340–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/11-077.1.
Full textAbstract:
The Emu Bay Shale Konservat-Lagerstätte (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4) on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, is the source of two new non-biomineralized artiopodan arthropods. Squamacula buckorum n. sp. is the first record outside of China of a genus otherwise known only from its type species, S. clypeata, from the Chengjiang biota. The Australian species displays the long cephalic doublure and spiniform exopod setae that are apomorphic for this genus, provides new information on the alimentary tract and midgut glands (the latter preserved as three-dimensional, permineralized structures), and indicates interspecific variability in trunk segment numbers. The distribution of Squamacula strengthens the biogeographic connections between early Cambrian “Burgess Shale-type” biotas of Australia and South China. Australimicola spriggi n. gen. n. sp. represents a monotypic genus resolved in a cladistic analysis of Cambro-Ordovician artiopodans as most closely related to or within Conciliterga (a clade containing Helmetia, Kuamaia, Kwanyinaspis, Rhombicalvaria, Saperion, Skioldia, and Tegopelte). Compared with other members of this clade from Chengjiang and the Burgess Shale, the new genus is diagnosed by an elongate trunk with 23 thoracic tergites having spatulate pleural tips and a small pygidium possessing a single, elongate pair of pleural spines, with specimens also showing a hypostome attached to an anterior (or prehypostomal) sclerite, antennae, short endopods, an annulated alimentary tract, and a series of three-dimensional, permineralized midgut glands. An alternative relationship between Australimicola and the Early Ordovician–Early Devonian Cheloniellida explains the shared anterior flexure of trunk pleurae but forces dubious homologies in other characters, such as dorsally-articulated furcae versus spines.
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Southward, A. J., and W. A. Newman. "A review of some common Indo-Malayan and western Pacific species of Chthamalus barnacles (Crustacea: Cirripedia)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 4 (August 2003): 797–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403007835h.
Full textAbstract:
The type specimens of the common tropical intertidal barnacles Chthamalus malayensis and C. moro, were re-investigated and compared with other specimens of Chthamalus from the Indian Ocean, Indo-Malaya, northern Australia, Vietnam, China and the western Pacific, using ‘arthropodal’ as well as shell characters. Chthamalus malayensis occurs widely in Indo-Malayan and tropical Australian waters. It ranges westwards in the Indian Ocean to East Africa and northwards in the Pacific to Vietnam, China and the Ryukyu Islands. Chthamalus malayensis has the arthropodal characters attributed to it by Pope (1965); conical spines on cirrus 1 and serrate setae with basal guards on cirrus 2. Chthamalus moro is currently fully validated only for the Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan, the Xisha (Paracel) Islands, the Ryukyu Islands, the Mariana Islands, the Caroline Islands, Fiji and Samoa. It is a small species of the ‘challengeri’ subgroup, lacking conical spines on cirrus 1 and bearing pectinate setae without basal guards on cirrus 2. It may be a ‘relict’ insular species. Chthamalus challengeri also lacks conical spines on cirrus 1 and has pectinate setae without basal guards on cirrus 2. Records of C. challengeri south of Japan are probably erroneous. However, there is an undescribed species of the ‘challengeri’ subgroup in the Indian Ocean, Indo-Malaya, Vietnam and southern China and yet more may occur in the western Pacific. The subgroups ‘malayensis’ and ‘challengeri’ require genetic investigation. Some comments are included on the arthropodal characters and geographical distributions of Chthamalus antennatus, C. dalli and C. stellatus.