Journal articles: 'Artesian spring'

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Fensham, R. J., R. J. Fairfax, and P. R. Sharpe. "Spring wetlands in seasonally arid Queensland: floristics, environmental relations, classification and conservation values." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 5 (2004): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03171.

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The vegetation and environmental setting of permanent spring wetlands are described from a survey of 269 spring complexes throughout seasonally arid Queensland. Wetlands associated with springs in the western and southern discharge areas of the Great Artesian Basin are floristically distinct from other spring wetlands. Ordination analysis suggests that the biogeographic regions and the broad geological substrates that support spring wetlands provide a meaningful representation of floristic range. An existing classificatory system that defines ‘regional ecosystems’ on the basis of the biogeographic region and broad geological substrate is adopted to define 15 spring-wetland types in seasonally arid Queensland. The conservation value of the springs is assessed by a scheme that weights plant species populations on the basis of their endemicity and isolation from other populations, demonstrating that both Great Artesian Basin and non-Great Artesian Basin springs have similar conservation values.

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PONDER, W. F., W. H. ZHANG, A. HALLAN, and M. E. SHEA. "New taxa of Tateidae (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea) from springs associated with the Great Artesian Basin and Einasleigh Uplands, Queensland, with the description of two related taxa from eastern coastal drainages." Zootaxa 4583, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4583.1.1.

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Species from artesian springs associated with the Queensland Great Artesian Basin that were previously included in the tateid genus Jardinella are included in three new genera, namely Eulodrobia, with six species, five of them new and all from the Eulo Supergroup; Springvalia, with one species from the Springvale Supergroup; and Carnarvoncochlea with two previously-described species, from the Carnarvon Supergroup. The genus Edgbastonia is extended to include eight previously described species, in addition to the type species, and four new species-group taxa from the Barcaldine Supergroup springs; all but the type species are included in the new subgenus Barcaldinia. Three new species from non-artesian springs in north Queensland are included in Edgbastonia, one of them tentatively. Two additional related new genera, both with a single new species, are described from outside the Great Artesian Basin; Conondalia from southeast Queensland and Nundalia from north-eastern New South Wales. The genus Jardinella, previously used for all the Queensland spring tateids, is here restricted to three species found in coastal rivers and streams in northeast Queensland. A molecular phylogenetic analysis using COI and 16S mitochondrial genes in combination suggests that the Queensland Great Artesian Basin taxa may be more closely related to the tateid genera Austropyrgus, Pseudotricula, Posticobia and Potamopyrgus than to the South Australian GAB taxa, thus indicating the separate origins of these two desert spring faunas.

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Myazina, N. G., and E. B. Savilova. "Hydrogeochemical characteristics of fresh waters in the springs of salt dome territories of the Cis-Urals region." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1010, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012007.

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Abstract The article presents the results of a study on the geochemistry of fresh water from natural sources (springs) in the salt dome territories of the Pre-Ural Artesian Basin. Spring waters are understudied; they are not classified according to their chemical composition and purpose. The research area is the territory of the Pre-Ural Artesian Basin in Orenburg Region with salt-gypsum tectonics. There are numerous springs with fresh water suitable for household and drinking purposes there. Springs with mineralization from 156 to 806 mg/dm3 of mixed composition, sulfate-chloride, sulfate-bicarbonate, bicarbonate and calcium and magnesium-calcium, sodium-magnesium-calcium are related to gypsum fields and salt dome structures. The total hardness varies from 3.5 to 10.27 mg/eq/l from moderately hard to extremely hard. The conclusion on the quantitative and qualitative assessment of spring waters should be made by prospecting and exploration activities with experimental filtration activities and assessment of reserves.

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Rossini, R. A., R. J. Fensham, and G. H. Walter. "Determining optimal sampling strategies for monitoring threatened endemic macro-invertebrates in Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 5 (2016): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15023.

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Conservation concern for imperilled invertebrates grows but action is stalled by data deficiency. Great Artesian Basin springs present a textbook case; they are hotspots for endemic invertebrate diversity, but a persistent struggle to conserve them remains because of a lack of data. Spring research outside Australia suggests that biases created by sampling regimes make compiling and comparing disparate data sources problematic. We compared existing methods and their efficacy for sampling diversity and abundance of spring macro-invertebrates (>1mm) associated with sediment and vegetation within limnocrenic wetlands characteristic of Australian arid-zone artesian springs, with the aim of presenting an optimum sampling strategy. The three methods tested gave similar estimates of richness, but measures of abundance for each taxon were sensitive to method choice. Both richness and abundance were significantly different among springs and areas within each spring. Direct method comparisons such as this ensure consistency and comparability between past and future studies and provide a framework for future monitoring. Species richness can be assessed rapidly and disparate data sources can be combined. However, assessments requiring abundance will need to be sensitive to the biases created by species identity, method and area.

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Fensham, R. J., R. J. Fairfax, D. Pocknee, and J. Kelley. "Vegetation patterns in permanent spring wetlands in arid Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 6 (2004): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04043.

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A transect-based quadrat survey was conducted within 11 spring wetlands fed by permanent groundwater flows from the Great Artesian Basin at Elizabeth Springs in western Queensland. Flow patterns within individual wetlands change with sedimentation associated with mound building, siltation of abandoned drains and changes in aquifer pressure associated with artificial extraction from bores. The pattern of floristic groups for the wetland quadrats was poorly related to soil texture, water pH, slope and topographic position. Patterns were most clearly related to wetland age as determined from aerial photography, with a clear successional sequence from mono-specific stands of Cyperus laevigatus on newly formed wetland areas to more diverse wetland assemblages. However, evidence from other Great Artesian Basin springs suggests that succession can also result in reduced species richness where the palatable tall reed Phragmites australis develops mono-specific stands.

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DRAGANITS, ERICH, and CHRISTOPH JANDA. "Subaqueous artesian springs and associated spring pits in a Himalayan pond." Boreas 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03009480301817.

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DRAGANITS, ERICH, and CHRISTOPH JANDA. "Subaqueous artesian springs and associated spring pits in a Himalayan pond." Boreas 32, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2003.tb01096.x.

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8

Fairfax, R., R. Fensham, R. Wager, S. Brooks, A. Webb, and P. Unmack. "Recovery of the red-finned blue-eye: an endangered fish from springs of the Great Artesian Basin." Wildlife Research 34, no. 2 (2007): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06086.

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The red-finned blue-eye (Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis) is endemic to a single complex of springs emanating from the Great Artesian Basin, Australia. The species has been recorded as naturally occurring in eight separate very shallow (generally <20 mm) springs, with a combined wetland area of ~0.3 ha. Since its discovery in 1990, five red-finned blue-eye (RFBE) populations have been lost and subsequent colonisation has occurred in two spring wetlands. Current population size is estimated at <3000 individuals. Artesian bores have reduced aquifer pressure, standing water levels and spring-flows in the district. There is evidence of spatial separation within the spring pools where RFBE and the introduced fish gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki) co-occur, although both species are forced together when seasonal extremes affect spring size and water temperature. Gambusia was present in four of the five springs where RFBE populations have been lost. Four out of the five remaining subpopulations of RFBE are Gambusia free. Circumstantial evidence suggests that gambusia is a major threat to red-finned blue-eyes. The impact of Gambusia is probably exacerbated by domestic stock (cattle and sheep), feral goats and pigs that utilise the springs and can negatively affect water quality and flow patterns. Three attempts to translocate RFBE to apparently suitable springs elsewhere within the complex have failed. Opportunities to mitigate threats are discussed, along with directions for future research to improve management of this extremely threatened fish and habitat.

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9

Myazina, N. G. "Assessment of hydromineral resources of the southern part of the Pre-Ural Foredeep on the example of spring waters for household use and balneotherapy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1070, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1070/1/012001.

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Abstract The results of the research devoted to the geochemistry of natural sources of springs on the territory of the Pre-Ural Artesian Basin are relevant, since the springs are understudied and are not classified according to their chemical composition and purpose. The southern area of the Pre-Ural Artesian Basin with salt-gypsum tectonics was studied. There are many springs with various chemical compositions there. The prevailing salinity level of spring waters varies from 197 to 941 mg/l, with total hardness of 1.33-5.5 mg-eq/l, and with good quality drinking water. The goal was achieved. The hydrogeological conditions and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the source waters were studied. Analogues of mineral waters of the group without “specific” components and properties of the Krainsky and Varninsky types with the salinity level from 1.2-3.36 g/dm3 are found by comparative analysis: sulfate, bicarbonate-sulfate, sulfate-bicarbonate calcium, magnesium-calcium waters. Springs with high salinity sodium chloride leaching waters with 124 g/dm3 for balneotherapy are associated with salt dome structures. A certificate on the exact possible therapeutic properties of spring mineral waters can be issued by the Institutes of Health Research Study after research.

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Khasanah, Ni’matul, Lisa Tanika, Lalu Deden Yuda Pratama, Beria Leimona, Endro Prasetiyo, Fitri Marulani, Adis Hendriatna, Mukhammad Thoha Zulkarnain, Alix Toulier, and Meine van Noordwijk. "Groundwater-Extracting Rice Production in the Rejoso Watershed (Indonesia) Reducing Urban Water Availability: Characterisation and Intervention Priorities." Land 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060586.

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Production landscapes depend on, but also affect, ecosystem services. In the Rejoso watershed (East Java, Indonesia), uncontrolled groundwater use for paddies reduces flow of lowland pressure-driven artesian springs that supply drinking water to urban stakeholders. Analysis of the water balance suggested that the decline by about 30% in spring discharge in the past decades is attributed for 47 and 53%, respectively, to upland degradation and lowland groundwater abstraction. Consequently, current spring restoration efforts support upland agroforestry development while aiming to reduce lowland groundwater wasting. To clarify spatial and social targeting of lowland interventions five clusters (replicable patterns) of lowland paddy farming were distinguished from spatial data on, among other factors, reliance on river versus artesian wells delivering groundwater, use of crop rotation, rice yield, fertiliser rates and intensity of rodent control. A survey of farming households (461 respondents), complemented and verified through in-depth interviews and group discussions, identified opportunities for interventions and associated risks. Changes in artesian well design, allowing outflow control, can support water-saving, sustainable paddy cultivation methods. With rodents as a major yield-reducing factor, solutions likely depend on more synchronized planting calendars and thus on collective action for effectiveness at scale. Interventions based on this design are currently tested.

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Präg, Melissa, Ivy Becker, Christoph Hilgers, Thomas R. Walter, and Michael Kühn. "Thermal UAS survey of reactivated hot spring activity in Waiwera, New Zealand." Advances in Geosciences 54 (December 3, 2020): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-165-2020.

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Abstract. The utilization of geothermal reservoirs as alternative energy source is becoming increasingly important worldwide. Through close-range aerial photogrammetry realized by unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), this study investigates the surface expression of a leaking warm water reservoir in Waiwera, New Zealand, that has been known for many centuries but remained little explored. Due to overproduction during the 1960s and 1970s the reservoir has suffered significant pressure reduction, which resulted in the loss of artesian conditions and led to the desiccation of the hot springs in close succession. However, shortly after the recent shutdown of the primary user (Waiwera Thermal Resort & Spa) renewed artesian activity was reported by locals but no hot spring activity has been observed so far. Therefore, this study was carried out in October 2019 to assess the actual conditions of thermal activity in the area of the former hot springs. UAS with coupled thermal infrared cameras were used for thermal mapping and the obtained data show renewed activity of the hot springs on the beachfront of Waiwera. Faults and fractures were identified as important fluid pathways, as well as individual fluid conducting lithologies.

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Kern, P. L., and A. S. Kutt. "Birds of Edgbaston Reserve, central-western Queensland, including notes on significant and threatened species." Australian Field Ornithology 38 (2021): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo38066077.

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Localities at the intersection of bioclimatic zones can produce interesting bird-community assemblages. Edgbaston Reserve, in central-western Queensland, known for the high biodiversity of its artesian springs complex, sits within the intersection of the Torresian, Bassian and Eyrean bioclimatic zones and straddles the intersection of two bioregions on the western edge of the Great Dividing Range. Here we present bird records accumulated through standardised surveys and opportunistic observations. A total of 143 species of birds was detected on Edgbaston Reserve. From these data we report on notable species recorded and the significance of the avifauna community found on this Reserve. In addition to Edgbaston conserving artesian-spring habitat and threatened aquatic species, we highlight the importance of this Reserve for the preservation of woodland and arid birds.

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Halihan, Todd, Andrew Love, Mark Keppel, Meghan K. M. Dailey, Volmer Berens, and Daniel Wohling. "Evidence for groundwater mixing at Freeling Spring Group, South Australia." Hydrogeology Journal 28, no. 1 (December 4, 2019): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02069-x.

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AbstractWater sampling at springs that are a part of the Freeling Spring Group, South Australia, was used along with electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) data to evaluate the sources and pathways for groundwater to the springs and to find evidence of mixing between the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) aquifer system (Algebuckina Sandstone, Cadna-owie Formation and lateral equivalents) and waters from the adjacent mountain block basement (MB) aquifer. Five springs and a well were used to evaluate spring chemistry; multi-electrode resistivity data were collected along three orientations over the Freeling Spring site. The resistivity data indicate three independent electrically conductive curvilinear features connected to the spring. These features are evidence of mixing at the spring vent similar to what would be predicted from traditional hydraulic flownets. The chemistry of the spring water samples indicates that the water emanating from the Freeling Spring Group is a mixture of waters from both the GAB and the MB aquifers, supporting the geophysical evidence. The data suggest mixing occurs along a fracture in the body of the MB and porous media flow in the GAB beds, but the system is dominated by the GAB flow, which provides approximately 90% of the discharge.

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Fensham, R. J., and R. J. Fairfax. "Spring wetlands of the Great Artesian Basin, Queensland, Australia." Wetlands Ecology and Management 11, no. 5 (October 2003): 343–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:wetl.0000005532.95598.e4.

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Cox, Walter D., Lei Meng, C. Prakash Khedun, Anna Nordfelt, and Steven M. Quiring. "Discharge variability for an artesian spring of the Edwards Aquifer: Comal Springs (1933â2007)." International Journal of Climatology 29, no. 15 (December 2009): 2324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1871.

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Gellie, Nick, Kieren Beaumont, Duncan Mackay, Molly Whalen, and Laurence Clarke. "Growth responses of Baumea juncea (Cyperaceae) plants from inland artesian spring and coastal habitats to salinity and waterlogging treatments." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 6 (2015): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15005.

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Artesian springs of arid inland Australia provide permanent water that supports naturally fragmented wetland communities. Some plant species that occur at springs have more extensive populations in coastal wetland areas of Australia where they may experience quite different environmental conditions. The present study investigated the growth response of one such species, Baumea juncea (R.Br.) Palla (Cyperaceae), to salinity and waterlogging. Plants from each region were subjected to combinations of salinity (freshwater or 20% seawater) and waterlogging (unsaturated or saturated soil), in a factorial design, for a period of 5 months. All plants survived and although the final aboveground biomasses did not differ significantly among the treatment combinations, for spring plants, the relative growth of roots was greater in unsaturated soil than in saturated soil. For the growth parameters of total biomass, culm biomass and rhizome biomass, spring and coastal plants showed contrasting responses to the treatment combinations; for spring plants in fresh water, these parameters were greater in the saturated treatment than in the unsaturated treatment, whereas for spring plants in saline water, these variables were lower in the saturated treatment than in the unsaturated treatment. Coastal plants displayed the reverse pattern. For the remaining parameters of root biomass, root : culm ratio and aboveground : belowground biomass ratio, plants from spring and coastal regions grown under saline conditions displayed contrasting responses to waterlogging. Our findings showed that the growth responses of plants of B. juncea to waterlogging and salinity differ for spring and coastal plants, suggesting potential differential adaptation by populations in these disjunct and distinct environments.

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Gao, Zongjun, Jiutan Liu, Xingyong Xu, Qingbing Wang, Min Wang, Jianguo Feng, and Tengfei Fu. "Temporal Variations of Spring Water in Karst Areas: A Case Study of Jinan Spring Area, Northern China." Water 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041009.

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Jinan is known as “Spring City,” because of its famous 72 artesian springs. Spring water plays an important role in the social and economic development of Jinan. However, the accelerating process of urbanization and more intensive human activities have significantly affected the Jinan springs. Based on the data from four spring groups (2015–2018), the hydrochemical characteristics of spring water were analyzed and 14 parameters were selected to evaluate the quality of spring water. In addition, the main ions variation characteristics of spring water in Jinan from 1958 to 2018 were analyzed, based on the previous studies. Subsequently, the spring flow dynamics of the Jinan spring area from 1958 to 2012 were also discussed. Overall, the water quality of the four spring groups is good. The chemical composition of the spring water is mainly controlled by the dissolution of calcite, followed by dolomite, and de-dolomitization. However, spring water is affected by human activities, and the hydrochemical type tends to evolve from HCO3-Ca to HCO3·SO4-Ca or HCO3-Ca·Mg. From 1958 to 2013, the main ions in spring water increased, while a relatively steady and certain fluctuation trend was observed from 2015 to 2018. Since 1958, the spring water flow in Jinan has experienced four stages, from decline to recovery. The exploitation of karst groundwater, change of land use type, and decrease of atmospheric precipitation are the three most important factors, affecting spring discharge dynamics. The slowdown of the increase of the main ion concentration in Jinan spring water and the resumption of spring water flowing indicate that remarkable achievements have been made to protect spring water, but there is still a long way to go to fully protect Jinan spring water.

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Hinzer, Ilka, Manuel Altherr, Rodolfo Christiansen, Jürgen Schreuer, and Stefan Wohnlich. "Characterisation of an artesian groundwater system in the Valle de Iglesia in the Central Andes of Argentina." International Journal of Earth Sciences 110, no. 7 (June 4, 2021): 2559–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-02058-0.

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AbstractDespite its location in the “Arid Diagonal” of South America, the Valle de Iglesia contains a number of artesian springs, the most important of which are the Baños Pismanta thermal springs, which release water at ~ 45 °C. Despite the scarcity of water resources in the Valle de Iglesia, there have been few attempts to study these springs in any detail. In this study, > 50 springs are described, each characterised by small volcano-like mud structures up to 15 m tall. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical analyses of the groundwater system in the Valle de Iglesia were performed to improve our understanding of the subsurface water flow and of the connections between the subsurface water and the associated systems of faults and springs. Site measurements were made, and the concentrations of the main ions and trace elements were also determined by laboratory analysis of water samples. The samples obtained from the spring were rich in Na–HCO3–SO4 and Na–SO4–HCO3, but the surface water samples from the Agua Negra River were rich in Ca–SO4–HCO3. The temperature of the springs was in the range 20–45 °C. Both the temperatures and the ionic ratios are compatible with the presence of a deep hydraulic circulation system. The oxidation of sulphide minerals nearby the magmatic rocks and volcanic edifices causes the mobilisation of arsenic, which accumulates in the groundwater due to the low annual rainfall. The concentrations of arsenic in the spring water samples were therefore higher than the current limit set by the World Health Organisation, meaning that the water is not suitable for human consumption.

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Kerezsy, Adam, and Rod Fensham. "Conservation of the endangered red-finned blue-eye, Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis, and control of alien eastern gambusia, Gambusia holbrooki, in a spring wetland complex." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 9 (2013): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12236.

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The red-finned blue-eye is the only pseudomugilid fish known from inland Australia and it is found only within an isolated cluster of Great Artesian Basin springs on Edgbaston Reserve in central-western Queensland. Surveys conducted in early 2009 revealed that red-finned blue-eye was present in four individual springs and that invasion of the spring complex by alien eastern gambusia was the most likely factor contributing to local extirpations. A three-year project commenced in the same year, with the twin aims of investigating methods for removing gambusia from springs and relocating small populations of red-finned blue-eye to fish-free springs. Gambusia removal with rotenone has been successful in a trial spring at Edgbaston and aquatic invertebrates have not been adversely affected. From a total of seven relocation events conducted in the same period, red-finned blue-eye populations have persisted in three. The results indicate that gambusia removal and red-finned blue-eye relocation are both suitable methods for red-finned blue-eye conservation, and as the fish is both endangered and declining, these methods and other strategies such as captive breeding should be implemented to prevent species extinction.

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Briois, François, Béatrix Midant-Reynes, Sylvie Marchand, Yann Tristant, Michel Wuttmann, Morgan De Dapper, Joséphine Lesur, and Claire Newton. "Neolithic occupation of an artesian spring: KS043 in the Kharga Oasis, Egypt." Journal of Field Archaeology 37, no. 3 (August 2012): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0093469012z.00000000018.

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Bertinato, Jesse, and Jessica Taylor. "Mineral Concentrations in Bottled Water Products: Implications for Canadians’ Mineral Intakes." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 74, no. 1 (March 2013): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/74.1.2013.46.

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Purpose: The popularity of bottled water products (BWPs) is growing in Canada. Concentrations of minerals with important implications for health were compared in different types of BWPs. Methods: One sample of each brand and type of plain BWP (purified, remineralized, spring, mineral, and artesian), flavoured BWP, and nutrient-enriched BWP sold in major stores in Ottawa, Ontario, was purchased to allow determination of mineral concentrations by flame atomic absorption or emission spectroscopy. A total of 124 BWPs representing 37 brands were analyzed. Results: In general, spring and mineral water contained higher amounts of magnesium and calcium than did purified, remineralized, artesian, flavoured, or nutrient-enriched water. Most plain BWPs contained little sodium and potassium, whereas 15% to 35% of flavoured and nutrient-enriched products had considerably higher concentrations. Only magnesium and calcium concentrations were highly correlated (r=0.76, p<0.001). Calculation of the percentage of Dietary Reference Intakes that could be supplied by each product revealed that, if they are consumed habitually, many products can contribute substantially to recommended intakes of these minerals. Conclusions: Mineral concentrations in most types of BWP varied, but distinct differences between types of products were identified. Consumers should be aware of the mineral content of BWPs because some could influence intakes of certain minerals significantly.

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Robertson, Hannah L., and Nicholas P. Murphy. "16 microsatellite loci for the Australian Great Artesian Basin spring amphipod, Wangiannachiltonia guzikae." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 2 (2013): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13011.

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454 Next Generation sequencing was used to develop a set of microsatellite markers for the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) amphipod, Wangiannachiltonia guzikae. Primers were designed for 42 microsatellite loci. A total of 22 loci were successfully amplified and 16 characterised using 30 individuals from a single GAB spring population. Across these 16 loci, observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.000 to 0.818 (mean = 0.445) and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 12 (mean = 6.688). Of these 16 loci, however, only 10 were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, though all 16 loci should be retained for further studies in the event that stochastic events affected equilibrium of this single population.

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Buymova, S. A., and A. G. Bubnov. "The Health Risk from Drinking Spring and Bottled Artesian Water of Central Russia." Environment and Ecology Research 1, no. 2 (September 2013): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/eer.2013.010204.

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Davies, Richard J. P., Duncan A. Mackay, and Molly A. Whalen. "Competitive effects of Phragmites australis on the endangered artesian spring endemic Eriocaulon carsonii." Aquatic Botany 92, no. 4 (May 2010): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2009.12.003.

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Garbaras, Andrius, Raminta Skipitytė, Justina Šapolaitė, Žilvinas Ežerinskis, and Vidmantas Remeikis. "Seasonal Variation in Stable Isotope Ratios of Cow Milk in Vilnius Region, Lithuania." Animals 9, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9030069.

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Various studies have shown that stable isotope analysis has the potential to verify the geographic origin of foods and drinks. However, stable isotope composition is not always constant in the environment and can even change in the same area. Dairy products are of particular interest as a group of foods that play an important role in feeding the population. The composition of milk is fundamentally dependent on the feeding of the cows, and thereby on a particular environment. To better understand the amount of variation in δ18O, δ13C, and δ15N values in the milk from the same area, we measured stable isotope ratios in cow milk water, artesian water, and precipitation (δ18O) as well as in bulk milk samples (δ13C and δ15N) collected in 2014–2016. Different water and food sources were available during the winter (artesian water only and dry grass) and summer (artesian water and fresh grass), and spring and autumn seasons reflected transitional periods. Oxygen stable isotope ratios in milk water were relatively lower in winter and transitional seasons and higher in summer, showing the dependence on the main water source. δ13C values reflected particular food sources. This study shows the applicability of the stable isotope ratio method in linking cow milk to specific environments and reveals the amount of variation in stable isotope ratios in the same area. These results could be valuable for other studies on geographical origin determination of dairy products.

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Ball, Christopher L., and Ronald L. Crawford. "Bacterial diversity within the planktonic community of an artesian water supply." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 246–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w05-108.

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Culture and molecular methods were used to describe the planktonic bacterial diversity of an artesian water supply in rural Latah County, Idaho, within the drainage of a small perennial stream, Thorn Creek. The surrounding depth to groundwater at this location is thought to be significant (>100 m), and this transitional zone (basalt–granite) of the Palouse aquifer system is little studied. The water produced by this artesian source is consistent even in years of drought and is of high quality, both mineralogically and microbiologically. A culture-based analysis using 30 media types and four incubation temperatures demonstrated that several metabolic types were present in the water. 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from the DNA of pooled cultured cells and from the DNA extracted from 1 L of the source water were compared using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the two DNA samples did not have similar 16S rRNA gene compositions and that several uncultured phyla were present in the community DNA sample. These results indicated that large-scale culturing did not accurately represent the structure planktonic community. 16S rRNA gene sequences from 17 different genera were obtained from the community DNA sample; the most abundant were similar to Rhodoferax, Rhodobacter, and Polaromonas species. Sequences related to the Proteo bacteria, Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi, Firmicutes, and Acidobacterium/Fibrobacter divisions were also detected.Key words: artesian spring, bacterial diversity, DGGE, 16S rRNA, enrichment culture.

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Inverarity, Kent, Michael Hatch, and Graham Heinson. "Electrical geophysics of carbonate mound spring complexes of the South- Western Great Artesian Basin." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (December 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2013ab190.

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Perez, Kathryn E., Winston F. Ponder, Donald J. Colgan, Stephanie A. Clark, and Charles Lydeard. "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of spring-associated hydrobiid snails of the Great Artesian Basin, Australia." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34, no. 3 (March 2005): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.020.

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Eleršek, Tina, and Janez Mulec. "The algal community at an ecocline of a cold sulphidic spring (Sovra artesian borehole, Slovenia)." Environmental Earth Sciences 71, no. 12 (November 17, 2013): 5255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2928-4.

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Prescott, J. R., and M. A. Habermehl. "Luminescence dating of spring mound deposits in the southwestern Great Artesian Basin, northern South Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 2 (March 2008): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120090701689340.

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Zamzow and Chambers. "Potential Impacts to Wetlands and Water Bodies Due to Mineral Exploration, Pebble Copper-Gold Prospect, Southwest Alaska." Environments 6, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6070084.

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There is little information in the literature about the impacts of mineral exploration drilling on natural waters. A copper-gold-molybdenum mining deposit in Alaska was heavily explored until 2012 and partially reclaimed; however, full reclamation of drill sites remained incomplete in 2016. Copper is sub-lethally toxic to salmon, a highly-valued resource in this area. Of 109 sites inspected, 9 sites had confirmed impacts due to un-reclaimed drill-holes or drill waste disposal practices. At seven sites artesian waters at the drill stem resulted in surface water or sediment elevated in aluminum, iron, copper, or zinc with neutral pH. Copper concentrations at artesian sites were <0.4, 0.7, 2, 7, 15, 76, and 215 µg/L; the latter four exceed water quality criteria. Drilling waste is known to have been disposed of in ponds and unlined sumps. At one of five ponds sampled, copper declined from 51 to 8 µg/L over nine years. At the one sump area with historical data, copper increased from 0.3 to 1.8 µg/L at a downgradient wetland spring over five years. This research identifies contaminant types and sources and can be used to guide future ecotoxicity studies and improve regulatory oversight.

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Inverarity, K., G. Heinson, and M. Hatch. "Groundwater flow underneath mound spring tufas from geophysical surveys in the southwestern Great Artesian Basin, Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 63, no. 7 (October 2, 2016): 857–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2016.1261942.

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Worthington Wilmer, Jessica, Lynde Murray, Ché Elkin, Chris Wilcox, Darren Niejalke, and Hugh Possingham. "Catastrophic Floods May Pave the Way for Increased Genetic Diversity in Endemic Artesian Spring Snail Populations." PLoS ONE 6, no. 12 (December 20, 2011): e28645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028645.

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STAGGEMEIER, Rodrigo, Marina BORTOLUZZI, Tatiana Moraes da Silva HECK, Fernando Rosado SPILKI, and Sabrina Esteves de Matos ALMEIDA. "QUANTITATIVE VS. CONVENTIONAL PCR FOR DETECTION OF HUMAN ADENOVIRUSES IN WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 57, no. 4 (August 2015): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652015000400005.

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SUMMARY Human Adenoviruses (HAdV) are notably resistant in the environment. These agents may serve as effective indicators of fecal contamination, and may act as causative agents of a number of different diseases in human beings. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and, more recently, quantitative PCR (qPCR) are widely used for detection of viral agents in environmental matrices. In the present study PCR and SYBR(r)Green qPCR assays were compared for detection of HAdV in water (55) and sediments (20) samples of spring and artesian wells, ponds and streams, collected from dairy farms. By the quantitative methodology HAdV were detected in 87.3% of the water samples and 80% of the sediments, while by the conventional PCR 47.3% and 35% were detected in water samples and sediments, respectively.

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Fensham, R. J., and R. J. Price. "Ranking spring wetlands in the Great Artesian Basin of Australia using endemicity and isolation of plant species." Biological Conservation 119, no. 1 (September 2004): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.019.

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36

Wood, Spencer H., Caroline Wurts, Ted Lane, Nick Ballenger, Mary Shaleen, and Dolores Totorica. "The Borah Peak, Idaho Earthquake of October 28, 1983—Hydrologic Effects." Earthquake Spectra 2, no. 1 (November 1985): 127–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585305.

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Spectacular groundwater effects accompanied the October 28, 1983 Idaho earthquake (Ms = 7.3). Groundwater discharge increased from many springs and base flow of major rivers significantly increased over an 18,000 km2 region. In the epicentral area a 35-m surge in artesian pressure produced spectacular bursts of muddy water from carbonate bedrock hills at Chilly Buttes. This pressure surge was also manifested as a 1.4-km long zone of large sand boils erupted through the valley alluvium. At Smith's Fish Hatchery, sediment eroded by the surge of water clogged the fresh spring-water supply inlet pipes and led to suffocation of the entire crop of trout. North of the epicentral area a major warm springs dried up for 8 days and then recommenced flowing at an ever increasing rate until it stabilized at about 9 times the pre-earthquake flow. This flow of about 1400 l/s caused severe bank erosion of pastureland until diverted into an artificially excavated channel. At Clayton Silver Mine, 50 km north of the epicenter, increased seepage into the underground mine workings overwhelmed the mine-pump capacity and flooded the 330-meter level within 14 hrs. Thirty kms south of the epicenter a 200,000 m3 mudflow was apparently caused by increased spring flows. The valley fill failed two days after the earthquake and devastated a 3.5-km reach of Lupine Creek valley. Similar coseismic and post-seismic hydrologic effects were reported in studies of the 1952 Kern County, California earthquake, and the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana earthquake. Several mechanisms for these hydrologic phenomena are considered, but the most plausible cause is the sudden release of elastic strain in aquifer rocks. Sudden strain release of elastic rebound increases pore pressure in some confined aquifers thus leading to increase in discharge from springs that contribute to the base flow of major rivers.

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Sluys, Ronald, Lauryne J. Grant, and David Blair. "Freshwater planarians from artesian springs in Queensland, Australia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)." Contributions to Zoology 76, no. 1 (2007): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07601002.

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Two new species of triclad flatworm are described from artesian springs in Queensland, Australia, viz. Dugesia artesiana Sluys and Grant, sp. nov. and Weissius capaciductus Sluys, gen. et sp. nov. Some historical biogeographic scenarios are discussed that may explain the occurrence of the new species and their close relatives in Australia.

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Mogi, K., H. Mochizuki, and Y. Kurokawa. "Temperature changes in an artesian spring at Usami in the Izu Peninsula (Japan) and their relation to earthquakes." Tectonophysics 159, no. 1-2 (February 1989): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90172-8.

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Huntoon, Peter W. "Variability of karstic permeability between unconfined and confined aquifers, Grand Canyon region, Arizona." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 6, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.6.2.155.

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Abstract Most of the ground water in the Grand Canyon region circulates to springs in the canyon through the thick, deeply buried, karstified Cambrian-Mississippian carbonate section. These rocks are collectively called the lower Paleozoic carbonates and comprise the Redwall-Muav aquifer where saturated. The morphologies of the caves in the Grand Canyon are primarily a function of whether the carbonates are unconfined or confined, a distinction that has broad significance for ground-water exploration and which appears to be generally transferable to other carbonate regions. Caves in unconfined high-gradient environments tend to be highly localized, partially saturated, simple tubes, whereas those in confined low-gradient settings are saturated 2- or even 3-dimensional mazes. The highly heterogeneous, widely spaced conduits in the unconfined settings make for difficult drilling targets, whereas the more ubiquitously distributed mazes in confined settings are far easier to target. The distinctions between the storage characteristics within the two classes are more important. There is minimal ground-water storage in the unconfined systems because cave passages tend to be more widely spaced and are partially drained. In contrast, there is maximum storage in the saturated mazes in the confined systems. Consequently, system responses to major storm recharge events in the unconfined systems are characterized by flow-through hydraulics. Spring discharge from the unconfined systems tends to be both flashy and highly variable from season to season, but total dissolved solids are small. In contrast, the pulse-through hydraulics in the artesian systems cause fluctuations in spring discharge to be highly moderated and, in the larger basins, remarkably steady. Both total dissolved solids and temperatures in the waters from the confined aquifers tend to be elevated because most of the water is derived from storage. The large artesian systems that drain to the Grand Canyon derive water from areally extensive, deep basins where the water has been geothermally heated somewhat above mean ambient air temperatures. Karst permeability is created by the flow system, so dissolution permeability develops most rapidly in those volumes of carbonate aquifers where flow concentrates. Predicting where the permeability should be best developed in a carbonate section involves determining where flow has been concentrated in the geologic past by examining the geometry and hydraulic boundary conditions of the flow field. Karstification can be expected to maximize in those locations provided enough geologic time has elapsed to allow dissolution to adjust to the imposed boundary conditions. The rate of adjustment in the Grand Canyon region appears to be related to the degree of saturation. The artesian systems are far better adjusted to hydraulic gradients than the unconfined systems, a finding that probably implies that there is greater contact between the solvent and rock in the saturated systems. These findings are not arcane distinctions. Rather, successful exploration for ground water and management of the resource is materially improved by recognition of the differences between the types of karst present. For example, the unsaturated conduit karsts in the uplifts make for highly localized, high risk drilling targets and involve aquifers with very limited storage. The conduits have highly variable flow rates, but they carry good quality water largely derived from seasonal flow-through from the surface areas drained. In contrast, the saturated basin karsts, with more ubiquitous dissolutional permeability enhancement, provide areally extensive low risk drilling targets with large ground-water storage. The ground water in these settings is generally of lesser quality because it is derived mostly from long term storage.

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A. Rossini, Renee A., Roderick J. Fensham, and Gimme H. Walter. "Different Species Requirements within a Heterogeneous Spring Complex Affects Patch Occupancy of Threatened Snails in Australian Desert Springs." Water 12, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 2942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102942.

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(1) The distribution of organisms that inhabit patchy systems is dictated by their ability to move between patches, and the suitability of environmental conditions at patches to which they disperse. Understanding whether the species involved are identical to one another in their environmental requirements and their responses to variance in their environment is essential to understanding ecological processes in these systems, and to the management of species whose patchy and limited distributions present conservation risks. (2) Artesian springs in Australia’s arid interior are “islands” of hospitable wetland in uninhabitable “oceans” of dry land and are home to diverse and threatened assemblages of endemic species with severely restricted distributions. Many have strict environmental requirements, but the role of environmental heterogeneity amongst springs has rarely been considered alongside conventional patch characteristics (isolation and patch geometry). (3) We quantified environmental heterogeneity across springs, and the relationship between spring size, isolation (distances to neighbours) and environmental quality (depth, water chemistry), and patterns of occupancy and population persistence of six endemic spring snail species, all from different families, and with all restricted to a single <8000 ha system of springs in Australia. To do so, a survey was conducted for comparison against survey results of almost a decade before, and environmental variables of the springs were measured. Many of the snail species occupied few sites, and environmental variables strongly covaried, so an ordination-based approach was adopted to assess the relationship between environmental measures and the distribution of each species, and also whether springs that held a higher diversity of snails had specific characteristics. (4) Each snail species occupied a subset of springs (between 5% and 36% of the 85 sampled) and was associated with a particular set of conditions. Of the six species considered in further detail, most were restricted to the few springs that were large and deep. Species in family Tateidae were distinct in having colonised highly isolated springs (with >300 m to nearest neighbour). Springs with highest diversity were significantly larger, deeper and had more numerous neighbours within 300 m than those devoid of endemic snails, or those with low diversity. (5) Although spring size and isolation affect patterns of occupancy, the six snail species had significantly different environmental requirements from one another and these correlated with the distribution pattern of each. Approaches that ignore the role of environmental quality—and particularly depth in springs—are overlooking important processes outside of patch geometry that influence diversity. These organisms are highly susceptible to extinction, as most occupy less than 3 ha of habitat spread across few springs, and habitat degradation continues to compromise what little wetland area is needed for their persistence.

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Marks, C. R., B. S. Stevenson, S. Rudd, and P. A. Lawson. "Nitrospira-dominated biofilm within a thermal artesian spring: a case for nitrification-driven primary production in a geothermal setting." Geobiology 10, no. 5 (June 21, 2012): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00335.x.

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42

Franchi, Fulvio, and Silvia Frisia. "Crystallization pathways in the Great Artesian Basin (Australia) spring mound carbonates: Implications for life signatures on Earth and beyond." Sedimentology 67, no. 5 (March 25, 2020): 2561–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sed.12711.

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43

Halihan, Todd, Andrew Love, Mark Keppel, and Volmer Berens. "Analysis of subsurface mound spring connectivity in shale of the western margin of the Great Artesian Basin, South Australia." Hydrogeology Journal 21, no. 7 (September 12, 2013): 1605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-1034-8.

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Priestley, Stacey C., Paul Shand, Andrew J. Love, Laura J. Crossey, Karl E. Karlstrom, Mark N. Keppel, Daniel L. Wohling, and Pauline Rousseau-Gueutin. "Hydrochemical variations of groundwater and spring discharge of the western Great Artesian Basin, Australia: implications for regional groundwater flow." Hydrogeology Journal 28, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02071-3.

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WORTHINGTON WILMER, J., C. ELKIN, C. WILCOX, L. MURRAY, D. NIEJALKE, and H. POSSINGHAM. "The influence of multiple dispersal mechanisms and landscape structure on population clustering and connectivity in fragmented artesian spring snail populations." Molecular Ecology 17, no. 16 (August 2008): 3733–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03861.x.

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46

Elshahed, Mostafa S., John M. Senko, Fares Z. Najar, Stephen M. Kenton, Bruce A. Roe, Thomas A. Dewers, John R. Spear, and Lee R. Krumholz. "Bacterial Diversity and Sulfur Cycling in a Mesophilic Sulfide-Rich Spring." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 9 (September 2003): 5609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.9.5609-5621.2003.

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ABSTRACT An artesian sulfide- and sulfur-rich spring in southwestern Oklahoma is shown to sustain an extremely rich and diverse microbial community. Laboratory incubations and autoradiography studies indicated that active sulfur cycling is occurring in the abundant microbial mats at Zodletone spring. Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria oxidize sulfide to sulfate, which is reduced by sulfate-reducing bacterial populations. The microbial community at Zodletone spring was analyzed by cloning and sequencing 16S rRNA genes. A large fraction (83%) of the microbial mat clones belong to sulfur- and sulfate-reducing lineages within δ-Proteobacteria, purple sulfur γ-Proteobacteria, ε-Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and filamentous Cyanobacteria of the order Oscillatoria as well as a novel group within γ-Proteobacteria. The 16S clone library constructed from hydrocarbon-exposed sediments at the source of the spring had a higher diversity than the mat clone library (Shannon-Weiner index of 3.84 compared to 2.95 for the mat), with a higher percentage of clones belonging to nonphototrophic lineages (e.g., Cytophaga, Spirochaetes, Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobiae). Many of these clones were closely related to clones retrieved from hydrocarbon-contaminated environments and anaerobic hydrocarbon-degrading enrichments. In addition, 18 of the source clones did not cluster with any of the previously described microbial divisions. These 18 clones, together with previously published or database-deposited related sequences retrieved from a wide variety of environments, could be clustered into at least four novel candidate divisions. The sulfate-reducing community at Zodletone spring was characterized by cloning and sequencing a 1.9-kb fragment of the dissimilatory sulfite reductase (DSR) gene. DSR clones belonged to the Desulfococcus-Desulfosarcina-Desulfonema group, Desulfobacter group, and Desulfovibrio group as well as to a deeply branched group in the DSR tree with no representatives from cultures. Overall, this work expands the division-level diversity of the bacterial domain and highlights the complexity of microbial communities involved in sulfur cycling in mesophilic microbial mats.

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Čejková, Alžběta, and Simona Poláková. "Growth responses of sessile oak to climate and hydrological regime in the Zbytka Nature Reserve, Czech Republic." Geochronometria 39, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13386-012-0017-1.

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AbstractComplex of Nature reservation Zbytka is the rest of various fen vegetation in the northeast part of the Czech Republic. It represents an important spring area which provides high quality potable water for more than 150 000 inhabitants. Waterworks utilization was started in the 1960s and the change of land-use practices has had a strong effect on the ecosystem. Oak chronology has been showing different tree growth trends since the start of the waterworks utilization. Also the occurrences of negative pointer years differ markedly before and after initiation of pumping underground water. Dendroclimatological analyses primarily revealed a close relationship between the temperature and tree growth — positive influence of spring and summer temperature. The period 1983–1992 of maximum artesian water pumping is expressed as higher tree-ring increments, but linear model analyses showed that the growth reaction of oak is not due to simple causality between temperature and under-ground water level. The radial increments reacted positively to the combination of high temperature during the vegetation season and low or, the contrary, high depth of underground water level. No direct relationship was detected between tree growth and fluctuation of underground water level; despite of the results dendrochronological data may be useful in historical ground water modelling studies. Results are also crucial for conflict of interests between nature preservation and potable water supply.

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48

Nisbeth, Catharina Simone, Jacob Kidmose, Kaarina Weckström, Kasper Reitzel, Bent Vad Odgaard, Ole Bennike, Lærke Thorling, et al. "Dissolved Inorganic Geogenic Phosphorus Load to a Groundwater-Fed Lake: Implications of Terrestrial Phosphorus Cycling by Groundwater." Water 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 2213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112213.

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The general perception has long been that lake eutrophication is driven by anthropogenic sources of phosphorus (P) and that P is immobile in the subsurface and in aquifers. Combined investigation of the current water and P budgets of a 70 ha lake (Nørresø, Fyn, Denmark) in a clayey till-dominated landscape and of the lake’s Holocene trophic history demonstrates a potential significance of geogenic (natural) groundwater-borne P. Nørresø receives water from nine streams, a groundwater-fed spring located on a small island, and precipitation. The lake loses water by evaporation and via a single outlet. Monthly measurements of stream, spring, and outlet discharge, and of tracers in the form of temperature, δ18O and δ2H of water, and water chemistry were conducted. The tracers indicated that the lake receives groundwater from an underlying regional confined glaciofluvial sand aquifer via the spring and one of the streams. In addition, the lake receives a direct groundwater input (estimated as the water balance residual) via the lake bed, as supported by the artesian conditions of underlying strata observed in piezometers installed along the lake shore and in wells tapping the regional confined aquifer. The groundwater in the regional confined aquifer was anoxic, ferrous, and contained 4–5 µmol/L dissolved inorganic orthophosphate (DIP). Altogether, the data indicated that groundwater contributes from 64% of the water-borne external DIP loading to the lake, and up to 90% if the DIP concentration of the spring, as representative for the average DIP of the regional confined aquifer, is assigned to the estimated groundwater input. In support, paleolimnological data retrieved from sediment cores indicated that Nørresø was never P-poor, even before the introduction of agriculture at 6000 years before present. Accordingly, groundwater-borne geogenic phosphorus can have an important influence on the trophic state of recipient surface water ecosystems, and groundwater-borne P can be a potentially important component of the terrestrial P cycle.

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Keppel, Mark N., Karl Karlstrom, Laura Crossey, Andrew J. Love, and Stacey Priestley. "Evidence for intra-plate seismicity from spring-carbonate mound springs in the Kati Thanda–Lake Eyre region, South Australia: implications for groundwater discharge from the Great Artesian Basin." Hydrogeology Journal 28, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02049-1.

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Rutherford, Jasmine, Tania Ibrahimi, Tim Munday, Adrienne Markey, Andrea Viezzoli, Arianna Rapiti, and Rod Paterson. "An Assessment of Water Sources for Heritage Listed Organic Mound Springs in NW Australia Using Airborne Geophysical (Electromagnetics and Magnetics) and Satellite Remote Sensing Methods." Remote Sensing 13, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13071288.

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Discrete phreatophytic vegetation associated with organic mound springs is present in several places in the semi-arid Walyarta Conservation Park (Park) in northern Western Australia. The mound springs are heritage listed, having significant cultural and environmental significance. Increased industrial (mining and agriculture) development in the region, coupled with a growing demand for groundwater to support these developments, requires an enhanced understanding of how the springs operate and the source of water that sustains their presence. The springs are broadly believed to be situated on geological faults and receive groundwater from artesian sources. However, their association with deeper geological structures and aquifer systems, the focus of this study, is not well understood. This study employed regional- and finer-scale airborne geophysical data, including electromagnetics (AEM) and magnetics, to constrain the sub-basin-scale hydrogeology of the West Canning Basin in Western Australia and to detail tectonic deformation, sedimentological and hydrological processes. The AEM data were inverted using 1- and 2D methods to better define structural discontinuities in the Park, and the results identified the location of faults and other geological structures that were coincident with spring locations. A complementary analysis of spatiotemporal patterns of green vegetation was undertaken using remote sensing data. A model for the extent of green vegetation (in percent), calculated using a constrained linear spectral unmixing algorithm and applied to a select Landsat Thematic Mapper ™ image archive, showed the persistence of green vegetation aligned with interpreted fault systems through extended dry periods. These geophysical and remotely sensed datasets demonstrate that in the Park, the sedimentary aquifers and landscapes are highly compartmentalized and that this constrains aquifer distribution, groundwater quality and the location of wetlands and phreatophytic vegetation. Integrating key information from these datasets allows for the construction of a three-dimensional model that predicts the nature and extent of the critical zone which sustains perennial groundwater discharge within mound springs, drainages and wetlands and provides a framework to assess discharge rates, mixing and, ultimately, sensitivity to changed water availability.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Artesian spring'

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