Relevant bibliographies by topics / Artesian spring

Academic literature on the topic 'Artesian spring'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Artesian spring"

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Fensham, R. J., R. J. Fairfax, and P. R. Sharpe. "Spring wetlands in seasonally arid Queensland: floristics, environmental relations, classification and conservation values." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 5 (2004): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03171.

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The vegetation and environmental setting of permanent spring wetlands are described from a survey of 269 spring complexes throughout seasonally arid Queensland. Wetlands associated with springs in the western and southern discharge areas of the Great Artesian Basin are floristically distinct from other spring wetlands. Ordination analysis suggests that the biogeographic regions and the broad geological substrates that support spring wetlands provide a meaningful representation of floristic range. An existing classificatory system that defines ‘regional ecosystems’ on the basis of the biogeographic region and broad geological substrate is adopted to define 15 spring-wetland types in seasonally arid Queensland. The conservation value of the springs is assessed by a scheme that weights plant species populations on the basis of their endemicity and isolation from other populations, demonstrating that both Great Artesian Basin and non-Great Artesian Basin springs have similar conservation values.
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PONDER, W. F., W. H. ZHANG, A. HALLAN, and M. E. SHEA. "New taxa of Tateidae (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea) from springs associated with the Great Artesian Basin and Einasleigh Uplands, Queensland, with the description of two related taxa from eastern coastal drainages." Zootaxa 4583, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4583.1.1.

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Species from artesian springs associated with the Queensland Great Artesian Basin that were previously included in the tateid genus Jardinella are included in three new genera, namely Eulodrobia, with six species, five of them new and all from the Eulo Supergroup; Springvalia, with one species from the Springvale Supergroup; and Carnarvoncochlea with two previously-described species, from the Carnarvon Supergroup. The genus Edgbastonia is extended to include eight previously described species, in addition to the type species, and four new species-group taxa from the Barcaldine Supergroup springs; all but the type species are included in the new subgenus Barcaldinia. Three new species from non-artesian springs in north Queensland are included in Edgbastonia, one of them tentatively. Two additional related new genera, both with a single new species, are described from outside the Great Artesian Basin; Conondalia from southeast Queensland and Nundalia from north-eastern New South Wales. The genus Jardinella, previously used for all the Queensland spring tateids, is here restricted to three species found in coastal rivers and streams in northeast Queensland. A molecular phylogenetic analysis using COI and 16S mitochondrial genes in combination suggests that the Queensland Great Artesian Basin taxa may be more closely related to the tateid genera Austropyrgus, Pseudotricula, Posticobia and Potamopyrgus than to the South Australian GAB taxa, thus indicating the separate origins of these two desert spring faunas.
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Myazina, N. G., and E. B. Savilova. "Hydrogeochemical characteristics of fresh waters in the springs of salt dome territories of the Cis-Urals region." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1010, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012007.

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Abstract The article presents the results of a study on the geochemistry of fresh water from natural sources (springs) in the salt dome territories of the Pre-Ural Artesian Basin. Spring waters are understudied; they are not classified according to their chemical composition and purpose. The research area is the territory of the Pre-Ural Artesian Basin in Orenburg Region with salt-gypsum tectonics. There are numerous springs with fresh water suitable for household and drinking purposes there. Springs with mineralization from 156 to 806 mg/dm3 of mixed composition, sulfate-chloride, sulfate-bicarbonate, bicarbonate and calcium and magnesium-calcium, sodium-magnesium-calcium are related to gypsum fields and salt dome structures. The total hardness varies from 3.5 to 10.27 mg/eq/l from moderately hard to extremely hard. The conclusion on the quantitative and qualitative assessment of spring waters should be made by prospecting and exploration activities with experimental filtration activities and assessment of reserves.
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Rossini, R. A., R. J. Fensham, and G. H. Walter. "Determining optimal sampling strategies for monitoring threatened endemic macro-invertebrates in Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 67, no. 5 (2016): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf15023.

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Conservation concern for imperilled invertebrates grows but action is stalled by data deficiency. Great Artesian Basin springs present a textbook case; they are hotspots for endemic invertebrate diversity, but a persistent struggle to conserve them remains because of a lack of data. Spring research outside Australia suggests that biases created by sampling regimes make compiling and comparing disparate data sources problematic. We compared existing methods and their efficacy for sampling diversity and abundance of spring macro-invertebrates (>1mm) associated with sediment and vegetation within limnocrenic wetlands characteristic of Australian arid-zone artesian springs, with the aim of presenting an optimum sampling strategy. The three methods tested gave similar estimates of richness, but measures of abundance for each taxon were sensitive to method choice. Both richness and abundance were significantly different among springs and areas within each spring. Direct method comparisons such as this ensure consistency and comparability between past and future studies and provide a framework for future monitoring. Species richness can be assessed rapidly and disparate data sources can be combined. However, assessments requiring abundance will need to be sensitive to the biases created by species identity, method and area.
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Fensham, R. J., R. J. Fairfax, D. Pocknee, and J. Kelley. "Vegetation patterns in permanent spring wetlands in arid Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 6 (2004): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04043.

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A transect-based quadrat survey was conducted within 11 spring wetlands fed by permanent groundwater flows from the Great Artesian Basin at Elizabeth Springs in western Queensland. Flow patterns within individual wetlands change with sedimentation associated with mound building, siltation of abandoned drains and changes in aquifer pressure associated with artificial extraction from bores. The pattern of floristic groups for the wetland quadrats was poorly related to soil texture, water pH, slope and topographic position. Patterns were most clearly related to wetland age as determined from aerial photography, with a clear successional sequence from mono-specific stands of Cyperus laevigatus on newly formed wetland areas to more diverse wetland assemblages. However, evidence from other Great Artesian Basin springs suggests that succession can also result in reduced species richness where the palatable tall reed Phragmites australis develops mono-specific stands.
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DRAGANITS, ERICH, and CHRISTOPH JANDA. "Subaqueous artesian springs and associated spring pits in a Himalayan pond." Boreas 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03009480301817.

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DRAGANITS, ERICH, and CHRISTOPH JANDA. "Subaqueous artesian springs and associated spring pits in a Himalayan pond." Boreas 32, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2003.tb01096.x.

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Fairfax, R., R. Fensham, R. Wager, S. Brooks, A. Webb, and P. Unmack. "Recovery of the red-finned blue-eye: an endangered fish from springs of the Great Artesian Basin." Wildlife Research 34, no. 2 (2007): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06086.

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The red-finned blue-eye (Scaturiginichthys vermeilipinnis) is endemic to a single complex of springs emanating from the Great Artesian Basin, Australia. The species has been recorded as naturally occurring in eight separate very shallow (generally <20 mm) springs, with a combined wetland area of ~0.3 ha. Since its discovery in 1990, five red-finned blue-eye (RFBE) populations have been lost and subsequent colonisation has occurred in two spring wetlands. Current population size is estimated at <3000 individuals. Artesian bores have reduced aquifer pressure, standing water levels and spring-flows in the district. There is evidence of spatial separation within the spring pools where RFBE and the introduced fish gambusia (Gambusia holbrooki) co-occur, although both species are forced together when seasonal extremes affect spring size and water temperature. Gambusia was present in four of the five springs where RFBE populations have been lost. Four out of the five remaining subpopulations of RFBE are Gambusia free. Circumstantial evidence suggests that gambusia is a major threat to red-finned blue-eyes. The impact of Gambusia is probably exacerbated by domestic stock (cattle and sheep), feral goats and pigs that utilise the springs and can negatively affect water quality and flow patterns. Three attempts to translocate RFBE to apparently suitable springs elsewhere within the complex have failed. Opportunities to mitigate threats are discussed, along with directions for future research to improve management of this extremely threatened fish and habitat.
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Myazina, N. G. "Assessment of hydromineral resources of the southern part of the Pre-Ural Foredeep on the example of spring waters for household use and balneotherapy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1070, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1070/1/012001.

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Abstract The results of the research devoted to the geochemistry of natural sources of springs on the territory of the Pre-Ural Artesian Basin are relevant, since the springs are understudied and are not classified according to their chemical composition and purpose. The southern area of the Pre-Ural Artesian Basin with salt-gypsum tectonics was studied. There are many springs with various chemical compositions there. The prevailing salinity level of spring waters varies from 197 to 941 mg/l, with total hardness of 1.33-5.5 mg-eq/l, and with good quality drinking water. The goal was achieved. The hydrogeological conditions and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the source waters were studied. Analogues of mineral waters of the group without “specific” components and properties of the Krainsky and Varninsky types with the salinity level from 1.2-3.36 g/dm3 are found by comparative analysis: sulfate, bicarbonate-sulfate, sulfate-bicarbonate calcium, magnesium-calcium waters. Springs with high salinity sodium chloride leaching waters with 124 g/dm3 for balneotherapy are associated with salt dome structures. A certificate on the exact possible therapeutic properties of spring mineral waters can be issued by the Institutes of Health Research Study after research.
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Khasanah, Ni’matul, Lisa Tanika, Lalu Deden Yuda Pratama, Beria Leimona, Endro Prasetiyo, Fitri Marulani, Adis Hendriatna, Mukhammad Thoha Zulkarnain, Alix Toulier, and Meine van Noordwijk. "Groundwater-Extracting Rice Production in the Rejoso Watershed (Indonesia) Reducing Urban Water Availability: Characterisation and Intervention Priorities." Land 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060586.

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Production landscapes depend on, but also affect, ecosystem services. In the Rejoso watershed (East Java, Indonesia), uncontrolled groundwater use for paddies reduces flow of lowland pressure-driven artesian springs that supply drinking water to urban stakeholders. Analysis of the water balance suggested that the decline by about 30% in spring discharge in the past decades is attributed for 47 and 53%, respectively, to upland degradation and lowland groundwater abstraction. Consequently, current spring restoration efforts support upland agroforestry development while aiming to reduce lowland groundwater wasting. To clarify spatial and social targeting of lowland interventions five clusters (replicable patterns) of lowland paddy farming were distinguished from spatial data on, among other factors, reliance on river versus artesian wells delivering groundwater, use of crop rotation, rice yield, fertiliser rates and intensity of rodent control. A survey of farming households (461 respondents), complemented and verified through in-depth interviews and group discussions, identified opportunities for interventions and associated risks. Changes in artesian well design, allowing outflow control, can support water-saving, sustainable paddy cultivation methods. With rodents as a major yield-reducing factor, solutions likely depend on more synchronized planting calendars and thus on collective action for effectiveness at scale. Interventions based on this design are currently tested.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Artesian spring"

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Smith, Matthew B. "The hydrogeology and hydraulics of artesian springs in Canterbury." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7890.

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The increasing demand for water in the Canterbury region, and the realisation that spring flow plays an important role in many wetland and river systems, requires methods for predicting changes in spring behaviour as Canterbury's groundwater resources are utilised. This study into the flow of groundwater through artesian spring systems provides a better understanding of the impacts of changes in artesian aquifer pressure. The aquifer system of the central coastal Canterbury Plains consists of gravels separated by successive layers of fine sediment. The fine sediment acts as a confining aquitard, creating artesian pressures in the gravel aquifers where the piezometric surface is above ground level. Artesian springs occur in the confining aquitard through localised zones of weakness. Piezometric levels associated with artesian springs in gravel aquifers are not well documented and have never been observed in Canterbury. Examination of near-spring groundwater flow patterns should confirm the shallow artesian aquifer as the main source of water to artesian springs. Little information is available on the relationship between artesian aquifer pressure and artesian spring discharge. Groundwater flow equations indicate that turbulence occurs in the high velocity flow encountered in artesian spring systems. Energy losses should thus be proportional to velocity squared and the pressure - flow relationship is expected to be non-linear. A non-linear relationship would buffer spring discharge against changes in aquifer pressure induced by groundwater abstraction. Field investigations were carried out at two spring sites near Christchurch. Near-spring water levels were observed in the aquifer directly below the spring to confirm it as the principal source of water to the spring. Variations in artesian pressure were then induced via groundwater abstraction from nearby wells in the source aquifer, and changes in spring discharge measured. The upper confined aquifer was confirmed to be the primary source of water for Christchurch's artesian spring systems. The relationship between artesian aquifer pressure and artesian spring discharge was found to be entirely linear for the range of pressures and flows observed. Although theoretical analysis indicates that turbulent flow is occurring at, and close to, the spring vent, the distance over which it occurs is small enough that energy losses due to rapid flow in the groundwater system are negligible. The results imply that any reduction in artesian pressure due to groundwater abstraction will have a direct, linear impact on artesian spring flow.
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Keleher, Mary Jane. "Bioassessment and the Partitioning of Community Composition and Diversity Across Spatial Scales in Wetlands of the Bonneville Basin." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1986.pdf.

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Stoate, K. M. "The mound springs of South Australia: their electromagnetic signature and fractal dimension." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/97933.

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The importance of groundwater to remote and regional Australia cannot be understated, due to the intermittent and unreliable rainfall in these areas, as well as the unreliability of other water sources. As such the major source of water is groundwater from the Great Artesian Basin (GAB). The natural discharge of the GAB is through mound springs, unique landforms comprised of precipitated carbonates that are primarily located along the south western edge of the GAB. Due to the cultural, economic and environmental significance of these features it is important to fully understand their underlying hydrogeological structure. Geophysical studies have the potential to provide non-invasive imaging of these specific aspects of the GAB. A number of different methods were used to collect data from the springs. For this particular study a set of shallow electromagnetic data was collected. These data were processed conventionally, however to provide additional information they were also processed to extract the fractal dimension information of the data. The fractal dimension is used here as an indicator of roughness or texture with a dataset, thus differentiating between a homogenous and heterogeneous earth. All of the data were compared, including conductivity, in-phase, fractal dimension and the regolith of the area. It was hoped that this would provide added depth to the understanding of the mound springs as well as trialling an alternate method of processing data. Although the data collected did show some correlations, especially in regards to the relationships between the conductivity and the EM signature of the mound springs, there was a lack of consistent correlation between the fractal dimension and the other data sets that did not allow for conclusions as to the usefulness of fractal dimension as a means of processing data. This may be due to the small survey size of the area, thus testing on larger areas may be worthwhile in the future.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2011
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Lampe, R. J. "Monitoring groundwater flow using electrokinetics." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/96682.

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Very little is known about the groundwater flow paths from the subsurface of the Great Artesian Basin to the surface basins throughout the Australian continent. The Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs in northern South Australia lie at the south-west margin of the Great Artesian Basin and contain a number of springs that continually discharge groundwater over time. This work deals with the self potential (SP) method which was used along three intersecting lines in the area to help gain a better understanding of groundwater flow. The SP method responds to the electrokinetic phenomenon of streaming potential which can be applied to hydrogeological investigations to help evaluate the subsurface groundwater flow conditions. Because the SP data do not intrinsically yield a good indication of the depth of the sources generating groundwater flow, numerical models are developed to assess the SP distribution resulting from subsurface fluid flow. The self-potential associated with groundwater flow in an electrolytic environment is modelled by assuming a primary source as an electric double layer between the flowing groundwater and the porous media created by the flowing SP currents. This primary flow generates the secondary surface charge and double layers on the interfaces between media with different conductivities. The geometry of the sources is obtained from an image reconstruction technique which determines the spatial locations of SP sources. The modelling and image reconstructions help to obtain a better understanding of these flow paths and how they make their way to the surface can give a greater chance of collecting the groundwater to use to good effect. The results showed evidence for groundwater flow networks in the subsurface of the Wabma Kadarbu springs. The groundwater flow networks for all three lines had similar characteristics including having individual columns connected at depth and large widths for the columns. This research showed that SP can be used to help better understand groundwater flow patterns in the subsurface.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2011
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Books on the topic "Artesian spring"

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Ltd, ICON Group. ELDORADO ARTESIAN SPRINGS, INC.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.

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Ltd, ICON Group. ELDORADO ARTESIAN SPRINGS, INC.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Artesian spring"

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Ponder, W. F. "Mound Springs of the Great Artesian Basin." In Limnology in Australia, 403–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4820-4_25.

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"artesian spring." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_12760.

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"artesian flow karst spring." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_12742.

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Crouch, Dora P. "Natural Models for Water Elements." In Water Management in Ancient Greek Cities. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072808.003.0019.

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The Greek builders developed their control over water by careful observation coupled with trial and error, to determine where there would be ample water supply. They could amass the same kind of knowledge as modern engineers, although on a different (nonmathematical) basis. They were adept at utilizing observation but not at complicated technical manipulation of data, at least partly because of the defects in their mathematical system. They also were adept at utilizing discoveries made by their neighbors, such as the qanats of Persia. Unfortunately we do not know how much of the highly developed Mycenaean and Minoan water technology survived the “Dark Ages” of the first third of the first millennium B.C. The features of a karst landscape that tell modern engineers where to drill would have spoken equally strongly to their predecessors: 1. In limestone gaps between vertical or steeply dipping aquicludes (strata that hold water but do not transmit it) 2. In open faults or at fault intersections, especially in younger faults not resealed by precipitated calcite 3. At the noses of limestone spurs jutting into alluvium, places that are often the location of springs, but even if no spring is visible, one can find water at depth 4. On the peak of an anticline where tension opens the aquifer (cf. artesian wells) 5. Below surface drainage—especially in places with large solution openings (FAO, Vols. 4 and 5, pt. 1, p. 24) Thus, inspection of the karst terrane would have enabled the ancient water specialists to find and utilize springs, and also to know where to dig for wells. Such knowledge contributed directly to the success of ancient Greek cities. Inspection of and meditation on the natural environment over many centuries gave the Greeks the necessary models to develop highly sophisticated water systems. In what follows I am speculating, but in no case do these suggestions go beyond what would be possible given both time, intelligence, and necessity. In the case of either dolines/sinkholes or the kind of shaft that grows gradually upward, the lower end of the shaft is always or seasonally filled with water (see Fig. 7.3).
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Conference papers on the topic "Artesian spring"

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DUMONT, M., F. MOHAMAD, R. GUERIN, P. LACHASSAGNE, B. NUGAGRAHA, G. BROCARD, M. ALFADLI, et al. "Combining Electrical Sounding and Tomography to Explain Artesian Aquifer Spring in Andesitic Volcanic Setting." In NSG2021 1st Conference on Hydrogeophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202120130.

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Carr, Bradley, Eva Marquis, Kevin Hyde, and Scott Miller. "CALIBRATING SURFACE HYDROLOGY, SELF-POTENTIAL AND TIME-LAPSE DC RESISTIVITY ANALYSES AT AN ARTESIAN SPRING NEAR LARAMIE, WY." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/sageep.27-079.

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Carr, Bradley, Eva Marquis, Kevin Hyde, and Scott Miller. "CALIBRATING SURFACE HYDROLOGY, SELF-POTENTIAL AND TIME-LAPSE DC RESISTIVITY ANALYSES AT AN ARTESIAN SPRING NEAR LARAMIE, WY." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sageep.27-079.

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Winters, C. "HOT SPRINGS REVISITED: A REVIEW OF DATA FROM THE C. V. THEIS STUDY &ldquo;THERMAL WATERS OF THE HOT SPRINGS ARTESIAN BASIN&rdquo;." In 2007 New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. Socorro, NM: New Mexico Geological Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/sm-2007.2711.

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Isherwood, Andy, Alan Samcheck, and Wayne Savigny. "Deformation Analysis of a Pipeline River Crossing." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27343.

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In Manitoba, the Main (100) Line operated by TransCanada PipeLines Ltd. (TCPL) comprises six natural gas pipelines ranging from 864 mm to 1219 mm in diameter. These pipelines cross the La Salle River at Main Line Valve (MLV) 39+6.06, approximately 3 km south of St. Norbert, Manitoba. A rupture in Line 100-2 occurred at this crossing site on April 15, 1996. Investigations of the site following the line break concluded that ground movement associated with the east approach slope was likely a contributing factor in the failure of Line 100-2. It was postulated that the observed slope instability was attributable, at least in part, to a combination of the low shear strength of Lake Agassiz clay and artesian pore pressures associated with the underlying regional Upper Carbonate Aquifer (UCA), controlled in part by groundwater pumping within the City of Winnipeg. Based on the findings from the initial slope stability analyses, a more detailed deformation analysis was proposed to examine the influence of hydrogeological conditions on deformation and slope stability at the La Salle site. The numerical analyses were conducted using FLAC2D, a two-dimensional explicit finite difference code for engineering mechanics computation. The code simulates the pre- and post-peak behaviour of geological and other materials based on specified material properties, constitutive models, and failure criteria. The deformation analysis has identified the key factors controlling stability of the east approach slope at the La Salle site, and has provided insight into probable failure mechanisms. High pressures in the UCA increase the risk of sudden large-scale slope failure at the slope toe at critical times during the year, e.g., after rapid drawdown following the spring flood, and following the drop in river level in late fall to winter levels. The analysis indicated that the risk of slope instability at this site can be reduced by lowering the aquifer pressure locally in the vicinity of the east approach slope at critical times in the year. The results of the study have demonstrated the usefulness of employing deformation analysis as a means of understanding the key factors controlling slope stability at a particular site. The approach is also compatible with the development of a comprehensive soil/pipe interaction methodology that integrates the results of ongoing in situ monitoring into pipe stress analyses.
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"Defining ecosystem processes of the Australian Great Artesian Basin springs from multi-sensor synergies." In 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.h15.white.

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White, Davina, and Megan Lewis. "Mapping the surface expression and vegetation communities of Australian Great Artesian Basin springs using hyperspectral analyses." In IGARSS 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2013.6721141.

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