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Journal articles on the topic 'Artère carotide externe'

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Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 7 July 2024

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1

Ankolekar, Vrinda Hari, Anne D. Souza, Mamatha Hosapatna, and Amoldeep Singh. "BRANCHES OF EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 6, no. 3.2 (August 10, 2018): 5504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2018.257.

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2

S., Naveen Kumar, and Naveen Kumar K. "Variations in Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery." Indian Journal of Anatomy 7, no. 5 (2018): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ija.2320.0022.7518.9.

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3

Gavrilidou, P., D. M. Iliescu, R. Baz, and P. Bordei. "Morphological characteristics of the external carotid artery." ARS Medica Tomitana 19, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsm-2013-0013.

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Abstract The morphological characteristics at the level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery were studied on 46 cases, finding that the most frequent, in 52.17% of cases, the common carotid bifurcation appear as the letter “V”, with two possible variations: a wide “V”, in 43.48% of cases and narrow “V” in 8.7% of cases. In 30.43% of cases, the two carotids showed an ascending traject, united for 1-2 cm up to their crossing; in 13,04% of the cases the two arteries were superimposed, the external located anteriorly. In only in two cases on the right side (4.35% of cases and 8.33% of right samples) we found a peculiar aspect of a “U” shaped bifurcation. Regarding the caliber of the external carotid artery, we found that in 43.33% of the cases the external carotid artery had a similar diameter to the internal carotid, also in 43.33% of the external carotid artery have a higher caliber than internal one and the remaining 13.33% of the cases, the external carotid artery had a smaller diameter than the internal one, with all cases on the left (16.67% of left carotid arteries). The caliber of the right external carotid artery was between 4 to 5.6 mm and the one of the left was between 3.6 to 5 mm. When the external carotid was more voluminous than the internal, the differences were 0.5 to 1.2 mm and when the internal carotid was more voluminous than the external, the differences were smaller, 0.2 to 0.8 mm. In relation to the common carotid, the external carotid had a smaller caliber from 0.6 to 1.1 mm. Regarding the external carotid traject, most commonly, from the bifurcation of the common carotid, the external carotid artery showed a vertical trajectory, in 50% of cases; in 40% of cases, the traject was oblique superomedially and in 6.67% of cases the external carotid artery described a curve with the convexity facing laterally, with all cases on the right (11.76% of right carotid arteries); in 3.33% of cases, both on the left (7.69% of the left carotid arteries), the external carotid artery traject described an inverted italic “S”

4

Sonu and Sunita Kalra. "AN UNDOCUMENTED RARE BRANCHING PATTERN OF EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 8, no. 4.1 (November 10, 2020): 7767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2020.211.

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The external carotid arterial system supplies the areas of head and neck region. The knowledge of possible anatomical variations occurring in branching pattern of external carotid artery is crucial especially in the surgeries of head, neck and face; as well as for interpretation of radiological investigations like angiograms. During routine dissection of head and region for undergraduate students we discovered common trunk for lingual, facial and ascending pharyngeal arteries. Also, the occipital artery is arising just before the common trunk from the external carotid artery. KEY WORDS: External carotid artery, branches, common trunk, occipital artery.

5

N, Esakkiammal, Renu Chauhan, and Rakhee Sharma. "CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF VARIABLE ORIGIN OF EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY BRANCHES AND HIGH LEVEL BIFURCATION OF COMMON CAROTID ARTERY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 5, no. 2.3 (June 30, 2017): 3958–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.228.

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6

Billakanti, Prakash B. "ANOMALOUS ORIGIN OF OCCIPITOAURICULAR TRUNK FROM EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY. Origen anomalo del tronco occipito-auricular de la arteria carotida externa." Revista Argentina de Anatomía Clínica 3, no. 2 (March 28, 2016): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31051/1852.8023.v3.n2.13927.

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Las anomalías en el origen y patrón de ramificación de la arteria carótida externa (ACE) son comunes. El nivel de la bifurcación de la arteria carótida común (ACC) y las variaciones en el origen / patrón de ramificación de la arteria carótida externa están bien documentados. En el hallazgo de las arterias occipitales y posteriores surgían de un corto tronco común de la ACE en el lado izquierdo. El conocimiento de las variaciones en el origen y curso de las ramas de la ACE son de suma importancia en la cirugía. Los cirujanos deben ser conscientes de la posibilidad de encontrar estas variaciones, ya que pueden conducir a dificultades en la distinción de las ramas de la arteria carótida externa. Este conocimiento es también importante para los radiólogos en la interpretación de las imágenes de las regiones de la cara y el cuello. Anomalies in the origin and branching pattern of the external carotid artery (ECA) are common. The level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the variations in the origin/branching pattern of the external carotid artery are well documented. In the present finding occipital and posterior auricular arteries were arising by a short common trunk from ECA on the left side. Knowledge of variations in the origin and course of branches of ECA is of importance in surgery. Surgeons need to be aware of the possibility of encountering such variations, as they may lead to difficulties in differentiating the branches of external carotid artery. This knowledge is also important for radiologists in the image interpretation of the face and neck regions.

7

Mukhia, Rajeev. "Anatomical Variations in the Branches of External Carotid Artery in Cadavers of Nepalese Origin." Journal of Human Anatomy 4, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jhua-16000144.

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Introduction: Knowledge of the position and the variations of the external carotid artery and its branches are essential for faciomaxillary surgery and surgeries of the neck. The variations in the branching pattern are also essential to avoid complications with catheter insertion of carotid arteries in various procedures and pre-operative angiography. The external carotid artery is an important route for administration of anticancer drugs for head and neck cancer, so the knowledge of anatomy of branching pattern of external carotid artery is clinically important. Materials and Methods: Total 30 external carotid arteries were included in the present study. The dissection of the external carotid artery was carried in the dissection hall of the Anatomy Department, Manipal College of Medical Sciences. When all the branches and course of the external carotid artery was visible, variations was noted. The length of artery was measured with the help of thread, scale and vernier calliper. All the data were analyzed with Microsoft Excel 2007 software and represented as mean and standard deviation. Results: Average length of the external carotid artery from its origin by bifurcation of the common carotid artery to its termination is 8.1 cm on the right side and 8.0 cm on the left side. 40 % of the external carotid artery shows variations in the branching pattern on right side where as 53.4 % of external carotid artery shows variations on left side. Conclusion: The mean length of external carotid artery is more or less difference between right and left side. The prevalence of variations of external carotid artery was seen more on the left side as compared to the right side. The variations in the branching pattern of external carotid artery are important to the vascular surgeons as well as radiologists to prevent diagnostic errors and also to avoid complications while performing surgery in the head and neck region.

8

Anuradha, M., and S. Chitra. "A STUDY OF THE COMMON ORIGIN OF LINGUAL AND FACIAL ARTERY FROM THE EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 5, no. 1.3 (March 31, 2017): 3656–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.132.

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9

Sabatier, A., P. Y. Robert, J. P. Sauvage, J. P. Bessede, J. P. Adenis, and R. Chapot. "Artères ophtalmiques issues des carotides externes." Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie 29, no. 8 (October 2006): 944.e1–944.e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0181-5512(06)70121-8.

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10

Talay, Süreyya. "Arteriotomy for Carotid Endarterectomy, from Common to Interna or Externa?" Acta Medica 51, no. 3 (September 23, 2020): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32552/0.actamedica.420.

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Objectives: In this study, we described and compared a modified carotid endarterectomy surgical technique. Our comparison was between arteriotomy incision from common to interna and from common to externa. Methods: This study included 73 isolated carotid anrterctomy operations from two different centers. We performed external incision in 61 cases (Group A) and internal incision in 12 cases (Group B). We also elaborated perioperative data and surgical results between Groups. All cases were performed under general anaesthesia. Results: 2 patients in Group A and 2 patients in Group B died at the early postoperative period due to severe neurological deteriorations in 3 and myocardial infarction in 1 case. All cases were solely operated for carotid artery stenosis. None of these patients were presenting contrlaterally serious carotid artery lesions. 4 patients from Group A and 3 patients from Group B were receiving haemodialysis, perioperatively. Trancient minor neurological complications such as lingual deviation and/or facial asymmetry which were associated with N.Hypoglossus injuries, was observed in 8 cases and 2 cases in Group A and Group B, respectively. Patchplasty was necessary in 5 from Group A. No patchplasty was applied in Group B. We tried to avoid carotid shunt from common to interna in all standart procedures. However, carotid shunt was mandatory in 4 patients and in 1 patient from Group A and B. Conclusion: Our modified carotid incision from common to externa is almost always suitable for internal plaque removal. Thus, an incision to interna can be avoided which prevents internal artery narrowing, endothelial disruption and/or occlusion prone deterioration and internal artery intraoperative dissection risks. Therefore, we believe that an incision from common to external carotid artery is the first choice surgical approach for carotid endarterectomy.

11

Shivaprakash S and Ashok K R. "Study of Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 10, no. 2 (June 5, 2022): 8367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2022.144.

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Background: Anatomical information of vasculature is of need for the surgeons and radiologists. Carotid artery and its branches supply most of head, neck, and brain. Injuries to the external carotid artery and its branches is often complex and results in high mortality. Knowledge of types and frequencies of vascular variations of external carotid artery is of help for invasive diagnostic and interventional procedures. Materials and methods: 50 external carotid arteries were dissected to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery. Results: Conventional branching pattern was seen in 58% specimens. Superior thyroid artery originated from common carotid artery in 12% specimens. Linguofacial trunk was observed in 16%. Occipital artery and ascending pharyngeal artery rose from a single trunk in 12%. Origin of facial artery from maxillary artery was observed in one specimen. Conclusion: Study of variations in the branching pattern of the external carotid artery adds to the existing anatomical knowledge. Variations in the branching pattern is of definite help for interventional radiologists, vascular, craniofacial and neck surgeons. KEY WORDS: External carotid artery, Facial artery, Linguofacial trunk.

12

Rao, S. B., V. R. Vollala, M. Rao, V. P. Samuel, D. Deepthinath, S. Nayak, and N. Pamidi. "Unusual position of external carotid artery: a case report." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 38, no. 02 (July 2005): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1699098.

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AbstractThe arterial pattern of the human body is one of the systems that show a large number of variations. Many reports are available regarding variations of common carotid, external and internal carotid arteries and branches of external carotid artery. We describe a very rare case of lateral position of external carotid artery. The external carotid artery was lateral to the internal carotid artery at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. The clinical importance of this variation is discussed.

13

Masson, R. L., and A. L. Day. "External Carotid Artery Reconstruction." Neurosurgery 30, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199205000-00035.

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14

Masson, R. L., and A. L. Day. "External Carotid Artery Reconstruction." Neurosurgery 30, no. 5 (May 1992): 802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-199205000-00035.

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15

McIntyre, K. E. "External Carotid Artery Thromboendarterectomy." Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153100359000300114.

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16

Grigoryants, Vladimir, Matthew J. Eagleton, and Gilbert R. Upchurch. "Bilateral External Carotid Artery Aneurysms." Vascular 12, no. 6 (November 2004): 387–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmvasc.12.6.387.

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A 60-year-old female was found on a physical examination to have bilateral palpable pulsatile neck masses. She denied local pain, cranial nerve compressive symptoms, or symptoms of cerebral ischemia. Duplex ultrasonography demonstrated bilateral 1.5 x 2.2 cm external carotid artery aneurysms. Isolated bilateral external carotid artery aneurysms were confirmed by computed tomography and angiography. The patient has been treated conservatively, and at 4-year follow-up, she remains asymptomatic, and the carotid artery aneurysms are unchanged in size.

17

Dixon, J. A. "Spontaneous external carotid artery occlusion." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 103, no. 7 (July 1989): 710–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510010982x.

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AbstractThe case of a 64-year-old man who presented with severe left sided facial pain and cyanosis of the left ear, preauricular region and tongue is described. Digital subtraction angiography confirmed complete occlusion of the left external carotid artery. The patient was anticoagulated and his symptoms resolved over the following month, presumably due to improvement of collateral blood supply to the ischaemic areas. The literature on the clinical manifestations of external carotid ischaemia is reviewed and the relationship between facial pain, internal and external carotid atherosclerosis is emphasised.

18

Al-Basheer, Mamoun, D. Ferrar, D. Nelson, and Theodor Vasudevan. "Outcome of the External Carotid Artery Following Carotid Endarterectomy with Added External Carotid Artery Eversion Endarterectomy." Annals of Vascular Diseases 4, no. 3 (2011): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.11.00020.

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19

Abla, Adib A., Peter Kan, Shady Jahshan, Travis M. Dumont, Elad I. Levy, and Adnan H. Siddiqui. "External Carotid Dissection and External Carotid Proatlantal Intersegmental Artery with Subclavian Steal Prompting External Carotid and Subclavian Artery Stenting." Journal of Neuroimaging 24, no. 4 (January 11, 2013): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6569.2012.00787.x.

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20

Németh, Tamás, László Szakács, Zsolt Bella, Valéria Majoros, Pál Barzó, and Erika Vörös. "The treatment of pseudoaneurysms with flow diverters after malignant otitis externa." Interventional Neuroradiology 23, no. 6 (October 9, 2017): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1591019917729804.

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Background We report a case of bilateral malignant otitis externa complicated with bilateral petrous internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysms and their successful treatment with a flow diverter. Case report A 68-year-old woman with serious complications of type II diabetes mellitus had malignant otitis externa on the right side. She was treated with combined antibiotic therapy and underwent mastoidectomy for mastoiditis. She presented at our hospital with acute hemorrhage from the right external auditory canal. The emergency computed tomography (CT) angiography revealed a multiobulated pseudoaneurysm at the petrous segment of the right internal carotid artery. The pseudoaneurysm was treated with a 5 × 40-mm Surpass flow diverter. Three months later, she developed a malignant external otitis on the left side. As the infection progressed, a left-sided mastoiditis, a brain abscess, and a pseudoaneurysm at the petrous segment of the left internal carotid artery developed. The pseudoaneurysm caused bleeding from the left ear, and was treated with a 5 × 50-mm Surpass flow diverter. No recurrent bleeding was observed. Four months later, a follow-up angiography showed complete occlusion of the pseudoaneurysm on the left side, but a residual aneurysm could be detected on the right side. One year after the first intervention, the follow-up CT and magnetic resonance angiography revealed the complete occlusion of the aneurysms bilaterally. Conclusion The use of a flow diverter appears to be an efficient and safe method to occlude carotid pseudoaneurysms even in an inflammatory milieu.

21

Kurata, A., Y. Miyasaka, M. Kunii, H. Morishima, K. Fujii, and S. Kan. "Endovascular Approach to a Ligated External Carotid Artery." Interventional Neuroradiology 3, no. 2 (June 1997): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/159101999700300204.

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A 37-year-old female with left sided multiple congenital haemangiomata presented with repeated haemorrhage. The haemorrhagic origin was from the angiomatous lesion with arteriovenous (AV) shunting in the tongue and pharynx. The patient had already undergone ligation of the external carotid artery. Vascularization was mainly from the portion of the external carotid artery distal to the occlusion. Our first approach via the collateral channels to the haemangioma failed. Through direct puncture of the distal end of the external carotid artery with the use of two dimensional road mapping, we succeeded in catheterizing the distal end of the external carotid artery at the first attempt without placing any pressure on the neck, and carried out selective embolisation without mishap.

22

Päivänsalo, M. J., T. M. J. Siniluoto, T. A. Tikkakoski, V. Myllylä, and I. J. I. Suramo. "Duplex US of the External Carotid Artery." Acta Radiologica 37, no. 1P1 (January 1996): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02841851960371p108.

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The ratio between the systolic peak velocities of the internal and common carotid arteries (vpICA/vpCCA), vpICA and grey-scale imaging measurement are generally used to evaluate internal carotid stenosis against known flow criteria in order to differentiate non-significant from significant stenosis. The same criteria are also used for evaluating the external carotid artery (ECA). Our data on 707 normal or stenotic ECA nevertheless showed that the systolic peak velocity of the normal ECA (vpECA) and its ratio to the systolic velocity of the CCA (vpECA/vpCCA) are higher than vpICA and vpICA/vpCCA. vpECA/vpCCA is about 2 in >0–49% ECA stenosis. Only in severe stenosis are the peak velocities almost comparable. The ratio between the peak end diastolic velocities (edvECA/edvCCA) and edvECA proved to be unreliable, as did grey-scale imaging measurement of the external carotid stenosis. In addition, ipsilateral internal carotid stenosis greatly affects the non-stenotic external carotid flow values, and probably has the same effect on the flow values of a stenotic external artery. Thus, external carotid flow values must be considered carefully.

23

Sudhakaran, Manju, Mini Alikunju, Vandana Latha Raveendran, and Umesan Kannanvilakom Govindapillai. "Variations in the Branching Pattern of External Carotid Artery in South Kerala Population – A Cadaveric Study." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 22 (May 31, 2021): 1780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/336.

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BACKGROUND External carotid arteries account for a major share of arterial supply of head and neck regions. As variations are frequently observed in the branching pattern of external carotid artery, surgeons, radiologists and anaesthetists often encounter difficulties in various procedures of head and neck. The purpose of this study is to describe the variations in the branching pattern of external carotid artery as observed in South Indian population which definitely reduces its iatrogenic injuries associated with surgical and radiological procedures of head and neck. METHODS This is cross-sectional descriptive study. Bilateral neck dissection was done on twenty-two formalin fixed cadavers to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery during a period of two years in the Department of Anatomy in Government Medical College, Alappuzha. Common carotid, external carotid and internal carotid arteries were dissected. All the branches of external carotid artery were traced and the variations were noted. The distance between carotid bifurcation and point of origin of individual branches of external carotid were measured and statistically analyzed. RESULTS In the present study along with normal branching pattern of external carotid artery, variations like origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid artery and also from carotid bifurcation were seen. A common linguofacial trunk and direct origin of superior laryngeal artery from external carotid artery were also observed. CONCLUSIONS Prior knowledge of the variations will be helpful to surgeons and anaesthetists while dealing with these vessels during procedures of head and neck regions. KEYWORDS External Carotid Artery, Carotid Bifurcation, Superior Thyroid Artery, Linguofacial Trunk

24

Kawamata, Takakazu, Yoshikazu Okada, Akitsugu Kawashima, Kohji Yamaguchi, and Tomokatsu Hori. "External Carotid Endarterectomy Followed by Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Anastomosis for Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion with Advanced Ipsilateral External Carotid Stenosis." Operative Neurosurgery 62, suppl_5 (May 1, 2008): ONS395—ONS399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000326024.93724.16.

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Abstract Objective: For patients with internal carotid artery occlusion with advanced narrowing of the ipsilateral external carotid artery (ECA), we performed preventive carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the ECA stenosis before superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) anastomosis for internal carotid artery occlusion. Methods: Between August 2002 and July 2005, we treated seven patients with such lesions, six men and one woman, ranging in age from 52 to 66 years (median, 60 yr). Before STA-MCA anastomosis, we performed preventive CEA for advanced ECA stenosis (>70%) to ensure sufficient blood flow to the STA. STA-MCA double anastomoses were performed more than 1 month after the CEA. Postoperative cerebrovascular complications and carotid restenosis were investigated. Results: All patients in the present series had an excellent postoperative course without cerebrovascular complications during either the CEA or STA-MCA anastomosis phase. Furthermore, no postoperative carotid restenosis occurred, and all STA-MCA anastomoses were patent during a mean follow-up period of 35.6 months. Conclusion: The present study suggests that surgical management by external CEA followed by STA-MCA anastomosis is safe and effective for patients with internal carotid artery occlusion and advanced stenosis of the ipsilateral ECA.

25

Worley, G. A., J. D. Hern, G. J. O'Sullivan, P. Tassone, and A. E. Hinton. "Mycotic aneurysm of the external carotid artery." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 112, no. 8 (August 1998): 793–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100141738.

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AbstractMycotic aneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries are extremely rare. A case is reported of a false aneurysm of the left external carotid artery. This developed secondary to cervical lymphadenitis which did not settle with high dose antibiotic therapy. The diagnosis was made on investigation with carotid doppler ultrasound and confirmed with computerized tomography. Digital subtraction angiography was performed to highlight the vascular anatomy. In addition percutaneous balloon catheter control of blood flow in the external carotid artery was used as an adjunct to surgical management.

26

Quintas-Neves, Miguel, Sofia Almeida Xavier, Mariana Ribeiro Santos, Ana Rita Silva, José Nuno Alves, Jaime Rocha, and José Manuel Amorim. "External carotid artery stenting in symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 78 (August 2020): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.05.023.

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27

Willfort-Ehringer, Andrea, Ramazanali Ahmadi, Diego Gruber, Michael E. Gschwandtner, Angelika Haumer, Gottfried Heinz, Wilfried Lang, and Herbert Ehringer. "Effect of carotid artery stenting on the external carotid artery." Journal of Vascular Surgery 38, no. 5 (November 2003): 1039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0741-5214(03)00550-0.

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28

NUMATA, Tsutomu, Toyoyuki HANAZAWA, Keisuke SHIBA, Kouichi NAKANO, Hiroyuki MUTOU, Hiroshi NAGATA, Nobuhisa TERADA, and Akiyoshi KONNO. "CONTRALATERAL EXTERNAL CAROTID-EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY BYPASS FOR VASCULAR RECONSTRUCTION IN CASES OF COMMON CAROTID ARTERY RESECTION." Japanese jornal of Head and Neck Cancer 27, no. 3 (2001): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5981/jjhnc1974.27.607.

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29

Nagasawa, Shiro, Hideo Tanaka, Masahiro Kawanishi, and Tomio Ohta. "Contralateral external carotid-to-external carotid artery (half-collar) saphenous vein graft for common carotid artery occlusion." Surgical Neurology 45, no. 2 (February 1996): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(96)80006-1.

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30

Grigoryants, Vladimir, Matthew J. Eagleton, and Gilbert R. Upchurch. "Bilateral External Carotid Artery Aneurysms." Vascular 12, no. 06 (2004): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/6670.2004.00039.

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31

Dwivedi, Amit J., Andrea E. Yancey, Charles B. Ross, and Marvin E. Morris. "Symptomatic External Carotid Artery Stenosis." American Surgeon 77, no. 11 (November 2011): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481107701111.

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32

De Luccia, Nelson, Erasmo Simão da Silva, Marta Aponchik, Fernanda Appolonio, and Luiz Alberto Benvenuti. "Congenital External Carotid Artery Aneurysm." Annals of Vascular Surgery 24, no. 3 (April 2010): 418.e7–418.e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2009.05.021.

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33

Campbell, Amy S., Allen P. Butler, and Oscar H. Grandas. "A Case of External Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysm from Hyoid Bone Fracture." American Surgeon 69, no. 6 (June 2003): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480306900616.

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Carotid artery pseudoaneurysms are detected most commonly after acute traumatic injuries to the head and neck. Pseudoaneurysms of the carotid artery are rare after blunt trauma. The most common site of injury occurs in the internal carotid artery with greater than 70 per cent of those injuries resulting from motor vehicle collisions. We report a case of external carotid artery pseudoaneurysm secondary to chronic arterial trauma. The patient presented with a one-week history of left ear pain and a pulsatile left neck mass. Radiologic studies revealed a 2.8-cm neck mass compatible with a pseudoaneurysm of the external carotid artery. Primary repair of the aneurysm was performed. Exploration of the pseudoaneurysm cavity at the time of surgery revealed a fracture of the hyoid bone. We believe this to be the contributing factor to the formation of a pseudoaneurysm in this patient. This is the first reported case of external carotid pseudoaneurysm caused by chronic arterial injury secondary to hyoid bone fracture.

34

Jadi, Arvendi Rachma, Hinako Fujisaki, Amany Ramah, Mahmoud Baakhtari, Shoichiro Imatake, Shoichi Wakitani, and Masahiro Yasuda. "Anatomical View of the Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion in Japanese Black Cattle." Animals 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2024): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14030365.

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The internal carotid artery (ICA) is a branch of the common carotid artery (CCA), along with the external carotid artery (ECA), which together provide the blood supply for the brain. The description of the ICA in cattle is vague, including denial of its existence or degeneration at an early stage after birth. This anatomical study investigated the internal carotid artery in Japanese black cattle. Sixty-five heads of Japanese black cattle aged from newborn to 13 years were dissected and injected with colored latex from the CCA after separating the head and body. Diameter measurements of the artery branches from the CCA on its bifurcation were conducted. Furthermore, a histological examination of the ICA wall’s structures, which consist of the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa, was performed. The ICA of Japanese black cattle is closed on the left side after age 3 years, except for a small lumen at 13 years, whereas the right ICA remains open at all ages. The location of occlusion of the left internal carotid artery (LICA) shows thickness of the tunica intima and an increased connective tissue layer area. The diameter of the ICA does not differ between the left and right sides, and there is no correlation with age. Therefore, further studies are needed, especially of ICA occlusion related to Japanese black cattle’s physiology or cerebrospinal disease.

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OKU, Takayuki, Kenichiro NOGAMI, Hiroyasu KOIZUMI, Hideyuki ISHIHARA, Shoichi KATO, Hirosuke FUJISAWA, and Michiyasu SUZUKI. "External Carotid Artery Stenting and Superficial Temporal Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Anastomosis for Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion With External Carotid Artery Severe Stenosis." Neurologia medico-chirurgica 52, no. 12 (2012): 906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2176/nmc.52.906.

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Savithri, P. "Unilateral variations in the branching pattern of right external carotid artery- a case report." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 01, no. 03 (July 2012): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401678.

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AbstractA case report of anomalous origin and branching pattern of right external carotid artery found during the dissection of human cadavers is reported here. Knowledge of anatomical variations of external carotid artery is especially important in head & neck surgeries. This knowledge is also important for radiologists in the image interpretation. In the case reported here, the right external carotid artery gave direct origin of one of dorsal lingual artery, two stylomastoid arteries, muscular artery and lymph nodal artery along with its normal eight branches. Generally the dorsal lingual arteries are two arising from lingual artery. Contrary to that, in this case the dorsal lingual arteries were found arising one from front of external carotid artery and other from lingual artery, and both these arteries communicated at 4mm beyond their origin. The two stylomastoid arteries arising directly from the front of external carotid artery 4mm above the facial artery were found arising with a gap of 2mm distance from one another. Muscular artery arose directly from the posterior aspect of external carotid artery opposite the anomalous dorsal lingual artery and descended downwards and forwards in its course giving small twigs to surrounding muscles . Lymph nodal artery arising just beside the muscular artery opposite to facial artery passed downwards and laterally and divided into two small twigs to supply a pair of lymph nodes. These lymph nodes are deep cervical nodes measuring about 5x5 mm in size hard in consistency on histopathological examination, found to be nonmalignant.

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Numata, Tsutomu, Akiyoshi Konno, Yousuke Takeuchi, Tatsuaki Katahashi, Jun Yuza, Toyoyuki Hanazawa, and Junichi Ono. "Contralateral External Carotid-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass for Carotid Artery Resection." Laryngoscope 107, no. 5 (May 1997): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199705000-00020.

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Shreevastava, Amit Kumar, Rajat Subhra Das, Tarun Prakash Maheshwari, and Balkund Kailash Damodhar. "Bilateral higher carotid termination with rare anomalous emergence of ventral branches of the external carotid arteries: A cadaver study." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 2050313X2211386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x221138659.

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The common carotid artery bifurcates into two terminal branches—the external and internal carotid arteries. The head, neck, and face regions principally get their blood supply from the external carotid artery and its branches. Some previous articles have mentioned the abnormal pattern of the external carotid artery branching and its variable origin. In this article, a rare case has been documented, having the combination of anomalies of the high carotid termination and bilateral variable origin of the ventral branches of the external carotid artery encountered during routine dissection of the head and neck region of a 55-year-old male cadaver in the Department of Anatomy. In this instance, on the right side of the neck, we observed the presence of a thyrolinguofacial trunk which arose from the ventral surface of the external carotid artery, and on the left side, the linguofacial trunk emerged from the ventral surface of the external carotid artery while the superior thyroid artery branched off directly from the left common carotid artery. This apart, there was bilateral high termination of the common carotid artery. Although the exact embryogenesis of such common arterial trunks anomalies and high carotid termination is not clear, detailed and precise anatomical knowledge of such a combination of anomalies will provide further insight for better radiological evaluation and to avert iatrogenic vascular injuries during any surgical procedures of the head and face region.

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Gajin, Predrag, Srdjan Babic, Milorad Sevkovic, Mihailo Neskovic, Predrag Matic, Igor Atanasijevic, and Nenad Ilijevski. "Thrombosis of External Carotid Artery after Internal Artery Endarterectomy Causing Ischemic Events." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, no. C (May 16, 2022): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.7372.

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Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a widespread and safe procedure associated with very little risk. Only at our hospital surgeons perform nearly 1000 of these surgeries annually, with serious complications occurring extremely rarely[1]. Cerebral ischemic events due to external carotid artery (ECA) thrombosis following a successful internal carotid artery (ICA) endarterectomy is one of such complications. We present a case of ECA thrombosis, following ICA endarterectomy that caused ischemic events.

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Pritz, Michael B. "External carotid artery reconstruction performed using an autologous internal carotid artery patch." Journal of Neurosurgery 94, no. 6 (June 2001): 996–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2001.94.6.0996.

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✓ The reconstruction of the external carotid artery (ECA) and obliteration of an occluded stump or atretic internal carotid artery (ICA) are described. In this method the occluded ICA is used as an autologous patch graft. Satisfactory ICA obliteration and expanded, smooth common carotid artery—ECA contour were obtained in three patients. Advantages of this procedure include ICA obliteration and precise patch placement by using an ideal, autologous, arterial graft.

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Woo, Edward Y., Jagajan Karmacharya, Omaida C. Velazquez, Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Christopher L. Skelly, and Ronald M. Fairman. "Differential Effects of Carotid Artery Stenting Versus Carotid Endarterectomy on External Carotid Artery Patency." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 14, no. 2 (April 2007): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1583/1545-1550(2007)14[208:deocas]2.0.co;2.

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Woo, Edward Y., Jagajan Karmacharya, Omaida C. Velazquez, Jeffrey P. Carpenter, Christopher L. Skelly, and Ronald M. Fairman. "Differential Effects of Carotid Artery Stenting versus Carotid Endarterectomy on External Carotid Artery Patency." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 14, no. 2 (April 2007): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152660280701400213.

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Goyal, Sumit, and Ajit Kumar Sinha. "Republished: A rare case of absent left common carotid artery with bovine origin of the left external carotid artery." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 9, no. 5 (October 8, 2016): e20-e20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2016-012540.rep.

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A 22-year-old man had cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and his angiogram incidentally revealed an absent left common carotid artery with bovine origin of the left external carotid artery. There was also an associated low bifurcation of the right common carotid artery and basilar artery fenestration. The absence of a common carotid artery is a very rare angiographic finding, and an association with a bovine origin of the left external carotid artery has not been reported previously in the literature. Here we provide a description of the case along with a review of the literature and embryology.

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Banode, Pankaj, Abhinav A. Mohan, Shishir Ravekar, Priyanka Banode, and Pushan Sharma. "Spontaneous Aneurysm of External Carotid Artery: Management and Complications." International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences 4, no. 02 (July 2018): 081–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1677785.

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AbstractExtracranial carotid artery aneurysm is a rare vascular disease in the neck with variable presentation. Aneurysms are associated with significant mortality and morbidity and are associated with fatal complication secondary to spontaneous rupture or tracheal compression or laryngeal edema and distal embolization. A 43-year-old male patient presented with large aneurysm arising from proximal common carotid artery (CCA) causing tracheal obstruction leading to life-threatening respiratory symptoms. The endovascular interventional management is an emerging alternative for surgical option and providing promising results with almost similar safety and efficacy. Endovascular management of an extracranial carotid artery aneurysm using stent graft is minimally invasive and effective.

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Khanal, L., P. Baral, P. Yadav, A. Pandeya, S. Shah, and S. Koirala. "Bilateral anatomical variation in branching pattern of external carotid artery in a male cadaver - a case report." Journal of Morphological Sciences 32, no. 02 (April 2015): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/jms.072914.

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AbstractDevelopmental anomalies in the origin and branching pattern of the external carotid artery are not common. The level of the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and also the variations in the origin/branching pattern of the external carotid artery are well known and documented. During a routine dissection of middle aged male cadaver in department of Anatomy in BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) The clinically-relevant variations to be noted were the high origin and anomalous course of the facial artery, superior thyroid artery arising as a branch of Common Carotid artery, high origin of ascending pharyngeal artery, posterior auricular artery and direct glandular branches to the Submandibular gland. Such anatomical variations of external carotid artery are important for surgeons in surgeries of head and neck region and also for radiologists in the image interpretation of the face and neck region.

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Uno, Masaaki, Kyoko Nishi, Kiyohito Shinno, and Shinji Nagahiro. "Carotid Endarterectomy with External Shunt: A New Device and Indication for Use: Technical Note." Neurosurgery 48, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 1174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200105000-00048.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE We designed a new external shunt system and evaluated its indications and efficacy in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS In 8 of 332 CEA procedures, external shunts were placed between the common carotid artery and the internal carotid artery (ICA). This procedure was implemented for one of two indications: 1) a change in electroencephalographic and/or somatosensory evoked potential readings immediately after ICA occlusion, or 2) elongation of the ICA made safe insertion of an internal shunt impossible. In addition, a shunt was placed between the common carotid artery and the external carotid artery to establish collateral circulation from the external carotid artery to the intracranial circulation, which is essential during ICA occlusion. RESULTS All external shunts were functional, and electroencephalography and somatosensory evoked potentials demonstrated no significant abnormalities during the CEAs. All patients awoke from surgery without manifestation of new neurological deficits. CONCLUSION Our new external shunt device proved safe and efficacious in cases that did not permit the placement of an internal shunt.

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Casey, Kevin, Wei Zhou, Maureen Tedesco, Weesam Al-Khatib, Tina Hernandez-Boussard, and Fritz Bech. "Fate of the external carotid artery following carotid interventions." International Journal of Angiology 18, no. 04 (December 2009): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1278348.

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Noh, Cassey Y. "Carotid Duplex Study of the Left External Carotid Artery Transposition for the Repair of the Left Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm." Journal for Vascular Ultrasound 43, no. 3 (August 25, 2019): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1544316719867159.

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This case study reports a carotid duplex study of a rare case of the extracranial internal carotid artery aneurysm, and an unconventional procedure for the repair, transposition of the external carotid artery into the internal carotid artery. The pre-operative and post-operative computed tomography images confirm these findings.

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Sonje, Preeti, Neelesh Kanasker, and P. Vatsalaswamy. "Significance of level of bifurcation of common carotid artery and variant branches of external carotid artery in cervicofacial surgeries with ontological explanation: a cadaveric study." International Surgery Journal 6, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 3681. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20194424.

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Background: External carotid artery is the main artery supplying the structures of neck and face. Variability in the branching pattern of external carotid artery is important surgically and radiologically from the point of view of procedures carried out in that region. Purpose of the present study was to study the branching pattern of external carotid artery.Methods: Carotid triangle of the neck and the infratemporal fossa was dissected for studying the external carotid artery.Results: Generally the common carotid artery bifurcates at the level of upper border of lamina of thyroid cartilage. Level of bifurcation of common carotid artery may vary; it may arise at a lower level or at a higher level than its normal level of origin, which was observed in this study. Amongst the branches of external carotid artery like the superior thyroid artery, the facial artery, the lingual artery usually shows variations in their origin. These include origin of superior thyroid artery from common carotid artery, common trunk for facial and lingual arteries and many other different types of variations were seen in this study.Conclusions: Variant origins of the branches of external carotid artery are of significance in surgeries of thyroid, parotid gland, tongue as well as important in diagnostic procedures of head, neck, face region.

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Beer-Furlan, André, and Stephan A. Munich. "Carotid artery stenting in a patient with an anomalous vertebral artery origin from the external carotid artery." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 13, no. 10 (February 11, 2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-017075.

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The existence of carotid basilar anastomoses has been well documented embryologically, anatomically, and, in the case of the persistent trigeminal and hypoglossal arteries, angiographically. Conversely, anomalous origins of the vertebral arteries (VA) are not very common with an incidence ranging from 3% to 8%. Multiple variations of the VA origin have been reported in the literature, including arising from the aortic arch, from the common, internal, or external carotid arteries and subclavian branches.1 There are only four cases reported in the literature of VA origin from the external carotid artery.2–5 We report the fifth case in which the anomalous origin was identified during the investigation of an acute ischemic stroke. Video 1 emphasizes the importance of anatomical knowledge prior to endovascular or surgical interventions. It also highlights technical nuances of carotid artery stenting in a patient with anomalous VA origin from the external carotid artery.Video 1