Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Art zimbabwéen'
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1
Garlake, Peter Storr. "Rock art in Zimbabwe." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1992. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29499/.
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This work is based on the comparative iconographic analysis of a distinct corpus of paintings within the Later Stone Age, Bushman or San art of southern Africa. They are distinct from the rest of the paintings of the region in age, numbers, variety, complexity and density. It defines in detail the principles that determined the form of the paintings - where the primary concern was to depict objects through outline alone - and the canon - the very restricted range of subjects that were depicted. It demonstrates that the human imagery established a set of archetypes, expressing concepts of the roles of men and women in the community through a set of readily legible attributes. The art was thus in essence conceptual and, of its nature, not concerned with the individual, illustration, narrative, documentation or anecdote. Within this framework, the paintings focused on concepts of the various forms and degrees of supernatural energy or potency that all San have believed to be inherent in every person. Further studies demonstrate how large and dangerous animals, particularly the elephant, were conceived as symbols of potency and their hunting as a metaphor for trance. Compositions based on oval shapes and the dots within and emanating from them are shown to be further symbols of aspects of potency. Many recurrent and hitherto ignored motifs attached to human figures are shown to be a graphic commentary on the metaphysics of the archetypes. The study is set in the context of the archaeology of the sub-region, recent studies of San concepts, perceptions and beliefs, a review of previous research, and a critique of influential recent South African work which first integrated paintings with San beliefs.
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Mushanguri, Mejury. "What challenges are being faced by women entrepreneurs in accessing micro finance services in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011765.
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The research seeks to explore why women in Zimbabwe still face hindrances in accessing micro finance services and what can be done to meet their needs in a more holistic and effective way. Women play a crucial role in the economic development of their families and communities but are faced with certain obstacles that hinder them from performing their role effectively. Such hindrances as poverty, unemployment, low household income and societal discrimination. UNIFEM (1992) confirms that the majority of the world‟s poor have a predominantly female face and argues that women earn only 10 percent of world‟s income and own less than 10 percent of the world‟s property. African women have been characterised by the lack of empowerment caused by societal perceptions and negative cultural practice. In many cases of women rights violation it has been noted that this has been exacerbated by the over reliance on the male counterpart. Development practitioners have noted that micro finance as one of the strategies needed for women empowerment. Despite the concept having been practiced for at least 15 years now, women still face challenges in accessing micro finance services. There is need for Micro Finance Institutions to recognise the position of women in relation to men as actors in society.
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Siduna, Willie. "Access barriers to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Zimbabwe: a case study of Chivhu Hospital." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12275.
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Access to healthcare is one of the basic social goods which ensures that individuals lead healthy and long lives. There is an increased need towards ensuring access to health care for all, which has led to the question of how access is defined. Access in this study is defined as the degree of fit between the health care system and patients. It involves an interaction between the system and patients in a way which removes access barriers to care. A comprehensive framework was used to measure access in this study. The framework allows for a systematic approach to the concept of access and measures access in three dimensions namely affordability, availability and acceptability. Using this framework, the study looked into the factors affecting access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) by patients at Chivhu Hospital in Zimbabwe. Chivhu was chosen because it has a mixed population of urban and rural patients which represents the typical Zimbabwean population. A cross sectional study design was adopted for this study.
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Samkange, Faith. "Booting up the computers, are foodservices in Zimbabwean hotels strategically prepared?" Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1995. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23768.pdf.
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Samwanda, Biggie. "Postcolonial monuments and public sculpture in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006825.
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The study critically examines public art in postcolonial Zimbabwe‘s cities of Harare and Bulawayo. In a case by case approach, I analyse the National Heroes Acre and Old Bulawayo monuments, and three contemporary sculptures – Dominic Benhura‘s Leapfrog (1993) and Adam Madebe‘s Ploughman (1987) and Looking into the future (1985). I used a qualitative research methodology to collect and analyse data. My research design utilised in-depth interviews, observation, content and document analysis, and photography to gather nuanced data and these methods ensured that data collected is validated and/or triangulated. I argue that in Zimbabwe, monuments and public sculpture serve as the necessary interface of the visual, cultural and political discourse of a postcolonial nation that is constantly in transition and dialogue with the everyday realities of trying to understand and construct a national identity from a nest of sub-cultures. I further argue that monuments and public sculpture in Zimbabwe abound with political imperatives given that, as visual artefacts that interlace with ritual performance, they are conscious creations of society and are therefore constitutive of that society‘s heritage and social memory. Since independence in 1980, monuments and public sculpture have helped to open up discursive space and dialogue on national issues and myths. Such discursive spaces and dialogues, I also argue, have been particularly animated from the late 1990s to the present, a period in which the nation has engaged in self-introspection in the face of socio-political change and challenges in the continual process of imagining the Zimbabwean nation. Little research focusing on postcolonial public art in Zimbabwe has hitherto been undertaken. This study addresses gaps in this literature while also providing a spring board from which future studies may emerge.Microsoft� Word 2010
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Gandari, Jonathan. "An examination of how organisational policy and news professionalism are negotiated in a newsroom: a case study of Zimbabwe's Financial gazette." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002884.
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The construction of journalistic professionalism in Zimbabwe has stirred debate among scholars. Critics have argued that professionalism has been compromised by the stifling media laws in Zimbabwe as well as the extra legal measures the state has enforced to control the press. Some have also argued that a new kind of journalism must be emerging in the Zimbabwean newsroom as journalism try to cope with the political and economic pressures bedeviling the country. Much of this criticism however, has not been based on close interrogation of professionalism from the perspective of the journalists in any particular newsroom. It is against this background that this study examines the constructions of professionalism at the Financial Gazette. In particular it explores the meaning of professionalism through interrogating the journalistic practices the journalists consider during the process of news production in the context of overwhelming state power. In undertaking this examination, the study draws primarily on qualitative research methods, particularly observation and multi-layered individual in-depth interviews. As the study demonstrates, the interrogation of professionalism from the perspective of newsroom practices uncovers the complex manner in which professionalism is negotiated in the Gazette’s newsroom located in a country undergoing transition in Democracy. The study establishes that when measured against normative canons of journalistic professionalism the Gazette is deviating from such tenets as public service and watchdog journalism. As the study indicates, perhaps unbeknown to the respondents, the ruling ZANU PF party hegemony is reproduced at the Gazette through choice of news values such as sovereignty and patriotism all euphemisms for ruling party‘s slogans.
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Saurombe, Memory. "The impact of media commercialization on public service broadcasting : the case of Radio Zimbabwe after the adoption of the Commercialisation Act (No 26) of 2001." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/601.
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Cultural and educational functions of public service broadcasting come at a fortuitous time, as the changing environment of broadcasting is on various agendas. At the heart of this is the question of the present and future status of public service broadcasting. Major changes have taken place in the political economy of the media and the world economy at large, technological advancement has resulted in privatization and commercialization of the media. In most societies where these changes have taken place, public service broadcasting has been threatened by the rapid rise of commercial institutions, resulting in stiff competition for audiences. This study will examine the extent to which the adoption of the Commercialization Act (No 26) of 2001 in Zimbabwe has affected Radio Zimbabwe’s role as a public broadcaster. The study is based on the hypothesis that with the adoption of the Commercialization Act, Radio Zimbabwe is no longer playing its public service role effectively. The current nature of programming at Radio Zimbabwe as the research hopes to show will highlight tremendous changes towards a commercial logic. The study uses a combination of document analysis, secondary literature and qualitative interviews.
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Schmidt, Bettina. "Zimbabwe : die Entstehung einer Nation /." Saarbrücken : Breitenbach, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35702153m.
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Böhmer-Bauer, Kunigunde. "Great Zimbabwe : eine ethnologische Untersuchung /." Köln : R. Köppe, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37629678j.
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Dzvimbo, Ratidzo Sharlene. "Should the Zimbabwean Companies Act move away from judicial management and adopt business rescue?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4603.
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Shand, Wayne Jon. "What are the institutional implications of co-production as a strategy for development?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/what-are-the-institutional-implications-of-coproduction-as-a-strategy-for-development(d7bff04e-967f-445f-9d8d-096e76d7ffdc).html.
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This research investigates the institutional implications of co-production as a strategy for development. The study is located within international debates on global development targets beyond 2015 and how cities of the Global South meet the challenges of urbanisation and informality. With forecasts indicating the continuing growth of urban populations, there is an urgent need to consider how governments, working collaboratively with communities, meet the burgeoning demand for housing and basic services and create the institutions necessary for sustainable urban development. Co-production is examined empirically through an embedded case study with the Zimbabwe Homeless People’s Federation, its partner NGO Dialogue on Shelter Trust and the City of Harare Council. The research traces how co-productive relations have evolved between these stakeholders over the period 1997 to 2013. Co-production is considered as a mediating function that supports the creation of spaces for dialogue and problem-solving in complex urban environments. Drawing on sociological institutional theory, the thesis examines the implications of co-productive working on the discursive representation of people in poverty and the institutionalised practices of the state toward low income communities. The research finds that the organisational and deliberative processes associated with co-production are formative: contributing to the efficacy of low income communities and the state to address housing and basic service needs. The thesis reports firstly that community mobilisation has a significant role in bringing together the financial and human resources needed to contribute to co-production. More importantly mobilisation provides the social infrastructure needed to create agential communities. Secondly, where organised communities are involved in the governance of development projects, there is an enhanced capacity to problem solve, which galvanises state support for progressive policies. Thirdly, the research in Harare identified that processes and practices of co-production stimulate adaptation of institutional arrangements. These gain significance over time as they accumulate to affect discourse, epistemic practice and lead to small scale institutional change. The research confirms the potential significance of co-production for sustainable urban development. For communities, co-production serves to shift their subjectivity within existing institutional configurations; creating the potential to act outside of normatively defined roles. For the state, co-production creates an opportunity to establish spaces of deliberation that provide an infusion of resources and can bolster failing legitimacy. However, evidence from Harare also underlines that co-production is contextually defined and adaptive change is fragile in the face of stronger forces of politics and elite interests.
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Mpondi, Douglas. "Educational change and cultural politics national identity-formation in Zimbabwe /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1088187882.
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Madziva, Roda. "A living death : Zimbabwean migrants in the UK who are forced apart from their children." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12893/.
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This thesis is concerned with the lived experience of nineteen Zimbabwean migrants I interviewed in the UK who were forced apart from their children for a lengthy period of time by the UK immigration system. It explores the processes through which these migrants were rendered rightless in their country of birth where their government directly threatened their physical lives and how they were forced to migrate to the UK without their children in search of human rights and protection. However, upon arrival in the UK, these migrants' rightlessness was reinforced as the UK immigration and asylum law affords only the most minimal of rights to asylum seekers and other categories of forced migrants. The thesis attempts to uncover the extent to which the Zimbabwean migrants were denied full access to human rights, especially the rights to legally remain, work and to be reunited with their children in the UK. It also seeks to show how, over a period of time, these migrant parents' selves fell apart; they lost total control of their own lives in the UK and witnessed the disintegration of the connections they had to their children, partners, parents, friends and other kin left behind. The thesis argues that to be afforded partial rights, that is, the right to continue to live and breathe (bare life) but not the right to legally belong and/or to exercise personal autonomy is to be condemned to a living death. By exploring the sufferings and dehumanization processes of the Zimbabwean migrants, the thesis seeks to reveal the gap between the UK's rhetorical commitments with regards to promoting and protecting human rights, and the actual practice of its immigration regime.
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Nyarugwe, Raymond Tendai. "An analysis of the Zimbabwean money laundering and proceeds of crime amendment act of 2018." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8057.
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Magister Legum - LLMFinancial crimes are transnational in nature, and no country is immune from them. They are an international problem that can best be solved through international cooperation on a global scale. It is therefore necessary to have rules and norms that apply worldwide in order to deal with these crimes comprehensively.1 Of particular prominence is the crime of money laundering (ML), which may be defined as the processing of criminal proceeds to disguise their illegal origin.2 This term is relatively new and is broadly defined, with the definitions varying from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In Zimbabwe, money laundering acts are listed in the Money Laundering and Proceeds of Crime Act 34 of 2013 (the Principal Act).3 The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is the main international inter-governmental body formed specifically to set AML standards and to promote their implementation globally.
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Beza, Jabulani. "Rhodesia : a lesson in African self-reliance /." Lanham : University Press of America, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38909540t.
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Nhema, Alfred. "Democracy in Zimbabwe : from liberation to liberalization /." Harare : University of Zimbabwe Publications, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388553049.
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Gurupira, Wilfred T. "Barriers to condom use in serodiscordant couples where one partner was on ART at the UZ Clinical Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4994.
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Magister Public Health - MPHThe HIV prevalence rate in Zimbabwe has been estimated at 15% (15 years old and above), which is one of the highest in the world, and HIV/AIDS remains a significant public health problem. The focus of HIV prevention strategies has been on heterosexual transmission since this is the primary driver of the HIV epidemic in Zimbabwe. Heterosexual serodiscordant couples represent an important subpopulation for HIV prevention but are not well studied in Zimbabwe. In Harare almost all serodiscordant couples participating in the HPTN 052 study reported correct and consistent condom use. However, rates of STIs and pregnancies showed that couples in the study continued to have unprotected sex, in-spite of intensive couples’ counselling, quarterly follow up visits and provision of condoms. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore barriers to condom use by these serodiscordant couples in which one partner was on ART in Harare, Zimbabwe. It used a two stage qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews being the primary method of data collection. These interviews were conducted on a sample of five study staff, 15 serodiscordant couples and individuals enrolled in the HPTN 052 study in Harare, Zimbabwe after consent was obtained. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data collected.The study findings showed that partners were in a fairly large age range (30 to 50+ years) with males being slightly older than females. Seven males and five females were HIV positive. Couples had a wide variation in the length of their relationships, from one month to over 15 years as a couple. The study findings also showed that individuals in serodiscordant relationships understood serodiscordance. Problems unique to these couples were identified and broadly categorized as dealing with an HIV positive result, accepting serodiscordance, and difficulty of disclosing serodiscordance to family. Couples also showed understanding of the importance of condom use in a discordant relationship. The most common reason for using condoms was to prevent transmission of HIV to the uninfected partner. The main barriers to condom use were the strong desire to have children, male partner reluctance to use condoms and the influence of the negative partner in determining condom use. Based on these findings, a nuanced approach to prevention strategies, such as condom use and couples counselling and testing, is required. The aim should be to increase understanding of serodiscordance, risk and condom use at all sessions or contacts with couples.
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Lipeleke, Freddy. "An exploratory study on the perceptions of Zimbabwean women activists regarding the Domestic Violence Act (2007)." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12851.
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Includes bibliographical references.The overall aim of the study was to explore the perceptions of Zimbabwe women activists regarding the Domestic Violence Act (2007) in that country. The study surveyed fourteen women activists in Zimbabwe to determine their perceptions on the strengths and weaknesses of the Act, the challenges of implementing the Act, and lastly, their recommendations with regard to the amendments, if any, that they would want to see made to the Act. The respondents comprised women who worked for organisations that advocated and lobbied for the rights of women in Zimbabwe. The research design was qualitative, and a purposive sampling technique was employed to recruit the respondents. In-depth face-to-face interviews were used to gather data for the study. Most of the respondents who were interviewed were lawyers, although there were also a significant number of social workers and a teacher. The study established that the Act had both strengths and weaknesses. The most significant strengths of the Act was the criminalisation of domestic violence in Zimbabwe. This therefore meant that the problem of domestic violence was now receiving much needed attention from the state and its law enforcement agents. Another strength of the Act was the fact that the definition of domestic violence was expanded to include other cultural practices that violate the rights of women. These included such practices as forced virginity tests and forced marriages, as well as the pledging of the girl child as a form of payment, practices which hitherto were not classified as criminal offences.
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Zachrisson, Per. "Hunting for development : people, land and wildlife in southern Zimbabwe /." Göteborg : Göteborg university, Department of social anthropology, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39954202d.
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Andersson, Agnes. "The bright lights grow fainter : livelihoods, migration and a small town in Zimbabwe." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Stockholm university, Department of human geography, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41066086v.
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Mapuva, Jephias. "A critical analysis of the ministerial powers to appoint 'special interest' councillors in terms of Section 4 A of Zimbabwe's Urban Councils Act (2008)." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6088_1370947242.
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Kriger, Norma J. "Zimbabwe's guerrilla war : peasant voices /." Cambridge : Cambridge university press, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35488025p.
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Billing, Hannah, and Johanna Dixelius. "”I think it’s good, it’s only the remunerations, they are poor” - Perceptions on Being a Teacher in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Lärarutbildningen (LUT), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-30886.
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This study aims to identify factors that influence teachers’ conditions in Zimbabwe. Eight teachers have been interviewed in different parts of Zimbabwe. Theories on motivation have been used to analyze the findings. The analysis led up to two categories of factors with impact on teachers’ conditions, which are named Remuneration Factors as well as Non-remuneration Factors. Our findings reveal that when the remunerations are on such a low level that the teachers experience hardships in satisfying their most basic needs, their over-all motivation is negatively influenced. However, the teachers are at the same time motivated by the fact that they enjoy the job itself.
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Mutingwende, Michael. "Le Socialisme du Zimbabwe le cas de la province de Masvingo /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37608286d.
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Fiedler-Conradi, Sabine. "Arbeit und Recht im kolonialen Zimbabwe : die Geschichte einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung /." Münster : Lit, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38866150c.
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Machingauta, Naison. "A legal analysis of the appointment of caretakers to act as council in terms of Zimbabwe's section 80 of the Urban councils Act." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2565.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe monitoring and supervision of local government is usually done by central governments. However in some countries like South Africa where there three spheres of government the provincial executive is charged with the supervision of the local sphere of government. In Zimbabwe the monitoring and supervision of local government is done by the central government through the relevant Minister. This study will look at the appointment of a caretaker to act as council in terms of section 80 of the UCA. Although a similar provision exists in section 158 of the RDCA, it is section 80 that has been vigorously applied by the Minister in recent times and which has caused an outcry from urban local authorities.
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Skidmore, Allison Mae. "Landscape heterogeneity by termitaria and its effect on ant community composition in the miombo woodlands of Chizarira Naitonal Park, Zimbabwe." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4761.
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Mungadze, Jerry Jesphat. "A Descriptive Study of a Native African Mental Health Problem Known in Zimbabwe as zvirwere zvechivanhu." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332278/.
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This is a study conducted in Zimbabwe which compared a group of 50 zvirvere zvechivanhu patients and a group of 50 non-patients in age, sex, marital status, level of education and claims of spirit possession. Claims of spirit possessions and types of spirits, as pointed out by Bennel (1982), were used as symptoms of zvirwere zvechivanhu. The two groups were also compared in symptom dimensions of the SCL-90-R used in the study. The SCL-90-R, developed by Derogatis (1975), is a 90-item symptom check list used to screen people for psychological problems reflected in the nine symptom dimensions of somatization, obsessive/ compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, psychoticism and in the three global scores of Global Severity Index, Positive Symptom Distress Index and Positive Symptom Total. The subjects were chosen from two different sites, using a systematic sampling method. Three statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The Chi-square was used to analyze data on descriptive variables. The T-test and 2 x 2 analysis of variance were used to analyze the data on symptom dimensions and global scores. The study had one main hypothesis and nine subhypotheses. The main hypothesis was that zvirwere zvechivanhu patients were significantly different from the non-patients on the overall global scores. The nine subhypotheses stated that the patient and non-patient groups were significantly different in the nine separate symptom dimensions. The study concluded that the zvirwere zvechivanhu patients were significantly different from the non-patients in the overall global scores. In the nine separate symptom dimensions, it was concluded that the two groups were the same in all except the somatization and obsessive/compulsive system dimensions.
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Wachanga, David Ndirangu. "Sanctioned and Controlled Message Propagation in a Restrictive Information Environment: The Small World of Clandestine Radio Broadcasting." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5113/.
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This dissertation seeks to identify the elements that inform the model for competing message propagation systems in a restrictive environment. It pays attention to message propagation by sanctioned and clandestine radio stations in pre- and post-independent Zimbabwe. This dissertation uses two models of message propagation in a limiting information environment: Sturges' information model of national liberation struggle and Chatman's small world information model. All the message propagation elements in the Sturges and Chatman's models are present in the broadcast texts analyzed. However, the findings of this dissertation indicate that communication in a restrictive information environment is designed such that its participants make sense of their situation, and come up with ways to solve the challenges of their small world. Also, a restrictive information environment is situational, and message propagators operating in it are subject to tactical changes at different times, accordingly altering their cognitive maps. The two models fail to address these concerns. This dissertation focused on message propagation in Zimbabwe because there is military belligerence involved in the information warfare. It therefore provides an extreme situation, which can help our understanding of more everyday instances of communication and interference of communication. Findings of this dissertation recommend the need to emphasize that information input, output and suppression are components dependent on each other; not discrete and independent categories of information activities.
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Madzivanyika, Last. "The impact of weaknesses in the Urban Councils Act on efficient and effective service delivery in urban local councils in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5428_1337778145.
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This study focuses on the impact on service provision arising from uncertainties in the UC Act. There are serious problems with the delivery of basic services in urban areas: including frequent interruptions in water supply, persistent power cuts, uncollected refuse, poor health services and dilapidated infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to highlight specific weaknesses in the UC Act and examine how these contribute to poor service delivery. The specific weaknesses to be examined are the unfettered powers of the minister, lack of legal certainty on powers and functions of UCs, limited revenue generating powers and lack of autonomy in recruiting senior council administration. First, UCs exercise delegated powers from central government. The minister has powers to give directions on matters of policy, suspend, reverse, or rescind council resolutions. There is no legal authority to check and balance the unfettered powers of the minister. Poor service delivery may be attributed in part to the unfettered powers of the minister. Secondly, UCs do not have devolved fiscal powers. As agents of central government, UCs can only levy those taxes and borrow money as authorised by the minister. The limited capacities of UCs to generate own revenue impacts negatively on the capacity of UCs to respond to the needs of the communities they serve.
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Dube, Lorraine Tanyaradzwa. "Exploring pre-and post-partum barriers to anti-retroviral therapy adherence for HIV-positive women initiated onto Option B Plus in Harare, Zimbabwe." University of the Western cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5594.
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Master of Public Health - MPHBackground: Zimbabwe has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in sub-Saharan Africa, with the adult prevalence rate at 15%. The HIV prevalence is highest among adult women, at 18%. Mother-to-child transmission is the second leading cause of HIV in Zimbabwe. Therefore, provision of anti-retroviral therapy to pregnant women is important in reducing mother-to-child transmission. In 2012, the World Health Organisation formally adopted ART guidelines known as "Option B Plus", where triple therapy is provided to pregnant women for life, regardless of CD4 count. Zimbabwe subsequently adopted Option B Plus in September 2013. However, the success of ART depends on adherence to treatment. Lack of adherence to treatment leads to an increased risk of opportunistic infections and drug resistance, which is costly to treat. The aim of the study was to explore pre-and post-partum barriers to anti-retroviral therapy for HIV-positive women initiated onto Option B Plus in Harare, Zimbabwe. Methodology: Descriptive qualitative methods were used to explore the barriers to ART adherence for pre-and post-partum HIV-positive women initiated onto Option B Plus in Harare, Zimbabwe. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted in Shona with 20 non-adherent pre-and post-partum HIV-positive women and four key informants who are health workers from two identified health facilities (Edith Opperman Polyclinic and Kuwadzana Polyclinic). The interviews were recorded, transcribed and translated into English. The data was analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Health facility and individual factors emerged as barriers to adherence. Heavy workload and staff shortages, negative health worker attitude, cost of accessing health facilities, medicine shortages and detrimental health facility policies were all health facility related barriers identified by both key informants and the women. Individual barriers were related to difficulty in navigating the early days after diagnosis and treatment, stigma, intimate partner dynamics and religion. Conclusion: Despite free, decentralised provision of ART, barriers to adherence still exist. Many of the barriers have been articulated in previous research that focused on prevention of- mother-to-child transmission regimens, as well as ART regimens for the general population. The fact that the barriers remain suggests that the barriers are complex and addressing them will require tackling social constraints such as stigma and gender roles that pose a significant barrier to adherence.
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Muchapondwa, Varaidzo Violet. "Examining the parameters of the powers of the Minister of Local Government to issue policy directives to urban local authorities in Zimbabwe in terms of section 313 of the Urban Councils Act." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4399.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis is a desktop based study which will analyse relevant books and chapters in books relating to supervision of local governments by national and other higher level governments. It will also examine legislation, journal articles, newspaper articles and press statements in the field of multi-level government. The study will examine three Ministerial directives in chapter four. Due to challenges in accessing government policies the study will assess two directives that the author has on file. The study will rely on secondary sources such as newspaper articles for the third directive.
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Mileji, Gift. "‘Power-sharing government mechanisms' : are they a solution or an obstacle to democratisation in Africa? A focus on South Africa and Zimbabwe." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18628.
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After the Cold war, most African countries have strived to be democratic States by accommodating the idea of liberal democracy. Although these countries adopt this kind of system of governance, most of them do not adhere to the tenets which this type of democracy ascribes. The political systems in most African countries are organised and based on what is referred to as politics of identity. This is where the set up of political institutions is based on interest groups with an ethnic, religious or any peculiar identity configuration. The practice of identity politics based on ethnic, religious or merely any identity, leads to exclusion of some segmental groups from the governance system in most African countries.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011.
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Shongedza, Igniatiana. "Les programmes du Commonwealth au Zimbabwe et en République sud-africaine : éducation et développement durable /." Paris : l'Harmattan, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41123608b.
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Maposa, Innocent. "Survival modelling and analysis of HIV/AIDS patients on HIV care and antiretroviral treatment to determine longevity prognostic factors." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5444.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe HIV/AIDS pandemic has been a torment to the African developmental agenda, especially the Southern African Development Countries (SADC), for the past two decades. The disease and condition tends to affect the productive age groups. Children have also not been spared from the severe effects associated with the disease. The advent of antiretroviral treatment (ART) has brought a great relief to governments and patients in these regions. More people living with HIV/AIDS have experienced a boost in their survival prospects and hence their contribution to national developmental projects. Survival analysis methods are usually used in biostatistics, epidemiological modelling and clinical research to model time to event data. The most interesting aspect of this analysis comes when survival models are used to determine risk factors for the survival of patients undergoing some treatment or living with a certain disease condition. The purpose of this thesis was to determine prognostic risk factors for patients' survival whilst on ART. The study sought to highlight the risk factors that impact the survival time negatively at different survival time points. The study utilized a sample of paediatric and adult datasets from Namibia and Zimbabwe respectively. The paediatric dataset from Katutura hospital (Namibia) comprised of the adolescents and children on ART, whilst the adult dataset from Bulawayo hospital (Zimbabwe) comprised of those patients on ART in the 15 years and above age categories. All datasets used in this thesis were based on retrospective cohorts followed for some period of time. Different methods to reduce errors in parameter estimation were employed to the datasets. The proportional hazards, Bayesian proportional hazards and the censored quantile regression models were utilized in this study. The results from the proportional hazards model show that most of the variables considered were not signifcant overall. The Bayesian proportional hazards model shows us that all the considered factors had different risk profiles at the different quartiles of the survival times. This highlights that by using the proportional hazards models, we only get a fixed constant effect of the risk factors, yet in reality, the effect of risk factors differs at different survival time points. This picture was strongly highlighted by the censored quantile regression model which indicated that some variables were significant in the early periods of initiation whilst they did not significantly affect survival time at any other points in the survival time distribution. The censored quantile regression models clearly demonstrate that there are significant insights gained on the dynamics of how different prognostic risk factors affect patient survival time across the survival time distribution compared to when we use proportional hazards and Bayesian propotional hazards models. However, the advantages of using the proportional hazards framework, due to the estimation of hazard rates as well as it's application in the competing risk framework are still unassailable. The hazard rate estimation under the censored quantile regression framework is an area that is still under development and the computational aspects are yet to be incorporated into the mainstream statistical softwares. This study concludes that, with the current literature and computational support, using both model frameworks to ascertain the dynamic effects of different prognostic risk factors for survival in people living with HIV/AIDS and on ART would give the researchers more insights. These insights will then help public health policy makers to draft relevant targeted policies aimed at improving these patients' survival time on treatment.
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Welch, Pamela. "Church and settler in colonial Zimbabwe : a study in the history of the anglican diocese of Mashonaland/Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1925 /." Leiden : Brill, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41352475n.
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Sibanda, Lovemore. "Who is Who in Zimbabwe's Armed Revolution? Representation of the ZAPU/ZIPRA and the ZANU/ZANLA in High School History Textbooks Narratives of the Liberation War." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505182/.
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The liberation war was a watershed event in the history of Zimbabwe. According to the ZANU PF (Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front) ruling elites, an understanding of the common experiences of the people during the liberation war provides the best opportunity to mold a common national identity and consciousness. However, the representation of important historical events in a nation's history is problematic. At best events are manipulated for political purposes by the ruling elites, and at the worst they are distorted or exaggerated. In Zimbabwe, the representation of the ZAPU/ZIPRA and the ZANU/ZANLA as liberation movements in high school history textbooks during the armed struggle is a hot potato. This study critically examined and explored the contested "representational practices" of the ZAPU/ZIPRA and the ZANU/ZANLA as liberation movements during the Zimbabwean armed revolution. By means of qualitative content analysis, seven high school history textbooks from Zimbabwe were analyzed. Drawing from postcolonial perspectives and insights, particularly Fanon's concept of the pitfall of national consciousness, the study unveiled the way in which Zimbabwean high school textbooks portrayed the ZAPU/ZIPRA and the ZANU/ZANLA as very different liberation movements whose roles and contributions were unequal. High school textbooks depicted the ZANU/ZANLA as a radical revolutionary and people-oriented liberation movement totally committed to the armed struggle and the ZAPU/ZIPRA as a moderate party not dedicated to the armed revolution. In a nutshell, the high school history textbooks glorified and celebrated the political and military achievements of the ZANU/ZANLA and suppressed while not completely ignoring those of the ZAPU/ZIPRA. Although the findings of this study will not solve the problem of high school textbooks (mis) representation of the roles and contributions of the ZAPU/ZIPRA and the ZANU/ZANLA in the armed struggle, the study can serve as a "tool of resistance" by exposing the continual abuse and misuse of history education by postcolonial ruling elites to preservice teachers, classroom teachers, teacher education programs and textbook publishers.
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Marchand, Jacques. "Nationalisme économique et multinationales minières dans le système national-mondial hiérarchisé la capacité de peser de l'état sur les compagnies minières en Zambie, Zimbabwe, Afrique du Sud, 1955-1985 /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376156651.
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Goodwin, David Pell, and n/a. "Belonging knows no boundaries : persisting land tenure custom for Shona, Ndebele and Ngai Tahu." University of Otago. Department of Surveying, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080807.151921.
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Aspects of customary land tenure may survive even where formal rules in a society supersede custom. This thesis is about persisting custom for Maori Freehold land (MFL) in New Zealand, and the Communal Areas (CAs) of Zimbabwe. Three questions are addressed: what unwritten land tenure custom still persists for Ngai Tahu, Shona and Ndebele, what key historical processes and events in New Zealand and Zimbabwe shaped the relationship between people and land into the form it displays today, and how do we explain differences between surviving customary tenure practices in the two countries? The research was based on in-depth interviews.
A key difference between the two countries was found to lie in the type and degree of security available over the years to Maori and Shona/Ndebele. Roots of security were found in the substance of the founding treaties and concessions, and thereafter in a variety of other factors including the help (or lack of it) offered by the law in redressing grievances, the level of intermarriage between settler and autochthon, the differing security of land rights offered in urban centres in the respective countries, demographic factors and the availability of state benefits. This research finds that greater security was offered to Maori than to Shona and Ndebele, and that this has reduced the centrality of customary practices with regard to land.
The research found that, in Zimbabwe, tenure security in the CAs is still underwritten by communities and that significant investment is still made in both living and dead members of those communities. Another finding is that land custom has adapted dynamically to meet new challenges, such as urban land and CA land sales. In New Zealand, investment in groups that jointly hold rights in MFL has, to some extent been eclipsed by the payment of rates and the availability of services (e.g. state-maintained boundary records and law enforcement mechanisms) and of benefits (e.g. superannuation, disability and unemployment). Land and community are not as closely linked to survival as they were in the past and, for many, they have come to hold largely symbolic value and less practical significance. Overall, it is the pursuit of security and �belonging� that have been the greatest influences on customary land tenure practices in the long term.
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Zhou, Grace. "Missionaries' impact on the formation of modern art in Zimbabwe : a case study of Cyrene and Serima art works." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24543.
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Focusing on Cyrene and Serima art workshops under the tutelage of Paterson and Groeber, respectively, the study acknowledges the foundational importance of Christian art (from the late 1930s up to the 1960s) in the rise of prominent first generation artists in Zimbabwe such as Mukomberanwa, Ndandarika, Khumalo, Songo, Sambo and many others. It rejects perceptions of African modernism as inauthentic imitations of artistic innovations that originated with European art. While accepting that there was a deliberate fusion of traditional art into mission mainstream education to produce Christian art forms with a strong Africanised identity, the study reveals missionaries’ conservatism and restrictions on artistic freedom. It, therefore, locates the formation of modern art in Zimbabwe largely within a broader spectrum of Africans’ encounter with colonialism or western culture which induced artists to invent new artistic expressions reflecting their own emergent political and socio-economic circumstances. The novelty and outright rejection of missionary impact are, therefore, alien to the natural synthesis that informed artistic modernism in Zimbabwe.Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology
M.A. (Art History)
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Grand, Nesbeth. "Art and globalisation : the place of intangible heritage in a globalized environment." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/12065.
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The thesis has investigated the place of Zimbabwean indigenous intangible heritage in a globalising environment. It used the Shona language and intangible heritage situation as a case study. It argued that Zimbabwean intangible heritage is continually being eroded by the agents of globalisation and that the only way of safeguarding it from extinction is through the preservation of Zimbabwean indigenous languages. The thesis has come to this conclusion after having established that there is an intimate and inseparable bond between language and its intangible values so much that it is not possible to talk of one devoid of the other. The relationship has been seen to be symbiotic. The Shona language has been established to embody, express and to be a carrier of all the intangible heritage of its speakers into the future by re-living them in the people’s daily life while these intangible values have been seen to conserve the language through their continued practice by the people. The research has also established that Zimbabwean intangible heritage marginalisation has roots in colonialism, dating as far back as the early Christian missionary days. The Shona intangible heritage has also been seen to be still of value despite the global threats as evidenced by the people’s continued re-living of it through language. The thesis has also noted that the Zimbabwean Ministry of Education, Sport and Culture is still using out-dated colonial language policies that still further the ascendancy of English and the intangible values it stands for while indigenous languages and values are marginalised in the education system, in government and in industry thereby worsening their predicament in the global environment. The current socio-economic and political developments in the country and some Shona novelists in Shona and in English are also culprits in this whole process as they continue to demonise and infantilise Zimbabwean intangible heritage. The thesis has therefore asserted that Zimbabwean intangible heritage is most likely to be eroded from the face of the earth if no measures are taken to safeguard it from extinction. It has therefore wound up by arguing that the survival of Zimbabwean intangible heritage lies in the survival of Zimbabwean indigenous languages through which it continues to be practised and felt by its people. The thesis has therefore recommended that the Zimbabwean government adopt sound language policies that safeguard the survival of Zimbabwean indigenous languages to enable the indigenous intangible heritage of the people to survive as well as the two are intricately related.African Languages
(D.Litt.et.Phil.(African Languages))
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Grand, Nesbeth. "Art and globalisation : the place of intangible heritage in a globalising environment." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/12065.
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The thesis has investigated the place of Zimbabwean indigenous intangible heritage in a globalising environment. It used the Shona language and intangible heritage situation as a case study. It argued that Zimbabwean intangible heritage is continually being eroded by the agents of globalisation and that the only way of safeguarding it from extinction is through the preservation of Zimbabwean indigenous languages. The thesis has come to this conclusion after having established that there is an intimate and inseparable bond between language and its intangible values so much that it is not possible to talk of one devoid of the other. The relationship has been seen to be symbiotic. The Shona language has been established to embody, express and to be a carrier of all the intangible heritage of its speakers into the future by re-living them in the people’s daily life while these intangible values have been seen to conserve the language through their continued practice by the people. The research has also established that Zimbabwean intangible heritage marginalisation has roots in colonialism, dating as far back as the early Christian missionary days. The Shona intangible heritage has also been seen to be still of value despite the global threats as evidenced by the people’s continued re-living of it through language. The thesis has also noted that the Zimbabwean Ministry of Education, Sport and Culture is still using out-dated colonial language policies that still further the ascendancy of English and the intangible values it stands for while indigenous languages and values are marginalised in the education system, in government and in industry thereby worsening their predicament in the global environment. The current socio-economic and political developments in the country and some Shona novelists in Shona and in English are also culprits in this whole process as they continue to demonise and infantilise Zimbabwean intangible heritage. The thesis has therefore asserted that Zimbabwean intangible heritage is most likely to be eroded from the face of the earth if no measures are taken to safeguard it from extinction. It has therefore wound up by arguing that the survival of Zimbabwean intangible heritage lies in the survival of Zimbabwean indigenous languages through which it continues to be practised and felt by its people. The thesis has therefore recommended that the Zimbabwean government adopt sound language policies that safeguard the survival of Zimbabwean indigenous languages to enable the indigenous intangible heritage of the people to survive as well as the two are intricately related.African Languages
D. Litt. et. Phil.(African Languages)
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Chireshe, Excellent. "The utility of the Zimbabwean Domestic Violence Act : Christian and Muslim women's experiences." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10393.
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The study investigated Zimbabwean Christian and Muslim women who had experienced domestic violence with a view to finding out the extent to which these women used provisions of the Domestic Violence Act of 2006. The study was conducted in urban Masvingo and its surroundings. The methodology applied to the empirical investigation was qualitative and was informed by the phenomenological, feminist and pragmatic theoretical frameworks.
Data was collected, by means of in-depth semi-structured interviews, from 30 participants, 22 Christian and 8 Muslim, who were selected using purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques. In investigating the women’s experiences, some questions guided the study. These include: Where and to what extent does a select group of Christian and Muslim women who fall victim to domestic violence normally seek help? How do religious and cultural beliefs and practices influence the response to domestic violence by the abused as well as those to whom they report? To what extent do religious communities prevent selected victims of domestic violence from seeking legal assistance?
Data was analysed by coding responses according to themes. The study revealed that the participants perceived domestic violence as having diverse causes and most of them saw their religion as crucial in addressing their plight. It emerged that a majority of the participants sought help from their religious communities as well as relatives and friends. Mixed responses emanated from these sources of help. The most common response, based largely on religious and cultural beliefs, was to encourage participants to avoid reporting to authorities. It also emerged that most of the participants were not willing to seek help from the police, courts or legal practitioners to seek redress because of the advice they received as well as their own internalised beliefs. Religious, social, and economic factors prevented most participants from appealing to provisions of the Domestic Violence Act.It was concluded that the Zimbabwean Domestic Violence Act had limited usefulness for participants because of religious, social and economic factors. It was recommended that if relevant stakeholders could jointly work together, domestic violence would be alleviated. Recommendations for further research were also made.Religious Studies & Arabic
D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)
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Ndebele, Samukeliso. "How are multinationals operating in Zimbabwe developing local talent?" Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1229.
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Talent is a relative term usually used to describe someone who is able to perform a task better than their peers. This implies that such people have additional skills, competencies aptitudes or areas of intrinsic motivation that they bring to their performance on the job. In Zimbabwe it is difficult to plan ahead as the skills base continues to shrink and competition is increasing among organisations for the limited talent that is available. The aim of this study is to establish whether and how Multinational companies (MNCs) operating in Zimbabwe are developing local talent. To ascertain the understanding of talent development, whether talent management is shaped by business strategies and effectively communicated and implemented across the organization and if local talent is utilized to its optimal and retained through innovative strategies. The study also extrapolates benefits that organizations realize from talent development and how the organizations can tackle the challenges they face. The researcher used a positivist approach. The research was positivist in that a survey was carried out using one systematic and structured questionnaire administered to human resources, secretariat and executive management of multinational organizations operating in Zimbabwe. Data collection was both quantitative and qualitative thus accommodating the phenomelogical approach. Whilst the study presupposes that the majority of companies in Zimbabwe have no definition of talent development tools therefore unable to identify, engage develop, deploy and retain high valued staff who have high potential for critical and leadership roles, the findings are that most multinationals operating in Zimbabwe do have talent management tools in place. The study identifies key talent development drivers. Recommendations on innovative recruiting, developing and retaining the talent required to fulfill the organisation's business strategies and plans in an effective and efficient way are proffered. An area of further study proposed is on the causes and effects of labour unrest and staff turnover in the country, multinational and local organizations and the impact and implications this has had on the socio economic environment and how a track of skills flight can be undertaken to ensure that such skills can be lured and accommodated back home when the economic and political environment improves.Thesis (MBA)-University of Kwazulu-Natal, 2006.
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Kayinamura, Lilliossa Fadzai. "The extent to which organisations in Zimbabwe are learning organisations : a case of BancABC." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6119.
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Learning organizations is a concept which is little understood and researched in Southern Africa, particularly in Zimbabwe. The researcher chose the subject matter of learning organizations because she feels it is critical to the success of organizations. To date in most organizations the understanding of learning organizations and what they represent has been understood to a very small extent, if any at all. The concept of learning organizations has been researched and practiced mainly in the European and American parts of the world but not to the same extent in Africa.
This paper seeks to examine, The extent to which organizations in Zimbabwe are learning organizations, a case study of BancABC.
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Mahoso, Oscah. "Challenges facing Masvingo Local Council in implementation the Urban Councils ACT [Chapter 29: 15] of 1996 with regard to service delivery in Zimbabwe." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/207.
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Dube, Virginia. "Medico-judicial framework for the rehabilitation of forensic psychiatric patients in Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18590.
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The purpose of this study was to develop a medico-judicial framework for the rehabilitation of forensic psychiatric patients in Zimbabwe. The study used the grounded theory approach utilising a mixed sequential dominant status design. Purposive sampling of key stakeholders was the primary method and theoretical sampling became necessary as the study evolved in the qualitative phase. A confirmatory retrospective document review of 119 files of patients was done in the quantitative phase. Pierre Bourdieu’s conceptual canon of field, habitus and capital was utilised as the theoretical point of departure for the study.
Findings and results showed dislocation and dissonance between and within the habitus of social fields the judiciary, health (medical) and the prison systems with an ensuing hysteretic effect that negatively affected the outcome of forensic psychiatric rehabilitation in special institutions in Zimbabwe. Forensic psychiatric patients were caught up in a double bind situation of aligning to both of the contradictory functions of the medical and the prison systems. The result of this hysteretic scenario seemed to breed some kind of rehabilitative schizophrenia.
The developed medico-judicial framework is projected to transform the libido dominandi of the present into a widened scope of therapeutic jurisprudence. The medico-judicial framework is forwarding the forensic psychiatric practitioner to a new address since it has changed its residence from the special institution to the forensic psychiatric hospital. It is inviting the person involved with forensic psychiatric rehabilitation to begin again, inciting him or her to be open to the possibilities of mapping a path through the tangled growth of current realities into an increased width and depth of comprehensive forensic psychiatric practice that follows an empowering legislative prescriptHealth Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
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Chitsove, Emma. "Are indigenisation measures compensable? a case study of measures taken under the indigenisation and economic empowerment laws of Zimbabwe." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43676.
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Machingauta, Naison. "A legal analysis of the appointment of caretakers to act as council in terms of Zimbabweâs section 80 of the Urban councils Act." Thesis, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8829_1306483246.
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The monitoring and supervision of local government is usually done by central governments. However in some countries like South Africa where there three spheres of government the provincial executive is charged with the supervision of the local sphere of government. In Zimbabwe the monitoring and supervision of local government is done by the central government through the relevant Minister. This study will look at the appointment of a caretaker to act as council in terms of section 80 of the UCA. Although a similar provision exists in section 158 of the RDCA, it is section 80 that has been vigorously applied by the Minister in recent times and which has caused an outcry from urban local authorities.
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Mangeya, Hugh. "Sociologuistic analysis of graffiti written in Shona and English found in selected urban areas of Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18670.
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Various researches across the world have established that graffiti writing is a universal social practice. The actual occurrence or manifestation of graffiti is however far from being universal cross-culturally. It varies based on a wide array of social variables. This research therefore set out to interrogate the occurrence of graffiti writing as a unique social practice in Zimbabwean urban areas. Three Zimbabwean urban areas (Harare, Chitungwiza and Gweru) were specifically sampled for the collection of graffiti inscriptions on various surfaces which included toilet walls, durawalls as well as road signs. Graffiti data collected from the various surfaces was complemented by reader feedback contributions from The Herald and Newsday. Focus group discussions provided a third tier of data aimed at establishing participants’ multiple reactions towards the practice of graffiti. Analysis of data was done based on three
significant sections of participants’ attitudes towards graffiti, urban street protest graffiti as well as educational graffiti collected from various toilet surfaces in urban areas. Participants’ attitudes towards graffiti revealed varied reactions towards the practice of graffiti. The reactions were partly influenced by the participants’ ages as well as levels of education and maturity. Age and maturity proved to be predictors of the extent to which participants were willing to be pragmatic in so far as the appreciation of graffiti writing is concerned. Older and more experienced and mature participants were thus willing to look past the ‘deviant’ nature of graffiti writing to consider the various pressures that force writers to take to the wall. Urban street protest graffiti is a term coined in this research to capture the unique type of graffiti that is written on various surfaces along streets in urban areas. This highly textual graffiti is drastically different from the post-graffiti commonly found in Western urban cities and is aptly referred to as street art. Urban street protest mainly manifested itself in Zimbabwean urban areas in two main themes of protest inscriptions directed towards the operations of Zimbabwe’s electrical energy supplier (commonly referred to by its former name of the Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority - ZESA) as well as through political inscriptions. Political inscriptions expose a high degree of nuances that have not been hitherto discussed in literature on political graffiti inscriptions. The research analysed how graffiti writing can be employed for both pro-hegemonic and anti-hegemonic purposes. Inscriptions in high schools and tertiary institutions highlighted a differential construction of discourse on
a gendered basis. Inscriptions in female toilets indicated a tendency of graffiti writers to
perpetuate dominant educational, health, traditional and religious discourses which assert male dominance. The inscriptions show a major preoccupation with restricting or policing of female sexuality by fellow students mainly through the discursive usages of social corrective Shona labels such as hure (prostitute) and gaba ([big] tin). These are labels that are virtually absent in graffiti inscriptions in male toilets which is suggestive of a situation whereby female inscriptions are conservative. A consequence of such conservatism in inscriptions in female toilets is that no new sexualities are reconstructed and negotiated through discourses in discursive spaces provided by the inherently private nature of toilets in general. Thus, cultural and religious normative expectations are regarded as still weighing heavily on female high school writers in the construction and negotiation of sexuality and gendered behaviours, attitudes, norms and values through discourses constructed through graffiti. In contrast, male inscriptions highlight a major subversion of dominant discourses on abstinence and responsible sexual behaviours and attitudes. Corrective social labels such as ngochani (gay
person) are mainly employed to pressure males into indulging and engaging in heterosexual behaviours. Discourses constructed through graffiti inscriptions in male toilets also demonstrate how sexuality is constructed through debate on the appropriateness of marginalised sexualities such as masturbation and homosexuality.African Languages
D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)