Journal articles on the topic 'Art Political aspects United States'
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1
Ouellette, Alicia, Arthur Caplan, Kelly Carroll, James W. Fossett, Dyrleif Bjarnadottir, Darren Shickle, and Glenn McGee. "Lessons Across the Pond: Assisted Reproductive Technology in the United Kingdom and the United States." American Journal of Law & Medicine 31, no. 4 (December 2005): 419–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009885880503100402.
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Scholars of differing political affiliation and the President's Council on Bioethics have called for regulation of assisted reproductive technology (ART) that would emulate many aspects of the regulatory system of the United Kingdom, in particular that of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. Specifically, scholars and the Council have argued that research in the U.S. involving gametes and human embryos lacks consistent oversight. While the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) produces an annual ART success rate report, submission of data is guaranteed only by the promise that non-responders will be noted as such in the appendix of CDC's report, and most ART clinics publish success rates on the Internet in a much more recognized forum: website advertising. Moreover, U.S. law does not require licensing or accreditation of infertility programs and few regulations govern embryo research. While the large majority of clinics report their success rate data, and many follow practice standards and apply for accreditation from private agencies, these practices are strictly voluntary. Clinics failing to report their success rates face no legal consequence.
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Fletcher, Jamie, and Jane Marriott. "Beyond the Market: The Role of Constitutions in Health Care System Convergence in the United States of America and the United Kingdom." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 42, no. 4 (2014): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12168.
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Two narratives have emerged to describe recent health care reforms in the United States of America (US) and the United Kingdom (UK). One narrative speaks of revolution, that the adoptions of the Affordable Care Act 2010 (ACA) in the US, and the Health and Social Care Act 2012 (HSCA) in the UK, have resulted in fundamental, large-scale philosophical, political and legal change in the jurisdictions’ respective health care systems. The other narrative evokes evolution, identifying each new legislative scheme as a natural development of existing governance structures. Policymakers in both the US and UK face the problem of a health care system which, as traditionally envisaged, cannot offer universal access to health care at a reasonable, or politically acceptable, price
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Piper, Nicola. "Gendering the Politics of Migration." International Migration Review 40, no. 1 (March 2006): 133–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00006.x.
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Although every aspect of the migration process is shaped by political factors and migration presents many political challenges on the domestic and international levels, the attention of political scientists in the United States and Europe has been limited to relatively few topics, including control over entry and exit, and issues of incorporation and citizenship. Work that considers the political aspects of migration from a gender perspective constitutes an even smaller body of work. In considering the contribution that political science might make to our understanding of gendered migration, this essay points both to some pioneering studies of gendered patterns of migration and incorporation, and also to the growing concern with gender among international organizations and policy makers. Interestingly, the essay shows that it is scholars in neighboring disciplines who have more often have taken up questions of governance and the development of gender-fair policy towards migrants. The essay raises questions about the relationship between disciplinary boundaries and topical areas and also about the ways in which regional contexts shape the nature of scholarly inquiry by contrasting work on Asia with that in Europe and the United States.
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Khalilov, Vladimir. "Contemporary American Drama: Socio-Political Aspect." Russia and America in the 21st Century, no. 1 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760018948-9.
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The article deals with the topical issues of American drama based on the analysis of works by contemporary US playwrights, many of whom are representatives of groups classified as oppressed (in a white patriarchal society). The author examines popular topics and trends in cultural life in the context of public and political life in the United States over the past 70 years - from the Civil Rights Movement, "Women's Liberation" and Stonewall to "Black Lives Matter", "#MeToo" and LGBTQ prides. The author concludes that the current repertoire was directly influenced by the progressive agenda with its ambitious plan for large-scale social transformations that affected all cultural institutions, including theater. By highlighting the struggle for social equality and justice, the rights of blacks, women, ethnic and sexual minorities, diversity and inclusion, as well as condemnation of capitalism and American imperialism, progressivism has placed art at the service of ideology, once again turning cultural figures into 'engineers of human souls' - but also contributed to the expansion of opportunities for members of under-represented groups, integration, the development of intercultural dialogue and the emergence of new dramatic voices.
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Gurpegui Palacios, José Antonio. "So Far So Close: Irish and Mexican Migrant Experience in the United States." Oceánide 13 (February 9, 2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37668/oceanide.v13i.47.
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Irish and Mexicans conform two singular migratory groups in the United States. Nowadays it is possible to find important differences between both groups that could lead to think that in both cases the migratory experience responded to different patterns. However, as we empirically analyze the historical, sociological, and political roots of the arrival and settlement of Irish and Mexicans in the United States, it is possible to verify that the two models are not so different. In both cases similar reasons and behaviors are reproduced in aspects related to why they migrated, to settlement patterns, the complex relations with the hegemonic group, or self-protection systems.
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Gable, Lance. "The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Public Health, and the Elusive Target of Human Rights." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 39, no. 3 (2011): 340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2011.00604.x.
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The passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) in March 2010 represents a significant turning point in the evolution of health care law and policy in the United States. By establishing a legal infrastructure that seeks to achieve universal health insurance coverage in the United States, the ACA targets some of the major impediments to accessing needed health care for millions of Americans and by extension attempts to strengthen the health system to support key determinants of health. Yet, like many newly passed legislative provisions, the ultimate effects and significance of the ACA remain uncertain. Those charged with implementing the ACA face formidable obstacles — indeed, some of the same obstacles that have been erected to impede other major pieces of social legislation in the past — including entrenched political opposition, constitutional challenges, and what will likely be a prolonged struggle over the content and direction of how the law is implemented. As these debates continue, it is nevertheless important to begin to assess the impact that the ACA has already had on health law in the United States and to consider the likely effects that the law will have on public health going forward.
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Avey, Paul C. "Confronting Soviet Power: U.S. Policy during the Early Cold War." International Security 36, no. 4 (April 2012): 151–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00079.
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Many self-identified realist, liberal, and constructivist scholars contend that ideology played a critical role in generating and shaping the United States' decision to confront the Soviet Union in the early Cold War. A close look at the history reveals that these ideological arguments fail to explain key aspects of U.S. policy. Contrary to ideological explanations, the United States initially sought to cooperate with the Soviet Union, did not initially pressure communist groups outside the Soviet orbit, and later sought to engage communist groups that promised to undermine Soviet power. The U.S. decision to confront the Soviets stemmed instead from the distribution of power. U.S. policy shifted toward a confrontational approach as the balance of power in Eurasia tilted in favor of the Soviet Union. In addition, U.S. leaders tended to think and act in a manner consistent with balance of power logic. The primacy of power over ideology in U.S. policymaking—given the strong liberal tradition in the United States and the large differences between U.S. and Soviet ideology—suggests that relative power concerns are the most important factors in generating and shaping confrontational foreign policies.
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Taxel, Joel. "Multicultural Literature and the Politics of Reaction." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 98, no. 3 (March 1997): 417–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146819709800302.
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The social climate of the United States of today is dramatically different from that which gave birth to multicultural children's literature. Conservatism's rise to political ascendancy has sharpened the contentious “culture wars” that surround virtually all aspects of American culture. One important dimension of today's conservative movement is a backlash against the multicultural movement. Conservative defenders of the traditional literary canon, for example, see multicultural literature as a threat to the very fabric of Western civilization. Within children's literature circles, charges abound that advocates of multicultural literature are ignoring traditional literary values and are focusing instead on ill-defined notions of “political correctness.” This article explores this complex issue and the challenges it poses to those concerned with the creation, production, distribution, and consumption of children's literature. The discussion addresses questions that speak to the very nature and function of children's literature: its status as art, as entertainment, as a source of role models and ideology for children's “impressionable” minds. Also discussed is the relation between the politically charged question of whether books about African Americans are to be written only by African Americans, books about Native Americans by Native Americans, and so forth, and the freedom of writers to write without restriction.
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Shacillo, Vyacheslav. "Russian Diplomacy and the USA’s Seizure of the Phillipine Islands." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021545-8.
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The article examines the main aspects of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire concerning the seizure of the Philippine Islands by the United States during the Spanish-American War of 1898. This event did not affect the vital interests of the Russian Empire and Russia during this war avoided taking any steps that could damage the friendly relations with the United States. On the other hand, while pursuing an active foreign policy in the Pacific region in those years, St. Petersburg feared the strengthening of the positions of the British and German Empires in the Far East. That is why the seizure of the Philippine Archipelago by the United States Russian diplomacy met with understanding and this step did not cause any objections in Saint Petersburg.
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Kugler, Kholofelo. "United States – Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures on Certain Coated Paper from Indonesia (US–Coated Paper (Indonesia)), DS491." World Trade Review 17, no. 2 (April 2018): 360–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745618000125.
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Indonesia challenged two measures of the United States' (US): first, the imposition of anti-dumping and countervailing duties (CVDs) on certain coated paper from Indonesia. In particular, Indonesia challenged certain aspects of the US States Department of Commerce (USDOC) final determination ‘as applied’ in its CVD investigation on certain coated paper from Indonesia, and the US International Trade Commission's (USCIT) final threat of injury determination regarding subsidized and dumped imports from Indonesia and China. Second, Indonesia challenged ‘as such’ Section 711(11)(B) of the US Tariff Act. In particular, Indonesia challenged the use of this provision in affirmative threat of injury determinations.
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Matheson, Michael J. "The Amendment of the War Crimes Act." American Journal of International Law 101, no. 1 (January 2007): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000029523.
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There are many important aspects to the 2006 Military Commissions Act, most of which are covered in the contributions of others to this Agora. I will focus on the amendments made by the Act to the earlier War Crimes Act, which set forth criminal sanctions for various violations of international humanitarian law. These amendments, which were ostensibly designed to remove ambiguities in the existing law, have the effect of raising questions about United States implementation of the 1949 Geneva Conventions that need to be resolved by the executive branch or, if necessary, by further action of Congress.
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Ozga, Kasia. "The Internal Frontier: How Art at Once Problematizes Borders and Draws us Closer to Them." Contemporaneity: Historical Presence in Visual Culture 6 (November 30, 2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/contemp.2017.186.
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This study combines first-person storytelling, visual interpretation, and linguistic investigation to analyze how a mixed-media artwork that Kasia Ozga produced in 2011, The Internal Frontier, represents immigrant journeys on an autobiographic, social, and discursive level. In the context of an increasingly polarized political climate, Ozga examines borders as individual experiences and geopolitical phenomena to explain how art conditions conflictual aspects of the self to coexist, promoting social consciousness and community engagement.Those in power use borders to naturalize and separate what is familiar from what is strange. As an artist, Ozga explores how our personalities are partitioned, enforced, and made from external boundaries that define our movements, and by the internal borders that we impose on ourselves. Here, reproductions of different “frontiers” around the world are literally cut from the fabric of human chest x-rays collected from immigrant long-term visa applicants, highlighting physical removal and absence. To produce these modified artifacts, shown in light-boxes in various exhibitions in France and the United States, Ozga researched the border-as-process of inclusion and exclusion linked to regulative authority in social relations, nation-building, political sovereignty, as well as personal identity formation.In the artworks, migration is transformed from an isolated act to a shared human experience. The images, at once precise and indeterminate, maintain the dual symbolism of the border as barrier and as springboard, simultaneously inhibiting and enabling interactions between individuals and select geographic locations. Just as migrants lead us to re-evaluate our physical and mental borders, critical cultural production can contest the impact and staying power of borders by underscoring how establishing and overriding boundaries enable us to claim and reclaim who we are.
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Dunaevskiy, Evgeniy. "ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE FEATURES OF ORTHODOX CHURCHES OF THE WESTERN UKRAINIAN DIASPORA." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 78 (October 29, 2021): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.78.173-191.
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As the title implies the paper deals with the architectural and design features of the Orthodox Churches of the Western Ukrainian Diaspora, the principles of their placement in the development of cities and towns. The purpose of the publication is to study the Orthodox architecture of the Ukrainian diaspora, to determine the main stages of formation, development of Orthodox Church building outside Ukraine.
The article spotlights a number of political, economic and social circumstances that have forced many Ukrainians to travel to other countries. The four largest waves of immigration have been identified. The importance of religion in the formation of the Ukrainian diaspora, which united immigrants, helped to organize their cultural and artistic aspects of life; revive traditions; to study the native Ukrainian language and be in the circle of like-minded people. Thus, Ukrainian Orthodox church architecture developed and became outside the ethnic Ukrainian lands.
At the moment, there is a lack of sufficient scientific base that covers the sacred development of the Ukrainian diaspora, especially Orthodox church architecture. The article presents scholars who have studied the architecture, art, culture and Orthodox shrines of the Ukrainian diaspora.
The article examines countries such as Canada, the United States, Australia and Western Europe. The author identifies architectural and design features and urban planning principles based on four architectural and spatial types.
Such stylistic trends as: eclectic were common; "Citation" of a certain style of architecture or "stylization"; creative reworking of historical styles of Ukrainian architecture "stylization"; modernist-abstract, which is characterized by geometrization and continuous simplification of form. To illustrate these statements, the author of the article developed diagrams and tables.
In conclusion, the purpose and objectives of the publication based on the studied temples were revealed. About 180 Orthodox churches in Canada, 60 churches in the United States, 12 Orthodox churches in Australia and sacred buildings in Western Europe of the Ukrainian diaspora were analyzed.
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GROSSMAN, GENE M., and PETROS C. MAVROIDIS. "Dispute settlement corner: United States – Section 110(5) of the US Copyright Act, Recourse to Arbitration under Article 25 of the DSU: would've or should've? Impaired benefits due to copyright infringement." World Trade Review 2, no. 2 (July 2003): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745603001459.
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This dispute between the European Communities and the United States originated when the United States amended its copyright law in a way that nullified and impaired certain benefits promised to the European Communities under the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPs). Article 9.1 of TRIPs requires all WTO members to comply with Articles 1 through 21 of the Berne Convention of 1971. Among the provisions of the Berne Convention thus incorporated into the TRIPs Agreement is one that grants to authors of literary and artistic works the exclusive right to authorize ‘the public communication by loudspeaker or any analogous instrument transmitting, by signs, sounds or images, the broadcast of the work’, and another that grants to authors of dramatic and musical works the exclusive right to authorize ‘any communication to the public of the performance of these works’.
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GLADYSHEVSKII, Vladimir L., Evgenii V. GORGOLA, and Sambu R. TSYRENDORZHIEV. "What kind of war against Russia are enemies of the Russian State preparing for?" National Interests: Priorities and Security 18, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 66–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.18.1.66.
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Subject. This article discusses the role of intellectual capital in the development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, as well as aspects of the system of international relations and confrontation of military blocs. Objectives. The article aims to assess the ratio of military potentials of the Russian Federation and NATO. Methods. The study is based on advanced methods of military-political modeling, achievements of the modern Russian national defense science, and the scientific and methodological framework of military-economic analysis. Conclusions. Despite the excessive military spending and the powerful nominal military potential of NATO and, first of all, the United States, the probability of victory over Russia in a large-scale war both with and without the use of nuclear weapons, is decreasing. In the medium- and long-term, the downward trend in the role of the United States in the global political arena will get reinforced. Taking into account the change in the basic doctrinal attitudes of NATO in the forms, methods and methods of conducting a hybrid war against Russia, it is necessary to scrupulously and objectively assess all the components of the country's military power, justify the real needs of all power elements of the military organization, and achieve unconditional implementation of strategic plans in the planned period.
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Mehmeti, Ermira. "Quest for Statehood: Kosovo’s Plea to Join International Organizations." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2017): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v11i2.p370-378.
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The State represents a central concept and a basic subject of international law. In order to function and engage in treaties and relations with other states in a growing globalized world, the State must be accepted and treated as independent by other states. But independence alone is not enough. Declaring independence is typically a unilateral act undertaken by one entity. Hence, there are states in the world today that are independent; however, their international subjectivity is not recognized. This makes their position and ability to engage in the international sphere more complex. As a result, authorities look into ways of bypassing formal recognition. Joining international organizations becomes one alternative. This article explores the quest of Kosovo to join international organizations as a way to secure recognition and statehood. It begins with the United Nations, and briefly analyses the diplomatic efforts of Kosovar governments to accede. The focus of this article however, will be more specifically on Kosovo’s application to join UNESCO, the United Nations’ cultural organization, the Council of Europe and international sports federations, for this process will shed light on several important legal and political aspects of recognition: the application procedure, the political interests of states, the lobbying and securing of states’ support in an entity’s bid to obtain a seat at the organization. Membership in UNESCO is rightfully seen as a gateway to reach to a seat at the United Nations, while bypassing unilateral recognitions granted by states individually. While membership in international organizations will not imply recognition of international subjectivity for a new entity, in practical terms, it offers to achieve what recognition promises. Kosovo has been able to sit at the same table with its regional counterparts and has been able to participate and share in various regional initiatives. As an initial phase of normalization of relations with Serbia, this represents a solid step forward. At a later stage, it could serve as an incentive, or even better as a catalyst to speed up securing full-fledged statehood.
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Alimov, Emil V. "GENOMIC RESEARCH LEGAL REGULATION SYSTEM: EXPERIENCE OF RUSSIA AND THE USA." RUDN Journal of Law 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 546–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-4-546-564.
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This article is devoted to the analysis of the genomic research legal regulation in the Russian Federation and the USA. In the United States, in addition to the legislation great importance is attached to medical and scientific institutions self-regulation, and such information is usually open. It is concluded that in Russia, despite the presence of both state and non-state scientific institutions engaged in genomic research, the mechanism of self-regulation as a whole is fragmented. It is also noted that Russia and the United States have specific legal regulation of these relations, which is reflected in the text of the article. For example, in the United States, unlike Russia, most organizations conducting genomic research, including genomic testing, are non-governmental. Currently, the general trend in the legal regulation of genomic research in Russia and the USA is the active development of normative legal regulation. Moreover, a significant difference in the approaches of these countries is the active role of the US states in the development of regional legal regulation on these issues. Despite the fact that Russia is a federal state, the subjects of the Russian Federation are significantly limited in the genomic research legal regulation possibilities. This is largely due to both legal and political reasons that were given in this article. In the United States, a number of statutes have been adopted at the state level that regulate genomic research in such aspects as health insurance, confidential of personal information, the prohibition of discrimination, screening of newborns, and certain types of clinical and scientific research. It should be noted that the genomic research regulation in the United States is not integrated into a single national consolidated act, which is a feature of this legal system. A comparative legal study of the fundamentals of legal regulation and self-regulation of genomic research in Russia and the USA made it possible to understand the specifics of regulation of these issues in different legal systems. The positive regulatory experience in conducting genomic research in the United States can be used to improve the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation in this area.
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Schulze-Cleven, Tobias. "A Continent in Crisis: European Labor and the Fate of Social Democracy." Labor Studies Journal 43, no. 1 (December 22, 2017): 46–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x17747395.
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Over the past decade, Europe has stumbled from crisis to crisis, shaking the confidence of observers in the continent’s capacity to maintain the egalitarian societies and socially embedded markets that have long informed arguments for social democratic reforms in the United States. As tensions in democratic capitalism have intensified, many aspects of Europe’s established political economic order have come under pressure. This review essay explores key causal processes behind the continent’s predicament. It does so to illustrate challenges and opportunities for organized labor in Europe, and to call on social scientists to reengage with the class politics of capitalism.
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Sage, William M. "Minding Ps and Qs: The Political and Policy Questions Framing Health Care Spending." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 44, no. 4 (2016): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110516684787.
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Tracing the evolution of political conversations about health care spending and their relationship to the formation of policy is a valuable exercise. Health care spending is about science and ethics, markets and government, freedom and community. By the late 1980s the unique upward trajectory of post-Medicare U.S. health care spending had been established, recessions and tax cuts were eroding federal and state budgets, and efforts to harness market forces to serve policy goals were accelerating. From the initial writings on “managed competition,” through the failed Clinton health reform effort in the early 1990s, to the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010, the policy narrative of health spending acquired a superficial consistency. On closer examination, however, it becomes apparent that the cost problem has been repeatedly reframed in political discourse even during this relatively brief period. The clearest transition has been from a narrative centered on rationing necessary care to one committed to reducing wasteful care – although the role of accumulated law and regulation in perpetuating waste remains largely unrecognized and the recently articulated commitment to population health seems an imperfect proxy for explicitly developing social solidarity with respect to health and health care in the United States.
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Ottovordemgentschenfelde, Svenja. "‘Organizational, professional, personal’: An exploratory study of political journalists and their hybrid brand on Twitter." Journalism 18, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916657524.
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Political journalists rely heavily on their occupational status and reputation. This article addresses how political journalists negotiate their standing and enforce their legitimacy on Twitter amidst the online environment that directly challenges them. So far, practice-oriented studies have only looked at journalists in general. Studies have also tended to investigate the content published to journalists’ Twitter feeds, neglecting other aspects of the Twitter profile that can affect the perceived image of journalists. This exploratory study examines the Twitter profile pages of 20 political journalists who work for the top broadsheet newspapers in the United States. It uses the conceptual framework of personal branding to identify patterns and trends of how and where political journalists actively communicate their presence on the platform. This process is delineated by three complementary and co-existing brand identities – the organizational, the professional, and the personal – as well as a digital media skills-based dimension that political journalists use to position their journalistic brand on Twitter. Findings suggest that it could be most appropriate to think of political journalists’ Twitter profiles as digital business cards or digital portfolios, deliberately crafted to differentiate the journalist and establish competitive superiority.
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Tyron, Olena M. "HOW TO USE WRITERS' PIECES OF ART – POPULARIZERS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOFT SKILLS OF ENGINEERING STUDENTS." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University: Psychology Series 1, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2415-7384-2021-13-68-75.
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Fiction writers who are engaged in science is a phenomenon. We studied this phenomenon to gain new opportunities for the development of soft skills in students of technical specialties and to widen the possibility of popularizing scientific achievements. The chronological boundaries of the study cover the period of XVIII – the first half of XX century; geographical boundaries cover Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States. The relevance of the study is related to the relevance of popularizing science among students of technical specialties, as well as the development of soft skills through writing stories about scientific discoveries, fostering interest in reading fiction about science and technology. The purpose of the study was to find psychological and informational material that will affect the emotional sphere of the student's personality and motivate him to write and read works of art about research and innovation. The ability to use research on the role of writers as promoters of science and technology depends on how we provide information about their works. In this regard, we offer a psychological technique to impress readers of scientific stories, i.e. the effect of “wow” as a combination of the factor “wow” and the halo effect. Stories about science affect different areas of human activity. They are used to address environmental, medical, political and other issues. The information material of the study confirms the following: if scientists and inventors do not demonstrate the consequences of their inventions and discoveries, it leads to erroneous assumptions, causes alarm in society and affects the mind of the individual. We studied the nature of writers' connection to science and sought answers to the question of whether writing works of art and the ability to do research could be equal aspects of an individual's abilities. The results of the study prove that these abilities predominate in only one area of activity. We also support the view that writers can be impartial promoters of science and technology. However, we propose this idea for discussion because writers demonstrate more the ethical side of the interaction between science and the human mind than they disseminate scientific facts. The further development of the study will be related to the study of the influence of science fiction on consciousness, namely how science fiction informs the reader about the current state of the world and draws attention to the changes we must make as a species.
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Tang, Yi Shin. "The Politics and Outcomes of Preferential Trade Strategies: Evidence from TRIPS-Plus Provisions in US-Latin America Relations." Journal of World Trade 50, Issue 6 (December 1, 2016): 1061–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2016042.
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This article investigates the circumstances under which the agenda of intellectual property rights (IPRs) influences the decision of states to pursue preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Governments are often prone to negotiate PTAs due to distinctive pressures from IPR-intensive industries to disseminate TRIPS-Plus standards, which are particularly willing to capitalize on the advantages of preferential arrangements. To illustrate this argument, we examine the processes around the expansion of IPR provisions in the PTAs signed by the United States with Latin American countries, as enabled by the Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002. We find that, while broad variations of TRIPS-Plus standards emerged across these PTAs, both governments and private sector tend to perceive gains from this setup, since PTAs are unlikely to undermine the IPR standards achieved by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (hereinafter ‘TRIPS Agreement’), but still provide opportunity for the promotion of higher IPR standards in each individual market.
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Goncharenko, Valerya. "Key Issues of Donald Trump’s Foreign Policy Legacy in Relations between the US and the European Union." ISTORIYA 13, no. 3 (113) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840020920-1.
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This article describes and analyzes transatlantic relations during the presidency of Donald Trump; summarizes main problematic aspects of US-European cooperation in such important areas as economy, energy and security; indicates reasons of difficulties concerning the dialogue between the US and the EU and suggests a search for ways of further cooperation. The United States of America and EU-members have been allies since the beginning of the Cold War. However, the more the policy of the European Union becomes independent, the more White House seeks to increase its influence on the European region. Donald Trump’s presidency has exacerbated a number of already existing contradictions between the United States and the European Union in three main areas of cooperation. This article makes an assumption that the personality of Donald Trump is one of the key factors that complicate US-European relations, but not the only since the Russian factor and the desire of the European Union to become one of the centers of power on the world stage are significantly weakening the transatlantic relationship.
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Weeks, John. "An Interpretation of the Central American Crisis." Latin American Research Review 21, no. 3 (1986): 31–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100016186.
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For the last ten years, Central America has been in upheaval, experiencing fundamental social and political change, with the Nicaraguan revolution representing the most dramatic rupture with the past. This revolution, the civil war in El Salvador, two recent coups in Guatemala, and the militarization of Honduras by the United States are all aspects of the crisis currently transforming the region. This article will argue that these dramatic events comprise a general disintegration of what might be called the “old order” in Central America. While the particular characteristics of each country must be taken into account, a process of creative destruction can be identified that is best understood at the level of the region as a whole.
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Sokolova, Svetlana. "Spot the Miner." Poljarnyj vestnik 25, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 86–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.6581.
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Coal mining is an industry that is associated with hard physical labor and harsh mental conditions. Modern artistic projects involving portraits of miners evolve as artists' responses to political and economic changes in the mining industry, which is currently in decline, and place a major focus on miner communities, rather than individual miners. This article presents an overview of relevant selected artistic projects, and supplements them with a small mini-gallery sketched by the author. The mini-gallery viewers have been invited to test their perception of miners based on a series of charcoal portraits representing men and women dressed in mining workwear and everyday clothes. Who in this mini-gallery is a miner, what serves as the basis for the respondents' guesswork, and, overall, how different is today’s perception of miners from those of the past centuries? Three main factors are outlined as potentially relevant for identifying miners: mining workwear, gender, and facial expression. The readers can compare their intuitive reactions with the results from an online experiment, which was presented in Norwegian, Russian, and English and collected 136 responses. Although the presence of mining workwear and male gender still carry a strong association with miners, the results reveal certain differences across Norway, Russia, and the United States. The article is interdisciplinary and combines aspects of art history, social studies and psychology with an artistic project.
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Berman, Nathaniel. "“IN A PLACE PARALLEL TO GOD”: THE DRAFT, THE DEMONIC, AND THE CONSCIENTIOUS CUBIST." Journal of Law and Religion 32, no. 2 (July 2017): 311–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlr.2017.30.
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AbstractThe question “What is religion?” has again been roiling the academy, the courts, and public debate. In 1965, the Supreme Court of the United States opined on this question, deciding the fate of would-be conscientious objectors who would not affirm the existence of God. Relying largely on Paul Tillich, the Court ruled in their favor, expanding the notion of “religious belief” beyond its conventional Western confines. This article reexamines the issues raised in this case by exploring the theology of Paul Tillich, particularly its critique of religion as a separate sphere and its challenge to basic tenets of liberal political theory inherited from John Locke. The article, however, also juxtaposes the religion-expanding aspects of Tillich's thought with his strictures about “demonic” distortions of religion, requiring an excursus into Tillich's notions of the divine/demonic relationship. Tillich's rejection of the compartmentalization of “religion” led him to declare that more religious meaning may be found in putatively “secular” artifacts, such as Cubist art, than in conventionally “religious” symbols and institutions, including the Church. This approach both demands a radically interdisciplinary approach to “religion” and casts a skeptical eye on some putatively “religious” claims. The article concludes by juxtaposing Tillich's anti-essentialist critique of “religion” with more recent, and dramatically different, critiques, particularly those advanced by Talal Asad and Saba Mahmood.
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WILSON, BRUCE M., JUAN CARLOS RODRÍGUEZ CORDERO, and ROGER HANDBERG. "The Best Laid Schemes … Gang Aft A-gley: Judicial Reform in Latin America – Evidence from Costa Rica." Journal of Latin American Studies 36, no. 3 (August 2004): 507–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x04007771.
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‘Judicial independence is a means to a strong judicial institution, which is a means to personal liberty and prosperity.’ United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen G. Breyer.Starting in the 1980s, and accelerating through the 1990s, international financial institutions (IFIs), non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and development agencies funnelled considerable resources into judicial reform and rule of law programmes in virtually every Latin American and Caribbean country. The assumption was that reformed court systems would foster free market economic development strategies. This article examines the impact of two frequently advocated aspects of judicial reform, judicial access and judicial independence, on economic policy making in Costa Rica. We argue that there is a potentially significant disjuncture between the sponsors' expectations of the judicial reforms' economic impact and the observed outcomes.
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Rogers, Nick. "Politicultural Sorting: Mapping Ideological Differences in American Leisure and Consumption." American Politics Research 50, no. 2 (February 14, 2022): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673x211041143.
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The United States is in the grips of severe political polarization, which gridlocks government and strains the national social fabric. In one major aspect of the phenomenon, American popular culture is fragmenting along ideological lines, a process herein termed “politicultural sorting.” Previous studies have examined the politicization of individual products and activities (e.g., fine art, television, and coffee), and theorized that culture is dividing in a neatly bipolar fashion. Using proprietary data from the National Consumer Survey, rarely seen in academia, this study advances existing scholarship in two regards: first, by eschewing a piecemeal approach and instead examining large clusters of popular culture relationally; and second, by questioning the dichotomous model that has thus far conceptualized the culture divide. Employing a combination of factor analyses and regressions, this project confirms the general concept of politicultural sorting, but finds that there are numerous archetypes within each ideological group, rather than a single manifestation. Compared with the conservative archetypes, liberal culture tends to be broader, more demographically diverse, edgier, and more embracing of exploratory play. Conservative clusters are more wholesome, overtly religious, and frequently evoke a sense of rugged individualism.
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Michener, Jamila, and Margaret Teresa Brower. "What's Policy Got to Do with It? Race, Gender & Economic Inequality in the United States." Daedalus 149, no. 1 (January 2020): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01776.
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In the United States, economic inequality is both racialized and gendered, with Black and Latina women consistently at the bottom of the economic hierarchy. Relative to men (across racial groups) and White women, Black and Latina women often have less-desirable jobs, lower earnings, and higher poverty rates. In this essay, we draw attention to the role of the state in structuring such inequality. Specifically, we examine how public policy is related to racial inequities in economic positions among women. Applying an intersectional lens to the contemporary landscape of economic inequality, we probe the associations between public policies and economic outcomes. We find that policies have unequal consequences across subgroups of women, providing prima facie evidence that state-level decisions about how and where to invest resources have differential implications based on women's race and ethnicity. We encourage scholars to use aspects of our approach as springboards for better specifying and identifying the processes that account for heterogeneous policy effects across racial subgroups of women.
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Youn, InBok. "A Study on the Formative Characteristics of Beuron Art in the Paintings of Chang Bal." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.10.44.10.405.
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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the formative characteristics of Beuron Art in the paintings of Chang Bal(雨石 張勃, 1901-2001) who is known as the pioneers of Korean Catholic paintings. In the early 1920s, while studying in Japan and the United States, Chang Bal worked as a Catholic paintings in Korea from the mid-20s. Born into a Catholic family, he developed a close relationship with the Catholic Church from an early age and naturally became interested in Catholic paintings. In addition, the St. Otilien Benedictine in Germany played a direct role in conveying the style of German Beuron Art to Chang Bal, who had a deep interest in Christian art. Beuron Art, which was centered on Father Lenz, believed that holiness and absolute beauty could be reached by applying geometric shapes and canons to paintings. Influenced by Chang Bal Beuron's Art, religious absolute beauty is expressed in the simple form of strict symmetry, solemn expression of figures, frontality, and decorativeness in his paintings.
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Tyron, T. S., and D. Ajit. "Postmodernism and its emotional impact: The American T.V. Show, ‘Family Guy, as a Politically Incorrect Document." CARDIOMETRY, no. 23 (August 20, 2022): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.226235.
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Postmodernism is a movement that grew out of modernism. Movements in art, literature, and cinema focused on a particular stance. The visual artists who created entertainment focused on expressing the creator herself/himself beginning from German expressionism to modernism, surrealism, cubism, etc. These art movements played an important part in what an artist (literature, art, and visual) portrayed to his or her audience. As perspectives played an important part, an understanding of what the artist needed to portray was critical. Modernism dealt with this portrayal, which came about due to the changes taking place in society. In terms of the industry, where the overall product dealt with features like individualism, experimentation and absurdity, modernism dealt with a need to overthrow past notions of what painting, literature, and the visual arts needed to be. “After World War II, the focus moved from Europe to the United States, and abstract expressionism (led by Jackson Pollock) continued the movement’s momentum, followed by movements such as geometric abstractions, minimalism, process art, pop art, and pop music.” Postmodernism helped do away with these shortcomings. An understanding of postmodernism is explored in this paper. The main point which sets it apart is concepts like pastiche, intersexuality, and spectacle. Concerning pop culture, an understanding of referencing is a constant trait used by postmodern art. Postmodern television and the central part of this study applied to the popular animated American TV show, ‘family guy’ is a postmodern show in its truest form, while attempting to use certain aspects of postmodernism tropes to help emphasize that visual art can be considered a historical document while doing an in-depth analysis of the visual text of ‘family guy by itself, several other research papers were used to help further put in stone that ‘family guy’ is a true representation of postmodern television. It is divided into two phases of data collection: context analysis, which involves a qualitative study. The second being in-depth interviews (also qualitative) which in itself helps give a subjective view of participants between the ages of 20 and 28. These comprise students who are familiar with the show and the concepts of the show. All of them, both frequent viewers of the show and those also politically informed of world politics, helped further emphasize the concept of the paper, which was the idea of how a television show in all its absurd narrative and pastiche functions as a historical document. The purpose of this study, along with the results for this research, is to help bring about the comprehension of how postmodern shows are influenced by other past events, figures of history, etc.; this understanding can explain how a television show like ‘family guy could be considered a historical document – by its narrative, by the cultural references connected to these said events, and also with the help of paintings, which the makers of the show use to design the episode of the show, and which reflect and refer to the actual historical figures. Historiography is being proven to be biased in more ways than one, which leads us to an understanding of a different narrative depending on one’s own opinions of history and historical documents as we know it.
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O’Keefe, Roger. "The Restatement of Foreign Sovereign Immunity: Tutto il Mondo è Paese." European Journal of International Law 32, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 1483–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chab098.
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Abstract Chapter 5 of the Restatement of the Law (Fourth): The Foreign Relations Law of the United States provides a systematic, discerning and accessible account of the US law of foreign sovereign immunity as laid down in the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), accompanied by consistent comparative reference to the international and foreign domestic law of state immunity. From the perspective of a non-US reader, however, where Chapter 5 adds greater value in its own right is in the attention it pays in the comments and reporters’ notes to a range of preliminary issues of domestic law on the determination of which the provisions of the FSIA turn but that the latter do not regulate. These issues, although superficially peculiar to the US law of foreign sovereign immunity, arise similarly in connection with the corresponding international and foreign domestic rules. In this way, what are ostensibly the most particular aspects of Chapter 5 may be those of most universal interest.
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Smith, Tyron Tyson, and Ajit Duara. "Postmodernism: The American T.V. Show, 'Family Guy, As a Politically Incorrect Document." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (August 24, 2021): 4868–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2510.
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Postmodernism is a movement that grew out of modernism. Movements in art, literature, and cinema focused on a particular stance. The visual artists who created entertainment focused on expressing the creator herself/himself beginning from German expressionism to modernism, surrealism, cubism, etc. These art movements played an important part in what an artist (literature, art, and visual) portrayed to his or her audience. As perspectives played an important part, an understanding of what the artist needed to portray was critical. Modernism dealt with this portrayal, which came about due to the changes taking place in society. In terms of the industry, where the overall product dealt with features like individualism, experimentation and absurdity, modernism dealt with a need to overthrow past notions of what painting, literature, and the visual arts needed to be. "After World War II, the focus moved from Europe to the United States, and abstract expressionism (led by Jackson Pollock) continued the movement's momentum, followed by movements such as geometric abstractions, minimalism, process art, pop art, and pop music." Postmodernism helped do away with these shortcomings. An understanding of postmodernism is explored in this paper. The main point which sets it apart is concepts like pastiche, intersexuality, and spectacle. Concerning pop culture, an understanding of referencing is a constant trait used by postmodern art. Postmodern television and the central part of this study applied to the popular animated American TV show, 'family guy' is a postmodern show in its truest form, while attempting to use certain aspects of postmodernism tropes to help emphasize that visual art can be considered a historical document while doing an in-depth analysis of the visual text of 'family guy by itself, several other research papers were used to help further put in stone that 'family guy' is a true representation of postmodern television. It is divided into two phases of data collection: context analysis, which involves a qualitative study. The second being in-depth interviews (also qualitative) which in itself helps give a subjective view of participants between the ages of 20 and 28. These comprise students who are familiar with the show and the concepts of the show. All of them, both frequent viewers of the show and those also politically informed of world politics, helped further emphasize the concept of the paper, which was the idea of how a television show in all its absurd narrative and pastiche functions as a historical document. The purpose of this study, along with the results for this research, is to help bring about the comprehension of how postmodern shows are influenced by other past events, figures of history, etc.; this understanding can explain how a television show like 'family guy could be considered a historical document – by its narrative, by the cultural references connected to these said events, and also with the help of paintings, which the makers of the show use to design the episode of the show, and which reflect and refer to the actual historical figures. Historiography is being proven to be biased in more ways than one, which leads us to an understanding of a different narrative depending on one’s own opinions of history and historical documents as we know it.
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Dannin, Ellen. "Book Review: More Unequal: Aspects of Class in the United States. Edited by Michael D. Yates. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2007. 205 pp. $14.95 paper." Labor Studies Journal 33, no. 3 (May 22, 2008): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x08318571.
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Cottom, Daniel. "To Love to Hate." Representations 80, no. 1 (2002): 119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rep.2002.80.1.119.
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FROM THE TIME OF SOCRATES' Phaedo to the present, misanthropy has been thought of as spoilt idealism: the flipside of generosity for Timon of Athens, of sincerity for Molièère's Alceste, of reason for Jonathan Swift's Gulliver, and so on. Misanthropy thus construed places one in a critical position between ''humanity and humans'' (Schiller). In contrast, Chris Burden's work leads us to see the misanthropy fundamental to and constitutive of the very conception of art. For instance, through its erasure of the line commonly drawn between symbolic and real violence and through the uncertainties, equivocations, contradictions, and overdeterminations it evoked, the performance he titled 747 represented art's undoing of humanity, its drive to betray what Samuel Beckett called ''anthropomorphic insolence,'' or whatever may be thought of as properly human desires, intentions, and concerns. Similarly, through The Other Vietnam Memorial (1991) Burden drew out the fierce misanthropy in Maya Lin's beloved wall by reminding us of the names of the millions of Vietnamese that it symbolically and, in effect, violently erases. More recently,and perhaps even more controversially,the artist Dread Scott has followed Burden's example in a work titled (and dramatizing the equivoque in the term) Enduring Freedom (2002), a shrine based on those created in New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th attacks but devoted to the Afghan casualties of the war the United States is conducting in response to them. Using Beckett as one of his favored exemplars, Theodor Adorno directed attention to the aesthetic implications of misanthropy (even as he struggled to give them a utopian spin) when he remarked upon the Baudelarian ''spleen'' of art, without which it cannot be and with which it maintains ''a permanent protest against morality.'' Even though we continue to play it down whenever we try to discipline art into spiritual health by working some sense of responsibility into our theories of what it is, does, and has been, this disorienting protest is arguably the most ancient theme of Western aesthetics. Despite its so-called terrorist aspects, then, Burden's art is thoroughly traditional in emphasizing art's misanthropic appeal. A comparison on this score to literary works by writers such as Franz Kafka and Thomas De Quincey, to historical episodes such as the practice of ascetism among the fourthcentury ''desert fathers,'' to artworks by Caspar David Friedrich and Pieter Bruegel the Elder, to the films of Ingmar Bergman, and to the controversies over aesthetics that arose in the immediate aftermath of the events of 9/11 shows us why politics will be aestheticized, whether we like it or not. In other words, this analysis shows us why we cannot even begin to conceive of human justice without working through art and thus through the subject of misanthropy.
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Cavarozzi, Marcelo. "Beyond Transitions to Democracy in Latin America." Journal of Latin American Studies 24, no. 3 (October 1992): 665–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00024317.
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Transitions into democracy: convergence and distinct pathsIn mid-1982 Mexico's Minister of Finance, Jesús Silva Herzog, arrived in the United States and announced that his country was not going to continue paying its foreign debt. Silva Herzog's declaration was soon followed by debt defaults in many other Latin American countries, marking the beginning of the region's most serious economic crisis in this century. This crisis involved the partial breakdown of Latin America's financial and trade linkages to the world economy; the cessation of new credit money paralleled an interruption in the flow of capital investments, amounting to a total reversal of the financial patterns of previous decades. (The level of foreign investment, especially in manufacturing and mining, had been relatively high since the mid-1950s, albeit with significant differences from country to country).The debt crisis coincided, not incidentally, with a convergence of the political trajectories of five of the region's more industrialised countries: Mexico, Brazil, and the three Southern Cone nations of Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. All five governments – the South American military dictatorships and Mexico's stable authoritarian PRI regime – experienced periods of political turbulence closely related both to the severe economic disruptions and to other domestic and international influences.One of the remarkable aspects of this 1982 political convergence was that it came after the ‘long decade’ of the 1970s, during which the governmental routes of the five countries had been extremely divergent. In Argentina, for example, instability, militarism and political violence had intensified, starting in 1969; these phenomena then spread to its traditionally more democratic neighbours, Chile and Uruguay.
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Tolstykh, V. L. "Сovid-19 and International Law: General Issues." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 3 (October 9, 2021): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/08690049-2021-3-45-62.
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INTRODUCTION. In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2) transmitted by airborne droplets was recorded in Wuhan, China. In mid-January, the virus was detected in Thailand and Japan; in March, the center of the pandemic moved to Europe; in early April, the United States came out on top in terms of the number of infections. To combat the virus, many states have introduced emergency measures, including lockdowns, social distance requirements, mass testing, etc. The pandemic has affected all spheres of public life, including international relations and international law.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The article analyzes the response to the pandemic on the part of states, organizations and the doctrine of international law; examines the international legal aspects of the pandemic: application of the International Health Regulations 2005, possible responsibility of China and other states, impact of the pandemic on human rights. The problems of legal regulation in connection with the pandemic are defined and the ways of their solution are determined. The subject of analysis is the materials of foreign legal press, first of all, posts and articles on the Internet. In addition to the data of international law, scientific categories of philosophy, economics and political science are used.RESEARCH RESULTS. Major UN bodies have reacted to the pandemic with general statements. WHO positioned itself as an international center for the fight against the virus and made recommendations that, however, were not implemented by states which adopted more restrictive measures. The main document that guided WHO is the International Health Regulations 2005 (IHR). Some states and the media accused China of a belated reaction and withholding information. As a result, the doctrine has discussed the issue of bringing a claim against China to the International Court of Justice. The legal basis for this claim could be the provisions of the IHR, the WHO Constitution and a number of duediligence obligations. The jurisdictional basis for applying to the ICJ could be Art. 75 of the WHO Constitution, and to an arbitration Art. 56 IHR. In response to the pandemic, many states have limited human rights; references have been made to the possibility of a temporary derogation from human rights obligations in an emergency and the possibility of limiting human rights in the interests of national security, health and the protection of the rights of others.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The foreign doctrine notes an nsufficient response frominternational organizations and makes proposals aimed at expanding the powers of the UN Security Council in combating the pandemic and at reforming the WHO. In addition, there are shortcomings of the IHR that hinder their effective use. The possibility of holding China accountable is questioned: there is nsufficient evidence of the violation; the threshold for breach of duediligence obligations is very high; China is unlikely to agree to participate in the lawsuit against it. Nevertheless, several lessons can be learned for the law of responsibility (the possibility of deviating from the principle of full compensation, etc.).The procedure for derogating from human rights obligations during a pandemic also needs clarification. In general, the international legal doctrine coped with the task of understanding of the pandemic phenomenon: it systematized and qualified the facts, discovered and formulated legal problems, both private and public, and suggested means to solve them. Few questioned the advisability of such a harsh global reaction and formulated a radical criticism; instead, the shortcomings of individual measures were noted and proposals were made to improve their effectiveness.
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Godłów-Legiędź, Janina. "On the academic freedom in the times of crisis of liberal democracy." Ekonomia i Prawo 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2021.043.
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Motivation: The crisis of liberal democracy reveals a new dimension to the dispute over the role of the university. Declining trust in elites and the growing uncertainty during the pandemic challenge the belief that the key aim of the university reform should be to subject it to the global mechanism of competition as well as to introduce modern management principles. In the American society, there is a growing belief that the higher education system in the United States is heading in the wrong direction and that universities are politically biased. Despite this, the American system inspires higher education all over the world, including Poland. Even during the pandemic, the attention of the academic community in Poland is focused on the lists of journals constituting the basis for the evaluation of universities and academics.
Aim: The aim of the article is to demonstrate the threats posed by a higher education system governed by the dominant economic and political forces. The author evaluates the economic forces behind the parameterisation and ranking system, challenging the rationality of the Polish higher education reforms. The source of the arguments for academic freedom is the political economy that places economic goals in the perspective of long-term universal goals and examines the complex relationships between the economic, political and moral aspects.
Results: Academic freedom is not a privilege of the academic world, but one of the foundations of the successful development of a democratic society because science and education cannot be subject to existing patterns of thinking and current economic and political forces. But modern universities are driven to act like firms in competitive market places and they are following trends set by short-term economic and politic interests. Political economy is an effective tool for analysing functioning of higher education operating in quasi-market conditions, imposed by the dominant market players and the state. Understanding the forces underlying the reform of universities requires an analysis of the processes of interpenetration of economic and political processes, which means that the paradigm of political economy is gaining importance. In view of the requirements imposed on universities, dictated by short-term interests, the most important thing is the awareness that the necessity of state financing means that no solution will guarantee autonomy, if there is no responsibility of the academic community and self-discipline of its members.
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Kakhnych, Volodymyr. "FEATURES OF LEGAL EDUCATION IN THE LEADING UNIVERSITIES OF THE USA AND CANADA AS AN EXPERIENCE FOR THE LVIV UNIVERSITY." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Law 72, no. 72 (June 20, 2021): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vla.2021.72.027.
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The article examines the features of legal education at leading universities in the United States and Canada as an experience for the Lviv University. Legal education at the University of Lviv dates back to January 20, 1661, when King of the Commonwealth Jan II Casimir issued a decree on the opening of a university in Lviv, which allowed to teach Roman and canon law. Consequently, this year we celebrate the 360th anniversary of the Lviv University as well as the Faculty of Law. It is noted that Roman law is the basis of many modern branches of law. The famous Roman jurist Celsius claimed: «Ius est ars boni et aegui» («Law is the art of good and justice»). So, where is law, there is justice, that is, a constant and definite will that gives everyone the right they deserve. Without justice, there can be no state, no smallest group of people, not even a small household. The perfection of the Roman legal system for many centuries has shown an example of how legal systems should be formed. Even direct borrowings from Roman law are allowed, of course, taking into account the national characteristics of each state, including Ukraine. It should be noted that Roman law has been and remains an important area of research since the establishment of the Faculty of Law of the Lviv University. His teachers in their works highlighted how Roman law became one of the components of modern European law. Legal education remains one of the important components of the domestic system of higher education, given the ongoing reforms in the state of political, legal, judicial systems, the development of market relations in the economy. Educational and scientific approaches to the teaching of law in various universities in the United States and Canada, which have managed to form a legal basis for better mastering and implementation of new methods for teaching law, are studied. In different countries, to obtain a degree in law, a student must immediately enter the first year of university in this specialty. To enter most universities, students only need to provide a high school diploma. In the United States, on the other hand, education is structured differently. The legal education system and law in the United States are regarded as a professional-academic field, which is equivalent to the master’s programs of most universities in the world. This means that students can enter universities in law only after obtaining a bachelor's degree. In addition, law schools in the United States are part of private and public universities. They give students the opportunity to earn a Juris Doctor (J. D.) degree. The Juris Doctor program lasts three years (full-time training) or four years (extramural studies). The most difficult stage of studying is the first course through specialized subjects, exams as well as the method of Socrates, which is used in teaching law to students. The Socrates method encourages many international students to study law at US universities. This method helps students to develop unique legal thinking and easily master the practical skills of a lawyer. The contribution to the development of legal education of Lviv lawyers is shown, the tendencies of forming the tradition of teaching law at the Lviv University in a comparative context with the USA and Canada, where higher legal education is the basis of education of civil servants, are revealed. Legal education aims at a comprehensive training of professionals – professionals in the field of jurisprudence, able to correctly interpret and apply the law, understand the position of law in all the intricacies of a particular life situation, make decisions based solely on the letter and spirit of the law, exercise their abilities and powers for the individual, society, state. Therefore, legal education today, in the context of modernization of the entire higher school, requires special attention in order to identify a set of issues related to the quality of training of lawyers, organizational and substantive aspects of the teaching process, the financial condition of higher education institutions.
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Rambur, Betty A. "What’s at Stake in U.S. Health Reform: A Guide to the Affordable Care Act and Value-Based Care." Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice 18, no. 2 (May 2017): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527154417720935.
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The U.S. presidential election of 2016 accentuated the divided perspectives on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, commonly known as Obamacare. The perspectives included a pledge from then candidate Donald J. Trump to “repeal and replace on day one”; Republican congressional leaders’ more temperate suggestions in the first weeks of the Trump administration to “repair” the Affordable Care Act (ACA); and President Trump’s February 5, 2017 statement—16 days after inauguration—that a Republican replacement for the ACA may not be ready until late 2017 or 2018. The swirling rhetoric, media attention, and the dizzying rate of U.S. health and payment reforms both within and outside of the ACA makes it difficult for nurses, both United States and globally, to discern which health policy issues are grounded in the ACA and which aspects reflect payer-driven “volume to value” reimbursement changes. Moreover, popular and controversial elements of the ACA—for example, the clause that prohibits insurance carriers to deny coverage to those with preexisting health conditions and the more controversial individual mandate that bears Supreme Court support as a constitutional provision—are paired in ways that might be unclear to those unfamiliar with nuances of insurance rate determination. To support nurses’ capacity to maximize their impact on health policy, this overview distills the 906-page ACA into major themes and describes payment reform legislation and initiatives that are external to the ACA. Understanding the political and societal forces that affect health care policy and delivery is necessary for nurses to effectively lead and advocate for the best interests of their patients.
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Tzafestas, Spyros. "Ethics and Law in the Internet of Things World." Smart Cities 1, no. 1 (October 12, 2018): 98–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities1010006.
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The aim of the law is to maintain social order, peace, and justice in society, whereas the aim of ethics is to provide codes of ethics and conduct that help people to decide what is wrong, and how to act and behave. Laws provide a minimum set of standards for obtaining good human behavior. Ethics often provides standards that exceed the legal minimum. Therefore, for the best behavior, both law and ethics should be respected. The Internet of Things (IoT) involves a large number of objects and humans that are connected via the Internet ‘anytime’ and ‘anyplace’ to provide homogeneous communication and contextual services. Thus, it creates a new social, economic, political, and ethical landscape that needs new enhanced legal and ethical measures for privacy protection, data security, ownership protection, trust improvement, and the development of proper standards. This survey and opinion article is concerned with the ethics and legislation of the IoT and provides an overview of the following: definition and history of the IoT; general ethical principles and theories that are available for application in the IoT; the role of governments in the IoT; regulations in the European Union (EU) and United States for the IoT’ IoT characteristics that have the potential to create ethical problems; IoT ethical questions and principles; IoT security, privacy, and trust aspects; and the ethical culture of IoT-related companies.
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Ermukhambetova, M. V., and S. I. Mironov. "Fifty years of nuclear nonproliferation: results, problems, prospects." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2205-03.
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The article analyzes the preparation and conduct of the last six Review Conferences on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) since 1995. At the same time, some historical aspects of the development of the NPT, the most important articles of this treaty are considered fi rst, and the merits of Soviet diplomacy in the formation of the most important provisions of this treaty are particularly noted. The Review Conferences of 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2022 are considered sequentially. For each conference, a brief analysis is given of the international situation that had developed by the beginning of the conference, the positions of States on the eve and during the conferences, as well as what was achieved during each of them. Thus, according to the 1995 conference, it is concluded that this conference was of particular importance for the nuclear nonproliferation regime (NWFZ), since the unconditional achievement of the 1995 conference was the indefi nite extension of the NPT, although the fi nal document was not adopted at this conference. Considering the 2000 Review Conference, it is concluded that, despite all the contradictions between the participating countries of the conference, it ended successfully. The OK participants were able to adopt the fi nal document. The statement adopted at the conference was aimed at the practical implementation of the provisions of article VI of the NPT, which contained 13 practical steps for the implementation of this article. With regard to the 2005 OK, a conclusion is made about a signifi cant deterioration of the international situation on the eve of its holding. The analysis of the events that had a negative impact on compliance with the NPT and led to the emergence of new threats is carried out. Ultimately, it is concluded that the 2005 conference ended in failure because States failed to adopt the fi nal document. On the eve of the 2010 conference, a landmark event was the conclusion of the START III Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States. At the same time, new threats emerged from the nuclear programs of Iran and North Korea. As a result of the conference, no measures were taken to suspend the nuclear programs of Iran and the DPRK, but the participants of the OK managed to form the fi nal document of the conference, which was adopted unanimously. According to the 2015 conference, it is stated that it was considered unsuccessful, since the participants of this conference failed to agree and adopt an IT document. It is noted that the main reasons for this were acute contradictions between Russia and the United States, as well as the tense international situation against the background of the Ukrainian and Syrian military-political crises. According to the tenth Review Conference, which nevertheless took place in August 2022 after its postponement due to the coronavirus pandemic, it is concluded that it also ended in failure, since States could not agree and adopt the fi nal document at it. At the same time, the responsibility for the absence of a fi nal document at the tenth OK lies entirely with the United States and its allies, since the agenda of the NPT Review Conference was interrupted by the Ukrainian issue. In conclusion, the article summarizes some results of the state of the nuclear nonproliferation regime after 50 years of its existence. The forecast estimates of changes in the international situation in the fi eld of nuclear nonproliferation in the period between the last tenth Review Conference and the next one, which will be held in 2026, are given. At the same time, it is predicted that in the next fi ve years, the situation in the fi eld of international relations and nuclear nonproliferation is likely to only become more complicated.
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Wedemeyer, Phil D. "A Perspective on the PCAOB—Past and Future." Accounting Horizons 28, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 937–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-50889.
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SYNOPSIS The auditing of financial statements of public companies in the United States is now a regulated industry, and the primary instrument of its regulation is the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), an entity created by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). The PCAOB is one element of a politicized regulatory structure and, as a result, future developments in auditing will continue to be difficult to predict. SOX requirements for PCAOB inspections of audit firms substantially increased the possibility that an audit will be subsequently evaluated despite the absence of identified errors in audited financial statements. The SOX requirement for an auditor's opinion on internal controls over financial reporting (ICFR) immediately increased audit costs and continues to generate heated political debate. In addition, certain aspects of audit quality and PCAOB inspections as well as reporting and audit standards have, or will, affect the conduct of audits and the activities of audit firms. The net effect of these changes has been to increase the cost of audits, particularly as a result of increased review, other quality control activities, and the performance of audits of ICFR, where required. In return, the quality of audits in terms of compliance with audit standards has improved significantly. However, the business models of audit firms and the processes for education and certification of accountants have remained substantially unchanged and are major influences on the quality of audits.
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Kerwin, Donald. "From IIRIRA to Trump: Connecting the Dots to the Current US Immigration Policy Crisis." Journal on Migration and Human Security 6, no. 3 (July 26, 2018): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502418786718.
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When signing into law the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA, or “the Act”), 1 President William J. Clinton asserted that the legislation strengthened “the rule of law by cracking down on illegal immigration at the border, in the workplace, and in the criminal justice system — without punishing those living in the United States legally” ( Clinton 1996 ). In fact, the Act has severely punished US citizens and noncitizens of all statuses. It has also eroded the rule of law by eliminating due process from the overwhelming majority of removal cases, curtailing equitable relief from removal, mandating detention (without individualized custody determinations) for broad swaths of those facing deportation, and erecting insurmountable, technical roadblocks to asylum. In addition, it created new immigration-related crimes and established “the concept of ‘criminal alienhood,’” which has “slowly, but purposefully” conflated criminality and lack of immigration status ( Abrego et al. 2017 , 695). It also conditioned family reunification on income, divided mixed-status families, and consigned other families to marginal and insecure lives in the United States ( Lopez 2017 , 246). Finally, it created the 287(g) program that enlists state and local law enforcement agencies in immigration enforcement and drives a wedge between police and immigrant communities. The trend of “cracking down” on immigrants did not begin with IIRIRA. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, and the 1990 Immigration Act, for example, expanded deportable offenses ( Abrego et al. 2017 , 697; Macías-Rojas 2018 , 3–4). IIRIRA, however, significantly “ratchet[ed] up” the “punitive aspects of US immigration law already in place” ( Abrego et al. 2017 , 702), and erected much of the legal and operational infrastructure that underlies the Trump administration’s plan to remove millions of undocumented residents and their families, to terrify others into leaving “voluntarily,” and to slash legal immigration. In 2016, the Center for Migration Studies of New York (CMS) issued a call for papers to examine IIRIRA’s multifaceted consequences. 2 Between March 2017 and January 2018, CMS published eight papers from this collection in its Journal on Migration and Human Security ( JMHS). The papers cover the political conditions that gave rise to IIRIRA, and the Act’s impact on immigrants, families, communities, and the US immigration system. This article draws on these papers — as well as sources closer to IIRIRA’s passage and implementation — to describe how the Act transformed US immigration policies and laid the groundwork for the Trump administration’s policies. 3 After a brief discussion of IIRIRA’s origins, the article discusses the law's effects and subsequent policies related to the growth of the US immigration enforcement apparatus, removal, asylum, detention, the criminal prosecution of immigrants, the treatment of immigrant families, and joint federal-state enforcement activities.
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Issaraelian, Evgenia L. "L’initiative de Gorbatchev à Mourmansk et les mesures de restauration de la confiance dans l’Arctique." Études internationales 20, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702460ar.
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In his speech at Murmansk on October 1, 1987, General Secretary Gorbachev presented a programme to radically lower the level of military confrontation in the Arctic and proposed a number of confidence-building measures. The Murmansk initiative followed numerous previous proposals along the same line, going back to the nineteen fifties. The political and military aspects of the initiative are linked to the Soviet concept of international security. There are three main elements to this concept: first, the impossibility, to-day, of insuring a country's security by military means alone; second, security must be mutual between the Soviet Union and the United States and it must be universal in the rest of the world; third, security must be comprehensive and must include the military, political, economic and humanitarian dimensions. Specifically on northern security, it must be noted that the Soviet Union is quite vulnerable in the Arctic, with about half of its total land mass north of the 60th parallel. Also, the Arctic offers the shortest route for ICBMS, SLBMs and strategic bombers. Consequently, international security in the Arctic dictates confidence-building measures. The Murmansk initiative represents a significant contribution to the whole process of confidence-building by proposing, in particular: to limit the number of large exercises by naval and air forces in the Northern seas; to invite observers to such exercises; to include Barents Sea, along with other Northern seas, in a zone of peace; to ban anti-submarine activities in agreed areas of the Northern and Western Atlantic; to include the reduction of military activities in the Arctic on the agenda of the second stage of the Conference on CBM and Disarmement in Europe; to reduce naval activities in international straits; and to pursue the establishment of a Nordic nuclear weapon-free zone for which the Soviet Union would act as guarantor.
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Rowe, John W. "Successful Aging of Societies." Daedalus 144, no. 2 (April 2015): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00325.
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As America ages, policy-makers' preoccupations with the future costs of Medicare and Social Security grow. But neglected by this focus are critically important and broader societal issues such as intergenerational relations within society and the family, rising inequality and lack of opportunity, productivity in late life (work or volunteering), and human capital development (lifelong education and skills training). Equally important, there is almost no acknowledgment of the substantial benefits and potential of an aging society. The MacArthur Foundation Research Network on an Aging Society offers policy options to address these issues and enhance the transition to a cohesive, productive, secure, and equitable aging society. Such a society will not only function effectively at the societal level but will provide a context that facilitates the capacity of individuals to age successfully. This volume comprises a set of papers, many of which are authored by members of the MacArthur Network, focusing on various aspects of the opportunities and challenges facing the United States while it passes through its current demographic transformation. This essay provides a general overview of the strategy the Network has used to address the various components of this broad subject.
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Troshchenkova, E. V. "CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE PUBLIC AND POLITICAL ROLE OF MEMES IN MEDIA DISCOURSE." Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, no. 3 (2021): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20916/1812-3228-2021-3-21-31.
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The article is aimed at identifying and analyzing the main frames for conceptualizing the socio-political role of memes and the models of their linguistic representation in the newspaper articles (16 articles, mainly 2019-2020, in English) on the relevant topic. In other words, this is an attempt from a scientific standpoint to represent how modern media, which are becoming the source and means of the viral spread of Internet memes, meta-represent an element of their own communication processes. Methodologically, the study is based on examining media texts about Internet memes in the broad context of socio-political transformations emerging from the active development of forums, social networks, instant messengers, and other tools. It proceeds from analyzing the thematic grid in each article, identifying the key, repetitive lexical elements, including metaphors, associated with interpreting memes popularity and their functions, as well as taking into account some iconic components of these multimodal texts. Then I review the entire article mini-corpus to identify repetitive patterns of meme representation and study their evaluative component. These models that can be viewed as coordination patterns are further compared with the way Internet memes are considered in academic studies. As a result, it is shown that although in modern journalism the conceptualization of memes in many respects correlates with what the experts of technologically mediated communication say, the article’s appraisal of the importance for various aspects meme usage is different. Journalists are less concerned with the precise definition of the phenomenon, meme classification in terms of structural types or according to component relations in them. They do recognize that going viral is an important feature for memes, but journalists, as opposed to scholars, are less interested in what makes these information products popular and widely shared, often taking it for granted. At the same time, journalists (compared to ordinary users) nowadays are less inclined to view memes just as an entertainment. However, it should be borne in mind that changes in the functionality of memes, apparently, occur unevenly around the world and in a number of countries are less noticeable for objective reasons, and journalists may be well aware of the differences between the English-language socio-political discourse, especially in the United States, and the European one “lagging behind”. The more indicative is the desire to anticipate the inevitable future transformations and take into account the experience of the countries that are more “advanced” in terms of using memes for public and political purposes. Thus, the focus of attention in newspapers is shifted towards two frames, both of which are viewed as reflecting situations that are potentially problematic for society. One is associated with the ideas of domestic alt-right radicalism and international “information terrorism”. The second frame is also based on the concept of the world plunging into information wars which are aggravated by economic problems, social tensions, and uncertainty about future. Against this background, memes are seen as coping method, a way to let off steam and get emotional relief from tension.
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Haque, Md Emdadul. "The COVID-19 Pandemic and Access to Vaccination in Bangladesh: a Critical Review." Health Economics and Management Review 3, no. 3 (2022): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/hem.2022.3-09.
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This paper delineates the diverse perspectives of the vicious COVID-19 pandemic and access to vaccination in Bangladesh. It also depicts the discrepancies as to access to vaccine and vaccination campaign aside from assorted socio-economic impacts and challenges in Bangladesh with plausible way-outs. The fight for combating the demonized coronavirus is laudable amid the country’s limited resources, vulnerable healthcare system and vaccine hesitation. But the estimated cost of vaccination is under criticism because the country has received a substantial amount of vaccines as gift or free of cost donation from rich countries especially from the United States. Due to the pandemic, the socio-economic loss sustained by the country has created extra burden for the economy. No doubt, the coronavirus has taken an acid test of the global healthcare system. Even the economically advanced countries with sophisticated healthcare facilities have experienced the horrific fatality of the pandemic for a long time. But during the pandemic, the world has witnessed further polarization of the countries with major political and economic power dynamics in the name of coordinated fighting of the persisting crisis. Together with the financial constraints of low-income countries in Africa and Asia, the vaccine crisis and monopoly caused by the profit-driven attitude of most multinational pharma companies and geopolitical interests of some high income countries have galvanized the global vaccine inequity undermining the notion of distributive justice with a few exceptions. But the contagious coronavirus taught that people’s safety of a particular country is not possible without safety of other countries. Most existing papers on the COVID-19 pandemic linking Bangladesh depict its various detrimental impacts from health science and socio-economic aspects. But this paper critically reviews the chronological aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh starting from influx of the virus to its all-out combating measures highlighting human casualty, advent of vaccine, vaccine inequity, access to vaccination, vaccine diplomacy, campaign, hesitation and rerated constraints along with prevailing as well as post COVID-19 socio-economic impacts.
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Kovacevic, Maja. "International problems and the research on process of the European integration from the establishment of the communities to the single European act." Medjunarodni problemi 70, no. 2 (2018): 147–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1802147k.
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Based on research topics that have been discussed in the context related to the European integration in the journal International Problems in the period 1949-1990, the aim of this paper is to consider the extent to which the Yugoslav science of international relations followed this process. The main thesis is that domestic science has studied all relevant aspects of the integration process and has kept up with the times and the key theoretical frameworks. After World War II, the focus was on the economic and political situation of the Western European countries, their interests, as well as the security context in which were launched the first integration initiatives: the German issue, the Marshall Plan, the Cold war and bipolar world, the process of decolonisation, the failure of the European Defense Community and the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community and EURATOM. At the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century, great attention was devoted to the study of regional integration in general and its models, as well as the expected effects. Along with the slowdown in the European integration process in the late 60s and throughout the 70s, the attention of researchers gradually shifted to individual policies and initiatives of the European Economic Community: the Common Agricultural Policy, development of regional policy, association agreements, the Mediterranean policy, initiatives in the field of monetary integration. The 80s of the last century were dominated by themes that marked this decade in the process of European integration: factors for change in the European Economic Community, the initiatives for reform of the Treaty, the Mediterranean enlargement, the Single European Act, the program for completing the internal market, changes in the social policy of the Community and measures to promote technological development and strategy for the industry. Along with it, the focus was on the relationship between the United States and the Western European countries, East-West relations and relations of Yugoslavia with the Community.
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Ashe, Mary. "Art departments in United States Public Libraries: the Principal Means." Art Libraries Journal 12, no. 4 (1987): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200005368.
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Only larger public libraries in the United States have distinct art departments; in a majority of these, visual art is combined with other arts subjects such as music and performing arts. Scope is broad, covering all aspects of art and reflecting the limitless interests of users and their need for both access to and the loan of material, and for information in answer to queries. Invariably, indexes and files are maintained to document local art. Responsibilities of the art librarian include encouraging users of the art department to be aware of complementary material in other departments, and ensuring that the art department serves the needs and abilities of a wide range of users. In recent years automation has contributed to the development of networking and cooperation; online searching is generally available within larger libraries but more usually through another department or section rather than as an integral element in the art department’s services. The automation of files of local art information has scarcely begun.