Academic literature on the topic 'Art and society – congresses'

The formation of the first state system in Europe took place from the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, as a result of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), to the Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt-Baden (1714) Congresses which finished the end of the war of the Spanish Succession. The legal fixation of the Westphallian system was accompanied by its public perception and acceptance. First of all, this was demonstrated by International Congresses, which were not only a common negotiation process, but also a place of representation of the significance and culture of each state. In fact, the European Congress was a carefully designed triumph of peace within the continent, which required considerable funds, was widely covered in the press and glorified in celebrations, paintings, the release of commemorative medals, poetry and even fashion. The article presents the most striking examples of the analysis of the representation forms of Peace Congresses. The author believes that negotiations between states and the conclusion of peace made a significant contribution to the civilization heritage of Europe. The factor of transition from war to peace was the strongest stimulus for the transformation of the government structure in line with the monopolization of power, the development of trade, the banking system, productive forces and culture, which changed people's attitude to their own personality and environment. The publicity of International Congresses can also be considered as incentive for the development of the Law of Nations and as an act of humanitarian diplomacy. Peace Congresses were designed to minimize the heavy legacy of military conflicts in the historical memory.

This article deals with the co-operation of the Unit of Theory of Aesthetic Education with the International Society for Education through Art (INSEA) in historical and contemporary perspectives. It also reflects upon the role of art education in contemporary educational movement. The reflection is based on the analysis of contemporary trends in this field, including the reports from selected INSEA congresses. The collected material allows us to present important theoretical contexts of art education and to explore practical solutions in this area of education. The remarks refer to more than fifty years of cooperation of the Department of Theory of Aesthetic Education with INSEA and concern various forms of cooperation of an international organisation with European institutions.

Since the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences in San Francisco in August 1999, two decisive events have set signals for the future directions of phonetics in general and of the International Phonetic Association in particular. First of all, the Permanent Council for the Organization of International Congresses of Phonetic Sciences, the principal, quadrennial international forums for the presentation of phonetic research, and the Council of the International Phonetic Association, the oldest and most prominent scientific society of phonetics, separately voted in favour of a union, with the intention to affiliate the Permanent Council as a standing subcommittee to the IPA Council and to run future Congresses under the auspices of the IPA. This will broaden and intensify the activities of the IPA in all areas of Phonetic Science, even if the phonetic descriptions of languages will remain a traditional focus of attention. Secondly, a decision was taken by the IPA Executive to reach agreement for the Association's Journal to be published by Cambridge University Press. Upon the conclusion of the contract, we can now proudly present the first issue of volume 31 of the Journal of the International Phonetic Association under its new aegis. In conjunction, the two decisions taken by the IPA open up the prospect of a powerful international platform for the distribution of the state-of-the-art and new results in phonetic research.

The article reveals the contribution of educators in the formation and development of the Yelisavetgrad Charitable Society for the Dissemination of Literacy and Crafts in the second half of the ХІХ – XX twentieth century. Public and educational activities of the society were carried out in various forms through scientific, publishing, organizational and pedagogical work. During the period from 1873 to 1914 the company underwent many changes in its structure and activities, which are associated with the development of the company and the difficult political and social situation in this period: change in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the company, the spread of geography, popularization of the activity of the society and its individual members. The atmosphere of search among the Yelisavetgrad Charitable Society for the dissemination of literacy and crafts, exchange of views, results of observations, experience at meetings of the society influenced the formation of pedagogical views of members of the society of the period under study. The members of the society held theatrical performances, concerts, art exhibitions, took part in various congresses and congresses, and involved teachers of educational institutions in the activities of the society. Through the efforts of the society's members, a shelter for homeless children, the first kindergartens (1913; 1915), a free public library-reading room (1895) and a public library (1899) were opened in the city. Historically formed regional experience of members of educational societies is a valuable source of fruitful pedagogical ideas, original innovative forms of their practical implementation. Constructively rethought in terms of current problems of today, they will contribute to the modernization of modern educational societies, a more effective solution of modern educational problems. We see the prospects for further explorations in elucidating the influence of regional factors on the effectiveness of educational societies in Yelisavetgrad region in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. We see prospects for further research in elucidating the influence of regional factors on the effectiveness of educational societies in Yelisavetgrad region in the second half of the XIX – early XX century.

ABSTRACT: The origins of the Spanish Society of Emblematics (SEE) go back to the 1st International Emblematic Symposium, organized in Teruel in 1991 by Santiago Sebastián, a pioneer of iconological-iconographic studies in Spain. Since then, the SEE has ensured the consolidation, development and dissemination of emblematic research in Spain through various activities, including its international conferences. Three decades and thirteen congresses later, the half thousand works gathered in them constitute a representative example of Hispanic emblematic production, susceptible of an analysis from different perspectives. This study does so from its border-crossing nature embodied in its interculturality and interdisciplinarity, two of the identifying signs of emblematic research and two of the main challenges of the Humanities for the 21st Century. KEYWORDSEmblematic and Visual Studies; Santiago Sebastián López; Spanish Society of Emblematics (SEE); International Congresses of the SEE; Cross-Border Studies, Interculturality and Interdisciplinarity RESUMEN: Los orígenes de la Sociedad Española de Emblemática (SEE) se remontan al I Simposio Internacional de Emblemática, organizado en Teruel en 1991 por Santiago Sebastián, pionero de los estudios iconológico-iconográficos en España. Desde entonces, la SEE ha velado por la consolidación, desarrollo y difusión de la investigación emblemática en nuestro país a través de diversas actividades, entre las que destacan sus congresos internacionales. Tres décadas y trece congresos después, el más de medio millar de trabajos reunidos en ellos constituye una muestra representativa de la producción emblemática hispánica, susceptible de un análisis desde diferentes perspectivas. Este artículo lo hace desde su naturaleza transfronteriza plasmada en su interculturalidad e interdisciplinariedad, dos de las señas identitarias de los estudios emblemáticos y dos de los grandes retos de las Humanidades para el siglo XXI.

On 8-11 June 1995, the International Society of Performing Arts Administrators (ISPAA) will hold its International Congress in Toronto. The Toronto Congress will be the third in a series of four congresses exploring the theme Global Change and Exchange. The particular focus of the Toronto Congress will be Technological Development. More specifically, the Congress will explore how these developments are affecting and are inherently linked to Revenue Development, Audience Development and Artistic Development. In addition to the world-wide ISPAA membership, it is anticipated that a large number of Canadians involved in the arts, cultural industries and related fields will attend the Congress. The Congress is not limited to ISPAA members nor does subscription to the Congress entail ISPAA membership. It is therefore open to all interested parties. Material promoting the Congress will be published in both English and French. For further information about the Toronto Congress, please contact: William D. Poole, Director, Centre for Cultural Management at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1: 519 888-4567, ext. 5057; Fax: 519 746-3956; email: bpoole@watarts.uwaterloo.ca .

ABSTRACT: The origins of the Spanish Society of Emblematics (SEE) go back to the 1st International Emblematic Symposium, organized in Teruel in 1991 by Santiago Sebastián, a pioneer of iconological-iconographic studies in Spain. Since then, the SEE has ensured the consolidation, development and dissemination of emblematic research in Spain through various activities, including its international conferences. Three decades and thirteen congresses later, the half thousand studies presented in them constitute a representative example of Hispanic emblematic production, susceptible of an analysis from different perspectives. This article does so from the perspective of its border-crossing nature embodied in its interculturality and interdisciplinarity, two of the identifying signs of emblematic research and two of the main challenges of the Humanities for the 21st Century. KEYWORDSEmblematic and Visual Studies; Santiago Sebastián López; Spanish Society of Emblematics (SEE); International Congresses of the SEE; Cross-Border Studies; Interculturality and Interdisciplinarity. RESUMEN: Los orígenes de la Sociedad Española de Emblemática (SEE) se remontan al I Simposio Internacional de Emblemática, organizado en Teruel en 1991 por Santiago Sebastián, pionero de los estudios iconológico-iconográficos en España. Desde entonces, la SEE ha velado por la consolidación, desarrollo y difusión de la investigación emblemática en nuestro país a través de diversas actividades, entre las que destacan sus congresos internacionales. Tres décadas y trece congresos después, el más de medio millar de trabajos reunidos en ellos constituye una muestra representativa de la producción emblemática hispánica, susceptible de un análisis desde diferentes perspectivas. Este artículo lo hace desde su naturaleza transfronteriza plasmada en su interculturalidad e interdisciplinariedad, dos de las señas identitarias de los estudios emblemáticos y dos de los grandes retos de las Humanidades para el siglo XXI.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of aesthetic education of primary schoolchildren in out-of-school educational institutions of Ukraine at the end of the 19th ft the beginning of the 20th century. It is emphasized that the issue of aesthetic education of primary schoolchildren is very important in the current conditions of social development, when social contradictions are aggravated, national values and ideals are in the process of disappearing, and immoral behavior is widespread among young people. It is outlined that aesthetic education is aimed at attracting primary schoolchildren to the treasures of spiritual and artistic culture, to the world of moral values through the formation of aesthetic concepts, tastes, ideals. It develops the creative abilities of the individual and is closely connected with the cultural life of the society. It was determined that the Hlukhiv Music (Singing) School, Kharkiv Singing School, the Kamianets-Podilskyi art boarding school for rural children in the 19th century was directly involved in the aesthetic education of children. The significant contribution to the development of the theory and practice of aesthetic education of the Kyiv Regional Pedagogical Society «Prosvita» and teachers’ congresses is established. It is emphasized that at the beginning of the 20th century, the aesthetic education of primary schoolchildren was realized both within specially created out-of-school artistic and aesthetic education institutions (children’s clubs, children’s playgrounds, children’s theaters, libraries, art education centers, art studios, pioneer palaces etc.), and in institutions of social upbringing of children (orphanages, children’s villages, communities, colonies for orphans, semi-boarding schools, day centers, summer colonies).

Despite much progress in the management of malignant diseases, the number of new cases and cancer-related deaths continues to rise around the world. More than half of new cases occur in economically developing countries, where more than two thirds of cancer deaths are expected. However, implementation of all necessary steps to accomplish the dissemination of state-of-the-art prevention, diagnosis, and management will require increased allocation of resources, and, more importantly, harmonization of the efforts of hundreds of national and international public health agencies, policy-setting bodies, governments, pharmaceutical companies, and philanthropic organizations. More than 30% of the members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) reside and practice outside US borders, and more than half of attendees at all of the scientific congresses and symposia organized by ASCO are international. As cancer has become an increasingly global disease, ASCO has evolved as a global organization. The ASCO Board of Directors currently includes members from France, Brazil, and Canada. In 2013, the ASCO Board of Directors identified a number of strategic priorities for the future. Recognizing the importance of non-US members to the society, their first strategic priority was improving the society's service to non-US members and defining these members' identity in the international oncology community. This article reviews current ASCO activities in the international arena and its future plans in global oncology.

Abstract The Balkan Cities Association of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation and Artificial Organs (BANTAO) was established in Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia on October 9, 1993 during the First Congress of the Macedonian Society of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation and Artificial Organs (MSNDTAO). The idea of the founders was that such Society would have a clear impact on several aspects of practice and research in nephrology and artificial organs in the Balkans, firstly, by increasing its international visibility and potential collaborative work, and recognition by international organizations. Secondly, such a society would facilitate the exchange of experience and knowledge between experts in our area. In addition, it would be a very positive symbolic act showing that collaborative work for the betterment of life is possible and desirable in our area and that coming together will bear better fruits at the human and cultural levels. It will also send a very clear signal to the outside world that the Balkans can be a place of collaboration and mutual understanding. Several international bodies such as the International Society of Artificial Organs and the International Faculty of Artificial Organs have signaled their interest in and support for the creation of such a society. Despite the turbulent times in the Balkan Peninsula, the First BANTAO Congress was held in Varna from September 22 to 24, 1995, which was an impressive event. F. Valderrabano, Chairman of the EDTA–ERA registry reported on that event with a lot of sympathy in the paper entitled “Nephrologists of the Balkan countries meet across political frontiers and war fronts – an example to politicians. The foundation of and the Second Congress of BANTAO were also well accepted by the colleagues nephrologists from Russia. The Second Congress was held on September 6-10, 1997 in Struga, the Third BANTAO Congress was held on September 18-20, 1998 in Belgrade, the Fourth Congress of BANTAO was held in Izmir on November 14-16, 1999, the Fifth Congress of BANTAO was held in Thessaloniki on September 30 – October 3, 2001, the 6th BANTAO Congress was held in Varna, on October 6-9, 2003, the 7th BANTAO Congress was held in Ohrid, on September 8-11, 2005, the 8th BANTAO Congress was held in Belgrade, on September 16-19, 2007, the 9th BANTAO Congress was held in Antalya, November 18-22, 2009, the 10th BANTAO Congress was held in Chalkidiki, October 13-15, 2011, the 11th BANTAO Congress was held from 26 to 29 September 2013 in Timisoara on the 20th Anniversary of the foundation of BANTAO, the 12th BANTAO Congress was held on October 15-18, 2015 in Opatija, the 13th BANTAO Congress was held on 4-8 October, 2017 in Sarajevo, the 14th BANTAO Congress was held on September 20-23, 2018, in Budva and the 15th BANTAO Congress was held in Skopje, 26-29 September 2019. Another milestone in the life of BANTAO was the appearance of the BANTAO journal in 2003, which has been published biannually since then. In the past 17 years there have been 33 editions of the journal and seven supplements reporting BANTAO congresses. The editors of the journal past and present are: 2003–2005 (Dimitar Nenov); 2005–2009 (Ali Basci); 2009–(Goce Spasovski). Up to date, more than 400 papers have been published. The BANTAO journal is registered on EBSCO, DOAJ, SCOPUS, and has become a strong ‘glue’ among nephrologists from the Balkan cities. The BANTAO congresses and the BANTAO journal have succeeded in elevating nephrology knowledge and thus increased the standards of nephrology patient care throughout the Balkans. Standing above the divisive forces of politics, language and war, BANTAO gives a living example that collaboration and humility are feasible in times of maddening destruction, and are transformative.

History
Ph.D.
This dissertation explores the battle to democratize the national security state, 1970-1978. It examines the neo-progressive movement to institutionalize a new domestic policy regime, in an attempt to force government transparency, protect individual privacy from state intrusion, and create new judicial and legislative checks on domestic security operations. It proceeds chronologically, first outlining the state's overwhelming response to the domestic unrest of the 1960s. During this period, the Department of Justice developed new capacities to better predict urban unrest, growing a computerized databank that contained millions of dossiers on dissenting Americans and the Department of Defense greatly expanded existing capacities, applying cold war counterinsurgency and counterintelligence techniques developed abroad to the problems of protests and riots at home. The remainder of the dissertation examines how the state's secret response to unrest and disorder became public in the early 1970s. It traces the development of a loose coalition of reformers who challenged domestic security policy and coordinated legislative and litigative strategies to check executive power.
Temple University--Theses

Illustrated exam paper for Josefin Tingvalls project Soft Society. Which is about investigating through cloth and textile our urban surrounding. The core question ; if I go out in an urban area and use textile as a recordmaterial, what traces and stories will I bring back? By looking at textileas a matter, craft and as a philosophical starting point in urban areas, what can it tell about our surrounding and our society? In the three mainchapters of the paper, Tingvall reflects upon important themes such as wandering and spectating, also exhibiting of process based craft, textilein urban areas and matter-based dyes and their relation to us.
Soft society

The imperial city of Ulm in southwest Germany was one of the largest in the country during the Middle Ages, and one of four important centres in the Swabian region. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the region was characterised by a large number of towns and cities, especially imperial cities, most of which lay south of the Swabian Alps, in Upper Swabia. For their protection the towns formed into the Swabian League of which Ulm had leadership until the latter part of the fifteenth century. The League restrained the ambitions of emperor and the princes, and effectively maintained relatively peaceful conditions in the region for most of the fifteenth century. The cities relied largely on trade, shipping iron, salt, meat and grain from eastern areas into the southwest for distribution. There was also a vast textile industry, producing woollen cloths and fustian, or barchent, with a mixture of cotton and linen. Wool and flax were produced locally, while cotton was brought from Venice, and finished cloth distributed throughout Europe. This led to the rise of family merchant companies that handled import, export, distribution, and in some cases production. Familial networks were key. Such networks were also fundamental for craft communities throughout the region and artisans frequently moved to train or work. As a large centre, Ulm produced much sculpture and painting with production peaking during the second half of the fifteenth century, resulting in an extensive export market. As with all imperial cities, Ulm relied on its relationship with the empire for its ability to function, politically and economically. Largely because of its wealth, it gained a high level of autonomy, which it used to acquire an extensive territorial area, and to secure authority over the parish, its church, and local foundations. Of fundamental importance was the parish church of Our Lady, which was relocated into the heart of the commercial area of the city and rebuilt on a massive scale signalling the might of the town. The renewed importance of Our Lady encouraged endowments and gifts, and helped secure the authority of the patriciate, especially the Krafft family. In the face of guild uprisings during the fourteenth century, the patriciate of Ulm was a particularly closed type and social demarcation was rigorously practised. Inter-marriage with a select group of traders, however, resulted in a ruling body that effectively developed into an oligarchy, despite substantial guild representation on the civic council. A small group held power over many years and most aspects of everyday living were closely regulated and policed. Artistic styles and developments reflected this stable, yet rather restricted climate. Change was adopted with caution. But, arguably, styles also reflected wider regional trends that, to an extent, might be classed as traditionally Swabian. The characteristic regional style might also have been linked to mysticism and pious practices amongst female religious that had filtered into civic life. As vibrant commercial centres, the cities were conscious of a communal responsibility. Ultimately, this somewhat conservative attitude led to a shift in artistic production during the last decade of the fifteenth and into the sixteenth century. Ulm was unable to keep pace with wider political and commercial developments, and in certain ways Ulm did not provide artists with the conditions necessary to fully exploit their talents.

Thesis (M. Ed. )--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 2004.
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2748. Typescript. Abstract precedes thesis as 1 preliminary leaf (iii ). Includes bibliographical references ( leaves 73-76 ).

In this PhD by Publication I argue that my art practice serves as a useful contributor towards shaping elements for the activation of civil society. Through consideration of three interrelated examples from my art practice from 1998-2011, which emerged from my Restpfennigaktion (Left-over Penny Campaign) an artistic methodology has emerged that shows links between the artwork as process and product in relation to notions of transformation. Lynn Froggett writes, "The transformative potential is realised when it generates a cultural form for experience that needs the visual or performative register for its fullest expression." I unpick and position the role of my practice using theoretical frameworks of participatory art as life, such as art and social sculpture (Beuys) in relation to the discourse used by theorists such as Claire Bishop, who aligned a socially engaged public art practice with ideas of civil society and democracy. I also use critical pedagogy and conflict resolution to position my work in this realm. Equally important is the role of a selected number of examples of participatory art works by others, such as MA, Park Fiction and Schlingensief, as well as Suzanne Lacy. Innovative strategies in my work are the implementation and cross-sector uses of that knowledge through artistic practice. The three projects under consideration were time-based interventions, which sought to engage people in penny-giving, wish-giving and wish realization in Germany (Left-over Penny Campaign), Italy (lnitizativa Centesimo Avanzato) and Spain (Hucha de Deseos). As a result of undertaking this research, a suite of questions revealed themselves from within the practice. The questioning was specifically focused around the following three areas: the role of aesthetic form in my art practice, different conceptions of my role as artist, and how practitioners working in public or social space are affected by and respond to contexts. These questions arose during the processes of art-making and within the context of this research project. They emerged in response to a broadening of my ideas of participation, and participatory decision-making. It became clear that I was evolving new skills, in order to find appropriate and satisfying responses to these questions. I found myself by necessity seeking answers for the advancement of my art making by moving beyond traditional artistic strategies and into areas of knowledge, such as formalised conflict resolution, pedagogy, gift economy, leadership, self organisation, creative solutions in community development and undertaking a PhD. 1 Froggett, Lynn (ed), New Model Arts Institutions and Public Engagement, Research Study, Headline Findings, uclan, 2011, p. 10. [online] Available at Participatory public art refers to an art practice that features the transformation of individuals and societies for a common good. It aims to contribute to perceived demands for transition processes and is necessarily aware of and responsive to conditions that characterise a democratic civil society, which hopes for non-violent and fruitful transformations. The current global socia-political, ecological and cultural climate, currently dominated by the economic taxonomies, demands transformational processes if future life on earth is to be secured. Hence my art projects highlighted money, its meaning and ways of transformation, through focusing on gift economy more than on exchange economy. My three projects highlighted on the one hand the limits of our existing man-made systems, on the other, they demonstrated how participatory public art can be a mode of transformation.

"The project concerns itself with the human condition and the search for meaning, specifically, from the perspective of a woman artist. This search for meaning is expressed as a journey. The journey of a fictional woman protagonist through landscape is the metaphor used to convey these ideas."
Master of Education (Visual Arts)

The net benefits of CAFTA and their distribution among sectors of the economy and social groups are major concerns of policy makers in Central America. The objective of the Bank's support to Central America is to assist in the design of policies that maximize total net benefits while improving the welfare of the poorer segments of society, the majority of whom reside in rural areas. The purpose of this study is to provide a conceptual framework in order to identify policies that will meet these objectives. It is important to note that CAFTA has not been ratified yet by all congresses of the signatory countries, but throughout this paper we assume that all will ratify CAFTA as it stands today.

Artificial intelligence is said to be transforming the global economy and society in what some dub the “fourth industrial revolution.” This data brief analyzes media representations of AI and the alignments, or misalignments, with job postings that include the AI-related skills needed to make AI a practical reality. This potential distortion is important as the U.S. Congress places an increasing emphasis on AI. If government funds are shifted away from other areas of science and technology, based partly on the representations that leaders and the public are exposed to in the media, it is important to understand how those representations align with real jobs across the country.

This AMS Policy Study examines explicitly the role that public policy plays in determining the sum societal value of Earth Observations, Science, and Services (OSS) as well as the allocation of that value and the costs of OSS production across society. It examines three policy frameworks of quite different origin, purview, and standing. The first is the 2003 Fair Weather Report developed by the National Academy of Sciences. That policy focuses on collaboration. The second is the 2017 Weather Research and Forecasting Innovation Act enacted by the U.S. Congress. It focuses on innovation. The third is the current World Meteorological Organization development of Resolution 42, which seeks to make international contributions to and access to data and information more equitable, and at the same time expand the domain of data and information sharing from weather per se to Earth observations, science, and services more broadly. The study takes as its point of departure views of individual stakeholders in the so-called Weather, Water and Climate Enterprise (loosely speaking, the community of U.S. providers of weather, water, and climate information and services) with respect to these policies. Their perspectives were captured through informally solicited public and private comments from senior members of the Enterprise. Individually and in aggregate the comments hint at or suggest opportunities for extending and improving Enterprise value by broadening collaboration, fostering innovation, and making the Enterprise more equitable.

The Cultural Development Program promotes cultural development in Latin America and the Caribbean by financing innovative projects for training to restore artistic traditions, preserve cultural heritage, and educate youth. In 2012, we supported civil society organizations that submitted training programs related to new technologies, creative industries, tourism and natural heritage, among others. Concerts, lectures, films, art exhibitions held at headquarters representing the Bank's member countries cultural heritage

This IDB technical note seeks to highlight the relationship that exists between a country's level of governance, the success of digital government strategies, and the identification policies that government implements, as well as the interdependence between them. Belgium, Chile, and Mexico were chosen as case studies, because they share characteristics making them in some ways comparable. Moreover, amongst other reasons, they are all OECD-member countries, they have well-defined digital government strategies, and they are in the process of implementing (with differing degrees of progress) a state-of-the-art electronic identification (e-Id) card.

Salomón Lerner (1944-), Peruvian philosopher, Rector of Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (1994-2004), Angel Escobar Jurado National Human Rights Award (2003). Marcos Aguinis (1935-), Argentine physician, former Minister of Culture in Argentina, Planeta Prize (Spain), Grand Prize of Honor by the Argentine Society of Writers. Darío Ruiz Gómez (1935-), Colombian art and literary critic, former Professor of Architecture in Medellín, published four books of poetry and five books of short stories.

The article examines the publicistic texts of the journal «Suchasnist», which at various times of its existence developed the national idea, united Ukrainians, supported the patriotic spirit, oriented politically, informed about the events of cultural life, published new works of art by domestic writers, revealed to readers the names of those banned during the Soviet era talented representatives of the Ukrainian diaspora. The main problems of the journal in the last years of its operation have been clarified. The issue of the negative impact of the entire Russian and Soviet heritage on the development of Ukraine, the unreliability of many historical facts and their manipulation, the peculiarities of Ukrainian democracy, the strengthening of the influence of the oligarchy, the inertia of civil society, and the decline of national culture is considered. The place of keywords in the context of journal publications, which are characterized by frequency of use and additional associative subtext, is determined. Key words: Ukraine, independence, civil society, nationalism, Ukrainian elite, power, revolution.

Banco de la República is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2023. This is a very significant anniversary and one that provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution the Bank has made to the country’s development. Its track record as guarantor of monetary stability has established it as the one independent state institution that generates the greatest confidence among Colombians due to its transparency, management capabilities, and effective compliance with the central banking and cultural responsibilities entrusted to it by the Constitution and the Law. On a date as important as this, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República (BDBR) pays tribute to the generations of governors and officers whose commitment and dedication have contributed to the growth of this institution.1 Banco de la República’s mandate was confirmed in the National Constitutional Assembly of 1991 where the citizens had the opportunity to elect the seventy people who would have the task of drafting a new constitution. The leaders of the three political movements with the most votes were elected as chairs to the Assembly, and this tripartite presidency reflected the plurality and the need for consensus among the different political groups to move the reform forward. Among the issues considered, the National Constitutional Assembly gave special importance to monetary stability. That is why they decided to include central banking and to provide Banco de la República with the necessary autonomy to use the instruments for which they are responsible without interference from other authorities. The constituent members understood that ensuring price stability is a state duty and that the entity responsible for this task must be enshrined in the Constitution and have the technical capability and institutional autonomy necessary to adopt the decisions they deem appropriate to achieve this fundamental objective in coordination with the general economic policy. In particular, Article 373 established that “the State, through Banco de la República, shall ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of the currency,” a provision that coincided with the central banking system adopted by countries that have been successful in controlling inflation. In 1999, in Ruling 481, the Constitutional Court stated that “the duty to maintain the purchasing power of the currency applies to not only the monetary, credit, and exchange authority, i.e., the Board of Banco de la República, but also those who have responsibilities in the formulation and implementation of the general economic policy of the country” and that “the basic constitutional purpose of Banco de la República is the protection of a sound currency. However, this authority must take the other economic objectives of state intervention such as full employment into consideration in their decisions since these functions must be coordinated with the general economic policy.” The reforms to Banco de la República agreed upon in the Constitutional Assembly of 1991 and in Act 31/1992 can be summarized in the following aspects: i) the Bank was assigned a specific mandate: to maintain the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy; ii) the BDBR was designatedas the monetary, foreign exchange, and credit authority; iii) the Bank and its Board of Directors were granted a significant degree of independence from the government; iv) the Bank was prohibited from granting credit to the private sector except in the case of the financial sector; v) established that in order to grant credit to the government, the unanimous vote of its Board of Directors was required except in the case of open market transactions; vi) determined that the legislature may, in no case, order credit quotas in favor of the State or individuals; vii) Congress was appointed, on behalf of society, as the main addressee of the Bank’s reporting exercise; and viii) the responsibility for inspection, surveillance, and control over Banco de la República was delegated to the President of the Republic. The members of the National Constitutional Assembly clearly understood that the benefits of low and stable inflation extend to the whole of society and contribute mto the smooth functioning of the economic system. Among the most important of these is that low inflation promotes the efficient use of productive resources by allowing relative prices to better guide the allocation of resources since this promotes economic growth and increases the welfare of the population. Likewise, low inflation reduces uncertainty about the expected return on investment and future asset prices. This increases the confidence of economic agents, facilitates long-term financing, and stimulates investment. Since the low-income population is unable to protect itself from inflation by diversifying its assets, and a high proportion of its income is concentrated in the purchase of food and other basic goods that are generally the most affected by inflationary shocks, low inflation avoids arbitrary redistribution of income and wealth.2 Moreover, low inflation facilitates wage negotiations, creates a good labor climate, and reduces the volatility of employment levels. Finally, low inflation helps to make the tax system more transparent and equitable by avoiding the distortions that inflation introduces into the value of assets and income that make up the tax base. From the monetary authority’s point of view, one of the most relevant benefits of low inflation is the credibility that economic agents acquire in inflation targeting, which turns it into an effective nominal anchor on price levels. Upon receiving its mandate, and using its autonomy, Banco de la República began to announce specific annual inflation targets as of 1992. Although the proposed inflation targets were not met precisely during this first stage, a downward trend in inflation was achieved that took it from 32.4% in 1990 to 16.7% in 1998. At that time, the exchange rate was kept within a band. This limited the effectiveness of monetary policy, which simultaneously sought to meet an inflation target and an exchange rate target. The Asian crisis spread to emerging economies and significantly affected the Colombian economy. The exchange rate came under strong pressure to depreciate as access to foreign financing was cut off under conditions of a high foreign imbalance. This, together with the lack of exchange rate flexibility, prevented a countercyclical monetary policy and led to a 4.2% contraction in GDP that year. In this context of economic slowdown, annual inflation fell to 9.2% at the end of 1999, thus falling below the 15% target set for that year. This episode fully revealed how costly it could be, in terms of economic activity, to have inflation and exchange rate targets simultaneously. Towards the end of 1999, Banco de la República announced the adoption of a new monetary policy regime called the Inflation Targeting Plan. This regime, known internationally as ‘Inflation Targeting,’ has been gaining increasing acceptance in developed countries, having been adopted in 1991 by New Zealand, Canada, and England, among others, and has achieved significant advances in the management of inflation without incurring costs in terms of economic activity. In Latin America, Brazil and Chile also adopted it in 1999. In the case of Colombia, the last remaining requirement to be fulfilled in order to adopt said policy was exchange rate flexibility. This was realized around September 1999, when the BDBR decided to abandon the exchange-rate bands to allow the exchange rate to be freely determined in the market.Consistent with the constitutional mandate, the fundamental objective of this new policy approach was “the achievement of an inflation target that contributes to maintaining output growth around its potential.”3 This potential capacity was understood as the GDP growth that the economy can obtain if it fully utilizes its productive resources. To meet this objective, monetary policy must of necessity play a countercyclical role in the economy. This is because when economic activity is below its potential and there are idle resources, the monetary authority can reduce the interest rate in the absence of inflationary pressure to stimulate the economy and, when output exceeds its potential capacity, raise it. This policy principle, which is immersed in the models for guiding the monetary policy stance, makes the following two objectives fully compatible in the medium term: meeting the inflation target and achieving a level of economic activity that is consistent with its productive capacity. To achieve this purpose, the inflation targeting system uses the money market interest rate (at which the central bank supplies primary liquidity to commercial banks) as the primary policy instrument. This replaced the quantity of money as an intermediate monetary policy target that Banco de la República, like several other central banks, had used for a long time. In the case of Colombia, the objective of the new monetary policy approach implied, in practical terms, that the recovery of the economy after the 1999 contraction should be achieved while complying with the decreasing inflation targets established by the BDBR. The accomplishment of this purpose was remarkable. In the first half of the first decade of the 2000s, economic activity recovered significantly and reached a growth rate of 6.8% in 2006. Meanwhile, inflation gradually declined in line with inflation targets. That was how the inflation rate went from 9.2% in 1999 to 4.5% in 2006, thus meeting the inflation target established for that year while GDP reached its potential level. After this balance was achieved in 2006, inflation rebounded to 5.7% in 2007, above the 4.0% target for that year due to the fact that the 7.5% GDP growth exceeded the potential capacity of the economy.4 After proving the effectiveness of the inflation targeting system in its first years of operation, this policy regime continued to consolidate as the BDBR and the technical staff gained experience in its management and state-of-the-art economic models were incorporated to diagnose the present and future state of the economy and to assess the persistence of inflation deviations and expectations with respect to the inflation target. Beginning in 2010, the BDBR established the long-term 3.0% annual inflation target, which remains in effect today. Lower inflation has contributed to making the macroeconomic environment more stable, and this has favored sustained economic growth, financial stability, capital market development, and the functioning of payment systems. As a result, reductions in the inflationary risk premia and lower TES and credit interest rates were achieved. At the same time, the duration of public domestic debt increased significantly going from 2.27 years in December 2002 to 5.86 years in December 2022, and financial deepening, measured as the level of the portfolio as a percentage of GDP, went from around 20% in the mid-1990s to values above 45% in recent years in a healthy context for credit institutions.Having been granted autonomy by the Constitution to fulfill the mandate of preserving the purchasing power of the currency, the tangible achievements made by Banco de la República in managing inflation together with the significant benefits derived from the process of bringing inflation to its long-term target, make the BDBR’s current challenge to return inflation to the 3.0% target even more demanding and pressing. As is well known, starting in 2021, and especially in 2022, inflation in Colombia once again became a serious economic problem with high welfare costs. The inflationary phenomenon has not been exclusive to Colombia and many other developed and emerging countries have seen their inflation rates move away from the targets proposed by their central banks.5 The reasons for this phenomenon have been analyzed in recent Reports to Congress, and this new edition delves deeper into the subject with updated information. The solid institutional and technical base that supports the inflation targeting approach under which the monetary policy strategy operates gives the BDBR the necessary elements to face this difficult challenge with confidence. In this regard, the BDBR reiterated its commitment to the 3.0% inflation target in its November 25 communiqué and expects it to be reached by the end of 2024.6 Monetary policy will continue to focus on meeting this objective while ensuring the sustainability of economic activity, as mandated by the Constitution. Analyst surveys done in March showed a significant increase (from 32.3% in January to 48.5% in March) in the percentage of responses placing inflation expectations two years or more ahead in a range between 3.0% and 4.0%. This is a clear indication of the recovery of credibility in the medium-term inflation target and is consistent with the BDBR’s announcement made in November 2022. The moderation of the upward trend in inflation seen in January, and especially in February, will help to reinforce this revision of inflation expectations and will help to meet the proposed targets. After reaching 5.6% at the end of 2021, inflation maintained an upward trend throughout 2022 due to inflationary pressures from both external sources, associated with the aftermath of the pandemic and the consequences of the war in Ukraine, and domestic sources, resulting from: strengthening of local demand; price indexation processes stimulated by the increase in inflation expectations; the impact on food production caused by the mid-2021 strike; and the pass-through of depreciation to prices. The 10% increase in the minimum wage in 2021 and the 16% increase in 2022, both of which exceeded the actual inflation and the increase in productivity, accentuated the indexation processes by establishing a high nominal adjustment benchmark. Thus, total inflation went to 13.1% by the end of 2022. The annual change in food prices, which went from 17.2% to 27.8% between those two years, was the most influential factor in the surge in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Another segment that contributed significantly to price increases was regulated products, which saw the annual change go from 7.1% in December 2021 to 11.8% by the end of 2022. The measure of core inflation excluding food and regulated items, in turn, went from 2.5% to 9.5% between the end of 2021 and the end of 2022. The substantial increase in core inflation shows that inflationary pressure has spread to most of the items in the household basket, which is characteristic of inflationary processes with generalized price indexation as is the case in Colombia. Monetary policy began to react early to this inflationary pressure. Thus, starting with its September 2021 session, the BDBR began a progressive change in the monetary policy stance moving away from the historical low of a 1.75% policy rate that had intended to stimulate the recovery of the economy. This adjustment process continued without interruption throughout 2022 and into the beginning of 2023 when the monetary policy rate reached 12.75% last January, thus accumulating an increase of 11 percentage points (pp). The public and the markets have been surprised that inflation continued to rise despite significant interest rate increases. However, as the BDBR has explained in its various communiqués, monetary policy works with a lag. Just as in 2022 economic activity recovered to a level above the pre-pandemic level, driven, along with other factors, by the monetary stimulus granted during the pandemic period and subsequent months, so too the effects of the current restrictive monetary policy will gradually take effect. This will allow us to expect the inflation rate to converge to 3.0% by the end of 2024 as is the BDBR’s purpose.Inflation results for January and February of this year showed declining marginal increases (13 bp and 3 bp respectively) compared to the change seen in December (59 bp). This suggests that a turning point in the inflation trend is approaching. In other Latin American countries such as Chile, Brazil, Perú, and Mexico, inflation has peaked and has begun to decline slowly, albeit with some ups and downs. It is to be expected that a similar process will take place in Colombia in the coming months. The expected decline in inflation in 2023 will be due, along with other factors, to lower cost pressure from abroad as a result of the gradual normalization of supply chains, the overcoming of supply shocks caused by the weather, and road blockades in previous years. This will be reflected in lower adjustments in food prices, as has already been seen in the first two months of the year and, of course, the lagged effect of monetary policy. The process of inflation convergence to the target will be gradual and will extend beyond 2023. This process will be facilitated if devaluation pressure is reversed. To this end, it is essential to continue consolidating fiscal sustainability and avoid messages on different public policy fronts that generate uncertainty and distrust. 1 This Report to Congress includes Box 1, which summarizes the trajectory of Banco de la República over the past 100 years. In addition, under the Bank’s auspices, several books that delve into various aspects of the history of this institution have been published in recent years. See, for example: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 This is why lower inflation has been reflected in a reduction of income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient that went from 58.7 in 1998 to 51.3 in the year prior to the pandemic. 3 See Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borradores de Economía, No. 202, March, available at: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 See López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando and Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “The inflation targeting strategy in Colombia. An historical view.” Borradores de Economía, No. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 According to the IMF, the percentage change in consumer prices between 2021 and 2022 went from 3.1% to 7.3% for advanced economies, and from 5.9% to 9.9% for emerging market and developing economies. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3