Academic literature on the topic 'Art. 574-bis c.p'

Zusammenfassung Ziel: Body-mass-Index (BMI) eines Varizenkollektivs von Frauen und Männern im Vergleich mit der Bevölkerung. Beeinflusst der BMI Art oder Schweregrad der Varikosis bei Frauen? Patienten, Methode: Prospektiv wurden Patienten in die Studie aufgenommen, die zwischen Januar 2000 und April 2004 in Allgemeinanästhesie an ihren Varizen operiert werden. Gruppen von varizenchirurgisch nicht vorbehandelten Frauen mit einem BMI <20 und ≥30 kg/m2 bzw. <25 und ≥25 kg/m2 wurden verglichen. Ergebnisse: 470 Varizenpatienten (106 Männer, 364 Frauen, durchschnittliches Lebensalter 48,8 Jahre, durchschnittlicher BMI 24,5 kg/m2) zeigten folgende Verteilung (%) der BMI-Werte (kg/m2): <18,5 (3,6%); 18,5 bis <25 (56%); ≥25 bis <30 (29,4%); ≥30 (11%). 24,5% Frauen und 46,2% Männer mit BMI ≥25 bis <30 kg/m2, 10% Frauen und 15,1% Männer mit BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Die Gruppen von 38 Frauen mit BMI <20 kg/m2 (29 Frauen mit BMI ≥30 kg/m2) im Vergleich: Duchschnittsalter 42,3 Jahre (48,1); p=0,034; Durchschnittsgewicht 52,6 kg (91,2); Anteil Frauen mit Schwangerschaften 76,3% (82,2%); p=0,56; pathol. PPL 36,8% (41,4%); p=0,80; Durchschnitts-CEAP C 2,7 (C 3,0). 25 von 188 bzw. 27 von 101 Frauen mit BMI <25 bzw. ≥25 kg/m2 zeigen Varizen der V.s.m. acc. vom inguinalen Mündungstyp (ohne gleichzeitigen Reflux im gleichseitigen Magnastamm; p=0,006). Schlussfolgerung: Der BMI beim Varizenkollektiv unterscheidet sich nicht wesentlich von dem der schweizerischen Bevölkerung (Frauen: p=0,058; Männer: p=0,80) und zeigt keinen Zusammenhang mit der Varikosis. Varizenpatientinnen mit einem BMI ≥30 und <20 kg/m2 weisen in Bezug auf die hämodynamische Relevanz ihrer Varikosis keine Unterschiede auf. Patientinnen mit einem BMI <20 kg/m2 sind mit einem Duchschnittsalter von 42,3 Jahren signifikant jünger bei ihrer Operation. Varizen der V.s.m. acc. vom inguinalen Mündungstyp (ohne gleichzeitigen Reflux im gleichseitigen Magnastamm) treten bei Frauen mit BMI ≥25 kg/m2 signifikant häufiger auf als bei Frauen mit BMI <25 kg/m2.

Die Typen und weiteres Material der Arten der Gattungen Callicerus Gravenhorst, Pseudosemiris Machulka und Saphocallus Sharp werden revidiert. Auf der Grundlage eines morphologischen Vergleichs unter Berücksichtigung der wahrscheinlich nahverwandten Taxa Aloconota Thomson, 1858 und Disopora Thomson, 1859 werden Callicerus, Pseudosemiris und Saphocallus als distinkte Gattungen betrachtet und redeskribiert. 7 valide Callicerus-, 7 Pseudosemiris-Arten sowie eine Art der Gattung Saphocallus werden erkannt und beschrieben: C. obscurus Gravenhorst, C. muensteri Bernhauer, C. atricollis (Aubé), C. appenninus sp. n., C. sparsicollis Bernhauer, C. fulvicornis Eppelsheim, C. rigidicornis (Erichson), P. kaufmanni (Eppelsheim), P. breiti Scheerpeltz, P. circassica Fagel, P. fulgida sp. n., P. granulosa Fagel, P. stricticornis Fagel, P. zanettii sp. n. und S. parviceps Sharp. P. velox Jablokow-Khnzorian wird als species dubia betrachtet. Die folgenden Taxa werden synonymisiert: Callicerus Gravenhorst, 1802 = Semiris Heer, 1839, resyn., = Sphaerotaxus Bernhauer, 1915, syn. n.; Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst, 1802 = Callicerus stolfai Scheerpeltz, 1956, syn. n., = Callicerus ibericus Fagel, 1958, syn. n.; Calodera atricollis Aubé, 1850 = Callicerus clavatus Rottenberg, 1870, syn. n.; Callicerus fulvicornis Eppelsheim, 1883 = Callicerus gagliardii Scheerpeltz, 1956, syn. n.; Homalota rigidicornis Erichson, 1839 = Callicerus mandli Scheerpeltz, 1956, syn. n., = Callicerus beieri Scheerpeltz, 1959, syn. n.; Homalota gregaria Erichson, 1839 (nomen protectum) = Aleochara caliginosa Stephens, 1832, syn. n. (nomen oblitum); Atheta montenegrina Bernhauer, 1899 = Callicerus smetanai Scheerpeltz, 1967, syn. n. Atheta toroenensis Bernhauer, 1943, die zuvor Callicerus zugeordnet worden war, wird in die Gattung Homoiocalea Bernhauer, 1943, stat. n. gestellt. Sowohl die Gattung als auch H. toroenensis (Bernhauer), comb. n. werden redeskribiert. Für Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst wird ein Neotypus, für Calodera atricollis Aubé, Callicerus muensteri Bernhauer, C. obscurus var. pedemontanus Baudi, C. clavatus Rottenberg, C. sparsicollis Bernhauer, C. fulvicornis Eppelsheim und C. kaufmanni Eppelsheim werden Lectotypen designiert. Die Differentialmerkmale aller untersuchter Gattungs- und Artengruppentaxa sowie die Ergebnisse morphometrischer Analysen werden illustriert. Die Diagnosen werden durch Angaben zur intraspezifischen Variabilität und zur Unterscheidung von ähnlichen Arten sowie durch Bestimmungstabellen für die Arten der Gattungen Callicerus und Pseudosemiris ergänzt. Die verfügbaren Daten zur Verbreitung und Bionomie werden ausgewertet. Die Arten der Gattungen Callicerus und Pseudosemiris sind danach univoltin; die Fortpflanzungsperiode beginnt im Frühjahr, und die Präimaginalentwicklung ist im Frühsommer abgeschlossen. Reproduktion und Überwinterung finden offenbar in einem unterirdischen, bisher aber unbekannten Habitat statt. Dies würde erklären, warum praktisch alle Arten selten bis extrem selten nachgewiesen wurden. Die Phänologien von C. obscurus und C. rigidicornis werden durch Diagramme veranschaulicht. Verbreitungskarten illustrieren die Verbreitungsgebiete der weniger seltenen Arten.StichwörterColeoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Athetini, Callicerus, Pseudosemiris, Saphocallus, Homoiocalea, Aloconota, Palaearctic region, Europe, taxonomy, biogeography, ecology, intraspecific variation, life history, new species, new synonymy, new combination, neotype designation, lectotype designation.Nomenklatorische Handlungengregaria (Erichson, 1839) (Aloconota), nom. protectum described as Homalota gregariamontenegrina (Bernhauer, 1899) (Aloconota (Disopora)), Lectotype described as Atheta (Disopora) montenegrinacaliginosa Stephens, 1832 (Bolitochara), nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Aloconota gregaria (Erichson, 1839): nom. protectumappenninus Assing, 2001 (Callicerus), spec. n.atricollis (Aubé, 1850) (Callicerus), Lectotype described as Calodera atricollisclavatus Rottenberg, 1870 (Callicerus), Lectotype; syn. n. of Callicerus atricollis (Aubé, 1850)fulvicornis Eppelsheim, 1883 (Callicerus), Lectotype described as Callicerus atricollis var. fulvicornismuensteri Bernhauer, 1900 (Callicerus), Lectotypeobscurus Gravenhorst, 1802 (Callicerus), Neotypesparsicollis Bernhauer, 1915 (Callicerus), Lectotypestolfai Scheerpeltz, 1956 (Callicerus), syn. n. of Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst, 1802smetanai Scheerpeltz, 1967 (Callicerus (Callicerus)), syn. n. of Atheta (Disopora) montenegrina (Bernhauer, 1899)beieri Scheerpeltz, 1959 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus rigidicornis (Erichson, 1839)gagliardii Scheerpeltz, 1956 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus fulvicornis Eppelsheim, 1883ibericus Fagel, 1958 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst, 1802mandli Scheerpeltz, 1956 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus rigidicornis (Erichson, 1839)pedemontanus Baudi, 1869 (Callicerus obscurus var.), Lectotype now a synonym of Callicerus atricollis (Aubé, 1850)toroenensis (Bernauer, 1943) (Homoiocalea), comb. n. hitherto Atheta (Homoiocalea) toroenensisfulgida Assing, 2001 (Pseudosemiris), spec. n.kaufmanni (Eppelsheim, 1887) (Pseudosemiris), Lectotype described as Callicerus kaufmannizanettii Assing, 2001 (Pseudosemiris), spec. n.Homoiocalea Bernhauer, 1943 (Staphylinidae), stat. n. hitherto a subgenus of AthetaSemiris Heer, 1839 (Staphylinidae), syn. n. of Callicerus Gravenhorst, 1802Sphaerotaxus Bernhauer, 1915 (Staphylinidae), syn. n. of Callicerus Gravenhorst, 1802

Acenes are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons made up of linearly fused benzene rings. They are the smallest units of graphene and graphene nanoribbons, and have been extensively studied as organic semiconductor materials. Higher acenes are expected to have smaller band gaps required for practical use as organic electronic materials, but those with more than six benzene rings are poorly soluble in common organic solvents and unstable in aerobic condition to be synthesized and purified with traditional organic synthesis method. To overcome the obstacles, a precursor approach is a useful technique, where the soluble and stable precursors are purified enough and then converted to less-soluble and unstable target acenes in-situ.[1,2] Recently surface-assisted synthesis of higher acenes using precursors have attracted much attentions. Under ultra-high vacuum atmosphere, unstable acenes can be prepared from precursors by annealing, photoirradiation, or scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)-tip treatment on metal surface. We were successful to synthesize bis-diketone precursors of heptacene and nonacene. [3-6] The precursors were vacuum-deposited on Au(111) surface and converted to heptacene and nonacene by photoirradiation. Through combined STM, non-contact atomic force microscopy(nc-AFM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) measurements, together with state-of-the-art first principles calculations, insight into the chemical and electronic structure of these elusive compounds was successful. It was revealed that nonacene has open-shell biradical structure in the ground state on Au(111). We were also successful to prepare tetraazaundecacene on Au(111) surface from bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene (BCOD) precursor. [7] The tip-induced release of the protecting group can be employed to produce the targeted tetraazaundecacene species. The experimental frontier orbital gap, derived from the difference between PIR and NIR, is 1.35 eV. In this talk, the attraction and possibility of the “precursor approach” for the synthesis and application of acene compounds will be overviewed. References M. Suzuki, T. Aotake, Y. Yamaguchi, N. Noguchi, H. Nakano, K. Nakayama, H. Yamada, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C: Photochem. Rev. 2014, 18, 50-70. H. Yamada, D. Kuzuhara, M. Suzuki, H. Hayashi, N. Aratani, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2020, 93, 1234-1267. J. I. Urgel, S. Mishra, H. Hayashi, J. Wilhelm, C. A. Pignedoli, M. Di Giovannantonio, R. Widmer, M. Yamashita, N. Hieda, P. Ruffieux, H. Yamada, R. Fasel, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 861–864. J. I. Urgel, H. Hayashi, M. Di Giovannantonio, C. A. Pignedoli, S. Mishra, O. Deniz, M. Yamashita, T. Dienel, P. Ruffieux, H. Yamada, R. Fasel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 11658–11661. J. I. Urgel, M. Di Giovannantonio, G. Gandus, Q. Chen, X. Liu, H. Hayashi, P. Ruffieux, S. Decurtins, A. Narita, D. Passerone, H. Yamada, S.-X. Liu, K. Müllen, C. A. Pignedoli, R. Fasel, ChemPhysChem 2019, 20, 2360-2366. C. G. Ayani, M. Pisarra, J. I. Urgel, J. J. Navarro, C. Díaz, H. Hayashi, H. Yamada, F. Calleja, R. Miranda, R. Fasel, F. Martín, A. L. Vázquez de Parga, Nanoscale Horiz. 2021, 6, 744-750. K. Eimre, J. I. Urgel, H. Hayashi, M. D. Giovannantonio, P. Ruffieux, S. Sato, S. Ohtomo, Y. S. Chan, N. Aratani, D. Passerone, O. Gröning, H. Yamada, R. Fasel, C. A. Pignedoli, Nat. Commun. 2021. in press.

Conventional intercalation Li-ion batteries are physico-chemically limited in their energy density and exhibit a restricted temperature operation range. To further increase energy density limit and enable reversible battery cycling at elevated temperatures, the exploitation of new cell chemistry is required. Conversion-type transition metal fluorides (TMFs) can store multiple Li-ions per metal center and thus increase the theoretical energy density by 200% to 300% compared to intercalation compounds. [1] Ionic liquids (ILs) are liquid salts (below 100°C) with improved thermal stability due to the ionic nature of its constituents, little to no flammability, and a low vapor pressure. Combining a TMF cathode with an IL electrolyte and a metallic lithium anode can provide an energy-dense, safe energy storage alternative with a broader operating temperature range and additional versatility for applications in the military, oil, and aerospace sector. [2] In my talk, I will discuss our progress on the development and characterisation of a secondary FeF2-IL-Li-metal battery. We studied the impact of active material morphology and carbon-composite preparation techniques on the electronic conductivity and electrochemical performance in a bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide based IL electrolyte. In addition, we investigated different IL formulations for their applicability with TMFs and Li-metal. Both the cathode and anode electrolyte interphases were studied at different temperatures and their role in a full cell setup is elucidated. [1] Olbrich, L. F., Xiao, A. W. & Pasta, M. Conversion-type fluoride cathodes: Current state of the art. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 30, 100779 (2021). [2] Lin, X., Salari, M., Arava, L. M. R., Ajayan, P. M. & Grinstaff, M. W. High temperature electrical energy storage: Advances, challenges, and frontiers. Chemical Society Reviews 45, 5848–5887 (2016). Figure 1

We observe that thin film solar cells based on poly[5-(2-hexyldecyl)-1,3-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-alt-5,5-(2,5-bis(3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)-thiophene)] [P(T3-TPD)] blended with phenyl-C₇₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM) are remarkably robust to process variations, optimizing under identical conditions for both spin and blade coating.

Two kinds of polyester bis (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) butanediolatepolyester (BDPET) and bis (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) diethylene glycol (DGPET) were synthesized through melting transesterification reaction.Then the epoxy resins were modified with BDPET or DGPET,and nanoTiO2. The composites were characterized by DSC and SEM. The experimental results showed that the polyester can act as an effective toughening modifier for the epoxy resin. The mechanical properties of the composites were greatly improved and reached to the maxium at 4wt.%PET. The PET/EP system modified by adding suitable amount of nanoTiO2have better performance.The glass transition temperature (Tg) of PET/EP and nanoTiO2/PET/EP system improved about 20°Cand 27.8°C,respectively.

The title solvated salt, [Ir(H)2{P(C6H11)3}2{OC(CH3)2}2]BF4·(CH3)2CO, was obtained by the protonation of [Ir(H)5{P(C6H11)3}2] with HBF4 in acetone. The cation features OC-6-13 stereochemistry, with Ir—P = 2.3159 (6) and 2.3267 (6) Å, and Ir—O = 2.238 (1) and 2.276 (1) Å. The BF4 − anion shows threefold rotational disorder about a B—F bond, with site occupancies of 0.65, 0.25 and 0.10. While there are several intramolecular C—H...O and intermolecular C—H...F hydrogen-bonding interactions [C...O = 3.207 (3)–3.358 (3) Å, and C...F = 3.434 (3) and 3.441 (3) Å], the O atom of the acetone solvent molecule does not act as a C—H acceptor.

The rising growth of smart and autonomous microelectronic devices in the IoT (Internet of Things) era urges the development of advanced microscale energy sources with tailor-made features and customized energy/power requirements [1]. Micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) emerged as potential energy storage devices complementing micro-batteries to power ubiquitous sensor networks needed to foster the development of IoT. However, the low cell voltage and low energy density remain major bottleneck that prevents their application at a large scale in real devices. To mitigate this issue, several studies have been devoted to the engineering of MSC electrode materials and structural architecting of current collectors to enhance the surface area and areal energy density by considering the limited available footprint area [2]. This approach however has associated challenges such as complex synthesis route, the deleterious interfacial and mechanical stability of the electrode, and compatibility issues with the electrolyte and the current collector underneath [3]. Another important challenge to solve for reaching high energy density values in MSCs is the limited electrochemical stability window (ESW) of the electrolytes used as energy stored is directly related to the square of the cell voltage [4]. The electrolytes play a major role in deciding the ESW and liquid-state electrolytes currently employed are troublesome for the microfabrication process due to leakage, evaporation, and safety issues. Therefore, it’s imperative to develop alternative electrolytes including solid-state electrolytes reconcilable to the target application of MSCs. To address the low energy density challenge of current MSCs, we have developed interdigitated MSCs using hydrous ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) electrodes in combination with novel protic ionic liquid (PIL)-based electrolytes able to provide pseudocapacitance while affording a higher ESWs as compared to conventional aqueous electrolytes. As a state-of-the-art pseudocapacitive electrode material, RuO2 owns the key merits of excellent conductivity, high electrochemical reversibility, and cycling stability [5], whereas PILs could help alleviate issues facing currently used electrolytes such as evaporation and encapsulation problems pertaining to aqueous-based and flammability of common organic electrolytes [6], [7], [8]. In the next step, the slow proton transport kinetics of PILs were addressed by the doping of silicotungstic acid (SiWa, H4SiW12O40) with the PIL, which further boosted the pseudocapacitive current response with enlarged cell voltage. The real MSC device was realized by the use of RuO2 deposited on interdigitated porous Au current collectors having a high area enlargement factor (AEF) in combination with triethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TEAH-TFSI)-based PIL. The resultant 3D MSC rendered a cell voltage exceeding 2V with areal capacitance as high as 86 mF cm-2 at 5 mV s-1 on par with the performance of 3D MSC tested using 0.5 M H2SO4 (cell voltage of 0.9 V and areal capacitance of 85 mF cm-2 at 5 mV s-1) but higher energy density performance (more than 4 times) using similar number of RuO2 deposition cycles. To demonstrate the potential integration in real on-chip device application, ionogel-based all-solid-state MSC is developed that showed performance comparable to liquid-state electrolyte with superior long-term cycling stability. This study gives a new perspective to develop all-solid-state micro-supercapacitors using pseudocapacitive active materials that can operate in ionic-liquid-based non-aqueous electrolytes compatible with on-chip IoT-based device applications seeking high areal energy/ power performance. References [1] N. A. Kyeremateng, T. Brousse, D. Pech, Nat Nanotechnol 2017, 12, 7. [2] C. Lethien, J. Le Bideau, T. Brousse, Energ Environ Sci 2019, 12, 96. [3] A. Ferris, D. Bourrier, S. Garbarino, D. Guay, D. Pech, Small 2019, 15, e1901224. [4] C. Zhong, Y. Deng, W. Hu, J. Qiao, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, Chem Soc Rev 2015, 44, 7484. [5] A. Ferris, S. Garbarino, D. Guay, D. Pech, Adv Mater 2015, 27, 6625. [6] M. Yoshizawa, W. Xu, C. A. Angell, J Am Chem Soc 2003, 125, 15411. [7] J. P. Belieres, C. A. Angell, J Phys Chem B 2007, 111, 4926. [8] D. Rochefort, A. L. Pont, Electrochem Commun 2006, 8, 1539.

This work focuses on the study of thermal and physical properties of thin polymer films based on mixtures of semiconductor polymers. The materials selected for research were poly [2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-3,6-diyl)-alt-(2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2′′′-quater-thiophen-5,5′′′-diyl)]—PDPP4T, a p-type semiconducting polymer, and poly(2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-di(pyridin-2-yl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-alt-2,2′-bithiophene)—PDBPyBT, a high-mobility n-type polymer. The article describes the influence of the mutual participation of materials on the structure, physical properties and thermal transitions of PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blends. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the phase diagram for PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blend films, constructed on the basis of variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Both techniques are complementary to each other, and the obtained results overlap to a large extent. Our research shows that these polymers can be mixed in various proportions to form single-phase mixtures with several thermal transitions, three of which with the lowest characteristic temperatures can be identified as glass transitions. In addition, the RMS roughness value of the PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blended films was lower than that of the pure materials.

The reaction between the tetrahedrane cluster RCCo3(CO)9{R = CHO (1), H (3)} and the redox-active diphosphine ligand 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3- dione (bpcd) leads to the replacement of two CO groups and formation of RCCo3(CO)7(bpcd) {R = CHO (2), H (4)}. Clusters 2 and 4 are thermally unstable and readily transform into the new P-C bond cleavage cluster 5. All three clusters 2, 4, and 5 have been isolated and fully characterized in solution by IR and 31P NMR spectroscopy. VT 31P NMR data indicate that the bpcd ligand in RCCo3(CO)7(bpcd) is fluxional at 187 K in THF. Clusters 2, 4, and 5 have been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction analyses.

To assemble the framework of the cytotoxic macrolide Amphidinolide X 3, Fèlix Urpí and Jaume Vilarrasa of the Universitat de Barcelona devised (Organic Lett. 2008, 10, 5191) the ring-closing metathesis of the alkenyl silane 1. No Ru catalyst was effective, but the Schrock Mo catalyst worked well. In the course of a synthesis of (-)-Dactylolide 6, Michael P. Jennings of the University of Alabama offered (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 5965) a timely reminder of the particular reactivity of allylic alcohols in ring-closing metathesis. The cyclization of 4 to 5 proceeded smoothly, but attempted ring closing of the corresponding bis silyl ether failed. Polyenes such as ( + )-Cytotrienin A 8 are notoriously unstable. It is remarkable that Yujiro Hayashi of the Tokyo University of Science could (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 6657) assemble the triene of 8 by the ring-closing metathesis of the highly functionalized precursor 7. Bicyclo [2.2.2] structures such as 9 are readily available by the addition of, in this case, methyl acrylate to an enantiomerically-pure 2-methylated dihydropyridine. André B. Charette of the Université de Montréal found (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 13873) that 9 responded well to ring-opening/ring-closing metathesis, to give the octahydroquinoline 10. Functional group manipulation converted 10 into the Clavelina alkaloid ( + )-Lepadin B 11. The construction of trisubstituted alkenes by ring-closing metathesis can be difficult, and medium rings with their transannular strain are notoriously challenging to form. Nevertheless, Karl-Heinz Altmann of the ETH Zürich was able (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 10081), using the H2 catalyst, to cyclize 12 to cyclononene 13, the precursor to the Xenia lactone ( + )-Blumiolide C 14. It is noteworthy that these fi ve syntheses used four different metathesis catalysts in the key alkene forming step. For the cyclization of 7, the use of the Grubbs first generation catalyst G1, that couples terminal alkenes but tends not to interact with internal alkenes, was probably critical to success.