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Journal articles on the topic 'Arsenic Health aspects Bangladesh'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Raessler, Michael. "The Arsenic Contamination of Drinking and Groundwaters in Bangladesh: Featuring Biogeochemical Aspects and Implications on Public Health." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-018-0511-4.

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2

Kile, Molly L., E. Andres Houseman, Carrie V. Breton, Thomas Smith, Quazi Quamruzzaman, Mahmuder Rahman, Golam Mahiuddin, and David C. Christiani. "Dietary Arsenic Exposure in Bangladesh." Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 6 (June 2007): 889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9462.

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3

Rahman, Mahfuzar. "The Bangladesh Arsenic Catastrophe: Clinical Manifestations." Tropical Doctor 33, no. 1 (January 2003): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550303300121.

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4

Gamble, Mary V., Xinhua Liu, Habibul Ahsan, J. Richard Pilsner, Vesna Ilievski, Vesna Slavkovich, Faruque Parvez, Diane Levy, Pam Factor-Litvak, and Joseph H. Graziano. "Folate, Homocysteine, and Arsenic Metabolism in Arsenic-Exposed Individuals in Bangladesh." Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 12 (December 2005): 1683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8084.

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5

Karim, Md Masud. "Arsenic in groundwater and health problems in Bangladesh." Water Research 34, no. 1 (January 2000): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00128-1.

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6

HABIB, M. A., S. MIONO, K. SERA, and S. FUTATSUGAWA. "PIXE ANALYSIS OF HAIR IN ARSENIC POLLUTION, BANGLADESH." International Journal of PIXE 12, no. 01n02 (January 2002): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083502000044.

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The groundwater pollution by arsenic in Bangladesh causes a serious problem for millions of people who are exposed to poisoning by this toxic element. In an attempt to evaluate the extent of arsenic poisoning, hair samples of people living in Pabna district were collected. The hair samples were analyzed using Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) through exciting the atoms of a specimen so that their intensities can be converted into elemental concentrations in the specimen. The elements present in the specimen are identified by the corresponding X-ray energies and their concentrations are deduced from the X-ray intensities. The results from hair samples indicate substantially higher level of arsenic than those demarcated as toxic levels, in people from member families both affected and non-affected by poisoning. We correlate it with exceedingly high arsenic concentration in drinking water far above the permissible limit. The analytical results are compared with the results of arsenic and other elemental analysis of 160 Bangladeshi hair samples with that of 250 Japanese samples. The results show markedly higher levels of arsenic, manganese, iron and lead where the latter three elements show a positive relation with arsenic in the case of Bangladeshi as compared to the samples from Japan. On the other hand, selenium concentrations show very low level in the Bangladeshi samples compared to Japanese, displaying an inverse relationship with arsenic. The mechanism of arsenic in relation to other elements in the human body needs further investigation. The preliminary results call for detailed experimental and epidemiological studies to further characterize these aspects.

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7

Syed, Emdadul H., Stephanie Melkonian, Krishna C. Poudel, Junko Yasuoka, Keiko Otsuka, Alauddin Ahmed, Tariqul Islam, et al. "Arsenic Exposure and Oral Cavity Lesions in Bangladesh." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 55, no. 1 (January 2013): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e31826bb686.

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8

Hall, Megan N., Xinhua Liu, Vesna Slavkovich, Vesna Ilievski, Zhongyuan Mi, Shafiul Alam, Pam Factor-Litvak, Habibul Ahsan, Joseph H. Graziano, and Mary V. Gamble. "Influence of Cobalamin on Arsenic Metabolism in Bangladesh." Environmental Health Perspectives 117, no. 11 (November 2009): 1724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900734.

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9

Joseph, Tijo, Brajesh Dubey, and Edward A. McBean. "Human health risk assessment from arsenic exposures in Bangladesh." Science of The Total Environment 527-528 (September 2015): 552–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.053.

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10

McBean, Edward, and Cameron Farrow. "Human Health Risk Assessment: Arsenic Exposure Risks in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering Technology 4, no. 1 (August 25, 2016): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12974/2311-8741.2016.04.01.3.

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11

Hassan, M. Manzurul, Peter J. Atkins, and Christine E. Dunn. "Social implications of arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh." Social Science & Medicine 61, no. 10 (November 2005): 2201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.04.021.

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12

MILTON, Abul Hasnat, Ziul HASAN, Atiqur RAHMAN, and Mahfuzar RAHMAN. "Chronic Arsenic Poisoning and Respiratory Effects in Bangladesh." SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI 43, no. 3 (2001): A32—A33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/sangyoeisei.kj00001991639.

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13

Chen, Yu, Alexander van Geen, Joseph H. Graziano, Alexander Pfaff, Malgosia Madajewicz, Faruque Parvez, A. Z. M. Iftekhar Hussain, Vesna Slavkovich, Tariqul Islam, and Habibul Ahsan. "Reduction in Urinary Arsenic Levels in Response to Arsenic Mitigation Efforts in Araihazar, Bangladesh." Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 6 (June 2007): 917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9833.

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14

Karim, M. R. "Microbial contamination and associated health burden of rainwater harvesting in Bangladesh." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 8 (April 1, 2010): 2129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.031.

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Rooftop rainwater harvesting has received an increased attention as a potential alternative water supply source both in the coastal and arsenic affected rural areas in Bangladesh. Several programs in installing rainwater harvesting systems have been implemented to mitigate the drinking water problem in the coastal and arsenic affected areas in the country. This study was conducted with a view to assess sanitary integrity, microbial contamination and the associated health risk of the currently practiced rooftop rainwater harvesting mainly used for drinking water supply. Sanitary inspection of the rainwater harvesting systems and an extensive sampling of harvested rainwater from the storage reservoirs and laboratory analysis were conducted. The study findings reveal that harvested rainwater was found to microbiologically contaminated to some extend. The disease burden estimated using QHRA model showed a significant microbial health burden associated with drinking untreated rainwater and both viral and bacterial pathogens dominate the microbial disease burden. In context of arsenic mitigation, rainwater harvesting reduces the health risk from arsenic; however it may increase the microbial disease burden much higher than the level of arsenic health risk at 50 μg/L of Bangladesh standard. Microbial risk needs proper attention through the implementation of a water safety plan for safe and sustainable rainwater harvesting in Bangladesh.

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15

Khan, M. M. H., K. Aklimunnessa, M. Kabir, and M. Mori. "Determinants of drinking arsenic-contaminated tubewell water in Bangladesh." Health Policy and Planning 22, no. 5 (July 27, 2007): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czm018.

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16

Mostafa, M. G., J. C. McDonald, and N. M. Cherry. "Lung cancer and exposure to arsenic in rural Bangladesh." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 65, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2007.037895.

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17

Parvez, Faruque, Gail A. Wasserman, Pam Factor-Litvak, Xinhua Liu, Vesna Slavkovich, Abu B. Siddique, Rebeka Sultana, et al. "Arsenic Exposure and Motor Function among Children in Bangladesh." Environmental Health Perspectives 119, no. 11 (November 2011): 1665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103548.

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18

Ahmad, Junaid, Bishwanath Goldar, and Smita Misra. "Rural communities' preferences for arsenic mitigation options in Bangladesh." Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0030.

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In the context of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, this paper analyses rural people's preferences for arsenic-free drinking water options. A particular focus is on rural households' willingness to pay for piped water supply which can provide a sustainable solution to the arsenic problem, and how the preference for piped water supply compares with that for various other household/community-based arsenic mitigation technologies. The analysis is based on data collected in a survey of over 2700 households in rural Bangladesh. Six arsenic mitigation technologies were selected for the study: three-kolshi (pitcher) method, activated alumina method (household-based and community-based), dugwell, pond sand filter and deep tubewell (handpump). The survey results indicate that, after taking into consideration the initial and recurring costs, convenience, associated risks and the advantages and disadvantages of each selected technology, the preference of the rural people is overwhelmingly in favor of deep tubewells, followed by the three-kolshi method. The analysis reveals a strong demand for piped water in both arsenic-affected and arsenic-free rural areas, and scope of adequate cost recovery. Between piped water and other arsenic mitigation technologies, the preference of the rural people is found to be predominantly in favor of the former.

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19

Rahman, M. "EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS OF ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN BANGLADESH." Epidemiology 14, Supplement (September 2003): S135—S136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200309001-00336.

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20

Habibur Rahman, M., and A. Al-Muyeed. "Arsenic crisis of Bangladesh and mitigation measures." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 58, no. 3 (May 2009): 228–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2009.031.

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21

Sunny, Shahana Dastagir, Behetarin Israt, Arup Kumar Saha, Akashlynn Badruddoza Dithi, and Farida Illius. "Oral Health Status of the Arsenic Exposed and Non-Exposed Children in Bangladesh." City Dental College Journal 10, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cdcj.v10i1.13834.

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Aims: This cross-sectional study was conducted in rural areas of Bangladesh to assess and compare the state of oral health among the arsenic exposed population affected through drinking water with the non-exposed group. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 respondents were interviewed and examined through a structured questionnaire and a checklist. Exposed group was included with or without the signs of arsenicosis.Results: Among them, 200(50%) were found exposed to arsenic and the rest 200(50%) were in non-exposed group. Study showed that 6% respondents were suffering from sensitivity of teeth, and 24.5% and 20% developed pigmentation on gingival and tongue surfaces, respectively, who used to take arsenic contaminated water, in comparison to non-exposed group, 10.9%, 5%, 0.5%, respectively. Arsenic exposed group had tooth abrasion 24%, while it was 4.5% in non-exposed group. Less caries (18.5%) was found among the arsenic exposed group than the non-exposed group (25.9%). Conclusion: Arsenic might have influence on enamel hypoplasia and this low tendency of occurring carries. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cdcj.v10i1.13834 City Dent. Coll. J Volume-10, Number-1, January-2013

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22

Milton, Abul Hasnat, Habibur Rahman, Wayne Smith, Rupendra Shrestha, and Keith Dear. "Water consumption patterns in rural Bangladesh: are we underestimating total arsenic load?" Journal of Water and Health 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.0027.

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Risk related to the ingestion of any water contaminants depends on many factors, including the daily per capita amount of consumed water relative to body weight. This study explored the water consumption pattern of a rural arsenic-affected population in Bangladesh. The study findings are likely to contribute to the risk estimation attributable to ingestion of arsenic and other drinking water contaminants. A total of 640 individuals participated in this cross-sectional study carried out in an arsenic-affected rural population in Bangladesh. In this study daily per capita water consumption for drinking purposes was found to be 73.04 ml/kg/d (range = 71.24–74.84 ml/kg/d), which is higher than for both the US and Taiwan populations. This difference in per capita drinking water consumption might contribute to much higher lifetime cancer mortality and other morbidity risks from arsenic among the Bangladesh population compared to either the US or Taiwan populations. Arsenic is also ingested through cooking water which, if considered, might increase the risk further. The findings of this study highlight the urgent need for a holistic water supply programme for Bangladesh, with special emphasis on the arsenic-affected population.

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23

Sambu, S., and R. Wilson. "Arsenic in food and water – a brief history." Toxicology and Industrial Health 24, no. 4 (May 2008): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233708094096.

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Arsenic has been used for millenia. Although it has been known for many years that arsenic is soon fatal when ingested at high doses, the effects of low dosages became apparent in the 1980s. The full societal implications are only now becoming clear. It is now known to pose the highest calculated risk of any substance regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); high concentrations have been found in drinking water in many countries. In Bangladesh, in particular, the number of people suffering from over exposure vastly exceeds the number affected by the catastrophic accident at Chernobyl. This article shows the development of the human understanding about chronic arsenic poisoning with Bangladesh as a particular example.

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24

Sorensen, Ingrid M., Edward A. McBean, and Mujibur Rahman. "Retrofitting arsenic-iron removal plants in rural Bangladesh for performance enhancement." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, no. 3 (May 22, 2014): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2014.122.

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As a result of naturally occurring arsenic in groundwater, it is estimated that 42–60 million people in Bangladesh are exposed to arsenic at concentrations greater than the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 10 μg/L. Arsenic-Iron Removal Plants (AIRPs) are capable of removing 50–90% of arsenic from groundwater, but are frequently unable to meet the WHO guideline. The effectiveness of three design modifications intended to improve the performance of AIRPs is described: (1) the addition of scrap or locally available iron to the filtration media, (2) raising the intake pipe that connects the two tanks of the AIRP, and (3) introducing baffles to the aeration tank. Total arsenic, iron, phosphate, and dissolved oxygen were measured to determine the impact of each modification. The addition of iron media showed an increase in arsenic removal up to 13%, while raising the pipe intake accounted for a 3% increase in arsenic removal. The installation of both modifications to the same AIRP is expected to reduce the lifetime body burden from drinking water by one-half. The addition of baffles to the aeration tank showed no evidence of improving the arsenic removal capabilities of the AIRP.

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25

Edmonds, John S., and Kevin A. Francesconi. "Arsenic in seafoods: Human health aspects and regulations." Marine Pollution Bulletin 26, no. 12 (December 1993): 665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(93)90549-y.

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26

Huyck, Karen L., Molly L. Kile, Golam Mahiuddin, Quazi Quamruzzaman, Mahmuder Rahman, Carrie V. Breton, Christine B. Dobson, et al. "Maternal Arsenic Exposure Associated With Low Birth Weight in Bangladesh." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 49, no. 10 (October 2007): 1097–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e3181566ba0.

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27

Heck, Julia E., Yu Chen, Victor R. Grann, Vesna Slavkovich, Faruque Parvez, and Habibul Ahsan. "Arsenic Exposure and Anemia in Bangladesh: A Population-Based Study." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 50, no. 1 (January 2008): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e31815ae9d4.

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28

Mostafa, MG, and Nicola Cherry. "Arsenic in drinking water and renal cancers in rural Bangladesh." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 70, no. 11 (August 28, 2013): 768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101443.

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29

Wasserman, Gail A., Xinhua Liu, Faruque Parvez, Habibul Ahsan, Pam Factor-Litvak, Alexander van Geen, Vesna Slavkovich, et al. "Water Arsenic Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function in Araihazar, Bangladesh." Environmental Health Perspectives 112, no. 13 (September 2004): 1329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6964.

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30

van Halem, D., S. A. Bakker, G. L. Amy, and J. C. van Dijk. "Arsenic in drinking water: not just a problem for Bangladesh." Drinking Water Engineering and Science Discussions 2, no. 1 (February 26, 2009): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwesd-2-51-2009.

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Abstract. For more than a decade it has been known that shallow tube wells in Bangladesh are frequently contaminated with arsenic concentrations at a level that is harmful to human health. By now it is becoming clear that a disaster of an unheard magnitude is going on: the World Health Organization fears that in the near future 1 in every 10 adult deaths in Bangladesh will be caused by arsenic-related cancers. Other studies show that problems with arsenic in groundwater/drinking water occur in many more countries worldwide, such as in the USA and China. In Europe the focus on arsenic problems is confined to countries with high arsenic levels in their groundwater, such as Romania, Hungary and Italy. In most other European countries, the naturally occurring arsenic concentrations are lower than the drinking water standard of 10 μg L−1. However, from the literature review presented in this paper, it may also be concluded that using the European standard, health risks cannot be excluded. It is therefore recommended that the current arsenic standard be reconsidered.

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31

Shamsudduha, Mohammad, George Joseph, Sabrina S. Haque, Mahfuzur R. Khan, Anwar Zahid, and Kazi Matin U. Ahmed. "Multi-hazard Groundwater Risks to Water Supply from Shallow Depths: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Bangladesh." Exposure and Health 12, no. 4 (October 15, 2019): 657–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12403-019-00325-9.

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AbstractGroundwater currently provides 98% of all drinking-water supply in Bangladesh. Groundwater is found throughout Bangladesh but its quality (i.e., arsenic and salinity contamination) and quantity (i.e., water-storage depletion) vary across hydrological environments, posing unique challenges to certain geographical areas and population groups. Yet, no national-scale, multi-parameter groundwater hazard maps currently exist enabling water resources managers and policy makers to identify vulnerable areas to public health. We develop, for the first time, groundwater multi-hazard maps at the national scale of Bangladesh combining information on arsenic, salinity, and water storage. We apply geospatial techniques in ‘R’ programming language and ArcGIS environment, linking hydrological indicators for water quality and quantity to construct risk maps. A range of socioeconomic variables including access to drinking and irrigation water supplies and social vulnerability (i.e., poverty) are overlaid on these risk maps to estimate exposures. Our multi-parameter groundwater hazard maps show that a considerable proportion of land area (5–24% under extremely high to high risks) in Bangladesh is currently under combined risk of arsenic and salinity contamination, and groundwater-storage depletion. As small as 6.5 million (2.2 million poor) to 24.4 million (8.6 million poor) people are exposed to a combined risk of high arsenic, salinity, and groundwater-storage depletion. Our groundwater hazard maps reveal areas and exposure of population groups to water risks posed by arsenic and salinity contamination and depletion of water storage. These geospatial hazard maps can potentially guide policy makers in prioritizing mitigation and adaptation measures in order to achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals across the water, agriculture, and public health sectors in Bangladesh.

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32

Chen, Yu, Fen Wu, Mengling Liu, Faruque Parvez, Vesna Slavkovich, Mahbub Eunus, Alauddin Ahmed, et al. "A Prospective Study of Arsenic Exposure, Arsenic Methylation Capacity, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Bangladesh." Environmental Health Perspectives 121, no. 7 (July 2013): 832–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205797.

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33

Rashid, Md, Mohammad Rahman, Ray Correll, and Ravi Naidu. "Arsenic and Other Elemental Concentrations in Mushrooms from Bangladesh: Health Risks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5 (May 4, 2018): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050919.

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34

Khalequzzaman, Md, Fazlay Faruque, and Amal Mitra. "Assessment of Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater and Health Problems in Bangladesh." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2, no. 2 (August 14, 2005): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2005020002.

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35

Banu, Selina Akhter, Molly L. Kile, David C. Christiani, and Qazi Qumruzzaman. "Study of Prenatal Arsenic Exposure and Reproductive Health Outcome in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 28, no. 2 (October 23, 2016): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v28i2.30094.

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Objective : There is growing concern that exposure to arsenic during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the developing fetus. To investigate the effect of arsenic exposure on reproductive health outcomes this study was carried out.Materials and methods : This prospective birth cohort study was carried out by Harvard School of Public Health and Dhaka Community Medical College & Hospital in 2004 through the Sirajdikhan and Birahimpur community clinics as a pilot project. The study included 421 pregnancies at the time of enrollment. Water samples were collected at the time of enrollment and within one month of delivery from the tubewell of each participant identified as their primary source of drinking water. These samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Results: Of 421 pregnancies, 38 women withdrew from the study or were lost to follow up (9.0%), 30 resulted in spontaneous abortion or miscarriage (7.1%), 32 were stillbirths (7.6%) and 321 were live births (76.2%). At the time of enrollment, the average drinking water arsenic exposure level was 31.6 ?g/L (standard deviation, 83.7 ?g/L; range, <1 880 ?g/L). The average drinking water level at one month post delivery was 26.1 ?g/L (standard deviation, 68.2 ?g/L, range: <1 to 460 ?g/L) which indicated that exposure to arsenic contaminated drinking water decreased during pregnancy. However, 31.9% of all participants exceeded the World Health Organizations recommended drinking water arsenic level of 10 ?g/L and 16.9% exceeded the Bangladesh drinking water arsenic regulation of 50 ?g/L. Sixty-three (40.9%) of all women reported an illness during this pregnancy. The odds of reporting any illness during the current pregnancy was 51% higher for those women who used a tubewell that contained more than the Bangladesh drinking water standard during their pregnancy compared to pregnant women who used a tubewell that contained less than 50 ?g As/L adjusting for maternal age, maternal education, and pregnancy history (odds ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.28, 8.16). Of the 321 live births, 64 (15.2%) had a birthweight less than 2500 grams and were classified as low birthweight. The odds of a low birthweight infant was 32.3% greater for those women who used a tubewell that contained more than the Bangladesh drinking water standard during their pregnancy compared to pregnant women who used a tubewell that contained less than 50 ?g As/L adjusting for maternal age, maternal education, gestational age, infant sex, spouses education, mothers weight gain during the first 28 weeks, chewing betel nuts, reporting any illness during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke, and pregnancy history (odds ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.19, 9.17). In this sample, 35 infants were born at less than 37 weeks gestational age (8.3%) and were classified as preterm infants. The odds of a preterm infant was 84% greater for those women who used a tubewell that contained more than the Bangladesh drinking water standard during their pregnancy compared to pregnant women who used a tubewell that contained less than 50 ?g As/L adjusting for maternal age, maternal education, spouses education, mothers weight gain during the first 28 weeks, environmental tobacco smoke, and pregnancy history (odds ratio, 1.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.81, 4.17).Conclusion: Arsenic exposure during pregnancy contributed to adverse maternal child health outcomes. It is important to note that none of these associations reached statistical significant and it will be important to confirm these associations in the complete dataset.Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2013; Vol. 28(2) : 76-81

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36

Anawar, H. M., J. Akai, K. M. G. Mostofa, S. Safiullah, and S. M. Tareq. "Arsenic poisoning in groundwater: Health risk and geochemical sources in Bangladesh." Environment International 27, no. 7 (February 2002): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(01)00116-7.

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37

Caldwell, Bruce K., John C. Caldwell, S. N. Mitra, and Wayne Smith. "Tubewells and arsenic in Bangladesh: challenging a public health success story." International Journal of Population Geography 9, no. 1 (January 2003): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijpg.271.

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38

Flanagan, Sara, Richard Johnston, and Yan Zheng. "Arsenic in tube well water in Bangladesh: health and economic impacts and implications for arsenic mitigation." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90, no. 11 (November 1, 2012): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.11.101253.

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39

Duxbury, J. M., A. B. Mayer, J. G. Lauren, and N. Hassan. "Food Chain Aspects of Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh: Effects on Quality and Productivity of Rice." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 38, no. 1 (March 2003): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ese-120016881.

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40

Cherry, Nicola, Kashem Shaik, Corbett McDonald, and Zafrullah Chowdhury. "Manganese, Arsenic, and Infant Mortality in Bangladesh: An Ecological Analysis." Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 65, no. 3 (July 30, 2010): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19338240903390362.

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41

Yunus, Mohammad, Nazmul Sohel, Samar Kumar Hore, and Mahfuzar Rahman. "Arsenic exposure and adverse health effects: A review of recent findings from arsenic and health studies in Matlab, Bangladesh." Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 27, no. 9 (September 2011): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2011.05.012.

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42

Umeki, T., A. Mano, and Y. Ishibashi. "Groundwater Flow and Arsenic Contamination Analyses in Southern Bangladesh." Journal of ASTM International 3, no. 6 (2006): 13357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai13357.

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43

Mukherjee, A. B., and P. Bhattacharya. "Arsenic in groundwater in the Bengal Delta Plain: slow poisoning in Bangladesh." Environmental Reviews 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 189–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a01-007.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the problems concerning the widespread occurrences of arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh, a land with enormous resources of precipitation, surface water, and groundwater. Because of the potential risk of microbiological contamination in the surface water, groundwater was relied on as an alternate source of drinking water. Exploitation of groundwater has increased dramatically in Bangladesh since the 1960s to provide safe water for drinking and to sustain wetland agriculture. The presence of arsenic in the groundwater at elevated concentrations has raised a serious threat to public health in the region. Nearly 6075 million people inhabiting a large geographical area are at potential risk of arsenic exposure, and several thousands have already been affected by chronic arsenicosis. The source of arsenic in groundwater is geogenic and restricted within the Holocene sedimentary aquifers. Mobilization of arsenic from the alluvial aquifers is primarily effected through a mechanism of reductive dissolution of the iron oxyhydroxides within the sediments, rather than by the oxidation of pyrite, as has been hypothesized by other workers. The problem is further accentuated by the fact that arsenic is also found at elevated concentrations in vegetables and rice grown in the areas where high-arsenic groundwater is used for irrigation. Dietary habits among the population are also an important pathway for arsenic ingestion. Studies are in progress at national as well as international levels to alleviate the arsenic crisis in Bangladesh. Besides the identification of arsenic-free tubewells in the affected areas for drinking purposes, purification of groundwater at household level by low-cost arsenic removal techniques is suggested. Rehabilitation of the patients with chronic arsenicosis and arsenic education programs for rural communities must be addressed urgently by the government of Bangladesh. Key words: arsenic, groundwater, chemistry, redox, causes, effects, Bangladesh.

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44

Argos, Maria, Faruque Parvez, Yu Chen, A. Z. M. Iftikhar Hussain, Hassina Momotaj, Geoffrey R. Howe, Joseph H. Graziano, and Habibul Ahsan. "Socioeconomic Status and Risk for Arsenic-Related Skin Lesions in Bangladesh." American Journal of Public Health 97, no. 5 (May 2007): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2005.078816.

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45

Hall, Megan N., Xinhua Liu, Vesna Slavkovich, Vesna Ilievski, J. Richard Pilsner, Shafiul Alam, Pam Factor-Litvak, Joseph H. Graziano, and Mary V. Gamble. "Folate, Cobalamin, Cysteine, Homocysteine, and Arsenic Metabolism among Children in Bangladesh." Environmental Health Perspectives 117, no. 5 (May 2009): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800164.

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46

Lokuge, Kamalini M., Wayne Smith, Bruce Caldwell, Keith Dear, and Abul H. Milton. "The Effect of Arsenic Mitigation Interventions on Disease Burden in Bangladesh." Environmental Health Perspectives 112, no. 11 (August 2004): 1172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6866.

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47

Aziz, Sonia N., Kevin J. Boyle, and Tom Crocker. "Parental decisions, child health and valuation of avoiding arsenic in drinking water in rural Bangladesh." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 1 (August 30, 2014): 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2014.213.

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Arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh is a widespread public health hazard. Water sources without high arsenic levels are scarce, affecting people's availability for work and other activities when they have to seek safe water to drink. While children are particularly susceptible to chronic arsenic exposure, limited information and heavy constraints on resources may preclude people in developing countries from taking protective actions. Since parents are primary decision-makers for children, a model of stochastic decision-making analytically linking parent health and child health is used to frame the valuation of avoiding arsenic exposure using an averting behavior model. The results show that safe drinking water programs do work and that people do take protective actions. The results can help guide public health mitigation policies, and examine whether factors such as child health and time required for remediation have an effect on mitigation measures.

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48

Brennan, R., and E. McBean. "A performance assessment of arsenic-iron removal plants in the Manikganj District of Bangladesh." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2011): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.107.

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In Bangladesh, arsenic contamination of groundwater, microbial contamination of surface water and seasonally variable rainfall make reliable access to acceptable quality drinking water a challenge. Arsenic-iron removal plants (AIRPs) are a relatively inexpensive way of removing arsenic from groundwater for access to safer drinking water. This study evaluated the performance of 21 (of 105) AIRPs installed by a local non-governmental organization (Society for People's Action in Change and Equity) with financial assistance from the Australian High Commission, Dhaka, under the Direct Aid Program of the Australian Government. All AIRPs achieved the Bangladesh standard for arsenic in drinking water of 50 μg L−1 and 17 achieved the World Health Organization guideline of 10 μg L−1. The AIRPs removed 87% of influent arsenic, on average. After cleaning, poor arsenic and iron removal was observed for about 2 days due to inadequate residence time. Chemical processes that may influence AIRP performance are also discussed herein, including iron and arsenic oxidation, arsenic co-precipitation with iron, multiple iron additions, interference by organics, and iron crystallization. Effluent faecal coliform counts were generally low, though were slightly higher than influent counts. Overall, AIRPs were shown to possess considerable promise for use in areas with high natural iron where users are concerned about arsenic and/or iron in their drinking water.

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Alam, M. G. M., G. Allinson, F. Stagnitti, A. Tanaka, and M. Westbrooke. "Arsenic contamination in Bangladesh groundwater: A major environmental and social disaster." International Journal of Environmental Health Research 12, no. 3 (September 2002): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0960312021000000998.

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Graziano, Joseph H. "Recent Findings from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study in Bangladesh." QScience Proceedings 2012, no. 3 (May 14, 2012): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qproc.2012.mutagens.3.40.

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