Journal articles: 'Arrays'

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Weitzman, Jonathan B. "Array-of-arrays." Genome Biology 2 (2001): spotlight—20010201–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-spotlight-20010201-01.

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Mervis, J. "An Array of Arrays." Science 275, no. 5298 (January 17, 1997): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5298.300b.

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Keeley, Brian W., and Annika T. H. Keeley. "Acoustic wave response to groove arrays in model ears." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 29, 2021): e0260020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260020.

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Many mammals and some owls have parallel grooved structures associated with auditory structures that may be exploiting acoustic products generated by groove arrays. To test the hypothesis that morphological structures in the ear can manipulate acoustic information, we expose a series of similar-sized models with and without groove arrays to different sounds in identical conditions and compare their amplitude and frequency responses. We demonstrate how two different acoustic signals are uniquely influenced by the models. Depending on multiple factors (i.e., array characteristics, acoustic signal used, and distance from source) the presence of an array can increase the signal strength of select spectral components when compared to a model with no array. With few exceptions, the models with arrays increased the total amplitude of acoustic signals over that of the smooth model at all distances we tested up to 160 centimeters. We conclude that the ability to uniquely alter the signal based on an array’s characteristics is evolutionarily beneficial and supports the concept that different species have different array configurations associated with their biological needs.

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PEYTON JONES, SIMON. "16 Arrays." Journal of Functional Programming 13, no. 1 (January 2003): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796803001813.

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Micheva, K. D., N. O'Rourke, B. Busse, and S. J. Smith. "Array Tomography: Production of Arrays." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2010, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): pdb.prot5524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5524.

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Micheva, K. D., N. O'Rourke, B. Busse, and S. J. Smith. "Array Tomography: Imaging Stained Arrays." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2010, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): pdb.prot5526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5526.

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Yang, T. C., and Zhengzheng Ye. "Array gain of coprime arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, no. 3 (September 2019): EL306—EL309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5126924.

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Wittstock, Gunther. "Sensor arrays and array sensors." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 372, no. 1 (December 8, 2001): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-001-1149-y.

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Streibl, Nörbert, Uwe Nölscher, Jürgen Jahns, and Susan Walker. "Array generation with lenslet arrays." Applied Optics 30, no. 19 (July 1, 1991): 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.30.002739.

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Abdellatif, Ahmed Shehata, Wenyao Zhai, Hari Krishna Pothula, and Morris Repeta. "Array of Arrays: Optimizing Phased Array Tiles." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 20, no. 5 (May 2021): 718–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2021.3061281.

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Mukit, Naimul, Md Rafiqul Islam, Mohamed Hadi Habaebi, A. H. M. Zahirul Alam, Khaizuran Abdullah, Norun Farihah Abdul Malek, Rauful Nibir, Noor Hidayah M. Adnan, and Eid Osman. "Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-array." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 906–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i3.1529.

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Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.

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Li, Yanlong, Kangsen Li, and Feng Gong. "Fabrication and Optical Characterization of Polymeric Aspherical Microlens Array Using Hot Embossing Technology." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020882.

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Hot embossing has been widely used in fabricating microlens arrays because of its low cost, high efficiency, and high quality. The process parameters such as molding temperature, molding pressure, and holding temperature affect the microlens array’s replication quality. This work selected the stainless steel S136H tool steel as the mold material to process an aspheric microlens array structure through ultra-precision milling. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microlens arrays with different surface replication were prepared by controlling the molding temperature, molding pressure, and holding temperature. By analyzing the surface quality, contour replication, and optical imaging of hot-embossed samples, the optimal molding temperature of PMMA for optimal replication of aspheric lens arrays was determined as 130 °C. Besides, the internal elastic recovery of PMMA affected the dimensional accuracy and optical performance of the lens. The results showed that, at the molding pressure of 400 N and the holding temperature of 60 °C, the surface defects were eliminated, and the aspheric lens array had perfect replication with a profile deviation of only 4 μm. The aspheric microlens array with good quality was eventually achieved by these optimal process parameters, which provides a foundation for producing aspheric microlens arrays in a low-cost and high-efficiency way.

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Wang, Min, Wen Wu, and Zhongxiang Shen. "Bandwidth Enhancement of Antenna Arrays Utilizing Mutual Coupling between Antenna Elements." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2010 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/690713.

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The mutual coupling effect between antenna elements on an array's bandwidth is investigated using scattering parameters instead of the mutual impedance. First, an approximate expression is derived for matched voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) bandwidth of a tuned antenna, which reveals that the bandwidth is inversely proportional to the magnitude|Γ0'(ω0)|of the frequency derivative of the reflection coefficient. Next, considering linear antenna arrays with corporate feed as an example, closed-form expressions of the reflection coefficient are derived at the input port of the feeding network, which shows that the active reflection coefficient of an array is the linear superposition of elements' passive reflection coefficientS11and the mutual coupling coefficientS12from adjacent elements. The VSWR bandwidth expressions for an array imply that bandwidth enhancement of the overall array can be achieved when the element passive reflection coefficientS11and mutual couplingS12are cancelled, as well as the frequency derivativesS11'andS12'also cancel each other. Slot arrays and a two-element Vivaldi array are investigated to verify the validity of our theoretical analysis. Numerical and experimental results are presented to successfully demonstrate the bandwidth enhancement of antenna arrays utilizing mutual coupling effect.

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Duren, Richard E. "A theory for marine source arrays." GEOPHYSICS 53, no. 5 (May 1988): 650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442499.

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General mathematical expressions for a marine source array’s (1) far‐field pulse spectrum, (2) radiated energy density, and (3) directivity are developed for both a source in an infinite homogeneous medium and a source operating near the ocean surface. These results, intended to assist the analysis and design of marine source arrays, apply to any marine source array when (1) individual elements radiate isotropically, (2) their individual waveforms are specified, and (3) the array geometry is specified. Arbitrary geometry and arbitrary isotropic waveforms are allowed. The theory assumes linear superposition of the individually specified waveforms, and is consistent with the “square law effect” for identical elements. For an array of small elements, expended energy agrees with the array’s radiated energy found using far‐field methods. Also, the energy radiated from an array with large element spacing is equal to the sum of the independently radiated energies. Two closely spaced identical elements radiate four times the energy contained in a single outgoing waveform over all space. The appropriate directivity definition for marine seismic sources is the ratio of the radiated energy density per unit solid angle in a particular direction to the average radiated energy density per unit solid angle. This definition allows directivity to be expressed explicitly in terms of the individual frequency spectra and geometry.

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Al‐Kurd, Azmi A., and Robert P. Porter. "Holographic array processing using truncated arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93, no. 4 (April 1993): 2373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.406125.

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Hoctor, R. T., and S. A. Kassam. "Array redundancy for active line arrays." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 5, no. 7 (July 1996): 1179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/83.502396.

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Yoon, Hansol, and Tai-Kyong Song. "Sparse Rectangular and Spiral Array Designs for 3D Medical Ultrasound Imaging." Sensors 20, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010173.

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In three-dimensional (3D) medical ultrasound imaging with two-dimensional (2D) arrays, sparse 2D arrays have been studied to reduce the number of active channels. Among them, sparse 2D arrays with regular or uniform arrangements of elements have advantages of low side lobe energy and uniform field responses over the entire field of view. This paper presents two uniform sparse array models: sparse rectangular arrays (SRAs) on a rectangular grid and sparse spiral arrays (SSAs) on a sunflower grid. Both arrays can be easily implemented on the commercially available or the custom-made arrays. To suppress the overall grating lobe levels, the transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) array pairs of both the array models are designed not to have grating lobes at the same locations in the Tx/Rx beam patterns, for which the theoretical design rules are also proposed. Computer simulation results indicate that the proposed array pairs for both the SRAs and the SSAs achieve peak grating lobe levels below –40 dB using about a quarter of the number of elements in the dense rectangular array while maintaining similar beam widths to that of the dense array pair.

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Thanh Binh, Nguyen, Nguyen Quoc Dinh, and Yoshihide Yamada. "Wideband characteristics of density tapered array antennas." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1356-1366.

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In this paper, wideband characteristics of density tapered arrays are clarified by comparing directly the array factors and radiation patterns of 3 tapered arrays structures with array factors and radiation patterns of equally spaced arrays. Calculated results for a density tapered distribution array consisting of 30 elements claims that the array can perform within a bandwidth of 2.5:1 with grating lobe levels lower than -7.8 dB. Additionally, this paper shows a method of determining the effectiveness of unequal spacing arrays in the design of actual antennas. The method is based on calculation and analysis of input impedance of array elements caused by mutual coupling effects among array elements.

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Park, Jinsu, Hong Jun Lim, Son Trinh-Van, Daesung Park, Youn Kwon Jung, Dongju Lim, and Keum Cheol Hwang. "Derivation of a Universally Valid Array Factor of a Conformal Arrays Based on Phase Compensation and Genetic Learning Particle Swarm Optimization." Applied Sciences 12, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 6501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136501.

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In this study, we investigated the recent deterioration of the radiation pattern performance of conformal arrays, which are applied to fields such as aircraft and vehicles. We analyzed the radiation pattern of conformal arrays in the array factor stage by combining previous studies on various beam-forming techniques for conformal arrays. To efficiently calculate and utilize the radiation pattern of conformal arrays, we derived an array factor based on phase composition for nonplanar arrays of three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems. As an amplitude tapering method for controlling the sidelobe level of the derived 3D array factor, we propose a Bernstein polynomial generalization method based on Genetic Learning Particle Swarm Optimization. The proposed 3D array factor was verified using a cavity-backed patch antenna operating at the X-band through EM simulation of conformal arrays as a single element.

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Patwari, Ashish, and G. Ramachandra Reddy. "A Conceptual Framework for the Use of Minimum Redundancy Linear Arrays and Flexible Arrays in Future Smartphones." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (September 18, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9629837.

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This work applies existing array processing principles to devise a new area of application. The properties of minimum redundancy linear arrays (MRLAs) and flexible arrays are studied, keeping in mind the possibility of using them in flexible 5G smartphones of the future. Millimeter frequencies for 5G communications enabled the use of a decent number of array elements, even at the user equipment (UE). MRLAs possess attractive properties among linear sparse arrays and flexible conformal arrays (flexible arrays) operate satisfactorily even when the surface they are built into changes shape. To the best of our knowledge, MRLAs were not applied to smartphones previously. In this work, a 16-element uniform linear array (ULA) and a 7-element MRLA (with the same aperture) are considered for simulations. Array factors of both the arrays in flat and bent positions have been computed using MATLAB. The effect of phase compensation and bending radii on the array pattern were verified. That phase compensation using the projection method (PM) restores the array pattern even for a bent MRLA is a major finding. Possible array processing modes have been suggested for a 5G smartphone in which the array could be made to operate in any of the four configurations: a flat ULA, a bent ULA, a flat MRLA, and a bent MRLA.

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ZHAN, XUE J., and JOHN B. TROY. "Modeling cat retinal beta-cell arrays." Visual Neuroscience 17, no. 1 (January 2000): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800171032.

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There were three objectives to the work undertaken for this paper: (1) to provide a comprehensive characterization of the statistical properties of arrays of β-cell somata; (2) to develop a model that simulates cellular arrays with the same properties; and (3) to use this model to examine whether the array of β-cells should be viewed as one array or as two arrays, one each for its OFF- and ON-center cells. β-cells are morphological correlates of the electrophysiological X-cells and those β-cells whose dendrites stratify within the outer and inner sublamina of the retina's inner plexiform layer correspond, respectively, to OFF- and ON-center X-cells. Arrays of peripheral β-cell somata from two retinas were studied. A Delaunay triangulation and a Voronoi tessellation were generated for each array and measures derived from these constructs used to analyze the arrays' spatial organization. As others have shown previously with a less complete statistical characterization, we found that the arrays of OFF- and ON-center β-cells have similar spatial properties and are more regular than the array of all β-cells. We developed a model to simulate cellular arrays with spatial properties like those of arrays of β-cells. A good fit between model and real arrays was found when the model assumed an explicit spatial dependence between the placement of OFF- and ON-center cells. We propose therefore that a single array of β-cells formed of both OFF- and ON-center cells is consistent with the data currently available for β-cell somatic arrays.

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O'NEILL, MELISSA E., and F. WARREN BURTON. "A new method for functional arrays." Journal of Functional Programming 7, no. 5 (September 1997): 487–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796897002852.

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Arrays are probably the most widely used data structure in imperative programming languages, yet functional languages typically only support arrays in a limited manner, or prohibit them entirely. This is not too surprising, since most other mutable data structures, such as trees, have elegant immutable analogues in the functional world, whereas arrays do not. Previous attempts at addressing the problem have suffered from one of three weaknesses, either that they don't support arrays as a persistent data structure (unlike the functional analogues of other imperative data structures), or that the range of operations is too restrictive to support some common array algorithms efficiently, or that they have performance problems. Our technique provides arrays as a true functional analogue of imperative arrays with the properties that functional programmers have come to expect from their data structures. To efficiently support array algorithms from the imperative world, we provide O(1) operations for single-threaded array use. Fully persistent array use can also be provided at O(1) amortized cost, provided that the algorithm satisfies a simple requirement as to uniformity of access. For those algorithms which do not access the array uniformly or single-threadedly, array reads or updates take at most O(log n) amortized time, where n is the size of the array. Experimental results indicate that the overheads of our technique are acceptable in practice for many applications.

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GUTSCHMIDT, STEFANIE, and ODED GOTTLIEB. "INTERNAL RESONANCES AND BIFURCATIONS OF AN ARRAY BELOW THE FIRST PULL-IN INSTABILITY." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 03 (March 2010): 605–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410025910.

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A nonlinear continuum model is used to investigate the dynamic behavior of an array of N nonlinearly coupled microbeams. Investigations concentrate on the region below the array's first pull-in instability, which is shown to be governed by several internal three-to-one and combination resonances. The nonlinear equations of motion for a two-element system are solved using the asymptotic multiple-scales method for the weak nonlinear system. The analytically obtained periodic response of two coupled microbeams is numerically evaluated by a continuation technique and complemented by a numerical analysis of a three-element array which exhibits quasi-periodic responses and lengthy chaotic transients. This study of small-size microbeam arrays serves for design purposes and the understanding of nonlinear nearest-neighbor interactions of medium- and large-size arrays.

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LECHTCHINSKY, ROMAN, MANUEL M. T. CHAKRAVARTY, and GABRIELE KELLER. "COSTING NESTED ARRAY CODES." Parallel Processing Letters 12, no. 02 (June 2002): 249–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626402000951.

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We discuss a language-based cost model for array programs built on the notions of work complexity and parallel depth. The programs operate over data structures comprising nested arrays and recursive product-sum types. In a purely functional setting, such programs can be implemented by way of the flattening transformation that converts codes over nested arrays into vectorised code over flat arrays. Flat arrays lend themselves to a particularly efficient implementation on standard hardware, but the overall efficiency of the approach depends on the flattening transformation preserving the asymptotic complexity of the nested array codes. Blelloch has characterised a class of first-order array programs, called contained programs, for which flattening preserves the asymptotic depth complexity. However, his result is restricted to programs processing only arrays and tuples. In the present paper, we extend Blelloch's result to array programs processing data structures containing arrays as well as arbitrary recursive product-sum types. Moreover, we replace the notion of containment by the more general concept of fold programs.

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Chyu, M. K., Y. C. Hsing, and V. Natarajan. "Convective Heat Transfer of Cubic Fin Arrays in a Narrow Channel." Journal of Turbomachinery 120, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2841414.

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The present study explores the heat transfer enhancement induced by arrays of cubic fins. The fin element is either a cube or a diamond in shape. The array configurations studied include both in-line and staggered arrays of seven rows and five columns. Both cubic arrays have the same geometric parameters, i.e., H/D = 1, S/D = X/D = 2.5, which are similar to those of earlier studies on circular pin-fin arrays. The present results indicate that the cube element in either array always yields the highest heat transfer, followed by diamond and circular pin-fin. Arrays with diamond-shaped elements generally cause the greater pressure loss than those with either cubes or pin fins. For a given element shape, a staggered array generally produces higher heat transfer enhancement and pressure loss than the corresponding inline array. Cubic arrays can be viable alternatives for pedestal cooling near a blade trailing edge.

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Thornton, Earl A., David L. Eby, and Peter W. Chung. "Torsional Buckling of the Hubble Space Telescope Solar Arrays." International Journal of Space Structures 13, no. 2 (June 1998): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635119801300202.

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The buckling behavior of a flexible rolled-up solar array used on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is investigated analytically and experimentally. Analytically, the solar array is modeled assuming the booms are linear, elastic beams of open cross-section, and the solar blanket is represented as an inextensible membrane. The analyses determine critical buckling loads for flexure and torsion. The behavior of the solar array is also investigated by experiments conducted using a model solar array with (1) closed cross-section booms, and (2) tubular booms like those used on the HST. The analyses and experiments show that the Hubble's solar arrays were deployed with a preload that caused them to buckle in torsion. Based on the study, an hypothesis is suggested for the failure of the solar array's booms that was discovered by the astronauts in 1993.

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Micek, Piotr, and Dariusz Grzybek. "Experimental Analysis of the Arrays of Macro Fiber Composite Patches for Rotational Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from a Shaft." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 4815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164815.

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Four arrays of three MFC patches, glued onto a rotating shaft, were compared in laboratory research. The first array was based on a delta circuit and equipped with one three-phase rectifier; the second array was based on a star circuit and equipped with one three-phase rectifier; the third array was based on parallel connection and equipped with three full-bridge rectifiers; and the fourth array was based on a series connection and equipped with three full-bridge rectifiers. The array based on a delta circuit generated the highest value of maximal electric power in comparison to the rest of arrays. It was experimentally observed that the arrays based on delta or star circuits of MFC patches and equipped with one three-phase rectifier generated a higher value of maximal power than arrays based on the connections of three full-bridge rectifiers, connected in parallel or in series. The array based on parallel connection generated the highest maximal value of current in comparison to rest of arrays for low values of load resistance (from 10 kΩ to 40 kΩ depending on the experiment). For higher values of load resistance arrays based on delta circuits and star circuits generated higher values of current than the array based on parallel connection.

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Kovalevska-Slavova, А. V. "POLITICAL PATHOGENIC MEGADISCOURSES NEUTRALIZATION: TROLLING STRATEGY." Opera in linguistica ukrainiana, no. 28 (September 28, 2021): 308–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2414-0627.2021.28.235567.

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The article is aimed at specifying and visualizing the strategies and tactics of neutralizing the negative effects of the pathogenic political megadiscourses. On top of that, it explores the suggestion linguistic implementation features, having been examined basing on the European political leaders’ speeches and news texts, and emphasizes the specificity of trolling strategy, which is aimed either at escalating the emotionality and falsity of the information presented in the original textual array, or at bringing the information having been presented in the original array to the absurd, which would minimize the rationality of the original array perception, and subsequently – trust in the original array, and in the addressee of these arrays (later on). The trolling strategy is optimal in the framework of neutralizing the pathogenic arrays having been created in the fake news paradigm, given these arrays’ orientation onto presenting knowingly false information in order to escalate tensions in the information space and destabilize the situation as a whole. The author presents and validates examples of using all the tactics of this strategy (rough (destructive) trolling or flaming, constructive trolling, exaggeration / reduction, wiki-trolling, "big lies" tactics, sockpuppetting tactics), which follow all the features of the original pathogenic array, including the dominant influence markers, as well as the original array’s suggestiveness realization peculiarities, which allows (when presenting the neutralizing array to the same target audience that has already been affected by the original array) to reduce or neutralize the harmful effects of the original pathogenic array. The paper also outlines the prospects for further research in this area given its fundamental importance not only for identifying the basic strategies for constructing pathogenic arrays and in-depth mechanisms of their formulation and, consequently, their impact on recipients, but also ways to counteract each type of such megadiscourses, thus optimizing Ukraine’s information space in the conditions of information war currently being carried out not only in our country, but in the numerous world countries, as well.

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KETO, ERIC. "HIERARCHICAL CONFIGURATIONS FOR CROSS-CORRELATION INTERFEROMETERS WITH MANY ELEMENTS." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 01, no. 01 (November 5, 2012): 1250007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171712500079.

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Array configurations built on a hierarchy of simple elements have excellent properties for cross-correlation imaging interferometers including a smooth distribution of measured Fourier components, high angular resolution, low side lobes, and compact array size. Compared to arrays with a Gaussian distribution of antenna separations, hierarchical arrays (H-arrays) produce beams with higher angular resolution and a tighter concentration of the total power (encircled energy) within a smaller area around the main beam. An attractive feature of H-arrays is their simplicity. The relationships between the Fourier coverage and the array configuration are easy enough to understand that they can be adjusted to achieve different design goals without the need for numerical optimization. H-arrays will be useful for future multi-element interferometers.

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Pivarski, Jim, Peter Elmer, and David Lange. "Awkward Arrays in Python, C++, and Numba." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 05023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024505023.

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The Awkward Array library has been an important tool for physics analysis in Python since September 2018. However, some interface and implementation issues have been raised in Awkward Array’s first year that argue for a reimplementation in C++ and Numba. We describe those issues, the new architecture, and present some examples of how the new interface will look to users. Of particular importance is the separation of kernel functions from data structure management, which allows a C++ implementation and a Numba implementation to share kernel functions, and the algorithm that transforms recordoriented data into columnar Awkward Arrays.

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Wang, Mudan, Chengcheng Xing, Ke Cao, Lei Zhang, Jiabin Liu, and Liang Meng. "Template-directed synthesis of pyrite (FeS2) nanorod arrays with an enhanced photoresponse." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 25 (2014): 9496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta00759j.

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Well-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays were used as templates to produce Fe(OH)₃nanotube arrays. The as-grown Fe(OH)₃nanotube arrays were then used as templates to obtain an FeS₂nanorod array. The FeS₂nanorod arrays had much better photovoltaic properties than the FeS₂nanoparticles due to the high specific area, direct transport pathways and enhanced light harvesting of the nanorod array structure.

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Galli-Resta, Lucia, Elena Novelli, and Alessandro Viegi. "Dynamic microtubule-dependent interactions position homotypic neurones in regular monolayered arrays during retinal development." Development 129, no. 16 (August 15, 2002): 3803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.16.3803.

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In the vertebrate retina cell layers support serial processing, while monolayered arrays of homotypic neurones tile each layer to allow parallel processing. How neurones form layers and arrays is still largely unknown. We show that monolayered retinal arrays are dynamic structures based on dendritic interactions between the array cells. The analysis of three developing retinal arrays shows that these become regular as a net of dendritic processes links neighbouring array cells. Molecular or pharmacological perturbations of microtubules within dendrites lead to a stereotyped and reversible disruption of array organization: array cells lose their regular spacing and the arrangement in a monolayer. This leads to a micro-mechanical explanation of how monolayers of regularly spaced ‘like-cells’ are formed.

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Chen, Zeyu, Xuejun Qian, Xuan Song, Qiangguo Jiang, Rongji Huang, Yang Yang, Runze Li, Kirk Shung, Yong Chen, and Qifa Zhou. "Three-Dimensional Printed Piezoelectric Array for Improving Acoustic Field and Spatial Resolution in Medical Ultrasonic Imaging." Micromachines 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10030170.

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Piezoelectric arrays are widely used in non-destructive detecting, medical imaging and therapy. However, limited by traditional manufacturing methods, the array’s element is usually designed in simple geometry such as a cube or rectangle, restricting potential applications of the array. This work demonstrates an annular piezoelectric array consisting of different concentric elements printed by Mask-Image-Projection-based Stereolithography (MIP-SL) technology. The printed array displays stable piezoelectric and dielectric properties. Compared to a traditional single element transducer, the ultrasonic transducer with printed array successfully modifies the acoustic beam and significantly improves spatial resolution.

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Szalai, Sándor, László Szarka, Erno˝ Prácser, Frank Bosch, Imre Müller, and Pascal Turberg. "Geoelectric mapping of near‐surface karstic fractures by using null arrays." GEOPHYSICS 67, no. 6 (November 2002): 1769–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1527077.

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The term “null array” is introduced for those electrode configurations where the measured potential difference is zero above a homogeneous half‐space when using a measuring dipole M0N0. Different types of null arrays (three‐electrode, Schlumberger, and dipole axial/equatorial null arrays) and their corresponding traditional arrays are studied. It was shown in a field study carried out in a karstified limestone area covered by thin sediments that it is possible to obtain geologically meaningful results with null‐array techniques. The main features of the null‐array data are as follows. (1) Null‐array data appear to be more spatially variable than the classical data. The spatial variability provides information about the presence of karstic fractures in the subsurface; (2) The null‐array anomalies caused by nearly vertical karstic fractures in the limestone basement do not decay with depth as quickly as the classical array anomalies. (3) The strike direction of the fractures is much less ambiguous than that found by using classical arrays. Nevertheless, the depth variation of the basement is more reliably observed in geoelectric anomalies obtained using traditional arrays. Therefore a joint use of classical arrays and their corresponding null methods is recommended, because the combined methods provide more information about the subsurface structure.

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Wang, Hongyong, Weibo Deng, Ying Suo, Xin Zhang, Yanmo Hu, and Xiaochuan Wu. "Distributed Super Nested Arrays: Reduce the Mutual Coupling between Array Antennas." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (December 6, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1563164.

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In array, mutual coupling between the antennas is inevitable, which has an adverse effect on the estimation of parameters. To reduce the mutual coupling between the antennas of distributed nested arrays, this paper proposes a new array called the distributed super nested arrays, which have the good characteristics of the distributed nested arrays and can reduce the mutual coupling between the antennas. Then, an improved multiscale estimating signal parameter via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithm is presented for the distributed super nested arrays to improve the accuracy of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation. Next, we analyze the limitations of the spatial smoothing algorithm used by the distributed super nested arrays when there are multiple-source signals and the influence of the baseline length of distributed super nested arrays on the accuracy of DOA estimation. The simulation results show that the distributed super nested arrays can effectively reduce the mutual coupling between the array antennas, improve the DOA estimation performance, and significantly increase the number of detectable source signals.

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Wu, Jinping, Wenxiao Qiao, Xiaohua Che, Xiaodong Ju, Junqiang Lu, and Wenhe Wu. "Experimental study on the radiation characteristics of downhole acoustic phased combined arc array transmitter." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): D1—D9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0114.1.

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A new kind of acoustic phased combined arc array transmitter with controllable directivity presented can be used in 3D acoustic image logging. The phased combined arc array is composed of numerous phased arc arrays placed equally along an axis. Each phased arc array contains several array elements arranged around a circumference. The phased combined arc array is considered as the combination of phased arc arrays and linear phased arrays. A directional radiation acoustic beam in the space is generated by simultaneously controlling the phase delay of excitation signals exerted on array elements located in the circumferential and axial directions. To investigate the radiation characteristics, an acoustic transmitter comprising four eight-element phased arc arrays was assembled to conduct physical simulation experiments in a water tank. Experimental results show that the main lobe width of the horizontal radiation energy narrows significantly by exerting phase delayed excitation signals on array elements of phased arc arrays. Adjusting the delay time of excitation signals applied on neighboring-phased arc arrays allows the main lobe direction of the vertical radiation energy to be steered and facilitates the change in the main lobe width of the vertical radiation energy. The phased combined arc array is characterized by controllable horizontal directivity, vertical directivity, and main lobe width of the radiated acoustic beam. More importantly, the acoustic phased combined arc array transmitter is applicable to 3D acoustic image logging, which is helpful in the enhancement of the reliability and accuracy of complex reservoir exploration.

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BIYANI, MANISH, NAOTO NEMOTO, and TAKANORI ICHIKI. "DNA-LINKED PROTEIN ARRAY FOR HIGH-THROUGHPUT PROTEOMICS: FROM SPATIALLY UNKNOWN DNA ARRAYS TO IDENTIFIABLE PROTEIN ARRAYS." Nano LIFE 01, no. 01n02 (March 2010): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984410000031.

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Protein array technology has a tremendous potential in large-scale and high-throughput functional proteomics. The conventional protein array approach, which is based on one-to-one indexing between a known protein and an array position, is however, not applicable for decoding genetic information from unknown expressed protein arrays and thus less practicable for global proteome analysis. To address this issue, we have introduced a novel concept of DNA-linked protein array by adopting a strategy of one-to-one indexing between spatially unknown individual DNA arrays and their encoded protein array products. A set of test DNA arrays of DNA-binding (POU) domain protein, c-Myc-tagged POU domain protein, and green fluorescent protein were randomly patterned on a glass surface and subsequently converted into identifiable protein arrays by simultaneously producing and linking the encoded proteins to their encoding genes using a puromycin-assisted mRNA–protein fusion approach in situ. For concept validation, functional assay was performed by the screening of mRNA–protein fusion arrays against a mixture of anti-cMyc and anti-GFP antibodies. Moreover, this approach also provides an additional advantage to incorporate post-translational modifications into protein arrays. The concept developed here is expected to markedly enhance the application of protein microarrays to the study of functional proteomics.

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Islam, S., J. Stiens, G. Poesen, I. Jaeger, W. De Raedt, and R. Vounckx. "W-Band Characterization of Grounded Frequency Selective Surface Arrays Composed of Nonequal Slot Length Subarrays." International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology 2009 (March 14, 2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/681252.

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We present the design and construction of Frequency Selective Surface arrays composed of two subarrays of different slot lengths. We investigated their response variations with the variation of slot length differences of the elementary sub-arrays. Such nonhomogeneous arrays cannot be simulated with Computer Aided Design (CAD) programs because the boundary conditions are not fulfilled by the simulator. In infinite array simulation, the periodic boundary conditions are prescribed on the walls of the unit cell, whereas in the case of sub-arrays of unequal slot length such boundary conditions are not applicable. The CAD simulation of such combined array gives incorrect values of amplitude and phase responses. In this work, we investigate the characteristics of such complex arrays by using heuristic experimental approach. The results of the experimental approach demonstrate that the resultant reflection amplitude and phase of such complex array depend on the difference of slot lengths (ΔL) of the two sub-arrays.

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Wang, Xiaoling, Lu Wang, Tao Lin, Hailiang Huang, and Gehui Wen. "Hydrothermal Synthesis of CrO2 Nanoparticle Arrays on Ti nano-pit Array Templates." Nano 13, no. 01 (January 2018): 1850010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292018500108.

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Chromium dioxide (CrO[Formula: see text] nanoparticle arrays were fabricated on Ti nano-pit array templates by hydrothermal synthesis using CrO3 aqueous solution as precursor. The Ti nano-pit array template was obtained by stripping TiO2 nanotube array formed on the Ti foil. CrO2 nanoparticles are arranged in honeycomb pattern in a large area and their surface density reaches [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text]. The CrO2 nanoparticle arrays show typical magnetic behavior, and the easy axis is parallel to the plane of Ti nano-pit array template. The influence of the concentration of CrO3 aqueous solution on the CrO2 nanoparticle arrays is studied and the mechanism of the formation of the CrO2 nanoparticle arrays is briefly discussed.

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Yang, Wen, Alejandra Alvarado, Timo Glatter, Simon Ringgaard, and Ariane Briegel. "Baseplate variability ofVibrio choleraechemoreceptor arrays." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 52 (December 12, 2018): 13365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811931115.

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The chemoreceptor array, a remarkably ordered supramolecular complex, is composed of hexagonally packed trimers of receptor dimers networked by a histidine kinase and one or more coupling proteins. Even though the receptor packing is universal among chemotactic bacteria and archaea, the array architecture has been extensively studied only in selected model organisms. Here, we show that even in the complete absence of the kinase, the cluster II arrays inVibrio choleraeretain their native spatial localization and the iconic hexagonal packing of the receptors with 12-nm spacing. Our results demonstrate that the chemotaxis array is versatile in composition, a property that allows auxiliary chemotaxis proteins such as ParP and CheV to integrate directly into the assembly. Along with its compositional variability, cluster II arrays exhibit a low degree of structural stability compared with the ultrastable arrays inEscherichia coli. We propose that the variability in chemoreceptor arrays is an important mechanism that enables the incorporation of chemotaxis proteins based on their availability.

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Kricka, Larry J., Kenta Imai, and Paolo Fortina. "Analytical Ancestry: Evolution of the Array in Analysis." Clinical Chemistry 56, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.154799.

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BACKGROUND Macro-, micro-, and nanosized arrays of test sites at various densities have emerged as important types of analytical devices in response to the need for high volume parallel analysis in both the research and the clinical laboratory. CONTENT This review explores the diversity of arrays of reaction vessels and arrays of reagents and of samples, with an emphasis on the earliest descriptions of the different variations. The scope of such arrays includes linear and 2-dimensional arrays of reaction vessels (e.g., microwell strips, microplates); linear and 2-dimensional arrays of reagents arrayed on pillars and posts; beads in wells; and reagents randomly arrayed (or dis-ordered) for use in next-generation sequencing. Micro- and nanofabrication technologies have been applied to the miniaturization of arrays to increase array density (e.g., DNA probe arrays) and produce arrays of analytical structures (e.g., cantilevers, nanoelectrospray nozzles). SUMMARY Arrays are now firmly established in many types of analytical devices, and this analytical format has gained widespread acceptance owing to the advantages of high-throughput automation and multiplex analysis. Ongoing “big biology” genomic and proteomic studies will ensure the continued dominance of array-based methods into the foreseeable future.

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Woo, Myung Kyun, Lance DelaBarre, Matt Thomas Waks, Young Woo Park, Russell Luke Lagore, Steve Jungst, Yigitcan Eryaman, Se-Hong Oh, Kamil Ugurbil, and Gregor Adriany. "Evaluation of 8-Channel Radiative Antenna Arrays for Human Head Imaging at 10.5 Tesla." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 6000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186000.

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For human head magnetic resonance imaging at 10.5 tesla (T), we built an 8-channel transceiver dipole antenna array and evaluated the influence of coaxial feed cables. The influence of coaxial feed cables was evaluated in simulation and compared against a physically constructed array in terms of transmit magnetic field (B1+) and specific absorption rate (SAR) efficiency. A substantial drop (23.1% in simulation and 20.7% in experiment) in B1+ efficiency was observed with a tight coaxial feed cable setup. For the investigation of the feed location, the center-fed dipole antenna array was compared to two 8-channel end-fed arrays: monopole and sleeve antenna arrays. The simulation results with a phantom indicate that these arrays achieved ~24% higher SAR efficiency compared to the dipole antenna array. For a human head model, we observed 30.8% lower SAR efficiency with the 8-channel monopole antenna array compared to the phantom. Importantly, our simulation with the human model indicates that the sleeve antenna arrays can achieve 23.8% and 21% higher SAR efficiency compared to the dipole and monopole antenna arrays, respectively. Finally, we obtained high-resolution human cadaver images at 10.5 T with the 8-channel sleeve antenna array.

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Yu, Guicai. "Algorithm to Estimate Direction of Arrival with Interpolated Array Elements for Coprime Array Holes." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (August 31, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1429628.

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A novel method for adding antennas in the coprime arrays is introduced in this study, in order to solve the problem of the reduced degree of freedom of the array in the hole-existing coprime arrays. The minimum number of antennas interpolated in the algorithm maximizes the available degrees of freedom of virtual arrays, and the number of interpolated antennas does not change the original aperture size of the coprime arrays. With the proposed algorithm, the estimate of the direction of arrival is more accurate for a given signal-to-noise ratio. The scheme first finds the regular pattern of hole positions in virtual array elements, and then, according to the regular pattern, the position of the hole of the partial virtual array element is interpolated with the array element antenna at the position of the corresponding coprime arrays. The holes of the virtual array element are filled, giving virtual uniform continuous array elements with maximum degrees of freedom. We use the ESPRIT, and the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves the accuracy and resolution of estimates of the direction of arrival.

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Wu, Tao, Yiwen Li, Zhengxin Li, Yijie Huang, and Jiwei Xu. "A 2D Nested Array Based DOA Estimator for Incoherently Distributed Sources via Sparse Representation Utilizing L1-Norm." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (July 3, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6941963.

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Nested arrays are sparse arrays composed of subarrays with nonuniform sensor spacing. Compared with traditional uniform arrays, nested arrays have more degree of freedoms (DOFs) and larger apertures. In this paper, a nested array has been proposed as well as a direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation method for two-dimensional (2D) incoherently distributed (ID) sources. A virtual array is firstly obtained through vectorization of the cross-correlation matrix of subarrays. Sensor positions of the virtual array and the optimal configuration of the nested array are derived next. Then rotational invariance relationship for generalized steering matrix of the virtual array with respect to nominal azimuth is deduced. According to the rotational invariance relationship, sparse representation model under l1-norm constraint is established, which is resolved by transferring the objective function to second-order cone constraints and combining a estimation residual error constraint for receive vector of the virtual array. Simulations are conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method in underdetermined situation and examine different experiment factors including SNR, snapshots, and angular spreads as well as sensor number of subarrays. Results show that the proposed method has better performance than uniform parallel arrays with the same number of sensors.

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Hanna, M., and M. Simaan. "Absolutely optimum array filters for sensor arrays." IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 33, no. 6 (December 1985): 1380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tassp.1985.1164726.

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Edelmann, Geoffrey F., and Magnus L. Nordenvad. "Improved array weighting for short nested arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146, no. 4 (October 2019): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5137453.

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Yan, Shefeng, Yuanliang Ma, and Chaohuan Hou. "Optimal array pattern synthesis for broadband arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 122, no. 5 (2007): 2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2785037.

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Elliott, R. "Array pattern synthesis part II: Planar arrays." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Newsletter 28, no. 2 (1986): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.1986.27849.

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Ferlino, Philip A., and W. Jack Hughes. "Nearfield calibration array for hydrophones and arrays." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 87, S1 (May 1990): S95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2028442.

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Sun, Dajun, Jie Ding, Cuie Zheng, and Weimin Huang. "Array geometry calibration for underwater compact arrays." Applied Acoustics 145 (February 2019): 374–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2018.10.004.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Arrays'

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